Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Y. Cui
Request for Comments: 7040 J. Wu
Category: Informational P. Wu
ISSN: 2070-1721 Tsinghua University
O. Vautrin
Juniper Networks
Y. Lee
Comcast
October 2013
Public IPv4-over-IPv6 Access Network
Abstract
This document describes a mechanism called Public 4over6, which is
designed to provide IPv4 Internet connectivity over an IPv6 access
network using global IPv4 addresses. Public 4over6 was developed in
the IETF and is in use in some existing deployments but is not
recommended for new deployments. Future deployments of similar
scenarios should use Lightweight 4over6. Public 4over6 follows the
Hub and Spoke softwire model and uses an IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel to
forward IPv4 packets over an IPv6 access network. The
bidirectionality of the IPv4 communication is achieved by explicitly
allocating global non-shared IPv4 addresses to end users and by
maintaining IPv4-IPv6 address binding on the border relay. Public
4over6 aims to provide uninterrupted IPv4 services to users, like
Internet Content Providers (ICPs), etc., while an operator makes the
access network transition to an IPv6-only access network.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7040.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2013 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Scenario and Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Public 4over6 Address Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Basic Provisioning Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Public IPv4 Address Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. 4over6 CE Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6. 4over6 BR Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Fragmentation and Reassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. Introduction
When operators make the access network transition to an IPv6-only
access network, they must continue to provide IPv4 services to their
users to access IPv4 contents. IPv4 connectivity is required when
communicating with the IPv4-only Internet. This document describes a
mechanism called Public 4over6 for providing IPv4 connectivity over a
native IPv6-only access network. This memo focuses on interactions
between Public 4over6 elements as well as the deployment
architecture.
Public 4over6 is in active deployment in some environments,
particularly in China Next Generation Internet (CNGI) and China
Education and Research Network 2 (CERNET2), but it is not recommended
for new deployments. Documenting this approach is intended to
benefit users and operators of existing deployments as well as
readers of other IPv4-over-IPv6 documents.
In addition to Public 4over6 and its deployment architecture as
described in this memo, the IETF is currently working on a more
generic solution called Lightweight 4over6 [SOFTWIRE-LW46], which is
classified as a binding approach in the Unified IPv4-in-IPv6 Softwire
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) [SOFTWIRE-CPE]. Lightweight 4over6
covers both sharing and non-sharing global IPv4 addresses in the Hub
and Spoke model. Future deployments should use [SOFTWIRE-LW46].
Public 4over6 utilizes the IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel technique defined in
[RFC2473], which enables IPv4 datagrams to traverse through native
IPv6 networks. IPv4 nodes connect to the Tunnel Entry-Point Node and
Tunnel Exit-Point Node to communicate over the IPv6-only network.
Therefore, the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can run an IPv6-only
infrastructure instead of a fully dual-stack network as well as avoid
the need to deploy scarce IPv4 address resources throughout the
network.
This mechanism focuses on providing full end-to-end transparency to
the user side. Therefore, global IPv4 addresses are expected to be
provisioned to end users, and carrier-side address translation can be
avoided. Furthermore, global non-shared IPv4 addresses are
preferable to shared IPv4 addresses, so that user-side address
translation is not necessary either. It is important, in particular,
to users that are required to run their applications on an IP
protocol different from TCP and UDP (e.g., IPsec, L2TP) or on certain
well-known TCP/UDP ports (e.g., HTTP, SMTP). For many ISPs that are
actually capable of provisioning non-shared unique IPv4 addresses,
the mechanism provides a pure, suitable solution.
Another focus of this mechanism is deployment and operational
flexibility. Public 4over6 allows IPv4 and IPv6 address
architectures to be totally independent of each other; the end user's
IPv4 address is not embedded in its IPv6 address. Therefore, IPv4
address planning has no implication for IPv6 address planning.
Operators can manage the IPv4 address resources in a flat,
centralized manner. This requires that the tunnel concentrator
[RFC4925] maintain the binding between an IPv4 address and an IPv6
address, i.e., maintaining per-subscriber binding state.
The mechanism follows the Hub and Spoke softwire model [RFC4925] and
uses IPv4-in-IPv6 tunneling as the basic data-plane method. Global
non-shared IPv4 addresses are allocated from the ISP to end hosts or
CPEs over an IPv6 network. Simultaneously, the binding between the
allocated IPv4 address and the end user's IPv6 address is maintained
on the tunnel concentrator for encapsulation usage.
2. Terminology
Public 4over6: A per-subscriber, stateful IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel
mechanism. Public 4over6 supports bidirectional communication
between the global IPv4 Internet and IPv4 hosts or customer
networks via an IPv6 access network by leveraging IPv4-in-IPv6
tunneling [RFC2473] and global IPv4 address allocation over IPv6.
The term 'Public' means the allocated IPv4 address is globally
routable.
Full IPv4 address: An IPv4 address that is not shared by multiple
users. The user with this IPv4 address has full access to all the
available TCP/UDP ports, including the well-known TCP/UDP ports.
4over6 Customer Edge (CE): A device functioning as the Customer Edge
equipment in a Public 4over6 environment. A 4over6 CE can be
either a dual-stack capable host or a dual-stack CPE device, both
of which have a tunnel interface to support IPv4-in-IPv6
encapsulation. In the former case, the host supports both IPv4
and IPv6 stacks but its uplink is IPv6 only. In the latter case,
the CPE has an IPv6 interface connecting to the ISP network and an
IPv4 or dual-stack interface connecting to the customer network;
hosts in the customer network can be IPv4 only or dual stack.
4over6 Border Relay (BR): A router deployed in the edge of the
operator's IPv6 access network that supports IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel
termination. A 4over6 BR is a dual-stack router that connects to
both the IPv6 access network and the IPv4 Internet. The 4over6 BR
can also work as a DHCPv4-over-IPv6 [DHCPv4-IPv6] server/relay for
assigning and distributing global IPv4 addresses to 4over6 CEs.
3. Scenario and Use Cases
The general Public 4over6 scenario is shown in Figure 1. Users in an
IPv6 network take IPv6 as their native service. Some users are end
hosts that face the ISP network directly, while others are in private
networks behind CPEs, such as a home Local Area Network (LAN), an
enterprise network, etc. The ISP network is IPv6 only rather than
dual stack, which means the ISP cannot provide native IPv4 service to
users. In order to support legacy IPv4 transport, some routers on
the carrier side are dual stack and are connected to the IPv4
Internet. These routers act as 4over6 BRs. Network users that
require IPv4 connectivity obtain it through these routers.
+-------------------------+
| IPv6 ISP Network |
| |
+------+ |
|4over6|Host +-------+ +-----------+
| CE |=================| | | |
+------+ | | | |
| |4over6 | | IPv4 |
+--------------+ +------+ IPv4-in-IPv6 | BR |---| Internet |
| Customer | |4over6| | | | |
| Private IPv4 |--| CE |=================| | | |
| Network | | |CPE +-------+ +-----------+
+--------------+ +------+ |
| |
| |
+-------------------------+
Figure 1: Public 4over6 Scenario
Public 4over6 can be applicable in several use cases. If an ISP that
switches to IPv6 still has plenty of global IPv4 address resources,
it can deploy Public 4over6 to provide transparent IPv4 service for
all its customers. If the ISP does not have enough IPv4 addresses,
it can deploy Dual-Stack Lite [RFC6333] as the basic IPv4-over-IPv6
service. Along with Dual-Stack Lite, Public 4over6 can be deployed
as a value-added service, overcoming the service degradation caused
by the Carrier Grade NAT (CGN). An IPv4 application server is a
typical high-end user of Public 4over6. Using a full, global IPv4
address brings significant advantages in this case and is important
for Internet Content Providers (ICPs) making the transition to IPv6:
o The DNS registration can be direct, using a dedicated address;
o Accessing the application service can be straightforward, with no
translation involved;
o There will be no need to provide NAT traversal mechanisms for
incoming traffic, and no special handling is required for the
well-known TCP/UDP ports.
4. Public 4over6 Address Provisioning
4.1. Basic Provisioning Steps
Figure 2 shows the basic provisioning steps for Public 4over6.
4over6 DHCPv6 4over6 DHCPv4
CE Server BR Server
|Assign IPv6 Addr/Pref +| | |
| BR's IPv6 Addr Info | | |
|<----------------------| | |
| DHCPv6/Other | | |
WAN | |
IPv6 Configure | |
| | |
| Assign Public IPv4 Addr (DHCPv4 over v6/Static Conf) |
|<--------------------------------------|<-------------|
| | IPv4-IPv6 |
| | Binding SYN |
Tunnel |
IPv4 Configure Binding Update
| |
| IPv4-in-IPv6 Tunnel |
|<------------------------------------->|
| |
Figure 2: Public 4over6 Address Provisioning
The main steps are:
o IPv6 address/prefix is provisioned to 4over6 CE, along with
knowledge of 4over6 BR's IPv6 address, using DHCPv6 or other
means.
o 4over6 CE configures its WAN interface with a globally unique IPv6
address, which is a result of IPv6 provisioning, including DHCPv6,
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC), or manual
configuration.
o IPv4 address is provisioned to 4over6 CE by DHCPv4 over IPv6 or
static configuration.
o 4over6 BR obtains the IPv4 and IPv6 addresses of the 4over6 CE
using information provided by the DHCPv4 server.
o 4over6 CE configures its tunnel interface as a result of IPv4
provisioning.
o 4over6 BR updates the IPv4-IPv6 address-binding table according to
the address-binding information acquired from the DHCPv4 server.
4.2. Public IPv4 Address Allocation
Usually, each CE is provisioned with one global IPv4 address.
However, it is possible that a CE would require an IPv4 prefix. The
key problem here is the mechanism for IPv4 address provisioning over
IPv6 networks.
There are two possibilities: DHCPv4 over IPv6, and static
configuration. Public 4over6 supports both these methods. DHCPv4
over IPv6 allows DHCPv4 messages to be transported in IPv6 rather
than IPv4; therefore, the DHCPv4 process can be performed over an
IPv6 network between the BR and the relevant CE. [DHCPv4-IPv6]
describes the DHCP protocol extensions needed to support this
operation. For static configuration, Public 4over6 users and ISP
operators negotiate beforehand to authorize the IPv4 address(es).
Then the tunnel interface and the address binding are configured by
the user and the ISP, respectively.
While regular users would probably opt for DHCPv4 over IPv6, the
static configuration is particularly applicable in two cases: for
application servers, which require a stable IPv4 address; and for
enterprise networks, which usually require an IPv4 prefix rather than
one single address. (Note that DHCPv4 does not support prefix
allocation.)
5. 4over6 CE Behavior
A CE is provisioned with IPv6 before the Public 4over6 process. It
also learns the BR's IPv6 address beforehand. This IPv6 address can
be configured using a variety of methods, ranging from an out-of-band
mechanism, manual configuration, or via a DHCPv6 option. In order to
guarantee interoperability, the CE element implements the AFTR-Name
DHCPv6 option defined in [RFC6334].
A CE supports DHCPv4 over IPv6 [DHCPv4-IPv6] to dynamically acquire
an IPv4 address over IPv6 and assign it to the IPv4-in-IPv6 tunnel
interface. The CE regards the BR as its DHCPv4-over-IPv6 server/
relay, which is used to obtain its global IPv4 address allocation;
its IPv6 address is learned by the CE as described above.
A CE also supports static configuration of the tunnel interface. In
the case of prefix provisioning, the tunnel interface is assigned
with the well-known IPv4 address defined in Section 5.7 of [RFC6333],
rather than using an address from the prefix. If the CE has multiple
IPv6 addresses on its WAN interface, it uses one of the IPv6
addresses for DHCPv4 over IPv6 or negotiation of static
configuration. The CE then uses the same IPv6 address for data-plane
encapsulation.
A CE performs IPv4-in-IPv6 encapsulation and decapsulation on the
tunnel interface. When sending out an IPv4 packet, it performs the
encapsulation using the IPv6 address of the 4over6 BR as the IPv6
destination address and its own IPv6 address as the IPv6 source
address. The decapsulation on the 4over6 CE is simple. When
receiving an IPv4-in-IPv6 packet, the CE just removes the IPv6 header
and either hands it to a local upper layer or forwards it to the
customer network according to the IPv4 destination address.
A CE runs a regular IPv4 Network Address and Port Translation (NAPT)
for its customer network when it is provisioned with one single IPv4
address. In that case, the assigned IPv4 address of the tunnel
interface would be the external IPv4 address of the NAPT. Then the
CE performs IPv4 private-to-public translation before encapsulation
of IPv4 packets from the customer network and IPv4 public-to-private
translation after decapsulation of IPv4-in-IPv6 packets.
IPv4 NAPT is not necessary when the CE is provisioned with an IPv4
prefix. In this case, detailed customer network planning is out of
scope for this document.
The 4over6 CE supports backward compatibility with DS-Lite. A CE can
employ the well-known IPv4 address for the Basic Bridging BroadBand
(B4) element [RFC6333] and switch to Dual-Stack Lite for IPv4
communications if it can't get a global IPv4 address from the DHCPv4
server (for instance, if the DHCPv4-over-IPv6 process fails or the
DHCPv4 server refuses to allocate a global IPv4 address to it, etc.).
6. 4over6 BR Behavior
The 4over6 BR maintains the bindings between the CE IPv6 address and
CE IPv4 address (prefixes). The bindings are used to provide the
correct encapsulation destination address for inbound IPv4 packets
and also to validate the IPv6-IPv4 source of the outbound IPv4-in-
IPv6 packets.
The BR acquires the binding information through the IPv4 address
provisioning process. For static configuration, the operator
manually configures the BR using the binding information obtained
through negotiation with the customer. As for DHCPv4 over IPv6,
there are multiple possibilities, which are deployment-specific:
o The BR can be co-located with the DHCPv4-over-IPv6 server. Then
the synchronization happens within the BR. It installs a binding
when sending out an ACK for a DHCP lease and deletes it when the
lease expires or a DHCP RELEASE message is received.
o The BR can play the role of IPv6-Transport Relay Agent (TRA) as
described in [DHCPv4-IPv6] and snoop for the DHCPv4 ACK and
RELEASE messages as well as keep a timer for each binding
according to the DHCP lease time.
On the IPv6 side, the BR decapsulates IPv4-in-IPv6 packets coming
from 4over6 CEs. It removes the IPv6 header of every IPv4-in-IPv6
packet and forwards it to the IPv4 Internet. Before the
decapsulation, the BR checks the inner IPv4 source address against
the outer IPv6 source address by matching such a binding entry in the
binding table. If no binding is found, the BR silently drops the
packet. On the IPv4 side, the BR encapsulates the IPv4 packets
destined to 4over6 CEs. When performing the IPv4-in-IPv6
encapsulation, the BR uses its own IPv6 address as the IPv6 source
address and uses the IPv4 destination address in the packet to look
up the IPv6 destination address in the address-binding table. After
the encapsulation, the BR sends the IPv6 packet on its IPv6 interface
to reach a CE.
The BR supports the hairpinning of traffic between two CEs by
performing decapsulation and re-encapsulation of packets.
In cases where the BR manages the global IPv4 address pool, the BR
advertises the routing information of IPv4 addresses to the IPv4
Internet.
7. Fragmentation and Reassembly
The same considerations as those described in Sections 5.3 and 6.3 of
[RFC6333] are taken into account for the CE and the BR, respectively.
8. DNS
The procedure described in Sections 5.5 and 6.4 of [RFC6333] is
followed by the CE and the BR, respectively.
9. Security Considerations
The 4over6 BR implements methods to limit service only to registered
customers. On the control plane, the BR allocates IPv4 addresses
only to registered customers. The BR can filter on the IPv6 source
addresses of incoming DHCP requests and only respond to the ones that
are conveyed by registered IPv6 source addresses. But this doesn't
work in situations where multi-homing is present. In the networks
where Public 4over6 is deployed, multi-homing is disallowed to avoid
this issue.
Alternatively, the BR can filter out the unregistered CE's requests
during the DHCP process. For data packets, the BR does ingress
filtering by looking up addresses in the IPv4-IPv6 address-binding
table for the related matches as described in Section 6.
In the case of fallback to DS-Lite, security considerations in
Section 11 of [RFC6333] are followed.
10. Contributors
The following are those who have made contributions to the effort:
Huiling Zhao
China Telecom
Room 502, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-58552002
Email: zhaohl@ctbri.com.cn
Chongfeng Xie
China Telecom
Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-58552116
Email: xiechf@ctbri.com.cn
Qiong Sun
China Telecom
Room 708, No.118, Xizhimennei Street
Beijing 100035
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-58552936
Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn
Qi Sun
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-62785822
Email: sunqi@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
Chris Metz
Cisco Systems
3700 Cisco Way
San Jose, CA 95134
USA
Email: chmetz@cisco.com
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC2473] Conta, A. and S. Deering, "Generic Packet Tunneling in
IPv6 Specification", RFC 2473, December 1998.
[RFC4925] Li, X., Dawkins, S., Ward, D., and A. Durand, "Softwire
Problem Statement", RFC 4925, July 2007.
[RFC6333] Durand, A., Droms, R., Woodyatt, J., and Y. Lee, "Dual-
Stack Lite Broadband Deployments Following IPv4
Exhaustion", RFC 6333, August 2011.
[RFC6334] Hankins, D. and T. Mrugalski, "Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) Option for Dual-Stack Lite",
RFC 6334, August 2011.
11.2. Informative References
[DHCPv4-IPv6]
Cui, Y., Wu, P., Wu, J., and T. Lemon, "DHCPv4 over IPv6
Transport", Work in Progress, September 2013.
[SOFTWIRE-CPE]
Boucadair, M., Farrer, I., Perreault, S., Ed., and S.
Sivakumar, Ed., "Unified IPv4-in-IPv6 Softwire CPE", Work
in Progress, May 2013.
[SOFTWIRE-LW46]
Cui, Y., Sun, Q., Boucadair, M., Tsou, T., Lee, Y., and I.
Farrer, "Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the DS-Lite
Architecture", Work in Progress, July 2013.
Authors' Addresses
Yong Cui
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6260-3059
EMail: yong@csnet1.cs.tsinghua.edu.cn
Jianping Wu
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5983
EMail: jianping@cernet.edu.cn
Peng Wu
Tsinghua University
Department of Computer Science
Beijing 100084
P.R.China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5822
EMail: pengwu.thu@gmail.com
Olivier Vautrin
Juniper Networks
1194 N. Mathilda Avenue
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
USA
EMail: Olivier@juniper.net
Yiu L. Lee
Comcast
One Comcast Center
Philadelphia, PA 19103
USA
EMail: yiu_lee@cable.comcast.com