Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Mizrahi
Request for Comments: 7456 Marvell
Category: Standards Track T. Senevirathne
ISSN: 2070-1721 S. Salam
D. Kumar
Cisco
D. Eastlake 3rd
Huawei
February
March 2015
Loss and Delay Measurement in
Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL)
Abstract
Performance Monitoring (PM) is a key aspect of Operations,
Administration, and Maintenance (OAM). It allows network operators
to verify the Service Level Agreement (SLA) provided to customers and
to detect network anomalies. This document specifies mechanisms for
Loss Measurement and Delay Measurement in Transparent Interconnection
of Lots of Links (TRILL) networks.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7456.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
2. Conventions Used in this Document ...............................4
2.1. Key Words ..................................................4
2.2. Definitions ................................................4
2.3. Abbreviations ..............................................5
3. Loss and Delay Measurement in the TRILL Architecture ............6
3.1. Performance Monitoring Granularity .........................6
3.2. One-Way vs. Two-Way Performance Monitoring .................6
3.2.1. One-Way Performance Monitoring ......................7
3.2.2. Two-Way Performance Monitoring ......................7
3.3. Point-to-Point vs. Point-to-Multipoint PM ..................8
4. Loss Measurement ................................................8
4.1. One-Way Loss Measurement ...................................8
4.1.1. 1SL Message Transmission ............................9
4.1.2. 1SL Message Reception ..............................10
4.2. Two-Way Loss Measurement ..................................11
4.2.1. SLM Message Transmission ...........................12
4.2.2. SLM Message Reception ..............................12
4.2.3. SLR Message Reception ..............................13
5. Delay Measurement ..............................................14
5.1. One-Way Delay Measurement .................................14
5.1.1. 1DM Message Transmission ...........................15
5.1.2. 1DM Message Reception ..............................16
5.2. Two-Way Delay Measurement .................................16
5.2.1. DMM Message Transmission ...........................17
5.2.2. DMM Message Reception ..............................17
5.2.3. DMR Message Reception ..............................18
6. Packet Formats .................................................19
6.1. TRILL OAM Encapsulation ...................................19
6.2. Loss Measurement Packet Formats ...........................21
6.2.1. Counter Format .....................................21
6.2.2. 1SL Packet Format ..................................21
6.2.3. SLM Packet Format ..................................22
6.2.4. SLR Packet Format ..................................23
6.3. Delay Measurement Packet Formats ..........................24
6.3.1. Timestamp Format ...................................24
6.3.2. 1DM Packet Format ..................................24
6.3.3. DMM Packet Format ..................................25
6.3.4. DMR Packet Format ..................................26
6.4. OpCode Values .............................................27
7. Performance Monitoring Process .................................28
8. Security Considerations ........................................29
9. References .....................................................29
9.1. Normative References ......................................29
9.2. Informative References ....................................30
Acknowledgments ...................................................31
Authors' Addresses ................................................32
1. Introduction
TRILL [TRILL] is a protocol for transparent least-cost routing, where
Routing Bridges (RBridges) route traffic to their destination based
on least cost, using a TRILL encapsulation header with a hop count.
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance [OAM] is a set of tools
for detecting, isolating, and reporting connection failures and
performance degradation. Performance Monitoring (PM) is a key aspect
of OAM. PM allows network operators to detect and debug network
anomalies and incorrect behavior. PM consists of two main building
blocks: Loss Measurement and Delay Measurement. PM may also include
other derived metrics such as Packet Delivery Rate, and Inter-Frame
Delay Variation.
The requirements of OAM in TRILL networks are defined in [OAM-REQ],
and the TRILL OAM framework is described in [OAM-FRAMEWK]. These two
documents also highlight the main requirements in terms of
performance monitoring.
Performance Monitoring.
This document defines protocols for loss measurement Loss Measurement and for delay
measurement Delay
Measurement in TRILL networks. These protocols are based on the
performance monitoring
Merformance Monitoring functionality defined in ITU-T G.8013/Y.1731
[Y.1731-2013].
o Loss Measurement: the Loss Measurement protocol measures packet
loss between two RBridges. The measurement is performed by
sending a set of synthetic packets and counting the number of
packets transmitted and received during the test. The frame loss
is calculated by comparing the numbers of transmitted and received
packets. This provides a statistical estimate of the packet loss
between the involved RBridges, with a margin of error that can be
controlled by varying the number of transmitted synthetic packets.
This document does not define procedures for packet loss
computation based on counting user data for the reasons given in
Section 5.1 of [OAM-FRAMEWK].
o Delay Measurement: the Delay Measurement protocol measures the
packet delay and packet delay variation between two RBridges. The
measurement is performed using timestamped OAM messages.
2. Conventions Used in this Document
2.1. Key Words
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS].
The requirement level of PM in [OAM-REQ] is 'SHOULD'. Nevertheless,
this memo uses the entire range of requirement levels, including
'MUST'; the requirements in this memo are to be read as 'A MEP
(Maintenance End Point) that implements TRILL PM
MUST/SHOULD/MAY/...'.
2.2. Definitions
o One-way packet delay (based on [IPPM-1DM]) - the time elapsed from
the start of transmission of the first bit of a packet by an
RBridge until the reception of the last bit of the packet by the
remote RBridge.
Based on [IPPM-1DM].
o Two-way packet delay (based on [IPPM-2DM]) - the time elapsed from
the start of transmission of the first bit of a packet from the
local RBridge, receipt of the packet at the remote RBridge, the
transmission of a response packet from the remote RBridge back to
the local RBridge, and receipt of the last bit of that response
packet by the local RBridge. Based on [IPPM-2DM].
o Packet loss (based on [IPPM-Loss] - the number of packets sent by
a source RBridge and not received by the destination RBridge. In
the context of this document, packet loss is measured at a
specific probe instance and a specific observation period. As in
[Y.1731-2013], this document distinguishes between near-end and
far-end packet loss. Note that this semantic distinction
specifies the direction of packet loss but does not affect the
nature of the packet loss metric, which is defined in [IPPM-Loss]. Based on [IPPM-Loss].
o Far-end packet loss - the number of packets lost on the path from
the local RBridge to the remote RBridge in a specific probe
instance and a specific observation period.
o Near-end packet loss - the number of packets lost on the path from
the remote RBridge to the local RBridge in a specific probe
instance and a specific observation period.
2.3. Abbreviations
1DM One-way Delay Measurement
1SL One-way Synthetic Loss Measurement
DMM Delay Measurement Message
DMR Delay Measurement Reply
DoS Denial of Service
FGL Fine-Grained Label [FGL]
MD Maintenance Domain
MD-L Maintenance Domain Level
MEP Maintenance End Point
MIP Maintenance Intermediate Point
MP Maintenance Point
OAM Operations, Administration, and Maintenance [OAM]
PM Performance Monitoring
SLM Synthetic Loss Measurement Message
SLR Synthetic Loss Measurement Reply
TLV Type-Length-Value
TRILL Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links [TRILL]
3. Loss and Delay Measurement in the TRILL Architecture
As described in [OAM-FRAMEWK], OAM protocols in a TRILL campus
operate over two types of Maintenance Points (MPs): Maintenance End
Points (MEPs) and Maintenance Intermediate Points (MIPs).
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
| | | | | |
| RB1 |<===>| RB3 |<===>| RB2 |
| | | | | |
+-------+ +-------+ +-------+
MEP MIP MEP
Figure 1: Maintenance Points in a TRILL Campus
Performance Monitoring (PM) allows a MEP to perform loss Loss and delay
measurements Delay
Measurements on any other MEP in the campus. Performance Monitoring
is performed in the context of a specific Maintenance Domain (MD).
The PM functionality defined in this document is not applicable to
MIPs.
3.1. Performance Monitoring Granularity
As defined in [OAM-FRAMEWK], PM can be applied at three levels of
granularity: Network, Service, and Flow.
o Network-level PM: the PM protocol is run over a dedicated test
VLAN or FGL [FGL].
o Service-level PM: the PM protocol is used to perform measurements
of actual user VLANs or FGLs.
o Flow-level PM: the PM protocol is used to perform measurements on
a per-flow basis. A flow, as defined in [OAM-REQ], is a set of
packets that share the same path and per-hop behavior (such as
priority). As defined in [OAM-FRAMEWK], flow-based monitoring
uses a Flow Entropy field that resides at the beginning of the OAM
packet header (see Section 6.1.) and mimics the forwarding
behavior of the monitored flow.
3.2. One-Way vs. Two-Way Performance Monitoring
Paths in a TRILL network are not necessarily symmetric, that is, a
packet sent from RB1 to RB2 does not necessarily traverse the same
set of RBridges or links as a packet sent from RB2 to RB1. Even
within a given flow, packets from RB1 to RB2 do not necessarily
traverse the same path as packets from RB2 to RB1.
3.2.1. One-Way Performance Monitoring
In one-way PM, RB1 sends PM messages to RB2, allowing RB2 to monitor
the performance on the path from RB1 to RB2.
A MEP that implements TRILL PM SHOULD support one-way performance
monitoring. Performance
Monitoring. A MEP that implements TRILL PM SHOULD support both the
PM functionality of the sender, RB1, and the PM functionality of the
receiver, RB2.
One-way PM can be applied either proactively or on-demand, although
the more typical scenario is the proactive mode, where RB1 and RB2
periodically transmit PM messages to each other, allowing each of
them to monitor the performance on the incoming path from the peer
MEP.
3.2.2. Two-Way Performance Monitoring
In two-way PM, a sender, RB1, sends PM messages to a reflector, RB2,
and RB2 responds to these messages, allowing RB1 to monitor the
performance of:
o The path from RB1 to RB2.
o The path from RB2 to RB1.
o The two-way path from RB1 to RB2, and back to RB1.
Note that in some cases it may be interesting for RB1 to monitor only
the path from RB1 to RB2. Two-way PM allows the sender, RB1, to
monitor the path from RB1 to RB2, as opposed to one-way PM (Section
3.2.1.), which allows the receiver, RB2, to monitor this path.
A MEP that implements TRILL PM MUST support two-way PM. A MEP that
implements TRILL PM MUST support both the sender and the reflector PM
functionality.
As described in Section 3.1, flow-based PM uses the Flow Entropy
field as one of the parameters that identify a flow. In two-way PM,
the Flow Entropy of the path from RB1 to RB2 is typically different
from the Flow Entropy of the path from RB2 to RB1. This document
uses the Reflector Entropy TLV [TRILL-FM], which allows the sender to
specify the Flow Entropy value to be used in the response message.
Two-way PM can be applied either proactively or on-demand.
3.3. Point-to-Point vs. Point-to-Multipoint PM
PM can be applied either as a point-to-point measurement protocol, or
as a point-to-multi-point measurement protocol.
The point-to-point approach measures the performance between two
RBridges using unicast PM messages.
In the point-to-multipoint approach, an RBridge RB1 sends PM messages
to multiple RBridges using multicast messages. The reflectors (in
two-way PM) respond to RB1 using unicast messages. To protect
against reply storms, the reflectors MUST send the response messages
after a random delay in the range of 0 to 2 seconds. This ensures
that the responses are staggered in time and that the initiating
RBridge is not overwhelmed with responses. Moreover, a an RBridge
Scope TLV [TRILL-FM] can be used to limit the set of RBridges from
which a response is expected, thus reducing the impact of potential
response bursts.
4. Loss Measurement
The Loss Measurement protocol has two flavors: modes of operation: one-way
Loss Measurement and two-way Loss Measurement.
Note: The terms 'one-way' and 'two-way' Loss Measurement should not
be confused with the terms 'single-ended' and 'dual-ended' Loss
Measurement used in [Y.1731-2013]. As defined in Section 3.2, the
terms 'one-way' and 'two-way' specify whether the protocol monitors
performance on one direction or on both directions. The terms
'single-ended' and 'dual-ended', on the other hand, describe whether
the protocol is asymmetric or symmetric, respectively.
4.1. One-Way Loss Measurement
One-way Loss Measurement measures the one-way packet loss from one
MEP to another. The loss ratio is measured using a set of One-way
Synthetic Loss Measurement (1SL) messages. The packet format of the
1SL message is specified in Section 6.2.2. Figure 2 illustrates a
one-way Loss Measurement message exchange.
TXp TXc
Sender --------------------------------------
\ \
\ 1SL . . . \ 1SL
\ \
\/ \/
Receiver --------------------------------------
RXp RXc
Figure 2: One-Way Loss Measurement
The one-way Loss Measurement procedure uses a set of 1SL messages to
measure the packet loss. The figure shows two non-consecutive
messages from the set.
The sender maintains a counter of transmitted 1SL messages, and
includes the value of this counter, TX, in each 1SL message it
transmits. The receiver maintains a counter of received 1SL
messages, RX, and can calculate the loss by comparing its counter
values to the counter values received in the 1SL messages.
In Figure 2, the subscript 'c' is an abbreviation for current, and
'p' is an abbreviation for previous.
4.1.1. 1SL Message Transmission
One-way Loss Measurement can be applied either proactively or on-
demand, although as mentioned in Section 3.2.1, it is more likely to
be applied proactively.
The term 'on-demand' in the context of one-way Loss Measurement
implies that the sender transmits a fixed set of 1SL messages,
allowing the receiver to perform the measurement based on this set.
A MEP that supports one-way Loss Measurement MUST support unicast
transmission of 1SL messages.
A MEP that supports one-way Loss Measurement MAY support multicast
transmission of 1SL messages.
The sender MUST maintain a packet counter for each peer MEP and probe
instance (test ID). Every time the sender transmits a 1SL packet, it
increments the corresponding counter and then integrates the value of
the counter into the <Counter TX> Counter TX field of the 1SL packet.
The 1SL message MAY be sent with a variable-size Data TLV, allowing
loss measurement
Loss Measurement for various packet sizes.
4.1.2. 1SL Message Reception
The receiver MUST maintain a reception counter for each peer MEP and
probe instance (test ID). Upon receiving a 1SL packet, the receiver
MUST verify that:
o The 1SL packet is destined to the current MEP.
o The packet's MD level matches the MEP's MD level.
If both conditions are satisfied, the receiver increments the
corresponding receive packet reception counter and records the new value of the
counter, RX1.
A MEP that supports one-way Loss Measurement MUST support reception
of both unicast and multicast 1SL messages.
The receiver computes the one-way packet loss with respect to a probe
instance measurement interval. A probe instance measurement interval
includes a sequence of 1SL messages with the same test ID. The one-
way packet loss is computed by comparing the counter values TXp and
RXp at the beginning of the measurement interval and the counter
values TXc and RXc at the end of the measurement interval (see
Figure 2):
one-way packet loss = (TXc-TXp) - (RXc-RXp) (1)
The calculation in Equation (1) is based on counter value
differences, implying that the sender's counter, TX, and the
receiver's counter, RX, are not required to be synchronized with
respect to a common initial value.
It is noted that if the sender or receiver resets one of the
counters, TX or RX, the calculation in Equation (1) produces a false
measurement result. Hence, the sender and receiver SHOULD NOT clear
the TX and RX counters during a measurement interval.
When the receiver calculates the packet loss per Equation (1), it
MUST perform a wraparound check. If the receiver detects that one of
the counters has wrapped around, the receiver adjusts the result of
Equation (1) accordingly.
A 1SL receiver MUST support reception of 1SL messages with a Data
TLV.
Since synthetic one-way Loss Measurement is performed using 1SL
messages, obviously, some 1SL messages may be dropped during a
measurement interval. Thus, when the receiver does not receive a
1SL, the receiver cannot perform the calculations in Equation (1) for
that specific 1SL message.
4.2. Two-Way Loss Measurement
Two-way Loss Measurement allows a MEP to measure the packet loss on
the paths to and from a peer MEP. Two-way Loss Measurement uses a
set of Synthetic Loss Measurement Messages (SLMs) to compute the
packet loss. Each SLM is answered with a Synthetic Loss Measurement
Reply (SLR). The packet formats of the SLM and SLR packets are
specified in Sections 6.2.3 and 6.2.4, respectively. Figure 3
illustrates a two-way Loss Measurement message exchange.
TXp RXp TXc RXc
Sender -----------------------------------------------
\ /\ \ /\
\ / . . . \ /
SLM \ / SLR SLM \ / SLR
\/ / \/ /
Reflector -----------------------------------------------
TRXp TRXc
Figure 3: Two-Way Loss Measurement
The two-way Loss Measurement procedure uses a set of SLM-SLR
handshakes. The figure shows two non-consecutive handshakes from the
set.
The sender maintains a counter of transmitted SLM messages and
includes the value of this counter, TX, in each transmitted SLM
message. The reflector maintains a counter of received SLM messages,
TRX. The reflector generates an SLR and incorporates TRX into the
SLR packet. The sender maintains a counter of received SLR messages,
RX. Upon receiving an SLR message, the sender can calculate the loss
by comparing the local counter values to the counter values received
in the SLR messages.
The subscript 'c' is an abbreviation for current, and 'p' is an
abbreviation for previous.
4.2.1. SLM Message Transmission
Two-way Loss Measurement can be applied either proactively or on-
demand.
A MEP that supports two-way Loss Measurement MUST support unicast
transmission of SLM messages.
A MEP that supports two-way Loss Measurement MAY support multicast
transmission of SLM messages.
The sender MUST maintain a counter of transmitted SLM packets for
each peer MEP and probe instance (test ID). Every time the sender
transmits an SLM packet, it increments the corresponding counter and
then integrates the value of the counter into the <Counter TX> Counter TX field of
the SLM packet.
A sender MAY include a Reflector Entropy TLV in an SLM message. The
Reflector Entropy TLV format is specified in [TRILL-FM].
An SLM message MAY be sent with a Data TLV, allowing loss measurement Loss Measurement
for various packet sizes.
4.2.2. SLM Message Reception
The reflector MUST maintain a reception counter, TRX, for each peer
MEP and probe instance (test ID).
Upon receiving an SLM packet, the reflector MUST verify that:
o The SLM packet is destined to the current MEP.
o The packet's MD level matches the MEP's MD level.
If both conditions are satisfied, the reflector increments the
corresponding packet counter and records the value of the new
counter, TRX. The reflector then generates an SLR message that is
identical to the received SLM, except for the following
modifications:
o The reflector incorporates TRX into the <Counter TRX> Counter TRX field of the
SLR.
o The <OpCode> OpCode field in the OAM header is set to the SLR OpCode.
o The reflector assigns its MEP ID in the <Reflector Reflector MEP ID> ID field.
o If the received SLM includes a Reflector Entropy TLV [TRILL-FM],
the reflector copies the value of the Flow Entropy from the TLV
into the <Flow Entropy> Flow Entropy field of the SLR message. The outgoing SLR
message does not include a Reflector Entropy TLV.
o The TRILL header Header and transport header are modified to reflect the
source and destination of the SLR packet. The SLR is always a
unicast message.
A MEP that supports two-way Loss Measurement MUST support reception
of both unicast and multicast SLM messages.
A reflector MUST support reception of SLM packets with a Data TLV.
When receiving an SLM with a Data TLV, the reflector includes the
unmodified TLV in the SLR.
4.2.3. SLR Message Reception
The sender MUST maintain a reception counter, RX, for each peer MEP
and probe instance (test ID).
Upon receiving an SLR message, the sender MUST verify that:
o The SLR packet is destined to the current MEP.
o The <Sender Sender MEP ID> ID field in the SLR packet matches the current MEP.
o The packet's MD level matches the MEP's MD level.
If the conditions above are met, the sender increments the
corresponding reception counter, and records the new value, RX.
The sender computes the packet loss with respect to a probe instance
measurement interval. A probe instance measurement interval includes
a sequence of SLM messages and their corresponding SLR messages, all
with the same test ID. The packet loss is computed by comparing the
counters at the beginning of the measurement interval, denoted with a
subscript 'p', and the counters at the end of the measurement
interval, denoted with a subscript 'c' (as illustrated in Figure 3).
far-end packet loss = (TXc-TXp) - (TRXc-TRXp) (2)
near-end packet loss = (TRXc-TRXp) - (RXc-RXp) (3)
Note: Total The total two-way packet loss is the sum of the far-end and near-
end
near-end packet losses, that is (TXc-TXp) - (RXc-RXp).
The calculations in the two equations above are based on counter
value differences, implying that the sender's counters, TX and RX,
and the reflector's counter, TRX, are not required to be synchronized
with respect to a common initial value.
It is noted that if the sender or reflector resets one of the
counters, TX, TRX, or RX, the calculation in Equations (2) and (3)
produces a false measurement result. Hence, the sender and reflector
SHOULD NOT clear the TX, TRX, and RX counters during a measurement
interval.
When the sender calculates the packet loss per Equations (2) and (3),
it MUST perform a wraparound check. If the reflector detects that
one of the counters has wrapped around, the reflector adjusts the
result of Equations (2) and (3) accordingly.
Since synthetic two-way Loss Measurement is performed using SLM and
SLR messages, obviously, some SLM and SLR messages may be dropped
during a measurement interval. When an SLM or an SLR is dropped, the
corresponding two-way handshake (Figure 3) is not completed
successfully; thus, the reflector does not perform the calculations
in Equations (2) and (3) for that specific message exchange.
A sender MAY choose to monitor only the far-end packet loss, that is,
perform the computation in Equation (2), and ignore the computation
in Equation (3). Note that, in this case, the sender can run flow-
based PM of the path to the peer MEP without using the Reflector
Entropy TLV.
5. Delay Measurement
The Delay Measurement protocol has two flavors: modes of operation: one-way
Delay Measurement and two-way Delay Measurement.
5.1. One-Way Delay Measurement
One-way Delay Measurement is used for computing the one-way packet
delay from one MEP to another. The packet format used in one-way
Delay Measurement is referred to as 1DM and is specified in Section
6.3.2. The one-way Delay Measurement message exchange is illustrated
in Figure 4.
T1
Sender ------------------- ----> time
\
\ 1DM
\
\/
Receiver -------------------
T2
Figure 4: One-Way Delay Measurement
The sender transmits a 1DM message incorporating its time of
transmission, T1. The receiver then receives the message at time T2,
and calculates the one-way delay as:
one-way delay = T2-T1 (4)
Equation (4) implies that T2 and T1 are measured with respect to a
common reference time. Hence, two MEPs running a one-way Delay
Measurement protocol MUST be time-synchronized. The method used for
synchronizing the clocks associated with the two MEPs is outside the
scope of this document.
5.1.1. 1DM Message Transmission
1DM packets can be transmitted proactively or on-demand, although, as
mentioned in Section 3.2.1, they are typically transmitted
proactively.
A MEP that supports one-way Delay Measurement MUST support unicast
transmission of 1DM messages.
A MEP that supports one-way Delay Measurement MAY support multicast
transmission of 1DM messages.
A 1DM message MAY be sent with a variable size Data TLV, allowing
packet delay measurement Delay Measurement for various packet sizes.
The sender incorporates the 1DM packet's time of transmission into
the <Timestamp T1> Timestamp T1 field.
5.1.2. 1DM Message Reception
Upon receiving a 1DM packet, the receiver records its time of
reception, T2. The receiver MUST verify two conditions:
o The 1DM packet is destined to the current MEP.
o The packet's MD level matches the MEP's MD level.
If both conditions are satisfied, the receiver terminates the packet
and calculates the one-way delay as specified in Equation (4).
A MEP that supports one-way Delay Measurement MUST support reception
of both unicast and multicast 1DM messages.
A 1DM receiver MUST support reception of 1DM messages with a Data
TLV.
When one-way Delay Measurement packets are received periodically, the
receiver MAY compute the packet delay variation based on multiple
measurements. Note that packet delay variation can be computed even
when the two peer MEPs are not time-synchronized.
5.2. Two-Way Delay Measurement
Two-way Delay Measurement uses a two-way handshake for computing the
two-way packet delay between two MEPs. The handshake includes two
packets: a Delay Measurement Message (DMM) and a Delay Measurement
Reply (DMR). The DMM and DMR packet formats are specified in
Sections 6.3.3 and 6.3.4, respectively.
The two-way Delay Measurement message exchange is illustrated in
Figure 5.
T1 T4
Sender ----------------------- ----> time
\ /\
\ /
DMM \ / DMR
\/ /
Reflector -----------------------
T2 T3
Figure 5: Two-Way Delay Measurement
The sender generates a DMM message incorporating its time of
transmission, T1. The reflector receives the DMM message and records
its time of reception, T2. The reflector then generates a DMR
message, incorporating T1, T2, and the DMR's transmission time, T3.
The sender receives the DMR message at T4, and using the four
timestamps, it calculates the two-way packet delay.
5.2.1. DMM Message Transmission
DMM packets can be transmitted periodically or on-demand.
A MEP that supports two-way Delay Measurement MUST support unicast
transmission of DMM messages.
A MEP that supports two-way Delay Measurement MAY support multicast
transmission of DMM messages.
A sender MAY include a Reflector Entropy TLV in a DMM message. The
Reflector Entropy TLV format is specified in [TRILL-FM].
A DMM MAY be sent with a variable size Data TLV, allowing packet
delay measurement
Delay Measurement for various packet sizes.
The sender incorporates the DMM packet's time of transmission into
the <Timestamp T1> Timestamp T1 field.
5.2.2. DMM Message Reception
Upon receiving a DMM packet, the reflector records its time of
reception, T2. The reflector MUST verify two conditions:
o The DMM packet is destined to the current MEP.
o The packet's MD level matches the MEP's MD level.
If both conditions are satisfied, the reflector terminates the packet
and generates a DMR packet. The DMR is identical to the received
DMM, except for the following modifications:
o The reflector incorporates T2 into the <Timestamp T2> Timestamp T2 field of the
DMR.
o The reflector incorporates the DMR's transmission time, T3, into
the <Timestamp T3> Timestamp T3 field of the DMR.
o The <OpCode> OpCode field in the OAM header is set to the DMR OpCode.
o If the received DMM includes a Reflector Entropy TLV [TRILL-FM],
the reflector copies the value of the Flow Entropy from the TLV
into the <Flow Entropy> Flow Entropy field of the DMR message. The outgoing DMR
message does not include a Reflector Entropy TLV.
o The TRILL header Header and transport header are modified to reflect the
source and destination of the DMR packet. The DMR is always a
unicast message.
A MEP that supports two-way Delay Measurement MUST support reception
of both unicast and multicast DMM messages.
A reflector MUST support reception of DMM packets with a Data TLV.
When receiving a DMM with a Data TLV, the reflector includes the
unmodified TLV in the DMR.
5.2.3. DMR Message Reception
Upon receiving the DMR message, the sender records its time of
reception, T4. The sender MUST verify:
o The DMR packet is destined to the current MEP.
o The packet's MD level matches the MEP's MD level.
If both conditions above are met, the sender uses the four timestamps
to compute the two-way delay:
two-way delay = (T4-T1) - (T3-T2) (5)
Note that two-way delay can be computed even when the two peer MEPs
are not time-synchronized. One-way Delay Measurement, on the other
hand, requires the two MEPs to be synchronized.
Two MEPs running a two-way Delay Measurement protocol MAY be time-
synchronized. If two-way Delay Measurement is run between two time-
synchronized MEPs, the sender MAY compute the one-way delays as
follows:
one-way delay {sender->reflector} = T2 - T1 (6)
one-way delay {reflector->sender} = T4 - T3 (7)
When two-way Delay Measurement is run periodically, the sender MAY
also compute the delay variation based on multiple measurements.
A sender MAY choose to monitor only the sender->reflector delay, that
is, perform the computation in Equation (6) and ignore the
computations in Equations (5) and (7). Note that in this case, the
sender can run flow-based PM of the path to the peer MEP without
using the Reflector Entropy TLV.
6. Packet Formats
6.1. TRILL OAM Encapsulation
The TRILL OAM packet format is generally discussed in [OAM-FRAMEWK]
and specified in detail in [TRILL-FM]. It is quoted in this document
for convenience.
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Link Header . (variable)
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ TRILL Header + 6 or more bytes
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Flow Entropy . 96 bytes
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| OAM Ethertype |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. OAM Message Channel . Variable
. .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Link Trailer | Variable
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: TRILL OAM Encapsulation
The OAM Message Channel used in this document is defined in
[TRILL-FM] and has the following structure:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Version | OpCode | Flags |FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. OpCode-specific fields .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: OAM Packet Format
The first four octets of the OAM Message Channel are common to all
OpCodes, whereas the rest is OpCode-specific. Below is a brief
summary of the fields in the first 4 octets:
o MD-L: Maintenance Domain Level.
o Version: indicates the version of this protocol. Always zero in
the context of this document.
o OpCode: Operation Code (8 bits). Specifies the operation
performed by the message. See specific Specific packet formats later are presented
in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of this document. A list of the PM message
OpCodes is provided in Section 6.4.
o Flags: The definition of flags is OpCode-specific. The value of
this field is zero unless otherwise stated.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field.
o TLVs: one or more TLV fields. The last TLV field is always an End
TLV.
For further details about the OAM packet format, including the format
of TLVs, see [TRILL-FM].
6.2. Loss Measurement Packet Formats
6.2.1. Counter Format
Loss Measurement packets use a 32-bit packet counter field. When a
counter is incremented beyond its maximal value, 0xFFFFFFFF, it wraps
around back to 0.
6.2.2. 1SL Packet Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Ver (0) | OpCode | Flags (0) |FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sender MEP ID | Reserved (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Test ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Counter TX |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: 1SL Packet Format
For fields not listed below, see Section 6.1.
o OpCode: see Section 6.4.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field. The value of
this field MUST be 16 in 1SL packets.
o Sender MEP ID: the MEP ID of the MEP that initiated the 1SL.
o Reserved (0): set to 0 by the sender and ignored by the receiver.
o Test ID: a 32-bit unique test identifier.
o Counter TX: the value of the sender's transmission counter,
including this packet, at the time of transmission.
6.2.3. SLM Packet Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Ver (0) | OpCode | Flags (0) |FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sender MEP ID | Reserved for Reflector MEP ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Test ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Counter TX |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved for SLR: Counter TRX (0) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: SLM Packet Format
For fields not listed below, see Section 6.1.
o OpCode: see Section 6.4.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field. The value of
this field MUST be 16 in SLM packets.
o Sender MEP ID: the MEP ID of the MEP that initiated this packet.
o Reserved for Reflector MEP ID: this field is reserved for the
reflector's MEP ID, to be added in the SLR.
o Test ID: a 32-bit unique test identifier.
o Counter TX: the value of the sender's transmission counter,
including this packet, at the time of transmission.
o Reserved for SLR: this field is reserved for the SLR corresponding
to this packet. The reflector uses this field in the SLR for
carrying TRX, the value of its reception counter.
6.2.4. SLR Packet Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Ver (0) | OpCode | Flags (0) |FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Sender MEP ID | Reflector MEP ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Test ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Counter TX |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Counter TRX |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: SLR Packet Format
For fields not listed below, see Section 6.1.
o OpCode: see Section 6.4.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field. The value of
this field MUST be 16 in SLR packets.
o Sender MEP ID: the MEP ID of the MEP that initiated the SLM that
this SLR replies to.
o Reflector MEP ID: the MEP ID of the MEP that transmits this SLR
message.
o Test ID: a 32-bit unique test identifier, copied from the
corresponding SLM message.
o Counter TX: the value of the sender's transmission counter at the
time of the SLM transmission.
o Counter TRX: the value of the reflector's reception counter,
including this packet, at the time of reception of the
corresponding SLM packet.
6.3. Delay Measurement Packet Formats
6.3.1. Timestamp Format
The timestamps used in Delay Measurement packets are 64 bits long.
These timestamps use the 64 least significant bits of the IEEE
1588-2008 (1588v2) Precision Time Protocol timestamp format
[IEEE1588].
[IEEE1588v2].
This truncated format consists of a 32-bit seconds field followed by
a 32-bit nanoseconds field. This truncated format is also used in
IEEE 1588v1, 1588v1 [IEEE1588v1], in [Y.1731-2013], and in [MPLS-LM-DM].
6.3.2. 1DM Packet Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Ver (1) | OpCode | Reserved (0)|T|FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp T1 |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved for 1DM receiving equipment (0) |
| (for Timestamp T2) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: 1DM Packet Format
For fields not listed below, see Section 6.1.
o OpCode: see Section 6.4.
o Reserved (0): Upper part of Flags field. Set to 0 by the sender
and ignored by the receiver.
o T: Type flag. When this flag is set, it indicates proactive
operation; when cleared, it indicates on-demand mode.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field. The value of
this field MUST be 16 in 1DM packets.
o Timestamp T1: specifies the time of transmission of this packet.
o Reserved for 1DM: this field is reserved for internal usage of the
1DM receiver. The receiver can use this field for carrying T2,
the time of reception of this packet.
6.3.3. DMM Packet Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Ver (1) | OpCode | Reserved (0)|T|FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp T1 |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved for DMM receiving equipment (0) |
| (for Timestamp T2) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved for DMR (0) |
| (for Timestamp T3) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved for DMR receiving equipment |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 12: DMM Packet Format
For fields not listed below, see Section 6.1.
o OpCode: see Section 6.4.
o Reserved (0): Upper part of Flags field. Set to 0 by the sender
and ignored by the receiver.
o T: Type flag. When this flag is set, it indicates proactive
operation; when cleared, it indicates on-demand mode.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field. The value of
this field MUST be 32 in DMM packets.
o Timestamp T1: specifies the time of transmission of this packet.
o Reserved for DMM: this field is reserved for internal usage of the
MEP that receives the DMM (the reflector). The reflector can use
this field for carrying T2, the time of reception of this packet.
o Reserved for DMR: two timestamp fields are reserved for the DMR
message. One timestamp field is reserved for T3, the DMR
transmission time, and the other field is reserved for internal
usage of the MEP that receives the DMR.
6.3.4. DMR Packet Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|MD-L | Ver (1) | OpCode | Reserved (0)|T|FirstTLVOffset |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp T1 |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp T2 |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Timestamp T3 |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved for DMR receiving equipment |
| (for Timestamp T4) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. TLVs .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 13: DMR Packet Format
For fields not listed below, see Section 6.1.
o OpCode: see Section 6.4.
o Reserved (0): Upper part of Flags field. Set to 0 by the sender
and ignored by the receiver.
o T: Type flag. When this flag is set, it indicates proactive
operation; when cleared, it indicates on-demand mode.
o FirstTLVOffset: defines the location of the first TLV, in octets,
starting from the end of the FirstTLVOffset field. The value of
this field MUST be 32 in DMR packets.
o Timestamp T1: specifies the time of transmission of the DMM packet
that this DMR replies to.
o Timestamp T2: specifies the time of reception of the DMM packet
that this DMR replies to.
o Timestamp T3: specifies the time of transmission of this DMR
packet.
o Reserved for DMR: this field is reserved for internal usage of the
MEP that receives the DMR (the sender). The sender can use this
field for carrying T4, the time of reception of this packet.
6.4. OpCode Values
As the OAM packets specified herein conform to [Y.1731-2013], the
same OpCodes are used:
OpCode OAM packet
value type
------ ----------
45 1DM
46 DMR
47 DMM
53 1SL
54 SLR
55 SLM
These OpCodes are from the range of values that has been allocated by
IEEE 802.1 [802.1Q] for control by ITU-T.
7. Performance Monitoring Process
The Performance Monitoring process is made up of a number of
Performance Monitoring instances, known as PM Sessions. A PM session
can be initiated between two MEPs on a specific flow and be defined
as either a Loss Measurement session or Delay Measurement session.
The Loss Measurement session can be used to determine the performance
metrics Frame Loss Ratio, availability, and resiliency. The Delay
Measurement session can be used to determine the performance metrics
Frame Delay, Inter-Frame Delay Variation, Frame Delay Range, and Mean
Frame Delay.
The PM session is defined by the specific PM function (PM tool) being
run and also by the Start Time, Stop Time, Message Period,
Measurement Interval, and Repetition Time. These terms are defined
as follows:
o Start Time - the time that the PM session begins.
o Stop Time - the time that the measurement ends.
o Message Period - the message transmission frequency (the time
between message transmissions).
o Measurement Interval - the time period over which measurements are
gathered and then summarized. The Measurement Interval can align
with the PM Session duration, but it doesn't need to. PM messages
are only transmitted during a PM Session.
o Repetition Time - the time between start times of the Measurement
Intervals.
Measurement Interval Measurement Interval
(Completed, Historic) (In Process, Current)
| |
| |
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
^ ^ ^ ^
| | | |
Start Time Message Stop Time
(service enabled) Period (Service disabled)
Figure 14: Relationship between Different Timing Parameters
8. Security Considerations
The security considerations of TRILL OAM are discussed in [OAM-REQ],
[OAM-FRAMEWK], and [TRILL-FM]. General TRILL security considerations
are discussed in [TRILL].
As discussed in [OAM-Over], an attack on a PM protocol can falsely
indicate nonexistent performance issues or prevent the detection of
actual ones, consequently resulting in DoS (Denial of Service).
Furthermore, synthetic PM messages can be used maliciously as a means
to implement DoS attacks on RBridges. Another security aspect is
network reconnaissance; by passively eavesdropping on PM messages, an
attacker can gather information that can be used maliciously to
attack the network.
As in [TRILL-FM], TRILL PM OAM messages MAY include the OAM
Authentication TLV. It should be noted that an Authentication TLV
requires a cryptographic algorithm, which may have performance
implications on the RBridges that take part in the protocol; thus,
they may, in some cases, affect the measurement results. Based on a
system-specific threat assessment, the benefits of the security TLV
must be weighed against the potential measurement inaccuracy it may
inflict, and based on this trade-off, operators should make a
decision on whether or not to use authentication.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[TRILL] Perlman, R., Eastlake 3rd, D., Dutt, D., Gai, S., and
A. Ghanwani, "Routing Bridges (RBridges): Base Protocol
Specification", RFC 6325, July 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6325>.
[FGL] Eastlake 3rd, D., Zhang, M., Agarwal, P., Perlman, R.,
and D. Dutt, "Transparent Interconnection of Lots of
Links (TRILL): Fine-Grained Labeling", RFC 7172, May
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7172>.
[TRILL-FM] Senevirathne, T., Finn, N., Salam, S., Kumar, D.,
Eastlake 3rd, D., Aldrin, S., and Y. Li, "Transparent
Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Fault
Management", RFC 7455, February 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7455>.
9.2. Informative References
[OAM-REQ] Senevirathne, T., Bond, D., Aldrin, S., Li, Y., and R.
Watve, "Requirements for Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM) in Transparent Interconnection of
Lots of Links (TRILL)", RFC 6905, March 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6905>.
[OAM-FRAMEWK] Salam, S., Senevirathne, T., Aldrin, S., and D.
Eastlake 3rd, "Transparent Interconnection of Lots of
Links (TRILL) Operations, Administration, and
Maintenance (OAM) Framework", RFC 7174, May 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7174>.
[Y.1731-2013] ITU-T, "OAM functions and mechanisms for Ethernet based
Networks", ITU-T Recommendation G.8013/Y.1731, November
2013.
[802.1Q] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks -- Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and
Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks", IEEE Std
802.1Q,
October 2012.
[IEEE1588] December 2014.
[IEEE1588v1] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock
Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and
Control Systems Version 1", IEEE Standard 1588, 2002.
[IEEE1588v2] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for a Precision Clock
Synchronization Protocol for Networked Measurement and
Control Systems Version 2", IEEE Standard 1588, 2008.
[MPLS-LM-DM] Frost, D. and S. Bryant, "Packet Loss and Delay
Measurement for MPLS Networks", RFC 6374, September
2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6374>.
[OAM] Andersson, L., van Helvoort, H., Bonica, R., Romascanu,
D., and S. Mansfield, "Guidelines for the Use of the
"OAM" Acronym in the IETF", BCP 161, RFC 6291, June
2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6291>.
[IPPM-1DM] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way
Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2679, September 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2679>.
[IPPM-2DM] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A Round-
trip Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2681, September 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2681>.
[IPPM-Loss] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way
Packet Loss Metric for IPPM", RFC 2680, September 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2680>.
[OAM-Over] Mizrahi, T., Sprecher, N., Bellagamba, E., and Y.
Weingarten, "An Overview of Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM) Tools", RFC 7276, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7276>.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Adrian Farrel, Alexey Melnikov,
Jan Novak, Carlos Pignataro, Gagan Mohan Goel, Pete Resnick, and
Prabhu Raj for their helpful comments.
Authors' Addresses
Tal Mizrahi
Marvell
6 Hamada St.
Yokneam, 20692
Israel
EMail: talmi@marvell.com
Tissa Senevirathne
Cisco
375 East Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
United States
EMail: tsenevir@cisco.com
Samer Salam
Cisco
595 Burrard Street, Suite 2123
Vancouver, BC V7X 1J1
Canada
EMail: ssalam@cisco.com
Deepak Kumar
Cisco
510 McCarthy Blvd,
Milpitas, CA 95035
United States
Phone : +1 408-853-9760
EMail: dekumar@cisco.com
Donald Eastlake 3rd
Huawei Technologies
155 Beaver Street
Milford, MA 01757
United States
Phone: +1-508-333-2270
EMail: d3e3e3@gmail.com