Author: Hugo Pedder
Date: 2026-06-27

# MBNMAdose: Perform Network Meta-Regression

#### Hugo Pedder

#### 2026-06-27

# Network meta-regression

Study-level covariates can be included in the model to adjust treatment effects following an approach for meta-regression outlined in NICE Technical Support Document 3 (Dias et al. 2011). This can be used to explore and account for potential effect modification.

Following the definition in NICE Technical Support Document 3, network meta-regression can be expressed as an interaction on the treatment effect in arms \(\geq2\):

\[\theta_{i,k}=\mu_i+(f(x,\beta_{a_{i,k}})-f(x,\beta_{a_{i,1}})) + (\psi_{1,a_{i,k}}-\psi_{1,a_{i,1}})\]

where \(\theta_{i,k}\) is the linear predictor, \(\mu_{i}\) is the baseline effect on arm 1, \(f(x,\beta_{a_{i,k}})\) is the dose-response function at dose \(x\) with dose-response parameters \(\beta_{a_{i,k}}\) for agent \(a\) in arm \(k\) of study \(i\). \(\psi_{1,a_{i,k}}\) is then the effect modifying interaction between the agent in arm \(k\) and the network reference agent (typically Placebo in a dose-response analysis).

## Data preparation

To improve estimation:

- continuous covariates should be centred around their mean
- binary/categorical variables should be recoded with the most commonly reported value as the reference category

    # Using the SSRI dataset
    ssri.reg <- ssri

    # For a continuous covariate
    ssri.reg <- ssri.reg %>%
        dplyr::mutate(x.weeks = weeks - mean(weeks, na.rm = TRUE))

    # For a categorical covariate
    table(ssri$weeks)  # Using 8 weeks as the reference
    ssri.reg <- ssri.reg %>%
        dplyr::mutate(r.weeks = factor(weeks, levels = c(8, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10)))

    # Create network object
    ssrinet <- mbnma.network(ssri.reg)
    #> Values for `agent` with dose = 0 have been recoded to `Placebo`
    #> agent is being recoded to enforce sequential numbering

## Modelling

For performing network meta-regression, different assumptions can be made regarding how the effect modification may be shared across agents:

### Independent, agent-specific interactions

The least constraining assumption available in `MBNMAdose` is to assume that the effect modifier acts on each agent independently, and separate \(\psi_{1,a_{i,k}}\) are therefore estimated for each agent in the network.

A slightly stronger assumption is to assume that agents within the same class share the same interaction effect, though classes must be specified within the dataset for this.

    # Regress for continuous weeks Separate effect modification for each agent vs
    # Placebo
    ssrimod.a <- mbnma.run(ssrinet, fun = dfpoly(degree = 2), regress = ~x.weeks, regress.effect = "agent")

    summary(ssrimod.a)
    #> ========================================
    #> Dose-response MBNMA
    #> ========================================
    #>
    #> Likelihood: binomial
    #> Link function: logit
    #> Dose-response function: fpoly
    #>
    #> Pooling method
    #>
    #> Method: Common (fixed) effects estimated for relative effects
    #>
    #>
    #> beta.1 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Pooling: relative effects for each agent
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter |  Median|    2.5%|   97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:---------|-------:|-------:|-------:|
    #> |citalopram   |beta.1[2] | -0.0959| -0.3518|  0.1645|
    #> |escitalopram |beta.1[3] |  0.1316| -0.1272|  0.3931|
    #> |fluoxetine   |beta.1[4] |  0.2696|  0.0408|  0.4946|
    #> |paroxetine   |beta.1[5] | -0.1415| -0.4498|  0.1593|
    #> |sertraline   |beta.1[6] |  1.1746| -7.7024| 10.4972|
    #>
    #>
    #> beta.2 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Pooling: relative effects for each agent
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter |  Median|    2.5%|  97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:---------|-------:|-------:|------:|
    #> |citalopram   |beta.2[2] |  0.0679| -0.0034| 0.1385|
    #> |escitalopram |beta.2[3] | -0.0072| -0.0942| 0.0734|
    #> |fluoxetine   |beta.2[4] | -0.0647| -0.1314| 0.0009|
    #> |paroxetine   |beta.2[5] |  0.0921| -0.0011| 0.1892|
    #> |sertraline   |beta.2[6] | -0.1666| -1.1929| 0.8107|
    #>
    #>
    #> power.1 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Assigned a numeric value: 0
    #>
    #> power.2 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Assigned a numeric value: 0
    #>
    #> Meta-regression
    #>
    #> Covariates interacting with study-level relative effects: x.weeks
    #> Common (identical) covariate-by-agent effects
    #>
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter    |  Median|     2.5%|   97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:------------|-------:|--------:|-------:|
    #> |citalopram   |B.x.weeks[2] | -0.1594|  -0.3304|  0.0112|
    #> |escitalopram |B.x.weeks[3] |  0.1667|  -0.0363|  0.3603|
    #> |fluoxetine   |B.x.weeks[4] | -0.0271|  -0.1678|  0.1221|
    #> |paroxetine   |B.x.weeks[5] |  0.0837|  -0.0226|  0.1970|
    #> |sertraline   |B.x.weeks[6] |  1.2647| -17.7520| 21.1224|
    #>
    #>
    #> Model Fit Statistics
    #> Deviance = 890.8
    #> Residual deviance = 191.1
    #> Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) = 967.1

Within the output, a separate parameter (named `B.x.weeks[]`) has been estimated for each agent that corresponds to the effect of an additional week of study follow-up on the relative effect of the agent versus Placebo. Note that due to the inclusion of weeks as a continuous covariate, we are assuming a linear effect modification due to study follow-up.

### Random effect interaction

Alternatively, the effect modification for different agents versus the network reference agent can be assumed to be exchangeable/shared across the network about a common mean, \(\hat{\psi}\), with a between-agent standard deviation of \(\tau_\psi\):

\[\psi_{1,a_{i,k}} \sim N(\hat{\psi}, \tau^2_\psi)\]

    # Regress for continuous weeks Random effect modification across all agents vs
    # Placebo
    ssrimod.r <- mbnma.run(ssrinet, fun = dfpoly(degree = 2), regress = ~x.weeks, regress.effect = "random")

    summary(ssrimod.r)
    #> ========================================
    #> Dose-response MBNMA
    #> ========================================
    #>
    #> Likelihood: binomial
    #> Link function: logit
    #> Dose-response function: fpoly
    #>
    #> Pooling method
    #>
    #> Method: Common (fixed) effects estimated for relative effects
    #>
    #>
    #> beta.1 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Pooling: relative effects for each agent
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter |  Median|    2.5%|  97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:---------|-------:|-------:|------:|
    #> |citalopram   |beta.1[2] | -0.0556| -0.4052| 0.2448|
    #> |escitalopram |beta.1[3] |  0.2386| -0.0666| 0.5450|
    #> |fluoxetine   |beta.1[4] |  0.2567|  0.0077| 0.5017|
    #> |paroxetine   |beta.1[5] | -0.0931| -0.4810| 0.1678|
    #> |sertraline   |beta.1[6] |  0.5885|  0.1055| 1.1044|
    #>
    #>
    #> beta.2 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Pooling: relative effects for each agent
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter |  Median|    2.5%|   97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:---------|-------:|-------:|-------:|
    #> |citalopram   |beta.2[2] |  0.0586| -0.0240|  0.1564|
    #> |escitalopram |beta.2[3] | -0.0346| -0.1399|  0.0685|
    #> |fluoxetine   |beta.2[4] | -0.0602| -0.1339|  0.0139|
    #> |paroxetine   |beta.2[5] |  0.0809| -0.0047|  0.2042|
    #> |sertraline   |beta.2[6] | -0.0977| -0.2056| -0.0003|
    #>
    #>
    #> power.1 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Assigned a numeric value: 0
    #>
    #> power.2 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Assigned a numeric value: 0
    #>
    #> Meta-regression
    #>
    #> Covariates interacting with study-level relative effects: x.weeks
    #> Random (exchangeable) covariate-by-treatment effects
    #>
    #>
    #> |Regression effect |Parameter | Median|    2.5%|  97.5%|
    #> |:-----------------|:---------|------:|-------:|------:|
    #> |Random effect     |B.x.weeks | 0.0301| -0.0643| 0.1223|
    #>
    #>
    #> Standard deviation for random covariate-by-treatment effects
    #>
    #> |Parameter    | Median|   2.5%|  97.5%|
    #> |:------------|------:|------:|------:|
    #> |sd.B.x.weeks |  0.066| 0.0027| 0.2423|
    #>
    #>
    #> Model Fit Statistics
    #> Deviance = 890.6
    #> Residual deviance = 190.9
    #> Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) = 974.6

In this case only a single regression paramter is estimated (`B.x.weeks`), which corresponds to the mean effect of an additional week of study follow-up on the relative effect of an active agent versus Placebo. A parameter is also estimated for the between-agent standard deviation, `sd.B.x.weeks`.

### Common effect interaction

This is the strongest assumption for network meta-regression, and it implies that effect modification is common (equal) for all agents versus the network reference agent:

\[\psi_{1,a_{i,k}} =\hat{\psi}\]

    # Regress for categorical weeks Common effect modification across all agents vs
    # Placebo
    ssrimod.c <- mbnma.run(ssrinet, fun = dfpoly(degree = 2), regress = ~r.weeks, regress.effect = "common")

    summary(ssrimod.c)
    #> ========================================
    #> Dose-response MBNMA
    #> ========================================
    #>
    #> Likelihood: binomial
    #> Link function: logit
    #> Dose-response function: fpoly
    #>
    #> Pooling method
    #>
    #> Method: Common (fixed) effects estimated for relative effects
    #>
    #>
    #> beta.1 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Pooling: relative effects for each agent
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter |  Median|    2.5%|  97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:---------|-------:|-------:|------:|
    #> |citalopram   |beta.1[2] | -0.0637| -0.3460| 0.2166|
    #> |escitalopram |beta.1[3] |  0.2506|  0.0125| 0.4823|
    #> |fluoxetine   |beta.1[4] |  0.2218| -0.0324| 0.4566|
    #> |paroxetine   |beta.1[5] | -0.1041| -0.4140| 0.1886|
    #> |sertraline   |beta.1[6] |  0.5842|  0.0969| 1.0564|
    #>
    #>
    #> beta.2 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Pooling: relative effects for each agent
    #>
    #> |Agent        |Parameter |  Median|    2.5%|   97.5%|
    #> |:------------|:---------|-------:|-------:|-------:|
    #> |citalopram   |beta.2[2] |  0.0583| -0.0166|  0.1338|
    #> |escitalopram |beta.2[3] | -0.0294| -0.1095|  0.0531|
    #> |fluoxetine   |beta.2[4] | -0.0558| -0.1206|  0.0135|
    #> |paroxetine   |beta.2[5] |  0.0842| -0.0106|  0.1829|
    #> |sertraline   |beta.2[6] | -0.1017| -0.1947| -0.0033|
    #>
    #>
    #> power.1 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Assigned a numeric value: 0
    #>
    #> power.2 dose-response parameter results
    #>
    #> Assigned a numeric value: 0
    #>
    #> Meta-regression
    #>
    #> Covariates interacting with study-level relative effects: r.weeks4, r.weeks5, r.weeks6, r.weeks9, r.weeks10
    #> Common (identical) covariate-by-treatment effects
    #>
    #>
    #> |Regression effect |Parameter   |  Median|    2.5%|   97.5%|
    #> |:-----------------|:-----------|-------:|-------:|-------:|
    #> |Common effect     |B.r.weeks10 |  0.1509| -0.2424|  0.5404|
    #> |Common effect     |B.r.weeks4  | -0.7413| -1.4243| -0.0436|
    #> |Common effect     |B.r.weeks5  |  0.8129| -0.1731|  1.8272|
    #> |Common effect     |B.r.weeks6  |  0.0568| -0.1454|  0.2503|
    #> |Common effect     |B.r.weeks9  |  0.4432| -0.3863|  1.3099|
    #>
    #>
    #> Model Fit Statistics
    #> Deviance = 890.9
    #> Residual deviance = 191.2
    #> Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) = 967

In this case we have performed the network meta-regression on study follow-up (weeks) as a categorical covariate. Therefore, although only a single parameter is estimated for each effect modifying term, there is a separate term for each category of week and a linear relationship for effect modification is no longer assumed.

### Alternative assumptions

Although this is beyond the capability of `MBNMAdose`, one could envision a more complex model in which the interaction effect also varied by a dose-response relationship, rather than assuming an effect by agent/class or across the whole network. This would in principle contain fewer parameters than a fully independent interaction model (in which a separate regression covariate is estimated for each treatment in the dataset).

### Aggregation bias

Note that adjusting for aggregated patient-level covariates (e.g. mean age, % males, etc.) whilst using a non-identity link function can introduce aggregation bias. This is a form of ecological bias that biases treatment effects towards the null and is typically more severe where treatment effects are strong and where the link function is highly non-linear (Dias et al. 2011). This can be resolved by performing a patient-level regression, but Individual Participant Data are required for this and such an analysis is outside the scope of `MBNMAdose`.

## Prediction using effect modifying covariates

Models fitted with meta-regression can also be used to make predictions for a specified set of covariate values. This includes when estimating relative effects using `get.relative()`. An additional argument `regress.vals` can be used to provide a named vector of covariate values at which to make predictions.

    # For a continuous covariate, make predictions at 5 weeks follow-up
    pred <- predict(ssrimod.a, regress.vals = c(x.weeks = 5))
    plot(pred)

Predictions are very uncertain for Sertraline, as studies only investigated this agent at 6 weeks follow-up and therefore the agent-specific effect modification is very poorly estimated.

    # For a categorical covariate, make predictions at 10 weeks follow-up
    regress.p <- c(r.weeks10 = 1, r.weeks4 = 0, r.weeks5 = 0, r.weeks6 = 0, r.weeks9 = 0)

    pred <- predict(ssrimod.c, regress.vals = regress.p)
    plot(pred)

Note that categorical covariates are modelled as multiple binary dummy covariates, and so a value for each of these must be included.

## References

Dias, S., A. J. Sutton, N. J. Welton, and A. E. Ades. 2011. NICE DSU Technical Support Document 3: Heterogeneity: Subgroups, Meta-Regression, Bias and Bias, Adjustment. Decision Support Unit, ScHARR, University of Sheffield. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395886/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK395886.pdf.