wdiff rfc7329v1.txt rfc7329.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Kaplan
Request for Comments: 7329 Oracle
Category: Informational July August 2014
ISSN: 2070-1721

A Session Identifier for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)

Abstract

There is a need for having a globally unique session identifier for
the same SIP session that can be consistently maintained across SIP
Proxies, Back-to-Back User Agents (B2BUAs), and other SIP
middleboxes, for the purpose of troubleshooting. This document
proposes a new SIP header to carry such a value: Session-ID.

The mechanism defined in this document has been widely deployed, and
is being followed in a backward-compatible fashion for a new
Standards Track document produced by the INSIPID Working Group.

Status of This Memo

This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7329.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Requirements ...............................................4
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. Overview of Operation ...........................................4
4. Session-ID Behavior .............................................5
4.1. Generating a Session-ID Value ..............................5
4.2. UAC Behavior ...............................................6
4.3. UAS Behavior ...............................................6
4.4. Proxy Behavior .............................................6
4.5. B2BUA Behavior .............................................7
4.5.1. B2BUA Generation of New Session-ID ..................8
4.5.2. B2BUA Insertion of Saved Session-ID .................8
5. Handling SIP Transfer Scenarios .................................8
5.1. Out-of-Dialog REFER ........................................9
5.2. Refer-To URI ...............................................9
5.3. Out-of-Dialog INVITE with Replaces .........................9
6. Session-ID Migration and Failure Scenarios .....................10
7. New 'Session-ID' Header ........................................11
7.1. Augmented BNF Definitions .................................11
8. Example Exchange ...............................................11
9. Security Considerations ........................................11
9.1. Security Considerations for Administrators ................12
9.2. Security Considerations for Session-ID Extensions .........12
10. IANA Considerations ...........................................13
11. Acknowledgments ...............................................13
12. References ....................................................13
12.1. Normative References ..........................................13 .....................................13
12.2. Informative References ...................................14
Appendix A. Use Cases Not in Scope for Session-ID .................15
A.1. Dialog Correlation for SIP ................................15

1. Introduction

This RFC, which contains the text of an individual Internet-Draft
that was submitted originally to the DISPATCH Working Group, is being
published now as an Informational document to provide a reference for
later RFCs. The mechanism defined in this document has been widely
deployed and is being followed in a backward-compatible fashion for a
new Standards Track document produced by the INSIPID Working Group.

The SIP [RFC3261] Call-ID header value is a globally unique
identifier, which is mandatory in all requests/responses and
identifies SIP messages belonging to the same dialog or registration.
It provides a portion of the SIP message dialog-matching criteria and
is used in such things as [Replaces] "Replaces" headers [RFC3891] and [dialog-events]
package dialog-
event packages [RFC4235] for matching to dialogs, and in [SIP-Identity] SIP Identity
[RFC4474] and
[Connected-identity] Connected Identity [RFC4916] as one of the inputs for
signing.

In practice, the Call-ID is often changed by SIP Back-to-Back User
Agents (B2BUAs) and other such middleboxes in the logical end-to-end
message path. A B2BUA logically represents a SIP User Agent Server
(UAS) and User Agent Client (UAC), and as such generates a new
Call-ID value for the dialog it creates on its UAC side; in fact, for
some B2BUA scenarios the Call-ID *must* be changed for SIP to
function properly.

At the same time, there is a need for a unique, common, consistent
end-to-end identifier to help troubleshoot SIP sessions and message
flows as they cross SIP nodes. Troubleshooting is more complicated
if multiple legs of the session are on different sides of B2BUAs, due
to the lack of a common identifier such as a Call-ID to tie the legs
together. Proprietary mechanisms are currently used to achieve this
goal.

Therefore, in order to provide an identifier that will not be
modified/replaced by B2BUAs, this document proposes a new SIP Header
"Session-ID" and mandatory rules for the value of such a header. The
rules are designed to be such that the value in the Session-ID header
is not considered unsafe or private and does not have any property
that would cause B2BUAs to change it. The goal of this document is
to enable troubleshooting by providing a unique identifier for a
given session that can successfully cross B2BUAs, such as Application
Servers, softswitches, Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs), Session
Border Controllers (SBCs), feature servers, etc.

1.1. Requirements

The following requirements drive the need for Session-ID:

REQ1: It must be possible for an administrator to use the identifier
to identify a set of dialogs that have a direct correlation
with each other such that they represent the same SIP session,
with as high a probability as possible.

REQ2: It must be possible to pass the identifier through SIP B2BUAs,
with as high a probability as possible. This requirement
drives the following requirements:

REQ2a: The identifier must not reveal any information related
to any SIP device or domain identity, including IP
address, port, hostname, domain name, username, Address-
of-Record (AoR), MAC address, IP address family,
transport type, etc.

REQ2b: The identifier must not reveal to the receiver of it
that the Call-ID, tags, or any other SIP header or body
portion have been changed by middleboxes, with as high a
probability as possible.

REQ2c: The identifier must not be used for anything at a SIP
layer to change the behavior of the SIP protocol.

2. Terminology

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].

This document uses the terms "header field" and "header field value"
following the definition of those terms in [RFC3261]; they are not
interchangeable. The "header field" is the entire SIP header's
contents, including any parameters. The "header field value" is only
the field-value portion, which does not include header parameters.

3. Overview of Operation

The general concept is that the UAC generating an out-of-dialog
request generates a new, pseudorandom, unique value that remains
constant for the duration of the transaction, any dialog created from
that request, or for a registration. The value is inserted in a new
Session-ID header field defined in this document. The UAC and UAS
then reflect this header field value in all messages for the duration
of the dialog. In other words, the Session-ID provides a value
similar in nature to Call-ID, except one that crosses B2BUAs and that
has no sensitive information in it.

To aid in migration of deployments, a B2BUA or Proxy MAY also
generate and/or insert the value on behalf of a UAC or UAS, if one or
the other does not support this document's mechanism.

Although the Session-ID concept is similar to that of Call-ID, it is
not used for message dialog-matching rules in RFC 3261, nor does it
change the Call-ID usage, nor does it replace the Call-ID value.
Instead, this new header field provides an identifier for
troubleshooting uses only.

The format of the Session-ID value is restricted, both to avoid
detection of the system type that generated it and to keep it a
hexadecimal representation such that it can be stored as a 128-bit
binary value in log records.

4. Session-ID Behavior

4.1. Generating a Session-ID Value

This document proposes the Session-ID header value be generated based
on a defined hash mechanism for creating a 128-bit pseudorandom value
and be encoded as its lowercase hex representation. The reason for
specifying the mechanism is twofold: to make it impossible to
determine the manufacturer of the device that generated it by looking
at its format or value, and to allow devices to generate the same
value if they have the same private key.

The Session-ID value is generated by taking the Call-ID header value
and SHA-1 hashing it based on HMAC (as defined in [RFC2104]) using a
locally generated pseudorandom 128-bit system secret key to create a
128-bit resultant HMAC value. The secret key makes the resultant
HMAC value not re-creatable by other parties; this is necessary to
prevent detection of Call-IDs being changed, as required by REQ2b.
Otherwise, middleboxes may have motivation to remove the Session-ID
in order to hide the fact that they changed the Call-ID.

Per [RFC2104], the algorithm is thus HMAC-SHA-1-128(Call-ID_value,
secret_key), and the 128-bit result is encoded using lowercase
alphanumeric hex representation, as defined in Section 7.1
("Augmented BNF Definitions").

In order to enable troubleshooting of in-dialog messages, a generator
needs to remember or re-create the same Session-ID value for the
duration of a given dialog(s). This is described in more detail in
the subsequent sections of this document.

4.2. UAC Behavior

The rules for when a UAC generates a new Session-ID value are similar
as those for Call-ID value: a UAC supporting this document's
mechanism MUST generate a new unique Session-ID value when it
generates an out-of-dialog request or when there is a new
Registration. The exception to this rule is for out-of-dialog REFER
requests or for an INVITE with a Replaces header field (see
[RFC3891]), as described in Section 5.

The UAC MUST reuse the same Session-ID value for in-dialog messages
as that of the original dialog-creating request, and for any out-of-
dialog request that it retransmits or re-generates in response to a
3xx that it reformulates due to failure responses. This follows the
rules in [RFC3261] for Call-ID generation.

Session-ID values in Registration "refreshes" -- REGISTER requests
that are used to update the expiry time but not to register a new
contact -- MUST use the same Session-ID value as previous REGISTER
requests. New Registrations, which add or change the Contact URI for
the AoR, but do not simply delete them, MUST use a new Session-ID
value. This follows the behavior of Call-ID per RFC 3261; it is
reiterated here because some devices incorrectly change their Call-ID
value for every re-Registration, and they MUST NOT do the same to the
Session-ID.

The UAC MUST include the Session-ID header field in every SIP message
it transmits.

4.3. UAS Behavior

A UAS compliant with this document MUST copy a Session-ID header
field (received in a request) into responses and subsequent upstream
requests sent within the dialog.

If an out-of-dialog request is received without a Session-ID header
field, the UAS SHOULD generate a new one for subsequent use in the
transaction and dialog, as defined for a UAC, and use the same value
in all responses and upstream in-dialog requests for the same dialog.

4.4. Proxy Behavior

A Proxy MUST NOT remove or modify the Session-ID header field it
receives, if one is in the message. By definition, a Proxy that is
compliant with RFC 3261 would not modify or remove such a header.

If the Proxy forks a request, it MUST copy the same Session-ID header
field into all the forked request copies. If the Proxy recurses
requests due to 3xx redirection, or regenerates requests due to
failures, it MUST use the same Session-ID header field as the
original request, just as the UAC does.

If the Proxy locally generates any response or request based on a
received request, including 100 Trying, it MUST insert any received
Session-ID header field from the original request into the response
message it locally creates. This is necessary for troubleshooting
purposes.

A Proxy compliant with this document MAY generate a new Session-ID or
insert a previously saved one if and only if none existed in a
received message, following the rules for doing so as a B2BUA as
defined
later. in Section 4.5.

4.5. B2BUA Behavior

A B2BUA compliant with this document MUST copy copy:

- the Session-ID header field it receives in requests as a UAS into
the related requests it generates as a UAC; UAC, and

- any Session-ID header field it receives in responses as a UAC into
the correlated responses it generates as a UAS.

If the B2BUA forks or creates multiple requests as a UAC, from a
request it received as a UAS, the B2BUA MUST copy the same Session-ID
header field it received into all the forks/requests. If the B2BUA
recurses requests due to on 3xx redirection, responses, or regenerates requests due to failures,
it MUST use the same Session-ID field, just as the UAC does.

If the B2BUA locally generates any response or request based on a
received request, including 100 Trying, it MUST insert any received
Session-ID field from the original request into the response message
it locally creates.

A B2BUA MAY remember the received Session-ID value for the duration
of the transaction and dialog, for the purpose of reinsertion, in
case the far end does not support this document.

In all cases, if the SIP message received by a B2BUA contains a
Session-ID header field, a B2BUA compliant with this document MUST
NOT remove, modify, or replace it as it "forwards" the message on the
other logical UA "side" of itself.

4.5.1. B2BUA Generation of New Session-ID

If an out-of-dialog request is received by a B2BUA compliant with
this document, and the request does *not* contain a Session-ID header
field, the B2BUA MAY generate a new one. The new Session-ID value
MUST be calculated based on the received Call-ID of the received
request, even if the B2BUA uses a different Call-ID value for
requests generated on its other "side(s)". It MUST then insert the
new Session-ID in any requests or responses it generates, as if it
had actually received the new Session-ID from the UAC, following the
rules previously defined for a B2BUA. This allows for a B2BUA to
provide a migration to Session-ID deployment, on behalf of upstream
nodes that do not yet support it.

As defined previously, if any received message already had a
Session-ID, a B2BUA compliant with this document would not replace
it.

4.5.2. B2BUA Insertion of Saved Session-ID

If a Session-ID was received in an out-of-dialog request, or the
B2BUA locally generated one because none existed, the B2BUA SHOULD
insert the same Session-ID field into all responses and upstream in-
dialog requests if and only if a Session-ID is not already in them.
This allows for a B2BUA to provide a migration to Session-ID
deployment on behalf of downstream nodes that do not yet support it.

5. Handling SIP Transfer Scenarios

The transfer or movement of SIP sessions represents a complication
for a mechanism like Session-ID. On the one hand, the replacement
SIP session represents a new one and could reasonably be expected to
use a new Session-ID value; on the other hand, from a troubleshooting
and human-user perspective, it is clearly related to, if not just a
continuation of, the previous session. Since the purpose of this
document's mechanism is to aid monitoring and troubleshooting, and
it's not used for actual SIP protocol mechanics, the behavior defined
in this section is to reuse the same Session-ID value for the
replacement SIP session.

In order to do so, the Session-ID of the "original" session is
transferred as well, in the Refer-To URI of a REFER request as
described in [RFC3515]. Furthermore, out-of-dialog REFER and INVITE
with Replaces requests as described in [RFC3891] use the appropriate
Session-ID values. This assumes, of course, that the UAs involved
support the Session-ID mechanism. If they do not, then it is
possible for the Session-ID to not be "carried forward" to the new
SIP dialog. Unfortunately, this means troubleshooting such dialogs
is not improved or aided by this document's mechanism; but, it would
not "break" anything at a SIP layer.

It should also be noted that using the same Session-ID for the
transferred-to dialog means the same Session-ID now exists in two
independent dialogs, because the original one may well continue due
to the implicit Subscription usage created by a REFER. That implicit
Subscription-based usage will continue to use the same Session-ID as
the new dialog created to the transferred-to party.

In the following subsections, the term "UA" is used for User Agent.
The language applies to the SIP device that creates the request,
whether it be a UA or B2BUA.

5.1. Out-of-Dialog REFER

A UA compliant with this document MUST use the same Session-ID header
field value for an out-of-dialog REFER request it generates, as the
original dialog the REFER is targeted to (i.e., as if the REFER had
been in-dialog). For example, if UA Bob has a SIP dialog X to Alice,
and Bob sends an out-of-dialog REFER to Alice to refer her to
Charlie, the Session-ID header field value of the REFER request would
be the same as that used in dialog X.

5.2. Refer-To URI

A UA compliant with this document MUST add the Session-ID header
field as an embedded header in the Refer-To header field URI of any
REFER request it generates, using the value of the session it is
referring to. For example, if UA Bob has a SIP dialog X to Alice and
dialog Y to Charlie, and Bob sends a REFER request to Alice to refer
her to Charlie, the Session-ID header field value embedded in the
Refer-To URI of the REFER request would be the same as that used in
dialog Y.

5.3. Out-of-Dialog INVITE with Replaces

When generating an out-of-dialog INVITE with a Replaces header field
as described in [RFC3891], a UA compliant with this document MUST use
the same Session-ID header field value for the INVITE request as that
used for the dialog it is replacing, if it knows the value.
Typically, the UA would know the value by having received it in the
Refer-To header field of a REFER, as described previously. For
example, if UA Bob has a SIP dialog X to Alice and dialog Y to
Charlie, and Bob sends a REFER request to Alice to refer her to
Charlie, the Session-ID header field value embedded in the Refer-To
URI of the REFER request would be the one used in dialog Y, which
Alice would use as the Session-ID header field value for her INVITE
to Charlie.

If the UA does not know the Session-ID of the dialog it is replacing,
for example, because it is not embedded in the Refer-To URI of a
received REFER, then it MUST use a new Session-ID value, calculated
using the mechanism as defined in Section 4.1 with the Call-ID of the
INVITE.

6. Session-ID Migration and Failure Scenarios

SIP is already widely deployed on the Internet, and it is impractical
to expect all UAs to be upgraded to support this document's mechanism
in the near future. A solution for gradual migration is necessary
and is provided by this document by allowing B2BUAs or Proxies to
perform the Session-ID generator and inserter role. Even within
those device types, it is impractical to expect all B2BUAs to support
this mechanism all at once or any time in the near future.
Therefore, it is expected that some B2BUAs and/or UAs will support
generating and inserting Session-ID, while others will not support
Session-ID at all.

Due to the varying types of B2BUAs (such as PBXs, SBCs, Application
Servers, feature servers, and softswitches of various flavors) and
the numerous SIP deployment models in use, there are going to be
cases in which Session-ID will fail to be a consistent value for all
related dialogs or fail to successfully match. The goal of this
document is to improve troubleshooting of current deployments as much
as possible -- and, in this author's opinion, that is the best that
can be done given the constraints.

One example is for forked requests: if a UAC that does not support
this mechanism sends a request to a Proxy or B2BUA that also does not
support this mechanism, each fork could reach B2BUAs or UASs that
*do* support this mechanism. In such a case, each of those forked-to
B2BUA/UAS will generate unique Session-IDs and put them in their
responses, temporarily leading to multiple, different Session-ID
values for the same related early dialogs. Typically, the UAC would
eventually only accept one of the dialogs, and only one Session-ID
would remain.

7. New 'Session-ID' Header

This document adds the "Session-ID" token to the definition of the
element "message-header" in the SIP message grammar. The Session-ID
header is a single-instance header.

7.1. Augmented BNF Definitions

Session-ID = "Session-ID" HCOLON sess-id
*( SEMI generic-param ) sess-id
= 32(DIGIT / %x61-66) ; 32 chars of [0-9a-f]

NOTE: The sess-id value is technically case-INSENSITIVE, but only
lowercase characters are allowed.

See the Security Considerations section for discussion about using
header parameters in Session-ID header fields.

8. Example Exchange

In the following example, Alice initiates a call to Bob. Alice
generates a Session-ID header in the out-of-dialog INVITE.

Alice generates the following. (Note: much has been left out for
simplicity.)

INVITE sip:bob@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.0.2.1:5060;branch=z9hG4bKnashds10
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.net>;tag=1234567
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>
Call-Id: 123456mcmxcix@1.2.3.4
Session-ID: f81d4fae7dec11d0a76500a0c91e6bf6
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:alice@192.168.1.1>

9. Security Considerations

There are several security considerations surrounding this document's
mechanism.

The Session-ID generation algorithm should provide a reasonably
random 32-character Session-ID value to avoid collisions and should
not let one re-create the original Call-ID.

There is no known security issue with viewing or modifying the
Session-ID, other than to hamper troubleshooting efforts.

9.1. Security Considerations for Administrators

The requirement for the Session-ID is to be an identifier which
cannot be used by a recipient to identify if the Call-ID has been
changed by middleboxes. As such, a UAS/UAC cannot detect the
original Call-ID, nor whether it has been changed, and thus changed; thus,
administrators should not cause administrators concern to be concerned if the Session-ID header field
is "passed through".

9.2. Security Considerations for Session-ID Extensions

The Session-ID's value is created from the Call-ID using a hashing
mechanism based on [RFC2104], using SHA-1 and a secret key known only
to the system generating the Session-ID. Because the algorithm is
defined in this document, it should be fairly secure from detecting
the generator of the Session-ID, in terms of manufacturer or code
base.

The Session-ID generation algorithm should provide a reasonably
random 128-bit Session-ID value, to avoid collisions, and would should not
let one re-create the original Call-ID. The secret key MUST only be
used for the Session-ID mechanism, in case a weakness is found that
reveals the key. One such weakness may be that a UAC generates one
or more Call-IDs that have a property that makes determining the key
more likely.

In general, B2BUA behavior cannot be dictated by standards. They do
whatever their owners/operators wish them to do, or whatever is
necessary to make their applications work. This document attempts to
normatively specify some B2BUA behavior, by creating a SIP header
value for which the properties are such that B2BUAs should have no
legitimate reason to interfere. This effectively creates a "promise"
that future uses of this Session-ID header field, including its value
*and* any future defined parameters, maintain this benign property.
Any future extensions to the Session-ID mechanism and header field
MUST maintain this property, or else B2BUAs will begin to modify it
again or remove it, and its value will be lost.

Manufacturers of SIP devices should note that there is no guarantee
that a B2BUA will not may inspect the
Session-ID header field, field and may remove it if it does not comply with
this document's value restrictions. Any Session-ID header parameters
MUST be registered with IANA and documented in RFCs from the IETF
stream, pursuant to the requirements of [RFC3968].

10. IANA Considerations

IANA has registered a new SIP header field named 'Session-ID',
pursuant to the registration policies for such in [RFC5727]. This is
a single-instance header field and is appropriate for any SIP
message, of any Method type, in any request or response.

The ABNF rules [RFC5234] for this new header allow for header
parameters; however, they must be registered following the rules of
[RFC3968], as required by [RFC5727].

This registration is intended to be temporary. The author expects
that a Standards Track definition of Session-ID will be published at
a future date. Assuming such a document is published, it will
replace this registration with a reference to itself, at which point
this document will no longer be referenced by IANA.

11. Acknowledgments

Thanks to Raphael Coeffic, Bob Penfield, Dale Worley, Paul Kyzivat,
Ian Elz, Marco Stura, Martin Dolly, Martin Huelsemann, Laura Liess,
and Adam Roach for their input.

12. References

12.1. Normative References

[RFC2104] Krawczyk, H., Bellare, M., and R. Canetti, "HMAC: Keyed-
Hashing for Message Authentication", RFC 2104, February
1997.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002.

[RFC3515] Sparks, R., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer
Method", RFC 3515, April 2003.

[RFC3891] Mahy, R., Biggs, B., and R. Dean, "The Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) "Replaces" Header", RFC 3891, September
2004.

[RFC3968] Camarillo, G., "The Internet Assigned Number Authority
(IANA) Header Field Parameter Registry for the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", BCP 98, RFC 3968, December
2004.

[RFC5234] Crocker, D., Ed., and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for
Syntax Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January
2008.

[RFC5727] Peterson, J., Jennings, C., and R. Sparks, "Change Process
for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the Real-
time Applications and Infrastructure Area", BCP 67, RFC
5727, March 2010.

12.2. Informative References

[RFC4235] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and R. Mahy, Ed., "An
INVITE-Initiated Dialog Event Package for the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4235, November 2005.

[RFC4474] Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for
Authenticated Identity Management in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4474, August 2006.

[RFC4916] Elwell, J., "Connected Identity in the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4916, June 2007.

Appendix A. Use Cases Not in Scope for Session-ID

It is very tempting to use a header field value such as that provided
by Session-ID, for other purposes than troubleshooting. In a
previous document for this same Session-ID concept, the proposal
included other uses; however, these were removed because any use case
other than troubleshooting can easily lead to a B2BUA needing to
change the value, in certain cases. That would defeat the
troubleshooting value of Session-ID. This section discusses such use
cases and explains why they are potentially harmful.

A.1. Dialog Correlation for SIP

Although Session-ID does provide a means to correlate separate SIP
dialogs, messages, and transactions, it does so at a higher layer
than SIP. It does not replace the mechanics of SIP using the Call-ID
and To/From tags of SIP messages to correlate SIP dialogs, nor in
other uses such as Replaces headers or dialog-event packages. It is
tempting, however, to use it for exactly that purpose in certain
cases.

For example, suppose a call transfer case where Alice calls Bob
through B2BUA-1. Bob then calls Charlie and sends Charlie a REFER
with embedded Replaces to make Charlie send an INVITE with a Replaces
header to Alice, to replace the Alice-Bob session. If Charlie uses a
different B2BUA-2 to reach Alice, the INVITE with Replaces will fail
because the Call-ID/tags won't match anything B2BUA-2 or Alice knows
about.

+-----+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----+ +-------+
|Alice| |B2BUA-1| |B2BUA-2| | Bob | |Charlie|
+-----+ +-------+ +-------+ +-----+ +-------+
| | | | |
|INVITE | | | |
|callid:1a |callid:1b | | |
|----------->|----------------------->|INVITE |
|sessid:1 |sessid:1 | |callid:2a |
| | | |----------->|
| | | |sessid:2 |
| | | | |
| | | |REFER |
| | | |referto:1b |
| | | |----------->|
| | | | |
| | | | INVITE|
| | | | replaces:1b|
| | X<-----------------------|
| | INVITE| | sessid:1|
| | replaces:1b| | |
X<------------------------| | |
| | sessid:1| | |

Example 1: Call Transfer Case

If, on the other hand, Alice were to use the Session-ID value for
correlation, she would see it matches her dialog with Bob (assuming
the Session-ID were passed along in the Refer-To and Replaces info).

There are problems with this approach, however. The first problem
is, by not sending the INVITE with Replaces to B2BUA-1, B2BUA-1 is in
an incorrect state; the dialog is getting replaced, and the B2BUA
doesn't know it.

A second issue is the Session-ID doesn't identify enough information
to replace a dialog. Imagine there were a third B2BUA, such as a
softswitch, between Alice and B2BUA-1 and B2BUA-2, and the INVITE
with Replaces reached the softswitch before Alice. The softswitch
won't know which "side" the INVITE is replacing. The To/From tags no
longer match anything the softswitch knows about, so it can't figure
out if the INVITE with Replaces is replacing the dialog from
softswitch to Alice, or the one to Bob. If we try to fix this by
creating a tag-type value pair for Session-ID, we're back to devices
changing those tag values and defeating the matching property.

Another example is based on 3GPP 24.605 Annex A.2.2. Alice has a
call with Bob through multiple B2BUAs and an Application Server. The
dialogs of that call all have the same Session-ID, but unique
Call-ID/tags.

Alice wants to invoke a third-party conference facility in the AS and
to reference the call she has with Bob for that. In this particular
3GPP scenario, to do that Alice sends a new INVITE to the AS with a
resource-list body (a la RFC 5366) containing the call information
for the original call. This is the "RL<sessid:1>" piece in the
diagram. It has the Call-ID/tags as well, but they'll be wrong when
received at the AS.

The AS processes that list, can't match the Call-ID/tags in the
resource-lit but does match the Session-ID, and sends a re-INVITE to
party B within the original call's dialog.

Example 2: Resource List

Author's Address

Hadriel Kaplan
Oracle
EMail: hadriel.kaplan@oracle.com hadrielk@yahoo.com