Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Kewisch
Request for Comments: 7265 Mozilla
Category: Standards Track C. Daboo
ISSN: 2070-1721 Apple, Inc.
M. Douglass
RPI
May 2014
jCal: The JSON Format for iCalendar
Abstract
This specification defines "jCal", a JSON format for iCalendar data.
The iCalendar data format is a text format for capturing and
exchanging information normally stored within a calendaring and
scheduling application, for example, tasks and events. JSON is a
lightweight, text-based, language-independent data interchange format
commonly used in Internet applications.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7265.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Converting from iCalendar to jCal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Pre-processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. iCalendar Stream and Objects (RFC 5545, Section 3.4) . . 5
3.3. Components (RFC 5545, Section 3.6) . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4. Properties (RFC 5545, Sections 3.7 and 3.8) . . . . . . . 6
3.4.1. Special Cases for Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4.1.1. GEO Property (RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.6) . . . . 7
3.4.1.2. REQUEST-STATUS Property (RFC 5545, Section
3.8.8.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5. Parameters (RFC 5545, Section 3.2) . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5.1. VALUE Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5.2. Multi-value Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6. Values (RFC 5545, Section 3.3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.1. Binary (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.1) . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.2. Boolean (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.2) . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.3. Calendar User Address (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.3) . . . 12
3.6.4. Date (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.4) . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6.5. Date-Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.5) . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6.6. Duration (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.6) . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6.7. Float (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.7) . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6.8. Integer (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.8) . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.6.9. Period of Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.9) . . . . . . 14
3.6.10. Recurrence Rule (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.10) . . . . . 14
3.6.11. Text (RFC5545 section (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.11) . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6.12. Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.12) . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6.13. URI (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.13) . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.6.14. UTC Offset (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.14) . . . . . . . . 16
3.7. Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Converting from jCal into iCalendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5. Handling Unrecognized Properties or Parameters . . . . . . . 17
5.1. Converting iCalendar into jCal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2. Converting jCal into iCalendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.3. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
7.1. UNKNOWN iCalendar Value Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Appendix A. ABNF Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix B. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
B.1. Example 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B.1.1. iCalendar Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B.1.2. jCal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B.2. Example 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B.2.1. iCalendar Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
B.2.2. jCal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1. Introduction
The iCalendar data format [RFC5545] is a widely deployed interchange
format for calendaring and scheduling data. While many applications
and services consume and generate calendar data, iCalendar is a
specialized format that requires its own parser/generator. In
contrast, JSON-based formats as defined in [RFC7159] are the native
format for JavaScript widgets and libraries, and it is appropriate to
have a standard form of calendar data that is easier to work with
than iCalendar.
The purpose of this specification is to define "jCal", a JSON format
for iCalendar data. jCal is defined as a straightforward mapping into
JSON from iCalendar, so that iCalendar data can be converted to JSON,
and then back to iCalendar, without losing any semantic meaning in
the data. Anyone creating jCal calendar data according to this
specification will know that their data can be converted to a valid
iCalendar representation as well.
The key design considerations are essentially the same as those for
[RFC6321], that is:
Round-tripping (converting an iCalendar instance to jCal and back)
will give the same semantic result as the starting point. For
example, all components, properties, and property parameters are
guaranteed to be preserved.
Ordering of elements and case of property and parameter names will
not necessarily be preserved.
The iCalendar data semantics are to be preserved, allowing a
simple consumer to easily browse the data in jCal. A full
understanding of iCalendar is still required in order to modify
and/or fully comprehend the calendar data.
Extensions to the underlying iCalendar specification must not lead
to requiring an update to jCal.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
The underlying format used for jCal is JSON. Consequently, the terms
"object" and "array" as well as the four primitive types (strings,
numbers, booleans, and null) are to be interpreted as described in
Section 1 of [RFC7159].
Some examples in this document contain "partial" JSON documents used
for illustrative purposes. In these examples, three periods "..."
are used to indicate a portion of the document that has been removed
for compactness.
3. Converting from iCalendar to jCal
This section describes how iCalendar data is converted to jCal using
a simple mapping between the iCalendar data model and JSON elements.
Aside from the formal description in this section, an informative
ABNF is specified in Appendix A.
In [RFC5545], an iCalendar object comprises a set of "components",
"properties", "parameters", and "values". The top level of iCalendar
data typically contains a stream of iCalendar objects, each of which
can be considered a "component". A "component" can contain other
"components" or "properties". A "property" has a "value" and a set
of zero or more "parameters". Each of these entities have a
representation in jCal, defined in the following sections. The
representation of an iCalendar object in JSON will be named "jCal
object" throughout this document.
3.1. Pre-processing
iCalendar uses a line-folding mechanism to limit lines of data to a
maximum line length (typically 75 octets) to ensure the maximum
likelihood of preserving data integrity as it is transported via
various means (e.g., email) -- see Section 3.1 of [RFC5545].
iCalendar data uses an "escape" character sequence for text values
and property parameter values. See Sections 3.1 and 3.3 of [RFC5545]
as well as [RFC6868].
There is a subtle difference in the number representations between
JSON and iCalendar. While in iCalendar, a number may have leading
zeros, as well as a leading plus sign; this is not the case in JSON.
Numbers should be represented in whatever way needed for the
underlying format.
When converting from iCalendar to jCal: First, iCalendar lines MUST
be unfolded. Afterwards, any iCalendar escaping MUST be unescaped.
Finally, JSON escaping, as described in Section 7 of [RFC7159], MUST
be applied. The reverse order applies when converting from jCal to
iCalendar, which is further described in Section 4.
iCalendar uses a base64 encoding for binary data. However, it does
not restrict the encoding from being applied to non-binary value
types. So, the following rules are applied when processing a
property with the "ENCODING" property parameter set to "BASE64":
o If the property value type is "BINARY", the base64 encoding MUST
be preserved.
o If the value type is not "BINARY", the "ENCODING" property
parameter MUST be removed, and the value MUST be base64 decoded.
When base64 encoding and decoding is used, it MUST conform to Section 4 of
[RFC4648], which is the base64 method used in [RFC5545].
One key difference in the formatting of values used in iCalendar and
jCal is that in jCal, the specification uses date/time values aligned
with the extended format of [ISO.8601.2004], which is more commonly
used in Internet applications that make use of the JSON format. The
sections of this document describing the various date and time
formats contain more information on the use of the complete
representation, reduced accuracy, or truncated representation.
3.2. iCalendar Stream and Objects (RFC 5545, Section 3.4)
At the top level of the iCalendar object model is an "iCalendar
stream". This stream encompasses multiple "iCalendar objects". As
the typical use case is transporting a single iCalendar object, there
is no defined equivalent to an "iCalendar stream" in jCal. To
transport multiple jCal objects in a stream, a simple JSON array can
be used.
Example:
["vcalendar",
[ /* Add jCal properties in place of this comment */ ],
[ /* Add jCal components in place of this comment */ ]
]
3.3. Components (RFC 5545, Section 3.6)
Each iCalendar component, delimited by "BEGIN" and "END", will be
converted to a fixed-length array with three fields that have a
specific structure:
1. A string with the name of the iCalendar component, but in
lowercase.
2. An array of jCal properties as described in Section 3.4.
3. An array of jCal components, representing the sub-components of
the component in question.
This mapping applies to the top level iCalendar objects, as well as
individual sub-components in the same way. The iCalendar to jCal
component mapping is valid for both current iCalendar components and
any new iCalendar components added in the future. Conversion is to
be done in the same way.
While the grouping of properties and sub-components does not retain
the original order specified in the iCalendar data, the semantics of
a component are preserved.
Example:
["vevent",
[ /* Add jCal properties in place of this comment */ ],
[ /* Add jCal components in place of this comment */ ]
]
3.4. Properties (RFC 5545, Sections 3.7 and 3.8)
iCalendar properties, whether they apply to the "VCALENDAR" object or
to a component, are handled in a consistent way in the jCal format.
In jCal, each individual iCalendar property MUST be represented by an
array with three fixed elements, followed by one or more additional
elements, depending on if the property is a multi-value multi-valued property as
described in Section 3.1.2 of [RFC5545].
The array consists of the following fixed elements:
1. The name of the property, as a lowercase string. The iCalendar
format specifies that property names are case insensitive and
recommends that they be rendered in uppercase. In jCal, they
MUST be in lowercase.
2. An object containing the parameters as described in Section 3.5.
If the property has no parameters, an empty object is used to
represent that.
3. The type identifier string of the value, in lowercase. Due to
special casing of certain properties as described in
Section 3.4.1, it is important that parsers check both the type
identifier and the value data type and do not rely on assumptions
based on the property name.
The remaining elements of the array are used for one or more values
of the property. For single-value single-valued properties, the array has exactly
four elements; for multi-valued properties, as described in
Section 3.1.2 of [RFC5545], each value is another element, and there
can be any number of additional elements.
In the following example, the "categories" property is multi-valued
and has two values, while the summary property is single-valued:
Example:
["vevent",
[
["summary", {}, "text", "Meeting with Fred"],
["categories", {}, "text", "Meetings", "Work"]
...
],
[ /* sub-components */ ]
]
3.4.1. Special Cases for Properties
This section describes some properties that have special handling
when converting to jCal.
3.4.1.1. GEO Property (RFC 5545, Section 3.8.1.6)
In iCalendar, the "GEO" property value is defined as a semicolon-
separated list of two "FLOAT" values, the first representing latitude
and the second longitude.
In jCal, the value for the "geo" property value is represented as an
array of two values. The first value of the property represents the
latitude; the second value represents the longitude.
When converting from jCal to iCalendar, be careful to use a semicolon
as the separator between the two values as required by RFC 5545. [RFC5545].
When converting from jCal to iCalendar, the two values MUST be
converted using a semicolon as the separator character.
Example
["vevent",
[
["geo", {}, "float", [ 37.386013, -122.082932 ] ]
...
],
...
]
3.4.1.2. REQUEST-STATUS Property (RFC 5545, Section 3.8.8.3)
In iCalendar, the "REQUEST-STATUS" property value is defined as a
semicolon-separated list of two or three "TEXT" values. The first
represents a code, the second a description, and the third any
additional data.
In jCal, the value for the "request-status" property value is
represented as an array with two or three values. The first array
element corresponds to the code, the second element corresponds to
the description, and the third element corresponds to the additional
data. Each value is represented using a string value. If there is
no additional data in the iCalendar value, the last element of the
array SHOULD NOT be present.
When converting from jCal to iCalendar, the two or three values MUST
be converted using a semicolon as the separator character.
iCalendar Example:
BEGIN:VEVENT
...
REQUEST-STATUS:2.0;Success
REQUEST-STATUS:3.7;Invalid calendar user;ATTENDEE:
mailto:jsmith@example.com
...
END:VEVENT
jCal Example:
["vevent":
[
["request-status", {}, "text", ["2.0", "Success"] ],
["request-status", {}, "text",
[
"3.7",
"Invalid calendar user",
"ATTENDEE:mailto:jsmith@example.org"
]
],
...
],
...
]
3.5. Parameters (RFC 5545, Section 3.2)
Property parameters are represented as a JSON object where each key-
value pair represents the iCalendar parameter name and its value.
The name of the parameter MUST be in lowercase; the original case of
the parameter value MUST be preserved. For example, the "PARTSTAT"
property parameter is represented in jCal by the "partstat" key. Any
new iCalendar parameters added in the future will be converted in the
same way.
Example:
["vevent":
[
["attendee",
{
"partstat": "ACCEPTED",
"rsvp": "TRUE",
"role": "REQ-PARTICIPANT"
},
"cal-address",
"mailto:jsmith@example.org"
],
["summary", {}, "text", "Meeting"],
...
],
...
]
3.5.1. VALUE Parameter
iCalendar defines a "VALUE" property parameter (Section 3.2.20 of
[RFC5545]). This property parameter MUST NOT be added to the
parameters object. Instead, the value type is signaled through the
type identifier in the third element of the array describing the
property. When converting a property from iCalendar to jCal, the
value type is determined as follows:
1. If the property has a "VALUE" parameter, that parameter's value
is used as the value type.
2. If the property has no "VALUE" parameter but has a default value
type, the default value type is used.
3. If the property has no "VALUE" parameter and has no default value
type, "unknown" is used.
Converting from jCal into iCalendar is done as follows:
1. If the property's value type is "unknown", no "VALUE" parameter
is included.
2. If the property's value type is the default type for that
property, no "VALUE" parameter is included.
3. Otherwise, a "VALUE" parameter is included, and the value type is
used as the parameter value.
See Section 5 for information on handling unknown value types.
3.5.2. Multi-value Parameters
In [RFC5545], some parameters allow using a COMMA-separated list of
values. To ease processing in jCal, the value of such parameters
MUST be represented in an array containing the separated values. The
array elements MUST be string values. Single-value parameters can be
represented using either a single string value or an array with one
string element. A jCal parser MUST be able to understand both value
data types. Examples of such parameters are the iCalendar
"DELEGATED-FROM" and "DELEGATED-TO" parameters; more such parameters
may be added in extensions.
The iCalendar specification requires encapsulation between DQUOTE
characters if a parameter value contains a colon, a semicolon, or a
comma. These extra DQUOTE characters do not belong to the actual
parameter value, and hence are not included when the parameter is
converted to jCal.
Example 1:
["attendee",
{
"delegated-to": ["mailto:jdoe@example.org",
"mailto:jqpublic@example.org"]
},
"cal-address",
"mailto:jsmith@example.org"
]
Example 2:
["attendee",
{
"delegated-to": "mailto:jdoe@example.org"
},
"cal-address",
"mailto:jsmith@example.org"
]
3.6. Values (RFC 5545, Section 3.3)
The following subsections specify how iCalendar property value data
types, which are defined in the subsections of [RFC5545],
Section 3.3, are represented in jCal.
3.6.1. Binary (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.1)
Description: iCalendar "BINARY" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "binary". The value element is
a JSON string string, encoded with base64-encoded data, conforming to base64 encoding as specified in
Section 4 of
[RFC4648], which is the base64 method used in [RFC5545]. [RFC4648].
Example:
["attach", {}, "binary", "SGVsbG8gV29ybGQh"]
3.6.2. Boolean (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.2)
Description: iCalendar "BOOLEAN" property values are represented by
a property with the type identifier "boolean". The value is a
JSON boolean value.
Example:
["x-non-smoking", {}, "boolean", true]
3.6.3. Calendar User Address (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.3)
Description: iCalendar "CAL-ADDRESS" property values are represented
by a property with the type identifier "cal-address". The value
is a JSON string with the URI as described in [RFC3986].
Example:
["attendee", {}, "cal-address", "mailto:kewisch@example.com"]
3.6.4. Date (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.4)
Description: iCalendar "DATE" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "date". The value elements are
JSON strings with the same date value specified by [RFC5545], but
represented using the extended format of the complete
representation specified in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.1.2.2.
Other variations, for example, representation with reduced
accuracy, MUST NOT be used.
ABNF Schema:
; year, month, and day rules are
; defined in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 2.2.
date = year "-" month "-" day ;YYYY-MM-DD
Example:
["dtstart", {}, "date", "2011-05-17"]
3.6.5. Date-Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.5)
Description: iCalendar "DATE-TIME" property values are represented
by a property with the type identifier "date-time". The value
elements are JSON strings with the same date value specified by
[RFC5545], but represented using the extended format of the
complete representation specified in [ISO.8601.2004],
Section 4.3.2. Other variations, for example, representation with
reduced accuracy, MUST NOT be used. The same restrictions apply
with respect to leap seconds and time zone offsets as specified in
[RFC5545], Section 3.3.5.
ABNF Schema:
; year, month, day, hour, minute, and second rules are
; defined in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 2.2.
; The zone identifier is described in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.3.2.
date-complete = year "-" month "-" day ;YYYY-MM-DD
time-complete = hour ":" minute ":" second [zone] ; HH:MM:SS
datetime = date-complete "T" time-complete
Examples:
["dtstart", {}, "date-time", "2012-10-17T12:00:00"],
["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2012-10-17T12:00:00Z"],
["dtend",
{ "tzid": "Europe/Berlin" },
"date-time",
"2011-10-17T13:00:00"
]
3.6.6. Duration (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.6)
Description: iCalendar "DURATION" property values are represented by
a property with the type identifier "duration". The value
elements are JSON strings with the same duration value specified
by [RFC5545].
Example:
["duration", {}, "duration", "P1D"]
3.6.7. Float (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.7)
Description: iCalendar "FLOAT" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "float". The value elements are
JSON primitive number values.
Example:
["x-grade", {}, "float", 1.3]
3.6.8. Integer (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.8)
Description: vCard "INTEGER" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "integer". The value elements
are JSON primitive number values that MUST resolve to an integer
value in the range specified in [RFC5545], Section 3.3.8. Thus, a
fractional and/or exponential part are only allowed under limited
circumstances.
Examples:
["percent-complete", {}, "integer", 42]
3.6.9. Period of Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.9)
Description: iCalendar "PERIOD" property values are represented by a
jCal property with the type identifier "period". The value
element is an array of JSON strings, with the first element
representing the start of the period and the second element
representing the end of the period. As in [RFC5545], the start of
the period is always formatted as a date-time value, and the end
of the period MUST be either a date-time or duration value. Any
date, date-time, or duration values contained in the period value
MUST be formatted in accordance to the rules for date, date-time,
or duration values specified in this document.
Example:
["freebusy",
{ "fbtype": "FREE" },
"period",
["1997-03-08T16:00:00Z", "P1D"]
]
3.6.10. Recurrence Rule (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.10)
Description: iCalendar "RECUR" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "recur". The value elements are
objects describing the structured data as specified by [RFC5545].
Each rule part is described by the combination of key and value.
The key specifies the name of the rule part and MUST be converted
to lowercase. The value of the rule part MUST be mapped by the
following rules:
* The value of the "freq" and "wkst" rule parts MUST be a string
as specified in [RFC5545], with case preserved.
* The value of the "until" rule part MUST be a date or date-time
value formatted in accordance to the rules for date or date-
time specified in this document.
* The "count" and "interval" rule parts MUST be specified as a
single JSON number value.
* The following rule parts can have one or more numeric values:
"bysecond", "byminute", "byhour", "bymonthday", "byyearday",
"byweekno", "bymonth", and "bysetpos". If a rule part contains
multiple values, an array of numbers MUST be used for that rule
part. Single-valued rule parts can be represented by either
using a single number value, omitting the array completely, or
using an array with one number element. A jCal parser MUST be
able to understand both data types.
* Similarly, the "byday" rule part can have one or more string
values. If it contains multiple values, an array of strings
MUST be used. As before, a single-valued rule part can be
represented using either a single string value or an array with
one string element, both of which a jCal parser MUST be able to
understand.
Example 1:
["rrule",
{},
"recur",
{
"freq": "YEARLY",
"count": 5,
"byday": [ "-1SU", "2MO" ],
"bymonth": 10
}
]
Example 2:
["rrule",
{},
"recur",
{
"freq": "MONTHLY",
"interval": 2,
"bymonthday": [ 1, 15, -1 ],
"until": "2013-10-01"
}
]
3.6.11. Text (RFC5545 section (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.11)
Description: iCalendar "TEXT" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "text". The value elements are
JSON strings.
Example:
["comment", {}, "text", "hello, world"]
3.6.12. Time (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.12)
Description: iCalendar "TIME" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "time". The value elements are
JSON strings with the same time value specified by [RFC5545], but
represented using the extended format of the complete
representation specified in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.2.2.2.
Other variations, for example, representation with reduced
accuracy, MUST NOT be used. The same restrictions apply with
respect to leap seconds, time fractions, and time zone offsets as
specified in [RFC5545], Section 3.3.12.
ABNF Schema:
; hour, minute, and second rules are
; defined in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 2.2.
; The zone identifier is described in [ISO.8601.2004], Section 4.3.2.
time-complete = hour ":" minute ":" second [zone] ; HH:MM:SS
Example:
["x-time-local", {}, "time", "12:30:00"],
["x-time-utc", {}, "time", "12:30:00Z"],
["x-time-offset", { "tzid": "Europe/Berlin" }, "time", "12:30:00"]
3.6.13. URI (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.13)
Description: iCalendar "URI" property values are represented by a
property with the type identifier "uri". The value elements are
JSON strings representing the URI.
Example:
["tzurl", {}, "uri", "http://example.org/tz/Europe-Berlin.ics"]
3.6.14. UTC Offset (RFC 5545, Section 3.3.14)
Description: iCalendar "UTC-OFFSET" property values are represented
by a property with the type identifier "utc-offset". The value
elements are JSON strings with the same UTC offset value specified
by [RFC5545], with the exception that the hour and minute
components are separated by a ":" character, for consistency with
the [ISO.8601.2004] time zone offset, extended format.
Example:
["tzoffsetfrom", {}, "utc-offset", "-05:00"],
["tzoffsetto", {}, "utc-offset", "+12:45"]
3.7. Extensions
iCalendar extension properties and property parameters (those with an
"X-" prefix in their name) are handled in the same way as other
properties and property parameters: the property is represented by an
array, and the property parameter is represented by an object. The
property or parameter name uses the same name as for the iCalendar
extension, but in lowercase. For example, the "X-FOO" property in
iCalendar turns into the "x-foo" jCal property. See Section 5 for
how to deal with default values for unrecognized extension properties
or property parameters.
4. Converting from jCal into iCalendar
Converting jCal to iCalendar reverses the process described in
Section 3. This section describes a few additional requirements for
conversion.
When converting component, property, and property parameter names,
the names SHOULD be converted to uppercase. Although iCalendar names
are case insensitive, common practice is to keep them all uppercase
following the actual definitions in [RFC5545].
During conversion, JSON escaping MUST be unescaped. Afterwards,
iCalendar escaping, as defined by [RFC5545] and [RFC6868], MUST be
applied. Finally, long lines SHOULD be folded as described in
[RFC5545], Section 3.1.
Non-binary value types MUST NOT be base64 encoded.
When converting to iCalendar, the VALUE parameter MUST be added to
properties whose default value type is unknown, but do not have a
jCal type identifier "unknown". The VALUE parameter MAY be omitted
for properties using the default value type. The VALUE parameter
MUST be omitted for properties that have the jCal type identifier
"unknown".
5. Handling Unrecognized Properties or Parameters
In iCalendar, properties can have one or more value types as
specified by their definition, with one of those values being defined
as the default. When a property uses its default value type, the
"VALUE" property parameter does not need to be specified on the
property. For example, the default value type for "DTSTART" is
"DATE-TIME", so "VALUE=DATE-TIME" need not be set as a property
parameter. However, "DTSTART" also allows a "DATE" value to be
specified, and if that is used, "VALUE=DATE" has to be set as a
property parameter.
When new properties are defined or "X-" properties used, an iCalendar
to jCal converter might not recognize them, and not know what the
appropriate default value types are, yet they need to be able to
preserve the values. A similar issue arises for unrecognized
property parameters.
In jCal, a new "unknown" property value type is introduced. Its
purpose is to allow preserving unknown property values when round-
tripping between jCal and iCalendar. To avoid collisions, this
specification reserves the UNKNOWN property value type in iCalendar.
It MUST NOT be used in any iCalendar as specified by [RFC5545], nor
any extensions to it. Thus, the type is registered to the iCalendar
Value Data Types registry in Section 7.1.
5.1. Converting iCalendar into jCal
Any property that does not include a "VALUE" property parameter and
whose default value type is not known, MUST be converted to a
primitive JSON string. The content of that string is the unprocessed
value text. Also, value type MUST be set to "unknown".
To correctly implement this format, it is critical that the type
"unknown" be used if the default type is not known. If this
requirement is ignored and, for example, "text" is used, additional
escaping may occur, which breaks round-tripping values.
Any unrecognized property parameter MUST be converted to a string
value, with its content set to the property parameter value text, and
treated as if it were a "TEXT" value.
5.2. Converting jCal into iCalendar
In jCal, the value type is always explicitly specified. It is
converted to iCalendar using the iCalendar VALUE parameter, except in
the following two cases:
o If the value type specified in jCal matches the default value type
in iCalendar, the VALUE parameter MAY be omitted.
o If the value type specified in jCal is set to "unknown", the VALUE
parameter MUST NOT be specified. The value MUST be taken over in
iCalendar without processing.
5.3. Examples
The following is an example of an unrecognized iCalendar property
(that uses a "DATE-TIME" value as its default), and the equivalent
jCal representation of that property.
iCalendar:
X-COMPLAINT-DEADLINE:20110512T120000Z
jCal:
["x-complaint-deadline", {}, "unknown", "20110512T120000Z"]
The following is an example of how to cope with jCal data where the
parser was unable to identify the type. Note how the "unknown" value
type is not added to the iCalendar data and escaping, aside from
standard JSON string escaping, is not processed.
jCal:
["x-coffee-data", {}, "unknown", "Stenophylla;Guinea\\,Africa"]
iCalendar:
X-COFFEE-DATA:Stenophylla;Guinea\,Africa
The following is an example of a jCal property (where the
corresponding iCalendar property uses an "INTEGER" value as its
default) and the equivalent iCalendar representation of that
property.
jCal:
["percent-complete", {}, "integer", 95]
iCalendar:
PERCENT-COMPLETE:95
The following is an example of an unrecognized iCalendar property
parameter (that uses a "FLOAT" value as its default) specified on a
recognized iCalendar property and the equivalent jCal representation
of that property and property parameter.
iCalendar:
DTSTART;X-SLACK=30.3;VALUE=DATE:20110512
jCal:
["dtstart", { "x-slack": "30.3" }, "date", "2011-05-12"]
6. Security Considerations
This specification defines how iCalendar data can be "translated"
between two different data formats -- the original text format and
JSON -- with a one-to-one mapping to ensure all the semantic data in
one format (properties, parameters, and values) are preserved in the
other. It does not change the semantic meaning of the underlying
data itself, or impose or remove any security considerations that
apply to the underlying data.
The use of JSON as a format does have its own inherent security risks
as discussed in Section 12 of [RFC7159]. Even though JSON is
considered a safe subset of JavaScript, it should be kept in mind
that a flaw in the parser processing JSON could still impose a
threat, which doesn't arise with conventional iCalendar data.
With this in mind, a parser for JSON data should be used for jCal
that is aware of the security implications. For example, the use of
JavaScript's eval() function is considered an unacceptable security
risk, as described in Section 12 of [RFC7159]. A native parser with
full awareness of the JSON format should be preferred.
In addition, it is expected that this new format will result in
iCalendar data being more widely disseminated (e.g., with use in web
applications rather than just dedicated calendaring applications).
In all cases, application developers have to conform to the semantics
of the iCalendar data as defined by [RFC5545] and associated
extensions, and all of the security considerations described in
Section 7 of [RFC5545], or any associated extensions, are applicable.
7. IANA Considerations
This document defines a MIME media type for use with iCalendar in
JSON data. This media type SHOULD be used for the transfer of
calendaring data in JSON.
Type name: application
Subtype name: calendar+json
Required parameters: none
Optional parameters: "method", "component", and "optinfo" as defined
for the text/calendar media type in [RFC5545], Section 8.1.
Encoding considerations: Same as encoding considerations of
application/json as specified in [RFC7159], Section 11.
Security considerations: See Section 6.
Interoperability considerations: This media type provides an
alternative format for iCalendar data based on JSON.
Published specification: This specification.
Applications that use this media type: Applications that currently
make use of the text/calendar media type can use this as an
alternative. Similarly, applications that use the application/
json media type to transfer calendaring data can use this to
further specify the content.
Fragment identifier considerations: N/A
Additional information:
Deprecated alias names for this type: N/A
Magic number(s): N/A
File extension(s): N/A
Macintosh file type code(s): N/A
Person & email address to contact for further information:
calsify@ietf.org
Intended usage: COMMON
Restrictions on usage: There are no restrictions on where this media
type can be used.
Author: See the "Authors' Addresses" section of this document.
Change controller: IETF
7.1. UNKNOWN iCalendar Value Data Type
IANA has added the following entry to the iCalendar Data Types
registry:
Value name: UNKNOWN
Purpose: To allow preserving property values whose default value
type is not known during round-tripping between jCal and
iCalendar.
Format definition: N/A
Description: The UNKNOWN value data type is reserved for the
exclusive use of the jCal format. Its use is described in
Section 5 of this document.
Example: As this registration serves as a reservation of the UNKNOWN
type so that it is not used in iCalendar, there is no applicable
iCalendar example. Examples of its usage in jCal can be found in
this document.
IANA has made the "Status" column for this entry in the registry say,
"Reserved - Do not use" and has made the "Reference" column refer to
Section 5 of this document.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the following for their valuable
contributions: William Gill, Erwin Rehme, Dave Thewlis, Simon
Perreault, Michael Angstadt, Peter Saint-Andre, Bert Greevenbosch,
and Javier Godoy. This specification originated from the work of the
XML-JSON technical committee of the Calendaring and Scheduling
Consortium.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[ISO.8601.2004]
International Organization for Standardization, "Data
elements and interchange formats -- Information
interchange -- Representation of dates and times", ISO
8601, December 2004,
<http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=40874>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66, RFC
3986, January 2005.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, October 2006.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008.
[RFC5545] Desruisseaux, B., "Internet Calendaring and Scheduling
Core Object Specification (iCalendar)", RFC 5545,
September 2009.
[RFC6321] Daboo, C., Douglass, M., and S. Lees, "xCal: The XML
Format for iCalendar", RFC 6321, August 2011.
[RFC6868] Daboo, C., "Parameter Value Encoding in iCalendar and
vCard", RFC 6868, February 2013.
[RFC7159] Bray, T., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", RFC 7159, March 2014.
9.2. Informative References
[calconnect-artifacts]
The Calendaring and Scheduling Consortium, "Code Artifacts
and Schemas", <http://www.calconnect.org/artifacts.shtml>.
Appendix A. ABNF Schema
Below is an ABNF schema as per [RFC5234] for iCalendar in JSON. ABNF
symbols not described here are taken from [RFC7159]. The schema is
non-normative and given for reference only.
The numeric section numbers given in the comments refer to sections
in [RFC5545].
Additional semantic restrictions apply, especially regarding the
allowed properties and sub-components per component. Details on
these restrictions can be found in this document and [RFC5545].
Additional schemas may be available on the Internet at
[calconnect-artifacts].
; A jCal object is a component with the component-name "vcalendar".
; Restrictions to which properties and sub-components may be
; specified are to be taken from RFC 5545. [RFC5545].
jcalobject = component
; A jCal component consists of the name string, properties array, and
; component array
component = begin-array
DQUOTE component-name DQUOTE value-separator
properties-array value-separator
components-array
end-array
components-array = begin-array
[ component *(value-separator component) ]
end-array
; A jCal property consists of the name string, parameters object,
; type string, and one or more values as specified in this document.
property = begin-array
DQUOTE property-name DQUOTE value-separator
params-object value-separator
DQUOTE type-name DQUOTE
property-value *(value-separator property-value)
end-array
properties-array = begin-array
[ property *(value-separator property) ]
end-array
; Property values depend on the type-name. Aside from the value types
; mentioned here, extensions may make use of other JSON value types.
; The non-terminal symbol structured-prop-value covers the special
; cases for GEO and REQUEST-STATUS.
property-value = simple-prop-value / structured-prop-value
simple-prop-value = string / number / true / false
structured-prop-value =
begin-array
[ structured-element *(value-separator structured-element) ]
end-array
structured-element = simple-prop-value
; The jCal params-object is a JSON object that follows the semantic
; guidelines described in this document.
params-object = begin-object
[ params-member *(value-separator params-member) ]
end-object
params-member = DQUOTE param-name DQUOTE name-separator param-value
param-value = string / param-multi
param-multi = begin-array
[ string *(value-separator string) ]
end-array
; The type MUST be a valid type as described by this document. New
; value types can be added by extensions.
type-name = "binary" / "boolean" / "cal-address" / "date" /
"date-time" / "duration" / "float" / "integer" /
"period" / "recur" / "text" / "time" / "uri" /
"utc-offset" / x-type
; Component, property, parameter, and type names MUST be lowercase.
; Additional semantic restrictions apply as described by this
; document and RFC 5545. [RFC5545].
component-name = lowercase-name
property-name = lowercase-name
param-name = lowercase-name
x-type = lowercase-name
lowercase-name = 1*(%x61-7A / DIGIT / "-")
; The following rules are defined in [RFC7159], as mentioned above:
; begin-array / end-array
; begin-object / end-object
; name-separator / value-separator
; string / number / true / false
Appendix B. Examples
This section contains two examples of iCalendar objects with their
jCal representation.
B.1. Example 1
B.1.1. iCalendar Data
BEGIN:VCALENDAR
CALSCALE:GREGORIAN
PRODID:-//Example Inc.//Example Calendar//EN
VERSION:2.0
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20080205T191224Z
DTSTART:20081006
SUMMARY:Planning meeting
UID:4088E990AD89CB3DBB484909
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR
B.1.2. jCal Data
["vcalendar",
[
["calscale", {}, "text", "GREGORIAN"],
["prodid", {}, "text", "-//Example Inc.//Example Calendar//EN"],
["version", {}, "text", "2.0"]
],
[
["vevent",
[
["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2008-02-05T19:12:24Z"],
["dtstart", {}, "date", "2008-10-06"],
["summary", {}, "text", "Planning meeting"],
["uid", {}, "text", "4088E990AD89CB3DBB484909"]
],
[]
]
]
]
B.2. Example 2
B.2.1. iCalendar Data
BEGIN:VCALENDAR
VERSION:2.0
PRODID:-//Example Corp.//Example Client//EN
BEGIN:VTIMEZONE
LAST-MODIFIED:20040110T032845Z
TZID:US/Eastern
BEGIN:DAYLIGHT
DTSTART:20000404T020000
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=1SU;BYMONTH=4
TZNAME:EDT
TZOFFSETFROM:-0500
TZOFFSETTO:-0400
END:DAYLIGHT
BEGIN:STANDARD
DTSTART:20001026T020000
RRULE:FREQ=YEARLY;BYDAY=-1SU;BYMONTH=10
TZNAME:EST
TZOFFSETFROM:-0400
TZOFFSETTO:-0500
END:STANDARD
END:VTIMEZONE
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20060206T001121Z
DTSTART;TZID=US/Eastern:20060102T120000
DURATION:PT1H
RRULE:FREQ=DAILY;COUNT=5
RDATE;TZID=US/Eastern;VALUE=PERIOD:20060102T150000/PT2H
SUMMARY:Event #2
DESCRIPTION:We are having a meeting all this week at 12 pm fo
r one hour\, with an additional meeting on the first day 2 h
ours long.\nPlease bring your own lunch for the 12 pm meetin
gs.
UID:00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTAMP:20060206T001121Z
DTSTART;TZID=US/Eastern:20060104T140000
DURATION:PT1H
RECURRENCE-ID;TZID=US/Eastern:20060104T120000
SUMMARY:Event #2 bis
UID:00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com
END:VEVENT
END:VCALENDAR
B.2.2. jCal Data
["vcalendar",
[
["prodid", {}, "text", "-//Example Corp.//Example Client//EN"],
["version", {}, "text", "2.0"]
],
[
["vtimezone",
[
["last-modified", {}, "date-time", "2004-01-10T03:28:45Z"],
["tzid", {}, "text", "US/Eastern"]
],
[
["daylight",
[
["dtstart", {}, "date-time", "2000-04-04T02:00:00"],
["rrule",
{},
"recur",
{
"freq": "YEARLY",
"byday": "1SU",
"bymonth": 4
}
],
["tzname", {}, "text", "EDT"],
["tzoffsetfrom", {}, "utc-offset", "-05:00"],
["tzoffsetto", {}, "utc-offset", "-04:00"]
],
[]
],
["standard",
[
["dtstart", {}, "date-time", "2000-10-26T02:00:00"],
["rrule",
{},
"recur",
{
"freq": "YEARLY",
"byday": "1SU",
"bymonth": 10
}
],
["tzname", {}, "text", "EST"],
["tzoffsetfrom", {}, "utc-offset", "-04:00"],
["tzoffsetto", {}, "utc-offset", "-05:00"]
],
[]
]
]
],
["vevent",
[
["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2006-02-06T00:11:21Z"],
["dtstart",
{ "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
"date-time",
"2006-01-02T12:00:00"
],
["duration", {}, "duration", "PT1H"],
["rrule", {}, "recur", { "freq": "DAILY", "count": 5 } ],
["rdate",
{ "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
"period",
"2006-01-02T15:00:00/PT2H"
],
["summary", {}, "text", "Event #2"],
["description",
{},
"text",
// Note that comments and string concatenation are not
// allowed per the JSON specification and is used here only
// to avoid long lines.
"We are having a meeting all this week at 12 pm for one " +
"hour, with an additional meeting on the first day 2 " +
"hours long.\nPlease bring your own lunch for the 12 pm " +
"meetings."
],
["uid", {}, "text", "00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com"]
],
[]
],
["vevent",
[
["dtstamp", {}, "date-time", "2006-02-06T00:11:21Z"],
["dtstart",
{ "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
"date-time",
"2006-01-02T14:00:00"
],
["duration", {}, "duration", "PT1H"],
["recurrence-id",
{ "tzid": "US/Eastern" },
"date-time",
"2006-01-04T12:00:00"
],
["summary", {}, "text", "Event #2"],
["uid", {}, "text", "00959BC664CA650E933C892C@example.com"]
],
[]
]
]
]
Authors' Addresses
Philipp Kewisch
Mozilla Corporation
650 Castro Street, Suite 300
Mountain View, CA 94041
USA
EMail: mozilla@kewis.ch
URI: http://www.mozilla.org/
Cyrus Daboo
Apple Inc.
1 Infinite Loop
Cupertino, CA 95014
USA
EMail: cyrus@daboo.name
URI: http://www.apple.com/
Mike Douglass
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
110 8th Street
Troy, NY 12180
USA
EMail: douglm@rpi.edu
URI: http://www.rpi.edu/