# ThSQCA Reproducible Code (English)

This document provides reproducible code for ThSQCA analyses.
It is designed to be inserted directly into a research article’s appendix
or provided as supplementary analysis documentation. All code is fully executable and ordered for reproducibility.

> Note (v1.3.2): New Section 12 provides complete reproducible code for Fiss (2011) core/peripheral classification using `compute_fiss_core()`, `generate_fiss_chart()`, and `print_fiss_summary()`.

> Note (v1.2.0): If you previously used intermediate solutions (with `dir.exp`), please re-run your analyses. Version 1.2.0 fixed a bug where intermediate solutions were incorrectly extracted. Reports now also display the Solution Type and include optional QCA package output for verification.

# 1. Load Packages

    library(ThSQCA)
    library(QCA)
    #> Warning: package 'QCA' was built under R version 4.6.1
    #> Loading required package: admisc
    #>
    #> To cite package QCA in publications, please use:
    #>   Dusa, Adrian (2019) QCA with R. A Comprehensive Resource.
    #>   Springer International Publishing.

# 2. Load Data

    # Adjust the file name as needed
    library(ThSQCA)
    data("sample_data")
    dat <- sample_data

    # Outcome and conditions
    outcome  <- "Y"
    conditions <- c("X1", "X2", "X3")

    # Quick inspection
    str(dat)
    #> 'data.frame':    80 obs. of  4 variables:
    #>  $ Y : int  8 4 5 7 2 2 7 5 3 8 ...
    #>  $ X1: int  7 2 6 8 8 9 8 8 1 5 ...
    #>  $ X2: int  7 5 8 4 0 5 8 4 4 2 ...
    #>  $ X3: int  1 6 6 5 3 4 5 3 6 8 ...
    summary(dat)
    #>        Y                X1               X2              X3
    #>  Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.000   Min.   : 0.00   Min.   : 0.000
    #>  1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 3.000   1st Qu.: 3.00   1st Qu.: 3.000
    #>  Median : 5.000   Median : 5.500   Median : 5.00   Median : 5.000
    #>  Mean   : 5.513   Mean   : 5.237   Mean   : 5.05   Mean   : 4.925
    #>  3rd Qu.: 7.250   3rd Qu.: 8.000   3rd Qu.: 7.25   3rd Qu.: 7.000
    #>  Max.   :10.000   Max.   :10.000   Max.   :10.00   Max.   :10.000

# 3. Baseline Thresholds

    thrY_base <- 7
    thrX_base <- 7

    # Fixed X thresholds (for OTS–QCA)
    thrX_vec <- c(
      X1 = thrX_base,
      X2 = thrX_base,
      X3 = thrX_base
    )
    thrX_vec
    #> X1 X2 X3
    #>  7  7  7

# 3.5. Three Types of QCA Solutions (New in v1.1.0)

As of v1.1.0, ThSQCA defaults match the QCA package:

Solution Type | `include` | `dir.exp` | When to Use
--- | --- | --- | ---
Complex (default) | `""` | `NULL` | Conservative analysis
Parsimonious | `"?"` | `NULL` | Maximum simplification
Intermediate | `"?"` | `c(1,1,...)` | Theory-driven (most common)

    # Example: Three solution types at single threshold
    thrX <- c(X1 = 7, X2 = 7, X3 = 7)

    # Complex (default)
    res_comp <- otSweep(dat, "Y", c("X1", "X2", "X3"), sweep_range = 7, thrX = thrX)
    cat("Complex:", res_comp$summary$expression, "\n")
    #> Complex: ~X1*X3 + ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3

    # Parsimonious
    res_pars <- otSweep(dat, "Y", c("X1", "X2", "X3"), sweep_range = 7, thrX = thrX,
                        include = "?")
    cat("Parsimonious:", res_pars$summary$expression, "\n")
    #> Parsimonious: X3 + X1*X2

    # Intermediate
    res_int <- otSweep(dat, "Y", c("X1", "X2", "X3"), sweep_range = 7, thrX = thrX,
                       include = "?", dir.exp = c(1, 1, 1))
    cat("Intermediate:", res_int$summary$expression, "\n")
    #> Intermediate: X3 + X1*X2

# 4. CTS–QCA (ctSweepS)

Sweep a single condition X (example: X3).

## Default: Complex Solution

    sweep_var   <- "X3"   # Condition (X) whose threshold is swept
    sweep_range <- 6:9    # Candidate threshold values to evaluate
    thrY         <- 7     # Outcome (Y) threshold (fixed)
    thrX_default <- 7     # Threshold for other X conditions (fixed)

    # Default: Complex solution (include = "", dir.exp = NULL)
    res_cts <- ctSweepS(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_var      = "X3",
      sweep_range    = 6:9,
      thrY           = 7,
      thrX_default   = 7,
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_cts)
    #> CTS-QCA Summary
    #> ===============
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>  threshold                  expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>          6                       X1*X2 1.000 0.303           1
    #>          7 ~X1*X3 + ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3 0.906 0.879           1
    #>          8 ~X1*X3 + ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3 1.000 0.818           1
    #>          9          ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3 1.000 0.515           1

## Intermediate Solution (Theory-Driven)

    # Intermediate solution: specify include = "?" and dir.exp
    res_cts_int <- ctSweepS(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_var      = "X3",
      sweep_range    = 6:9,
      thrY           = 7,
      thrX_default   = 7,
      include        = "?",
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_cts_int)
    #> CTS-QCA Summary
    #> ===============
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>  threshold expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>          6      X1*X2 1.000 0.303           1
    #>          7 X3 + X1*X2 0.906 0.879           1
    #>          8 X3 + X1*X2 1.000 0.818           1
    #>          9 X3 + X1*X2 1.000 0.515           1

Export:

    write.csv(res_cts$summary, file = "TSQCA_CTS_results.csv", row.names = FALSE)

# 5. MCTS–QCA (ctSweepM)

Sweep multiple X thresholds simultaneously.

## Default: Complex Solution

    # Create a sweep list specifying thresholds for each condition
    sweep_list <- list(
      X1 = 6:7,
      X2 = 6:7,
      X3 = 6:7
    )

    # Default: Complex solution
    res_mcts <- ctSweepM(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_list     = sweep_list,
      thrY           = 7,
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_mcts)
    #> MCTS-QCA Summary
    #> ================
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>         threshold combo_id                  expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>  X1=6, X2=6, X3=6        1                       X1*X2 0.833 0.455           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=6, X3=6        2                       X1*X2 1.000 0.394           1
    #>  X1=6, X2=7, X3=6        3                   X1*X2*~X3 0.818 0.273           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=7, X3=6        4                       X1*X2 1.000 0.303           1
    #>  X1=6, X2=6, X3=7        5                          X3 0.864 0.576           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=6, X3=7        6              ~X1*X3 + X1*X2 0.931 0.818           1
    #>  X1=6, X2=7, X3=7        7                          X3 0.864 0.576           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=7, X3=7        8 ~X1*X3 + ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3 0.906 0.879           1

## Intermediate Solution (Theory-Driven)

    # Intermediate solution: specify include = "?" and dir.exp
    res_mcts_int <- ctSweepM(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_list     = sweep_list,
      thrY           = 7,
      include        = "?",
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_mcts_int)
    #> MCTS-QCA Summary
    #> ================
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>         threshold combo_id     expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>  X1=6, X2=6, X3=6        1          X1*X2 0.833 0.455           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=6, X3=6        2          X1*X2 1.000 0.394           1
    #>  X1=6, X2=7, X3=6        3      X1*X2*~X3 0.818 0.273           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=7, X3=6        4          X1*X2 1.000 0.303           1
    #>  X1=6, X2=6, X3=7        5             X3 0.864 0.576           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=6, X3=7        6 ~X1*X3 + X1*X2 0.931 0.818           1
    #>  X1=6, X2=7, X3=7        7             X3 0.864 0.576           1
    #>  X1=7, X2=7, X3=7        8     X3 + X1*X2 0.906 0.879           1

Export:

    write.csv(res_mcts$summary, file = "TSQCA_MCTS_results.csv", row.names = FALSE)

# 6. OTS–QCA (otSweep)

Sweep only the outcome threshold (Y).

## Default: Complex Solution

    sweep_range_ots <- 6:8

    # Default: Complex solution
    res_ots <- otSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_range    = sweep_range_ots,
      thrX           = thrX_vec,
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_ots)
    #> OTS-QCA Summary
    #> ===============
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>  thrY                  expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>     6 ~X1*X3 + ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3 0.906 0.853           1
    #>     7 ~X1*X3 + ~X2*X3 + X1*X2*~X3 0.906 0.879           1
    #>     8                 No solution    NA    NA           0

## Intermediate Solution (Theory-Driven)

    # Intermediate solution: specify include = "?" and dir.exp
    res_ots_int <- otSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_range    = sweep_range_ots,
      thrX           = thrX_vec,
      include        = "?",
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_ots_int)
    #> OTS-QCA Summary
    #> ===============
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>  thrY  expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>     6  X3 + X1*X2 0.906 0.853           1
    #>     7  X3 + X1*X2 0.906 0.879           1
    #>     8 No solution    NA    NA           0

Export:

    write.csv(res_ots$summary, file = "TSQCA_OTS_results.csv", row.names = FALSE)

# 7. DTS–QCA (dtSweep)

Two-dimensional sweep: X thresholds × Y thresholds.

## Default: Complex Solution

    sweep_list_dts_X <- list(
      X1 = 6:7,
      X2 = 6:7,
      X3 = 6:7
    )

    sweep_range_dts_Y <- 6:7

    # Default: Complex solution
    res_dts <- dtSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_list_X   = sweep_list_dts_X,
      sweep_range_Y  = sweep_range_dts_Y,
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_dts)
    #> DTS-QCA Summary
    #> ===============
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>  thrY combo_id             thrX  expression inclS covS n_solutions
    #>     6        1 X1=6, X2=6, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        1 X1=6, X2=6, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        2 X1=7, X2=6, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        2 X1=7, X2=6, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        3 X1=6, X2=7, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        3 X1=6, X2=7, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        4 X1=7, X2=7, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        4 X1=7, X2=7, X3=6 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        5 X1=6, X2=6, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        5 X1=6, X2=6, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        6 X1=7, X2=6, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        6 X1=7, X2=6, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        7 X1=6, X2=7, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        7 X1=6, X2=7, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     6        8 X1=7, X2=7, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0
    #>     7        8 X1=7, X2=7, X3=7 No solution    NA   NA           0

## Intermediate Solution (Theory-Driven)

    # Intermediate solution: specify include = "?" and dir.exp
    res_dts_int <- dtSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_list_X   = sweep_list_dts_X,
      sweep_range_Y  = sweep_range_dts_Y,
      include        = "?",
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    summary(res_dts_int)
    #> DTS-QCA Summary
    #> ===============
    #>
    #> Analysis Parameters:
    #>   Outcome: Y
    #>   Conditions: X1, X2, X3
    #>   Consistency cutoff: 0.8
    #>   Frequency cutoff: 1
    #>
    #> Results by Threshold:
    #>
    #>  thrY combo_id             thrX     expression inclS  covS n_solutions
    #>     6        1 X1=6, X2=6, X3=6          X1*X2 0.833 0.441           1
    #>     7        1 X1=6, X2=6, X3=6          X1*X2 0.833 0.455           1
    #>     6        2 X1=7, X2=6, X3=6          X1*X2 1.000 0.382           1
    #>     7        2 X1=7, X2=6, X3=6          X1*X2 1.000 0.394           1
    #>     6        3 X1=6, X2=7, X3=6      X1*X2*~X3 0.818 0.265           1
    #>     7        3 X1=6, X2=7, X3=6      X1*X2*~X3 0.818 0.273           1
    #>     6        4 X1=7, X2=7, X3=6          X1*X2 1.000 0.294           1
    #>     7        4 X1=7, X2=7, X3=6          X1*X2 1.000 0.303           1
    #>     6        5 X1=6, X2=6, X3=7             X3 0.864 0.559           1
    #>     7        5 X1=6, X2=6, X3=7             X3 0.864 0.576           1
    #>     6        6 X1=7, X2=6, X3=7 ~X1*X3 + X1*X2 0.931 0.794           1
    #>     7        6 X1=7, X2=6, X3=7 ~X1*X3 + X1*X2 0.931 0.818           1
    #>     6        7 X1=6, X2=7, X3=7             X3 0.864 0.559           1
    #>     7        7 X1=6, X2=7, X3=7             X3 0.864 0.576           1
    #>     6        8 X1=7, X2=7, X3=7     X3 + X1*X2 0.906 0.853           1
    #>     7        8 X1=7, X2=7, X3=7     X3 + X1*X2 0.906 0.879           1

Export:

    write.csv(res_dts$summary, file = "TSQCA_DTS_results.csv", row.names = FALSE)

# 8. Using extract_mode (New in v0.2.0)

Extract all solutions or essential prime implicants for robustness analysis.

## Extract All Solutions

    res_all <- otSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_range    = 6:8,
      thrX           = thrX_vec,
      include        = "?",           # Include logical remainders
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),    # Intermediate solution
      extract_mode   = "all",
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    # View results with n_solutions column
    head(res_all$summary)

## Extract Essential Prime Implicants

    res_essential <- otSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_range    = 6:8,
      thrX           = thrX_vec,
      include        = "?",           # Include logical remainders
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1),    # Intermediate solution
      extract_mode   = "essential",
      return_details = TRUE
    )

    # View results with essential prime implicants, selective terms, and unique terms
    head(res_essential$summary)

# 9. Generating Reports (New in v0.2.0)

Create comprehensive markdown reports for documentation.

## Full Report

    generate_report(res_ots, "TSQCA_OTS_report_full.md", dat = dat, format = "full")

## Simple Report (for manuscripts)

    generate_report(res_ots, "TSQCA_OTS_report_simple.md", dat = dat, format = "simple")

# 10. Negated Outcome Analysis (New in v0.3.0)

Analyze conditions sufficient for the absence of the outcome.

## Standard vs Negated Outcome

    # Standard: conditions for Y >= threshold (intermediate solution)
    res_Y <- otSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_range    = 6:8,
      thrX           = thrX_vec,
      include        = "?",           # Include logical remainders
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1)     # Intermediate solution
    )

    # Negated: conditions for Y < threshold (intermediate solution)
    res_negY <- otSweep(
      dat            = dat,
      outcome        = "~Y",
      conditions     = c("X1", "X2", "X3"),
      sweep_range    = 6:8,
      thrX           = thrX_vec,
      include        = "?",           # Include logical remainders
      dir.exp        = c(1, 1, 1)     # Intermediate solution
    )

    # Compare results
    res_Y$summary
    res_negY$summary

    # Check negation flag
    res_negY$params$negate_outcome
    # [1] TRUE

# 11. Accessing Analysis Parameters

All parameters are stored for reproducibility.

    # View stored parameters
    res_ots$params

    # Example output:
    # $outcome
    # [1] "Y"
    # $conditions
    # [1] "X1" "X2" "X3"
    # $thrX
    # X1 X2 X3
    #  7  7  7
    # $incl.cut
    # [1] 0.8
    # $n.cut
    # [1] 1
    # $pri.cut
    # [1] 0

## Configuration Charts (New in v0.5.0)

Configuration charts are now automatically included in reports. You can also generate them separately:

    # From path strings
    paths <- c("A*B*~C", "A*D")
    chart <- config_chart_from_paths(paths)
    cat(chart)
    #> | Condition | T1 | T2 |
    #> |:--:|:--:|:--:|
    #> | A | ● | ● |
    #> | B | ● |  |
    #> | C | ⊗ |  |
    #> | D |  | ● |
    #>
    #> *● = presence, ⊗ = absence, blank = don't care*

For reports:

    # Charts are included by default
    generate_report(result, "report.md", dat = dat, format = "full")

    # Use LaTeX symbols for academic papers
    generate_report(result, "report.md", dat = dat, chart_symbol_set = "latex")

## References

For more information on TS-QCA methodology, see:

- Ragin, C. C. (2008). Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond. University of Chicago Press. DOI: 10.7208/chicago/9780226702797.001.0001
- Duşa, A. (2019). QCA with R: A Comprehensive Resource. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75668-4
- Oana, I.-E., & Schneider, C. Q. (2024). A Robustness Test Protocol for Applied QCA: Theory and R Software Application. Sociological Methods & Research, 53(1), 57–88. DOI: 10.1177/00491241211036158

# 12. Fiss (2011) Core/Peripheral Classification (New in v1.3.2)

This section provides fully reproducible code for Fiss-style four-symbol configuration charts. Run sections 1–6 first to ensure `res_ots_int` is available.

## 12.1 Compute Core/Peripheral Classification

    # Requires: include = "?", dir.exp specified, return_details = TRUE
    # res_ots_int was created in Section 6 above.

    res_fiss <- compute_fiss_core(
      res_ots_int,
      conditions = c("X1", "X2", "X3")
    )

    # Inspect available thresholds
    names(res_fiss$fiss_core)

## 12.2 Print Per-Threshold Summary

    # English
    print_fiss_summary(res_fiss, thr_key = "7")

    # Japanese
    print_fiss_summary(res_fiss, thr_key = "7", language = "ja")

Example output:

    === Fiss Core/Peripheral Classification (thrY = 7) ===
    Parsimonious : X1*X2
    Intermediate : X3 + X1*X2

    [Term M1] X3
      Periph. present : X3

    [Term M2] X1*X2
      Core present    : X1, X2

## 12.3 Generate Four-Symbol Chart

    # Unicode (Markdown / screen)
    cat(generate_fiss_chart(res_fiss, symbol_set = "unicode"))

    # LaTeX (for PDF/journal submission)
    cat(generate_fiss_chart(res_fiss, symbol_set = "latex"))

    # ASCII (maximum compatibility)
    cat(generate_fiss_chart(res_fiss, symbol_set = "ascii"))

Symbol legend:

Symbol (unicode) | LaTeX | ASCII | Meaning
--- | --- | --- | ---
● | `$\bullet$` | O | Core condition present
⊗ | `$\otimes$` | X | Core condition absent
⊙ | `$\odot$` | o | Peripheral condition present
⊘ | `$\oslash$` | x | Peripheral condition absent
(blank) | (blank) | (blank) | Don’t care

## 12.4 Include in Report

    # Full report with Fiss four-symbol charts
    generate_report(
      res_fiss,
      output_file       = "TSQCA_Fiss_report.md",
      format            = "full",
      dat               = dat,
      include_fiss_core = TRUE,       # activates four-symbol charts
      chart_symbol_set  = "unicode",
      include_raw_output = TRUE
    )

## 12.5 Accessing the Classification Data

    # Access raw classification data frame for a given threshold
    classif_7 <- res_fiss$fiss_core[["7"]]$classification
    classif_7

    # Filter core conditions only
    classif_7[classif_7$type == "core" & classif_7$status != "dontcare", ]

    # Filter peripheral conditions only
    classif_7[classif_7$type == "peripheral" & classif_7$status != "dontcare", ]

    # Parsimonious and intermediate expressions
    res_fiss$fiss_core[["7"]]$parsim_expression
    res_fiss$fiss_core[["7"]]$interm_expression

## 12.6 Note on Computational Cost

`compute_fiss_core()` runs `QCA::minimize()` once per threshold (to obtain the parsimonious solution). The total computation time is therefore approximately double that of the original sweep. For large sweeps (many thresholds or conditions), this is worth keeping in mind.

# 13. Session Information

    sessionInfo()
    #> R version 4.6.0 (2026-04-24 ucrt)
    #> Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
    #> Running under: Windows 11 x64 (build 26200)
    #>
    #> Matrix products: default
    #>   LAPACK version 3.12.1
    #>
    #> locale:
    #> [1] LC_COLLATE=C                    LC_CTYPE=Japanese_Japan.utf8
    #> [3] LC_MONETARY=Japanese_Japan.utf8 LC_NUMERIC=C
    #> [5] LC_TIME=Japanese_Japan.utf8
    #>
    #> time zone: Asia/Tokyo
    #> tzcode source: internal
    #>
    #> attached base packages:
    #> [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base
    #>
    #> other attached packages:
    #> [1] QCA_3.25     admisc_0.40  ThSQCA_2.0.6
    #>
    #> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
    #>  [1] digest_0.6.39     R6_2.6.1          fastmap_1.2.0     xfun_0.60
    #>  [5] cachem_1.1.0      knitr_1.51        htmltools_0.5.9   rmarkdown_2.31
    #>  [9] lifecycle_1.0.5   cli_3.6.6         venn_1.13         declared_0.26
    #> [13] sass_0.4.10       jquerylib_0.1.4   compiler_4.6.0    rstudioapi_0.19.0
    #> [17] tools_4.6.0       evaluate_1.0.5    bslib_0.11.0      yaml_2.3.12
    #> [21] otel_0.2.0        jsonlite_2.0.0    rlang_1.3.0