Independent Submission J. Levine
Request for Comments: 6927 Taughannock Networks
Category: Informational P. Hoffman
ISSN: 2070-1721 VPN Consortium
April
May 2013
Variants in Second-Level Names Registered in Top-Level Domains
Abstract
Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) provides a
method to map a subset of names written in Unicode into the DNS.
Because of Unicode decisions, appearance, language and writing system
conventions, and historical reasons, it often has been asserted that
there is more than one way to write what competent readers and
writers think of as the same host name; these different ways of
writing are often called "variants". (The authors note that there
are many conflicting definitions for the term "variant" in the IDNA
community.) This document surveys the approaches that top-level
domains have taken to the registration and provisioning of domain
names that have variants. This document is not a product of the
IETF, does not propose any method to make variants work "correctly",
and is not an introduction to internationalization or IDNA.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This is a contribution to the RFC Series, independently of any other
RFC stream. The RFC Editor has chosen to publish this document at
its discretion and makes no statement about its value for
implementation or deployment. Documents approved for publication by
the RFC Editor are not a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6927.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
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carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Base Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Domain Practices of gTLDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. AERO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. ASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. BIZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. CAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.5. COM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.6. COOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.7. INFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.8. JOBS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.9. MOBI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.10. MUSEUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.11. NAME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.12. NET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.13. ORG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.14. POST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.15. PRO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.16. TEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.17. TRAVEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.18. XXX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5. Domain Practices of ccTLDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. BR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3. CL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.4. CN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.5. ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.6. EU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.7. GR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.8. IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.9. IR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.10. JP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.11. KR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.12. MY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.13. NZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.14. PL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.15. RS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.16. RU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.17. SA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.18. SE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.19. TW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.20. UA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.21. VE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.22. XN--90A3AC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.23. XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) [RFC5890]
allows host names in the DNS [RFC1035] to contain characters from the
Unicode repertoire. Some Unicode characters are considered to be
"variants" of one another. Because of the 20th century reform of
Chinese writing, there is often more than one representation of what
Chinese speakers think of as the same character. Some languages
written in Latin characters with accents and diacritical marks, known
as decorated characters, allow the decorations to be omitted in some
situations; for example, French sometimes omits accents on capital
letters, depending on country and culture. Due to the difficulty of
representing decorated characters in ASCII systems, many users have
informally used undecorated characters in DNS host names, even when
they are not linguistically equivalent to the decorated versions.
There is no single agreed-on definition of "variant". In IDN Variant
TLDs [VARIANTTLDS], 2012, ICANN says
said that variants "occur when a single conceptual character can be
identified with two or more different Unicode Code Points with
graphic representations that may be visually
similar". similar" (this
definition was previously available at
http://www.icann.org/en/resources/idn/variant-tlds). ICANN's IDN
Variant Issues Project report [VIPREPORT] says that "[t]here is today
no fully accepted definition for what may constitute a variant
relationship between top-level labels". RFC 3743 [RFC3743] (an
Informational RFC, not the product of the IETF) says that the idea of
variants is "wherein one conceptual character can be identified with
several different Code Points in character sets for computer use".
The proper handing of variant names has been a topic of extensive
debate and research, with little consensus reached on how to handle
them or even what characters are variants of each other. Many people
would like variant names to behave "the same", for a diverse range of
meanings of "same". In some cases, it is a textual similarity, such
as variants having corresponding DNS records; in some, it is
functional similarity, such as variant names resolving to the same
web server; while in others, it is user experience similarity, such
as names resolving to web sites that, while not identical, are
perceived by human users as equivalent.
This document provides a snapshot of variant handling in the top-
level domains (TLDs) contracted by ICANN, so-called gTLDs (generic
TLDs) and sTLDs (sponsored TLDs), as of late 2012. We chose those
domains because ICANN requires each TLD to describe its IDN and
variant practices, and the TLD zone files are available for
inspection, to verify what actually goes into the zones. This
document also contains a small sampling of so-called ccTLDs (country
code TLDs, the TLDs that consist of two ASCII letters) for which we
could find information.
Since "variant" can mean vastly different things to different people,
there is also no agreement about when two zones are supposed to
"behave the same". Also, the gTLDs and sTLDs might have different
views of what variants are and are not required to report to ICANN
about their policies.
2. Terminology
We use some terminology that has become generally agreed to when
discussing variant names, although we openly admit that such
agreement is not complete and the terminology continues to change.
Bundle: The IDN practices documents (see below) can identify sets of
code points that are considered variants of each other using
Language Variant Tables, defined in [RFC3743]. A set of names in
which the characters in each position are variants is known as a
bundle or, more technically, as an "IDL Package". The variant
rules vary among languages, and for the same language can vary
among TLDs. Many languages do not define variant characters and
hence do not have bundles.
Allocated: A name is allocated if sponsorship of that label in some
zone has been granted. This is similar to what many people refer
to as "registered".
Active: A name is active if it appears as an owner name in a zone.
Most allocated names are active, but some are not.
Blocked: Some names cannot be registered at all. For example, some
registries allow one name in a bundle to be registered and block
the rest.
Withheld: Some names can only be allocated under certain conditions.
For example, some registries permit only the registrant of one
name in a bundle to register or activate other names in the same
bundle.
Parallel NS: Multiple names in a bundle are provisioned in the TLD
with identical NS records, so they all are handled by the same
name servers.
DNAME aliasing: The DNAME [RFC6672] DNS record creates a shadow tree
of DNS records, roughly as though there were a CNAME in the shadow
tree pointing to each name in the target tree. DNAMEs have been
used both to provide resolution for several names in a bundle and
to provide resolution for every name under a TLD.
3. Base Documents
ICANN has published a variety of documents on variant management.
The most important are the "Guidelines for the Implementation of
Internationalized Domain Names" issued in Version 1.0 [G1] and
Version 3.0 [G3].
ICANN says that TLDs are supposed to register an IDN practices
document with IANA for each language and/or script in which the TLD
accepts IDN registrations, to be entered in the IANA Repository of
IDN Practices [IANAIDN]. The practices document lists the Unicode
characters allowed in names in the language or script, which
characters are considered equivalent, and which of an equivalent
group is preferred. Some TLDs have been more diligent than others at
keeping the registry up to date. Also, some TLDs have tables for a
few languages and scripts, while others (notably .COM, .NET, and
.NAME) have a large set of tables, including some for languages and
scripts that are no longer spoken or used, such as Runic and Ogham.
The authors also note that many of the tables in the IANA registry
are clearly out of date, containing URLs of policy pages that no
longer exist and contact information for people who have left the
registry.
Some of the ICANN agreements with each TLD [ICANNAGREE] describe the
TLD's IDN practices, but most don't.
4. Domain Practices of gTLDs
This list covers most of the current set of gTLDs. In most cases,
the authors have also checked the zone files for the gTLD to verify
or augment the policy description.
4.1. AERO
The .AERO TLD has no IDNs and no rules or practices for them.
4.2. ASIA
The .ASIA domain accepts registrations in many Asian languages. They
have IANA tables for Japanese, Korean, and Chinese. The IANA tables
refer to their CJK IDN policies [ASIACJK], which say that applied-for
and preferred IDN variants are "active and included in the zone". No
IDN publication mechanism is described in the documentation, but
since the zone file contains no DNAMEs, they must be using parallel
NS for variants.
4.3. BIZ
ICANN gave the registry (Neustar) non-specific permission to register
IDNs in a letter in 2004 [TWOMEY04A]. The IDN rules were apparently
discussed with ICANN but not defined; see Appendix 9 of the registry
agreement [ICANNBIZ9].
They have about a dozen IANA tables. No IDN publication mechanism is
described, but from inspection, it appears that variants are blocked.
4.4. CAT
The IDN rules are described in Appendix S, Part VII.2 [ICANNCATS] of
the ICANN agreement. "Registry will take a very cautious approach in
its IDN offerings. IDNs will be bundled with the equivalent ASCII
domains". The only language is Catalan. No IDN publication
mechanism is described.
Appendix S includes "The list of non-ASCII-characters for Catalan
language and their ASCII equivalent for the purposes of the defined
service", which implicitly describes bundles. The bundles consist of
names with accented and unaccented vowels, U+00E7 ("c with cedilla")
and a plain c, and the Catalan "ela geminada" written as two l's
separated by a U+00B7 ("middle dot") and the three characters "l-l".
When a registrant registers an IDN, the registry also includes the
ASCII version. From inspection of the zone file, the ASCII version
is provisioned with NS, and the IDN is a DNAME alias of the ASCII
version.
4.5. COM
ICANN and Verisign have extensive correspondence about IDNs and
variants, including letters to ICANN from Ben Turner [TURNER03] and
Russell Lewis [LEWIS03].
The IANA registry has tables for several dozen languages, including
archaic languages such as hieroglyphics and Aramaic. Verisign
publishes documents describing scripts and languages [VRSNLANG],
character variants [VRSNCHAR], registration rules [VRSNRULES], and
additional registration logic [VRSNADDL].
In Chinese, variants are blocked (see [VRSNADDL]). In other
languages, there is no bundling or blocking.
4.6. COOP
The .COOP TLD has no IDNs and no rules or practices for them.
4.7. INFO
The IANA registry has a table for German. The German table notes
that "the Eszet ... character used in the German script will be
mapped to a double 's' string (i.e. 'ss')". The domain also offers
names in Greek, Russian, Arabic, Korean, and other languages. The
list and IDN tables are on the registry's web site [INFOTABLES].
Afilias says (not in a published policy) that it does not allow
Korean characters with different widths and that there are no
variants in .INFO.
Appendix 9 of the registry agreement [ICANNINFO9] refers to a 2003
letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY03] that refers to blocking variants.
4.8. JOBS
The .JOBS TLD has no IDNs and no rules or practices for them.
4.9. MOBI
The zone file has about 22,000 IDNs. Afilias says (not in a
published policy) that .MOBI supports Simplified Chinese only and
that the language table for this is the same as that used by .CN.
Variant characters are blocked from registration. The domain has no
tables at IANA. Appendix S of the registry agreement [ICANNMOBIS],
says that IDNs are provisioned according to [G1].
4.10. MUSEUM
The zone file has many IDNs, but spot checks find that many are lame
or dead. A 2004 letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY04] refers to [G1].
The registry has a detailed policy page [MUSEUMPOLICY]. IDNs are
accepted in Latin and Hebrew scripts, with plans for Arabic, Chinese,
Japanese, Korean, Cyrillic, and Greek. They do no bundling or
blocking, but names that may be confusable due to visual similarity
are not allowed. These are apparently determined by manual
inspection, which is practical due to the very small size of the
domain.
4.11. NAME
The .NAME TLD is managed the same as .COM.
4.12. NET
The .NET TLD is managed the same as .COM.
4.13. ORG
A 2003 letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY03A] refers to [G1]. The
registry has a list of IDN languages [PIRIDN], several written in
Latin script, plus Chinese and Korean. A Questions page [PIRFAQ]
states that Chinese names have been accepted since January 2010 and
Cyrillic names in seven languages since February 2011. The practices
for some, but not all, of the Latin languages are registered with
IANA.
A Chinese language policy form on the Public Interest Registry (PIR)
web site says that the ZH-CN and ZH-TW IDNs use the corresponding
ccTLD tables from IANA, and check boxes say that Variant Registration
Polices and Variant Management Policies are applicable but don't say
what those policies are.
Private correspondence [CHANDIWALA12] describes not-yet-public rules
for variants in Chinese and Cyrillic in .ORG that restrict the number
of variants that a registration can have.
The Korean language policy form says that it uses the KRNIC table for
Korean from IANA and that there are no variants.
4.14. POST
The .POST TLD appears to have no registrations at all yet.
4.15. PRO
The .PRO TLD has no IDNs and no rules or practices for them.
4.16. TEL
The zone has many IDNs. It is probably operating according to a 2004
letter from Paul Twomey [TWOMEY04A] to Neustar, which did not mention
specific TLDs. Its policy page [TELPOLICY] has links to IDN
practices for 17 languages, all but one of which are registered with
IANA. None of the Latin scripts do bundling or blocking. The
Japanese practices say that variants are blocked. The Chinese
practices document says:
Therefore, in addition to the blocking mechanism, bundling is also
implemented for the Chinese language IDNs. When registering a
Chinese language IDN (primary domain name) up to two additional
variant domain names will be automatically registered. The first
variant will consist entirely of simplified Chinese characters
that correspond to those comprising the primary domain name. The
second variant will consist exclusively of traditional Chinese
characters that correspond to those comprising the primary domain
name.
The primary domain name together with the requested variants
constitutes a bundle on which all operations are atomic. For
example, if the registrant adds a name server to the primary
domain name, all names in the bundle will be associated with that
new name server.
The zone has no DNAME records, so the second paragraph strongly
suggests parallel NS.
The .TEL TLD, intended as an online directory, does not allow
registrants to enter arbitrary Resource Records (RRs) in the zone.
Nearly all names have NS records pointing to Telnic's own name
servers. The A records all point to Telnic's own web server that
shows directory information. NAPTR records provide telephone numbers
of registrants if available. Users can only directly provision MX
records. Except that Currently, there are 16 domains, none of which are IDNs,
that point to random other name servers and mostly appear to be
parked.
4.17. TRAVEL
The .TRAVEL TLD has no IDNs and no rules or practices for them.
4.18. XXX
The .XXX TLD has no IDNs and no rules or practices for them.
5. Domain Practices of ccTLDs
Some ccTLDs publish their IDN policies. This section is a non-
exhaustive sampling of some of those policies. Note that few ccTLDs
make their zone files available, so the authors could not validate
the policies by looking in the zone files.
5.1. BG
The .BG TLD (for Bulgaria) publishes a policy page [BGPOLICY]. It
has published an IDN table for the Bulgarian and Russian languages in
[IANAIDN]. The policy does not mention variants.
5.2. BR
The .BR TLD (for Brazil) publishes a policy page [BRPOLICY]. It has
published an IDN table for the Portuguese language in [IANAIDN].
Although the IDN table does not describe variants, the policy page
says that bundles consist of names that are the same disregarding
accents on vowels, cedillas on letter "c", and inserted or deleted
hyphens. Only the registrant of a name in a bundle can register
other names from the same bundle.
5.3. CL
The .CL TLD (for Chile) publishes a policy page [CLPOLICY]. It has
published an IDN table for the Latin script in [IANAIDN]. The policy
says that variants are not considered for registration.
5.4. CN
The .CN TLD (for China) publishes its policy as [RFC4713]. It has
published an IDN table for the Chinese language in [IANAIDN]. The
policy says that variants are "added into the zone file", presumably
as NS records.
5.5. ES
The .ES TLD (for Spain) publishes an IDN Area page [ESIDN]. It
allows ten accented vowels, U+00E7 ("c with cedilla"), U+00F1 ("n
with tilde"), and the Catalan "ela geminada" written as two l's
separated by a U+00B7 ("middle dot"). There are no published IDN
tables, and there appears to be no variant policy.
5.6. EU
The .EU TLD (for Europe) publishes a policy page [EUPOLICY]. It has
published IDN tables for three scripts in [IANAIDN]. There appears
to be no variant policy.
5.7. GR
The .GR TLD (for Greece) publishes a policy page [GRPOLICY] and an
FAQ [GRFAQ]. The policy says that all variants of a name under .GR
are assigned to the domain owner, with the zone pointing the NS
records of all the variants to the name server of the "main form" of
the registered name. The FAQ says that domain names in Greek
characters are inserted in the zone using their non-punctuated form
in Punycode and that the punctuated form is associated with the non-
punctuated with a DNAME record. It does not publish IDN tables in
[IANAIDN].
5.8. IL
The .IL TLD (for Israel) publishes a policy page [ILPOLICY]. It has
published an IDN table for the Hebrew language in [IANAIDN]. There
is no variant policy.
5.9. IR
The .IR TLD (for Iran) publishes a policy page [IRPOLICY]. It has
published an IDN table for the Persian language in [IANAIDN]. The
IDN table says that it will block registration of variants. However,
the policy document says that no IDNs can be registered in .IR.
5.10. JP
The .JP TLD (for Japan) publishes a policy page [JPPOLICY]. It has
published an IDN table for the Japanese language in [IANAIDN]. Each
code point in that table defines no variants, which means there are
no variants in registration or resolution.
5.11. KR
The .KR TLD (for South Korea) appears to only publish its policy as
an IDN table for the Korean language in [IANAIDN]. The policy in
that table does not discuss variants.
5.12. MY
The .MY TLD (for Malaysia) appears to only publish its policy as an
IDN table for the Jawi language in [IANAIDN]; however, IANA lists
that as a table for "Malay (macrolanguage)". The policy in that
table does not discuss variants.
5.13. NZ
The .NZ TLD (for New Zealand) publishes a policy page [NZPOLICY]. It
has published IDN tables for the Latin script in [IANAIDN]. The
policy does not discuss variants.
5.14. PL
The .PL TLD (for Poland) publishes a policy page [PLPOLICY]. It has
published IDN tables for numerous European languages in [IANAIDN].
The policy says that it will block registration of "look-alike"
variants.
5.15. RS
The .RS TLD (for Serbia) publishes a policy page [RSPOLICY]. It has
published IDN tables for the Serbian and Russian languages, language, and the Latin script,
in [IANAIDN]. The policy does not discuss variants.
5.16. RU
The .RU TLD (for Russia) appears to only publish its policy as an IDN
table for the Russian language in [IANAIDN]. The policy in that
table does not discuss variants.
5.17. SA
The .SA TLD (for Saudi Arabia) publishes a policy page [SAPOLICY].
It has published an IDN table for the Arabic language in [IANAIDN].
The policy permits the registration of variants, but it is not clear
whether others can register names with variants if the owner of a
name has not registered them.
5.18. SE
The .SE TLD (for Sweden) publishes a policy page [SEPOLICY]. It has
published IDN tables for the Swedish and Yiddish languages, and the
Latin script, in [IANAIDN]. The policy does not discuss variants.
5.19. TW
The .TW TLD (for Taiwan) appears to only publish its policy as an IDN
table for the Chinese language in [IANAIDN]. The policy in that
table does not discuss variants.
5.20. UA
The .UA TLD (for Ukraine) publishes a policy page [UAPOLICY]. It has
published an IDN table for the Cyrillic script in [IANAIDN]. The
policy does not discuss variants.
5.21. VE
The .VE TLD (for Venezuela) appears to only publish its policy as an
IDN table for the Spanish language in [IANAIDN]. The policy in that
table does not discuss variants.
5.22. XN--90A3AC
The .XN--90A3AC TLD (for Serbia) (U+0441 U+0440 U+0431) publishes a
policy page [RSIDNPOLICY]. It has published IDN tables for the
Cyrillic script in [IANAIDN]. The policy does not discuss variants.
5.23. XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR
The .XN--MGBERP4A5D4AR TLD (for Saudi Arabia) (U+0627 U+0644 U+0633
U+0639 U+0648 U+062F U+064A U+0629) appears to only publish its
policy as an IDN table for the Arabic script in [IANAIDN]. The
policy permits the registration of variants, but it is not clear
whether others can register names with variants if the owner of a
name has not registered them.
6. Acknowledgements
Many people contributed to this document, particularly Nacho Amadoz,
Marc Blanchet, Michelle Coon, Jordi Iparraguirre, Frederico A. C.
Neves, Vaggelis Segredakis, Doron Shikmoni, Andrew Sullivan, Dennis
Tan, and Joseph Yee.
7. Security Considerations
There are many potential security considerations for various methods
of dealing with IDN variants. However, this document is only a
catalog of current variant policies and does not address whether they
are good or bad ideas from a security standpoint. The documents
cited in the Terminology section have a little discussion of security
considerations for IDN variants.
8. Informative References
[ASIACJK] Dot.Asia Organisation, ".ASIA CJK (Chinese Japanese
Korean) IDN Policies", May 2011, <http://dot.asia/
policies/
DotAsia-CJK-IDN-Policies-COMPLETE--2011-05-04.pdf>.
[BGPOLICY]
Register.BG, "Terms and Conditions for Domain Name
Registration and Support in the .BG Zone and the Sub-
Zones", August 2011,
<https://www.register.bg/user/static/rules/en/index.html>.
[BRPOLICY]
Registro.br, "Dominios .br", September 2011,
<http://registro.br/dominio/regras.html>.
[CHANDIWALA12]
Chandiwala, S., "Letter from Sadik Chandiwala to John
Levine", December 2012.
[CLPOLICY]
NIC Chile, "Syntax Rules for Domain Names under .CL",
August 2005, <http://www.nic.cl/CL-IDN-policy.html>.
[ESIDN] Red.es, "IDN area", <http://www.nic.es/section/
index.action?sec=1127&request_locale=en>. <http://www.dominios.es/dominios/en/
todo-lo-que-necesitas-saber/valores-anadidos/area-idn>.
[EUPOLICY]
EURid, ".eu Domain Name Registration Terms and
Conditions", December 2009, <http://link.eurid.eu/trm-con>.
[G1] ICANN, "Guidelines for the Implementation of
Internationalized Domain Names, Version 1.0", <http://
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idn-guidelines-20jun03-en.htm>.
[G3] ICANN, "Guidelines for the Implementation of
Internationalized Domain Names, Version 3.0", <http://
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idn-guidelines-02sep11-en.htm>.
[GRFAQ] Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas,
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registrations", 2012,
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[GRPOLICY]
Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas,
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Names", 2011, <https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/tomcat_docs/
AP592_012_2011_.pdf>.
[IANAIDN] IANA, "Repository of IDN Practices",
<http://www.iana.org/domains/idn-tables>.
[ICANNAGREE]
ICANN, "ICANN Registry Agreements",
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[ICANNBIZ9]
ICANN, "Appendix 9 of ICANN .BIZ Registry Agreement",
December 2006, <http://www.icann.org/en/about/agreements/
registries/biz/appendix-09-08dec06-en.htm>.
[ICANNCATS]
ICANN, "Appendix S of ICANN .CAT Registry Agreement",
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registries/cat/cat-appendixs-22mar06-en.htm>.
[ICANNINFO9]
ICANN, "Appendix 9 of ICANN .INFO Registry Agreement",
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info/appendix-09-08dec06.htm>.
[ICANNMOBIS]
ICANN, "Appendix S of ICANN .MOBI Registry Agreement",
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registries/mobi/mobi-appendixs-23nov05-en.htm>.
[ILPOLICY]
Israel Internet Association (ISOC-IL), "Rules for the
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[INFOTABLES]
Afilias, "Internationalized Domain Names", 2006, <http://
info.info/information/internationalized-domain-names>.
[IRPOLICY]
IPM/IRNIC, "Internationalized Domain Names in .IR",
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[JPPOLICY]
JPRS, "Technology bylaws regarding generic domain name
registration JP", July 2012,
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[LEWIS03] Lewis, R., "Letter from Russell Lewis to Paul Twomey",
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correspondence/lewis-to-twomey-13oct03-en.htm>.
[MUSEUMPOLICY]
MuseDoma, "Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) in .museum
- Policies and terms of use", January 2009,
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[NZPOLICY]
.nz Registry Services, "Internationalised Domain Names
(IDN)", July 2010, <http://nzrs.net.nz/dns/idn>.
[PIRFAQ] Public Interest Registry, "Internationalized Domain Name
(IDN) Questions", 2010, <http://www.pir.org/why/global/idn>.
[PIRIDN] Public Interest Registry, "Go Global", January 2009,
<http://www.pir.org/why/global>.
[PLPOLICY]
NASK (PL-TLD), "Registering Internationalized Domain Names
under .PL", July 2007,
<http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn-registration-policy.txt>.
[RFC1035] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[RFC3743] Konishi, K., Huang, K., Qian, H., and Y. Ko, "Joint
Engineering Team (JET) Guidelines for Internationalized
Domain Names (IDN) Registration and Administration for
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean", RFC 3743, April 2004.
[RFC4713] Lee, X., Mao, W., Chen, E., Hsu, N., and J. Klensin,
"Registration and Administration Recommendations for
Chinese Domain Names", RFC 4713, October 2006.
[RFC5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, August 2010.
[RFC6672] Rose, S. and W. Wijngaards, "DNAME Redirection in the
DNS", RFC 6672, June 2012.
[RSIDNPOLICY]
RNIDS, "Internationalized Domain Names (IDN) in xn--90a3ac
ccTLD", October 2011, <http://www.rnids.rs/data/DOKUMENTI/
idn-srb-policy-termsofuse-v1.4-eng.pdf>.
[RSPOLICY]
RNIDS, "General Terms And Conditions For Registration of
.rs Domain Names", June 2009, <http://www.rnids.rs/data/
DOKUMENTI/Opsti%20akti/list0029_en.pdf>.
[SAPOLICY]
Saudi Network Information Center, "Permitted Characters
and Symbols", December 2010, "Saudi Domain Name
Registration Regulation", March 2011, <http://nic.sa/docs/
Saudi_Domain_Name_Registration_Regulation_V3.0_EN.pdf>.
[SEPOLICY]
.SE (The Internet Infrastructure Foundation),
"Registration instructions", 2012, "Domain
names (IDN)", <https://www.iis.se/english/register/idn/>.
[TELPOLICY]
Telnic, ".TEL Policies", Jan 2007,
<http://www.telnic.org/policies.html>.
[TURNER03]
Turner, B., "Letter from Ben Turner to Paul Twomey",
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correspondence/turner-to-twomey-17nov03-en.htm>.
[TWOMEY03]
Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Ram Mohan",
August 2003, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/correspondence/
twomey-to-mohan-19aug03-en.htm>.
[TWOMEY03A]
Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Edward Viltz",
October 2003, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/
correspondence/twomey-to-viltz-21oct03-en.htm>.
[TWOMEY04]
Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Cary Karp",
January 2004, <http://www.icann.org/en/news/
correspondence/twomey-to-karp-20jan04-en.htm>.
[TWOMEY04A]
Twomey, P., "Letter from Paul Twomey to Richard Tindal",
July 2004, <http://www.icann.org/en/correspondence/
twomey-to-tindal-29jul04.pdf>.
[UAPOLICY]
UA ccTLD, "Registration Schedule of IDN-domains",
October 2010,
<http://www.hostmaster.ua/idn/>.
[VARIANTTLDS]
ICANN, "IDN Variant TLDs",
<http://www.icann.org/en/resources/idn/variant-tlds>.
[VIPREPORT]
ICANN, "A Study of Issues Related to the Management of IDN
Variant TLDs (Integrated Issues Report)", <http://
www.icann.org/en/topics/idn/
idn-vip-integrated-issues-final-clean-20feb12-en.pdf>.
[VRSNADDL]
Verisign, "Additional Logic", <http://www.verisigninc.com/
en_US/products-and-services/domain-name-services/
domain-information-center/idn-code-points/
additional-logic/index.xhtml>.
[VRSNCHAR]
Verisign, "Character Variants", <http://
www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/
domain-name-services/domain-information-center/
idn-resources/character-variants/index.xhtml>.
[VRSNLANG]
Verisign, "Scripts and Languages", <http://
www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/
domain-name-services/domain-information-center/
idn-resources/scripts-languages/index.xhtml>.
[VRSNRULES]
Verisign, "Registration Rules", <http://
www.verisigninc.com/en_US/products-and-services/
domain-name-services/domain-information-center/
idn-code-points/registration-rules/index.xhtml>.
Authors' Addresses
John Levine
Taughannock Networks
EMail: standards@taugh.com
Paul Hoffman
VPN Consortium
EMail: paul.hoffman@vpnc.org