Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) A. Johnston, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7463 Avaya
Updates: 3261, 4235 M. Soroushnejad, Ed.
Category: Standards Track V. Venkataramanan
ISSN: 2070-1721 Sylantro Systems Corp.
February
March 2015
Shared Appearances of a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Address of Record (AOR)
Abstract
This document describes the requirements and implementation of a
group telephony feature commonly known as Bridged Line Appearance
(BLA) or Multiple Line Appearance (MLA), or Shared Call/Line
Appearance (SCA). When implemented using the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP), it is referred to as shared appearances of an Address
of Record (AOR) since SIP does not have the concept of lines. This
feature is commonly offered in IP Centrex services and IP Private
Branch Exchange (IPBX) offerings and is likely to be implemented on
SIP IP telephones and SIP feature servers used in a business
environment. This feature allows several user agents (UAs) to share
a common AOR, learn about calls placed and received by other UAs in
the group, and pick up or join calls within the group. This document
discusses use cases, lists requirements, and defines extensions to
implement this feature. This specification updates RFCs 3261 and
4235.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7463.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 ....................................................4
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ...............................5
3. Usage Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .................................................5
3.1. Executive/Assistant Arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 ............................5
3.2. Call Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 .................................................5
3.3. Single Line Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ......................................6
3.4. Changing UAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ...............................................6
4. Requirements and Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 .................................6
4.1. Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ...............................................6
4.2. Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 .............................................8
5. Normative Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ..........................................10
5.1. Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ..................................................11
5.2. Shared Appearance Dialog Package Extensions . . . . . . . 11 ...............11
5.2.1. The <appearance> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ...........................11
5.2.2. The <exclusive> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ............................12
5.2.3. The <joined-dialog> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ........................13
5.2.4. The <replaced-dialog> Element . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ......................13
5.3. Shared Appearance User Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 .............................13
5.3.1. Appearance Numbers and Call Context . . . . . . . . . 16 ................17
5.3.2. Appearance Numbers and Call Control . . . . . . . . . 17 ................17
5.3.3. Appearance Numbers and Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ....................18
5.4. Appearance Agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 ..........................................18
6. XML Schema Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ..........................................21
7. Alert-Info Appearance Parameter Definition . . . . . . . . . 23 .....................23
8. User Interface Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ..................................24
8.1. Appearance Number Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ...............................24
8.1.1. Single Appearance UAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ..............................24
8.1.2. Dual Appearance UAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ................................25
8.1.3. Shared Appearance UAs with Fixed Appearance
Number . 25 .............................................25
8.1.4. Shared Appearance UAs with Variable
Appearance Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 .................................25
8.1.5. Example User Interface Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 ......................25
8.2. Call State Rendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 ......................................26
9. Interoperability with Non-shared Appearance UAs . . . . . . . 26 ................26
9.1. Appearance Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 .....................................27
9.2. Appearance Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ........................................27
9.3. UAs Supporting Dialog Events but Not Shared Appearance . 27 ....27
10. Provisioning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 ...................................27
11. Example Message Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 .........................................28
11.1. Registration and Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 ............................28
11.2. Appearance Selection for Incoming Call . . . . . . . . . 32 ...................32
11.3. Outgoing Call without Appearance Seizure . . . . . . . . 35 .................36
11.4. Outgoing Call with Appearance Seizure . . . . . . . . . 38 ....................40
11.5. Outgoing Call without Using an Appearance Number . . . . 42 .........45
11.6. Appearance Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 .......................................47
11.7. Appearance Pickup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ........................................49
11.8. Call between UAs within the Group . . . . . . . . . . . 50 ........................54
11.9. Consultation Hold with Appearances . . . . . . . . . . . 52 .......................57
11.10. Joining or Bridging an Appearance . . . . . . . . . . . 55 .......................60
11.11. Loss of Appearance during Allocation . . . . . . . . . . 58 ....................63
11.12. Appearance Seizure Contention Race Condition . . . . . . 59 ............64
11.13. Appearance Agent Subscription to UAs . . . . . . . . . . 60 ....................66
11.14. Appearance Pickup Race Condition Failure . . . . . . . . 62 ................67
11.15. Appearance Seizure Incoming/Outgoing Contention
Race Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 ..........................................70
12. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 .......................................71
13. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ...........................................72
13.1. SIP Event Header Field Parameter: shared . . . . . . . . 67 .................72
13.2. SIP Alert-Info Header Field Parameter: appearance . . . 68 ........73
13.3. URN Sub-Namespace Registration: sa-dialog-info . . . . . 68 ...........73
13.4. XML Schema Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 ..................................74
14. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 ....................................................74
14.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 .....................................74
14.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Appendix A. ...................................75
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 ..................................................76
Authors' Addresses ................................................77
1. Introduction
The feature and functionality requirements for SIP user agents (UAs)
supporting business telephony applications differ greatly from basic
SIP UAs, both in terms of services and end-user experience. In
addition to basic SIP support [RFC3261], many of the services in a
business environment require the support for SIP extensions such as
REFER [RFC3515], SUBSCRIBE/NOTIFY primitives [RFC6665] [RFC6665], PUBLISH [RFC3903], the
SIP Replaces [RFC3891], and Join [RFC3911] header fields, etc. Many
of the popular business services have been documented in the SIP
Service Examples [RFC5359].
This specification details a method for implementing a group
telephony feature known variously in telephony as Bridged Line
Appearance (BLA) or Multiple Line Appearances (MLA), one of the more
popular advanced features expected of SIP IP telephony devices in a
business environment. Other names for this feature include Shared
Call/Line Appearance (SCA), Shared Call Status and Multiple Call
Appearance (MCA). A variant of this feature is known as Single Line
Extension.
This document looks at how this feature can be implemented using
standard SIP [RFC3261] in conjunction with SIP events [RFC6665] and
publication [RFC3903] (carrying the SIP dialog state event package
[RFC4235]) for exchanging status among UAs.
In traditional telephony, the line is physical. A common scenario in
telephony is for a number of business telephones to share a single or
a small number of lines. The sharing or appearance of these lines
between a number of phones is what gives this feature its name. A
common scenario in SIP is for a number of business telephones to
share a single or a small number of Address of Record (AOR) URIs.
In addition, an AOR can have multiple appearances on a single UA in
terms of the user interface. The appearance number relates to the
user interface for the telephone; typically, each appearance of an
AOR has a visual display (lamp that can change color or blink or a
screen icon) and a button (used to select the appearance) where each
appearance number is associated with a different dialog to/from the
AOR. The telephony concept of line appearance is still relevant to
SIP due to the user interface considerations. It is important to
keep the appearance number construct because:
1. Human users are used to the concept and will expect it in
replacement systems (e.g., an overhead page announcement says
"Joe pickup line 3").
2. It is a useful structure for user interface representation.
The purpose of the appearance number is to identify active calls to
facilitate sharing between users (e.g., passing a call from one user
to another). If a telephone has enough buttons/lamps, the appearance
number could be the positional sequence number of the button. If
not, it may still be desirable to present the call state, but the
appearance number should be displayed so that users know which call,
for example, is on hold on which key.
In this document, except for the usage scenarios in the next section,
we will use the term "appearance" rather than "line appearance" since
SIP does not have the concept of lines. Note that this does not mean
that a conventional telephony user interface (lamps and buttons) must
be used: implementations may use another metaphor as long as the
appearance number is readily apparent to the user. Each AOR has a
separate appearance numbering space. As a result, a given UA user
interface may have multiple occurrences of the same appearance
number, but they will be for different AORs.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119] and
indicate requirement levels for compliant mechanisms.
3. Usage Scenarios
The following examples are common applications of the shared
appearances feature and are mentioned here as informative use cases.
All these example usages can be supported by the shared appearances
feature described in this document. The main differences relate to
the user interface considerations of the device.
3.1. Executive/Assistant Arrangement
The appearances on the executive's UA also appear on the assistant's
UA. The assistant may answer incoming calls to the executive and
then place the call on hold for the executive to pick up. The
assistant can always see the state of all calls on the executive's
UA.
3.2. Call Group
Users with similar business needs or tasks can be assigned to
specific groups and share an AOR. For example, an IT department
staff of five might answer a help line that has three appearances on
each phone in the IT work area. A call answered on one phone can be
put on hold and picked up on another phone. A shout or an IM to
another staff member can result in them taking over a call on a
particular appearance. Another phone can request to be added/joined/
bridged to an existing appearance resulting in a conference call.
3.3. Single Line Extension
In this scenario, incoming calls are offered to a group of UAs. When
one answers, the other UAs are informed. If another UA in the group
seizes the line (i.e., goes off-hook), it is immediately bridged or
joined in with the call. This mimics the way residential telephone
extensions usually operate.
3.4. Changing UAs
A user is on a call on one UA and wishes to change devices and
continue the call on another UA. They place the call on hold, note
the appearance number of the call, then walk to another UA. They are
able to identify the same appearance number on the other UA, pick up
the call, and continue the conversation.
4. Requirements and Implementation
The next section details the requirements and discusses the
implementation of the shared appearance appearances feature.
4.1. Requirements
The basic requirements of the shared appearance appearances feature can be
summarized as follows:
REQ-1: Incoming calls to the AOR must be offered to a group of UAs
and can be answered by any of them.
REQ-2: Each UA in the group must be able to learn the call status
of the others in the group for the purpose of rendering this
information to the user.
REQ-3: A UA must be able to join (also called bridge or conference
together) or pick up (take) an active call of another UA in
the group in a secure way.
REQ-4: The mechanism should require the minimal amount of
configuration. UAs registering against the group AOR should
be able to participate in the shared appearance group
without manual configuration of group members.
REQ-5: The mechanism must scale for large numbers of appearances
and large numbers of UAs without introducing excessive
messaging traffic.
REQ-6: Each call or session (incoming or outgoing) should be
assigned a common "appearance" number from a managed pool
administered for the AOR group. Once the session has
terminated, the appearance number is released back into the
pool and can be reused by another incoming or outgoing
session.
REQ-7: Each UA in the group must be able to learn the status of all
appearances of the group.
REQ-8: There must be mechanisms to resolve appearance contention
among the UAs in the group. Contention in this context
means an appearance number being associated with multiple
dialogs that are not mixed or otherwise associated.
REQ-9: The mechanism must allow all UAs receiving an incoming
session request to utilize the same appearance number at the
time of alerting.
REQ-10: The mechanism must have a way of reconstructing appearance
state after an outage that does not result in excessive
traffic and processing.
REQ-11: The mechanism must have backwards compatibility such that a
UA that is unaware of the feature can still register against
the group AOR and make and receive calls.
REQ-12: The mechanism must not allow UAs outside the group to
select, seize, or manipulate appearance numbers.
REQ-13: For privacy reasons, there must be a mechanism so that
appearance information is not leaked outside the group of
UAs (e.g., "So who do you have on line 1?").
REQ-14: The mechanism must support a way for UAs to request
exclusivity on a line appearance. Exclusivity means that
the UA requesting it desires a private conversation with the
external party and other UAs must not be allowed to join or
take the call. Exclusivity may be requested at the start of
an incoming or outgoing session or during the session. An
exclusivity request may be accepted or rejected by the
entity providing the shared appearance service. Therefore,
the mechanism must provide a way of communicating the result
back to the requester UA.
REQ-15: The mechanism should support a way for a UA to seize a
particular appearance number for outgoing requests prior to
sending the actual request. This is often called seizure.
REQ-16: The mechanism should support a way for a UA to seize a
particular appearance number and also send the request at
the same time. This is needed when an automatic ringdown
feature (a telephone configured to immediately dial a phone
number when it goes off-hook) is combined with shared
appearances. In this case, seizing the line is integrated
with dialing.
4.2. Implementation
This section non-normatively discusses the implementation of the
shared appearance appearances feature. The normative description is in
Section 5. Many of the requirements for this service can be met
using standard SIP mechanisms such as:
o A SIP Forking Proxy and Registrar/Location Service meets REQ-1.
o The SIP Dialog Package meets REQ-2.
o The combination of the SIP Replaces and Join header fields meets
REQ-3.
o The use of a State Agent for the Dialog Package meets REQ-4 and
REQ-5.
REQ-6 suggests the need for an entity that manages the appearance
resource. Just as conferencing systems commonly have a single point
of control, known as a focus, a shared appearance group has a single
point of control of the appearance shared resource. This is defined
as an Appearance Agent for a group. While an Appearance Agent can be
part of a centralized server, it could also be co-resident in a
member UA that has taken on this functionality for a group. The
Appearance Agent knows or is able to determine the dialog state of
all members of the group.
While the appearance resource could be managed cooperatively by a
group of UAs without any central control, this is outside the scope
of this document. It is also possible that the Appearance Agent
logic could be distributed in all UAs in the group. For example,
rules that govern assigning appearance numbers for incoming requests
(e.g., lowest available appearance number) and rules for contention
handling (e.g., when two UAs request the use of the same appearance
number, hash dialog identifiers and compare with the lowest hash
winning) would need to be defined and implemented.
To best meet REQ-9, the appearance number for an incoming INVITE
needs to be contained in the INVITE, in addition to being delivered
in the dialog package NOTIFY. Otherwise, if the NOTIFY is delayed or
lost, a UA in the group might receive an incoming INVITE but might
not know which appearance number to render during alerting.
This specification defines an extension parameter, which is
normatively defined in Section 7, for the Alert-Info header field in
RFC 3261 to carry the appearance number:
Alert-Info: <urn:alert:service:normal>;appearance=1
The following list describes the operation of the shared appearance appearances
feature.
1. A UA is configured with the AOR of a shared appearance group. It
registers against the AOR, then attempts a dialog state
subscription to the AOR. If the subscription fails, loops back
to itself, or returns an error, it knows there is no State Agent
and, hence, no Appearance Agent and this feature is not
implemented.
2. If the subscription receives a 200 OK, the UA knows there is a
State Agent and that the feature is implemented. The UA then
follows the steps in this list.
3. Information learned about the dialog state of other UAs in the
group is rendered to the user.
4. Incoming calls are forked to all UAs in the group, and any may
answer. UAs receive the appearance number to use in rendering
the incoming call in a NOTIFY from the Appearance Agent and in
the INVITE itself. The UA will also receive a notification if
the call is answered by another UA in the group so this
information can be rendered to the user.
5. For outgoing calls, the operation depends on the implementation.
If the user seizes a particular appearance number for the call,
the UA publishes the trying state dialog information with the
desired appearance number and waits for a 2xx response before
sending the INVITE.
6. For outgoing calls, if the user does not seize a particular
appearance or does not care, the INVITE can be sent immediately,
and the appearance number learned as the call progresses from a
notification from the Appearance Agent.
7. For outgoing calls, if the user does not want an appearance
number assigned (such as during a consultation call or if a UA is
fetching 'service media' such as music on hold [RFC7088]), the UA
also publishes prior to sending the INVITE but does not include
an appearance number in the publication.
8. Established calls within the group may be joined (bridged) or
taken (picked) by another UA. Information in the dialog package
notifications can be used to construct Join or Replaces header
fields. Since the same appearance number is used for these types
of operations, this information is published prior to sending the
INVITE Join or INVITE Replaces.
9. The Appearance Agent may not have direct access to the complete
dialog state of some or all of the UAs in the group. If this is
the case, the Appearance Agent will subscribe to the dialog state
of individual UAs in the group to obtain this information. In
any case, the Appearance Agent will send normal notifications
(via the subscriptions established by the UAs in step 1) every
time the aggregate dialog state of the AOR changes, including
when calls are placed, answered, placed on and off hold, and hung
up.
5. Normative Description
This section normatively describes the shared appearance appearances feature
extensions. The following definitions are used throughout this
document:
Appearance number: An appearance number is a positive integer
associated with one or more dialogs of an AOR. Appearance numbers
are managed by an Appearance Agent and displayed and rendered to
the user by UAs that support this specification. When an
appearance number is assigned or requested, generally the assigned
number is the smallest positive integer that is not currently
assigned as an appearance number to a dialog for this AOR. This
specification does not define an upper limit on appearance
numbers; however, using appearance numbers that are not easily
represented using common integer representations is likely to
cause failures.
Seizing: An appearance can be reserved prior to a call being placed
by seizing the appearance. An appearance can be seized by
communicating an artificial state of "trying" prior to actually
initiating a dialog (i.e., sending the INVITE), in order to appear
as if it were already initiating a dialog.
Selecting (or Not-Seizing): An appearance is merely selected (i.e.,
not seized) if there is no such communication of artificial state
of "trying" prior to initiating a dialog: i.e., the state is
communicated when the dialog is actually initiated. The
appearance number is learned after the INVITE is sent.
5.1. Elements
A complete system to implement this feature consists of:
1. UAs that support publications, subscriptions, and notifications
for the SIP dialog event package and the shared appearance dialog
package extensions and behavior.
2. An Appearance Agent consisting of a State Agent for the dialog
event package that implements an Event State Compositor (ESC) and
the shared appearance dialog package extensions and behavior.
The Appearance Agent also has logic for assigning and releasing
appearance numbers and resolving appearance number contention.
3. A forking proxy server that can communicate with the State Agent.
4. A registrar that supports the registration event package.
The behavior of these elements is described normatively in the
following sections after the definitions of the dialog package
extensions.
5.2. Shared Appearance Dialog Package Extensions
This specification defines four new elements as extensions to the SIP
Dialog Event package [RFC4235]. The schema is defined in Section 6.
The elements are <appearance>, <exclusive>, <joined-dialog>, and
<replaced-dialog>, which are sub-elements of the <dialog> element.
5.2.1. The <appearance> Element
The <appearance> element, a child of the <dialog> element, is used to
convey the appearance number of the dialog described by the parent
<dialog> element. When sent by a UA in a PUBLISH with parent
<dialog> with state attribute "trying" to the Appearance Agent, the
UA is requesting assignment of the given appearance number to the
current or future dialog with the given dialog identifiers. When an
<appearance> element is sent by the Appearance Agent in a NOTIFY, it
indicates that the appearance number has been assigned to the
specified dialog.
Note that a <dialog-info> element describes the contained dialogs
from the point of view of the UA (named by the "entity" attribute),
regardless of whether the containing request is sent by the UA or the
Appearance Agent. In particular, if the UA sent a request within the
described dialog, the To header field URI would match the <remote>
<identity> value and the to-tag parameter would match the remote-tag
attribute. Similarly, the From header field URI would match the
<local> <identity> value and the from-tag parameter would match the
local-tag attribute.
5.2.2. The <exclusive> Element
The <exclusive> element, a child of the <dialog> element, is a
boolean, which, when true, indicates that the UA is not willing to
accept an INVITE with a Join or Replaces header field targeted to the
dialog described by the <dialog> element that is the parent of the
<exclusive> element. For example, some shared appearance systems
only allow call pickup when the call is on hold. In this case, the
<exclusive> element should be set to "false" when the call is held
and "true" when the call is not held, rather than having the
"exclusive" value implied by the hold state.
It is important to note that this element is a hint. In order to
prevent another UA from taking or joining a call, a UA can, in
addition to setting the <exclusive> tag, not report full dialog
information to the Appearance Agent. Not having the full dialog
information (Call-ID, remote-tag, and local-tag) prevents another UA
from constructing a Join or Replaces header field. Although a UA may
set <exclusive> to "true", the UA must still be ready to reject an
INVITE Join relating to this dialog. If these dialog identifiers
have already been shared with the Appearance Agent, the UA could send
an INVITE Replaces to change them and then not report the new ones to
the Appearance Agent.
If the proxy knows which dialogs are marked exclusive, the proxy MAY
enforce this exclusivity by rejecting INVITE Join and INVITE Replaces
requests containing those dialog identifiers with a 403 (Forbidden)
response.
Note that exclusivity has nothing to do with appearance number
selection or seizing -- instead, it is about call control
operations that can be performed on a dialog.
If the <exclusive> element is not present, it is assumed to be false.
5.2.3. The <joined-dialog> Element
The <joined-dialog> element, a child of the <dialog> element, is used
to convey dialog identifiers of any other dialogs that are joined
(mixed or bridged) with the dialog. Only the UA that is the common
endpoint of the mixed dialogs (and thus controlling the mixing
operation) should include this element in publications to the
Appearance Agent. Note that this element should still be used even
when the Join header field was not used to join the dialogs. For
example, two separate dialogs on a UA could be joined without any SIP
call control operations. Joined dialogs will share the same
appearance number.
If the <joined-dialog> element is not present, it is assumed that the
dialog is not joined or to be joined to any other dialog.
5.2.4. The <replaced-dialog> Element
The <replaced-dialog> element, a child of the <dialog> element, is
used to convey dialog identifiers of any other dialogs that will be
or have been replaced with this dialog. For example, a UA in the
group picking up a call on another UA by sending an INVITE with
Replaces would include this element for the replacing dialog.
Replaced dialogs will share the same appearance number.
If the <replaced-dialog> element is not present, it is assumed that
the dialog has not replaced or is not to replace to any other dialog.
5.3. Shared Appearance User Agents
UAs that support the shared appearance appearances feature use the dialog state
package [RFC4235] with the shared appearance extensions and the
'shared' Event header field parameter defined in Section 13.
UAs use the dialog package extensions in Section 5.2 along with
SUBSCRIBE [RFC6665], NOTIFY [RFC6665], and PUBLISH [RFC3903].
SUBSCRIBE, NOTIFY, and PUBLISH requests for the dialog event package
include the 'shared' Event header field parameter as required by this
specification.
The presence of the 'shared' Event header field parameter tells
the Appearance Agent that the UA supports this specification.
Upon initialization, the UA MUST subscribe to the dialog event
package of the AOR and refresh the subscription per the SIP Events
Framework [RFC6665]. If the SUBSCRIBE request fails, then no
Appearance Agent may be present and this feature is not active for
this AOR. The UA MAY periodically retry the subscription to see if
conditions have changed at intervals no shorter than four hours.
Four hours was chosen to limit the subscription test to six per
day per UA. Increasing this interval would reduce this failure
traffic but take longer for a newly activated Appearance Agent to
be discovered.
UAs can also use the presence of the 'shared' Event header field
parameter in NOTIFYs to discover the presence of an Appearance Agent
for the AOR.
UAs that implement the shared appearances feature, call pickup,
joining, and bridging MUST support sending an INVITE with Replaces
[RFC3891] or Join [RFC3911]. The User Agent Client (UAC) needs to
include the to-tag and from-tag information in the Replaces or Join
header so that the correct dialog will be matched by the User Agent
Server (UAS) per the rules in RFCs 3891 and 3911.
All UAs that implement the shared appearances feature and support
INVITE MUST support receiving an INVITE with a Replaces [RFC3891] or
a Join [RFC3911] header field.
When publishing or notifying dialog package information, a UA
includes the largest set of dialog identification available at the
time of publication, with the exception that a UA may omit
information if it wishes to prevent other UAs from joining or picking
up a call. Dialog identification includes local and remote target
URIs, call-id, to-tag, and from-tag. While this dialog
identification information is optional in [RFC4235], it is essential
in the shared appearance appearances feature, allowing call control operations.
When placing calls on hold, use the "+sip.rendering=no" feature tag
to indicate this in dialog package notifications. Using the full SDP
session description instead forces the endpoint to do a lot of extra
parsing, unnecessarily complicating the code and inviting errors.
The accurate rendering of the idle/active/alerting/hold state of
other UAs in the group is an important part of the shared
appearance
appearances feature.
A UA that does not need to seize a particular appearance number (or
doesn't care) would just send an INVITE as normal to place an
outbound call.
If the call is an emergency call, a UA MUST never wait for a
confirmed seizure before sending an INVITE. Instead, the emergency
call MUST proceed without waiting for the PUBLISH transaction.
If a UA requires a particular appearance number, the a UA MUST send a
dialog package PUBLISH request and wait for a 2xx response before
sending the INVITE. This is required in the following situations:
1. When the user seizes a particular appearance number for an
outgoing call (e.g., seizing the appearance and going "off-hook",
if the UA's user interface uses this metaphor).
2. When the user has requested that an appearance number not be used
for an outgoing call (i.e., during a consultation call, a
'service media' call such as for music on hold [RFC7088], or for
a call not considered part of the shared appearance group).
3. When the user has selected to join (or bridge) an existing call.
4. When the user has selected to replace (or take) an existing call.
Note that when a UA seizes an appearance prior to establishment of a
dialog (numbers 1 and 2 in the above list), not all dialog
information will be available. In particular, when a UA publishes an
attempt to seize an appearance prior to knowing the destination URI,
minimal or no dialog information may be available. For example, in
some cases, only the local target URI for the call will be known: not
any dialog information. If the From tag and Call-ID were not present
in the initial PUBLISH, a new PUBLISH MUST be sent as soon as this
information is available.
The first publication will cause the Appearance Agent to reserve
the appearance number for this UA. If the publication does not
have any dialog identifiers (e.g., Call-ID or local-tag), the
Appearance Agent cannot assign the appearance number to a
particular dialog of the UA until the second publication, which
will contain some dialog identifiers.
This publication state is refreshed as described in [RFC3903] during
the early dialog state or the Appearance Agent may reassign the
appearance number. Once the dialog has transitioned to the confirmed
state, no publication refreshes are necessary.
This specification assumes that the Appearance Agent has other
means besides UA publication to learn about the state of UA
dialogs. In this specification, PUBLISH is used to indicate
desired and intended appearance number operations. Once a dialog
transitions from early to confirmed, this role is over; hence, no
publication refreshes are needed.
Appearance numbers are a shorthand label for active and pending
dialogs related to an AOR. Many of the features and services built
using this extension rely on the correct rendering of this
information to the human user. In addition, the group nature of the
feature means that the rendering must be similar between different
vendors and different models. Failure to do so will greatly reduce
the value and usefulness of these protocol extensions. In a
correctly designed user interface for this feature, the appearances
number for each active and pending dialog is explicitly (i.e., by
appearance number) or implicitly (using a user interface metaphor
that makes the numbering and ordering clear to the user) rendered to
the user. The far-end identity of each dialog (e.g., the remote
party identity) is not a useful replacement for the appearance
number. The state of each appearance is also to be rendered (idle,
active, busy, joined, etc.). UAs can tell that a set of dialogs are
joined (bridged or mixed) together by the presence of one or more
<joined-dialog> elements containing other SIP dialog identifiers.
Appearance numbers of dialogs can be learned by dialog package
notifications containing the <appearance> element from the Appearance
Agent or from the 'appearance' Alert-Info parameter in an incoming
INVITE. Should they conflict, the dialog package notification takes
precedence.
A user may select an appearance number but then abandon placing a
call (go back on-hook). In this case, the UA frees up the appearance
number by removing the event state with a PUBLISH as described in
[RFC3903]. A failure to do this will require unnecessary operations
by the Appearance Agent and tie up appearance numbers that could
otherwise be used by other UAs in the shared appearance group.
A UA SHOULD register against the AOR only if it is likely the UA will
be answering incoming calls. If the UA is mainly going to be
monitoring the status of the shared appearance group calls and
picking or joining calls, the UA SHOULD only subscribe to the AOR and
not register against the AOR. If a monitoring UA registers rather
than just subscribing, it generates large amounts of unnecessary
network traffic.
All subscribed UAs will receive dialog package NOTIFYs of trying
state for incoming INVITEs.
A UA MUST NOT insert an 'appearance' parameter into an Alert-Info
header field in an INVITE or other request.
The Appearance Agent is solely responsible for doing this.
5.3.1. Appearance Numbers and Call Context
There are cases where two separate dialogs at a UA are not mixed but
share the same 'context'. That is, they relate to each other and
should not be treated the same as any other two dialogs within the
group. One example of this is a 'consultation call' where a user
puts an existing dialog on hold, then calls another user, before
switching back to the original dialog. Another case, described
below, occurs during transfer operations, where for a transient
period, a UA is involved in dialogs with two other UAs, but the
dialogs are related, and should not be treated as independent
dialogs. These cases are best handled by not assigning an appearance
number to a newly created dialog when it shares a context with an
existing dialog. But if the preexisting dialog is terminated, its
appearance number should be reassigned to the newly created dialog.
A UA that wants to place a call but does not have an appearance
number assigned sends a PUBLISH before sending the INVITE. The
PUBLISH does not have an 'appearance' element present, but it does
have the 'shared' Event header field parameter present. If the
Appearance Agent policy does not allow calls without an assigned
appearance number, a 400 (Bad Request) response is sent by the
Appearance Agent and the UA will republish either selecting/seizing
an appearance number or send the INVITE without publishing, in which
case the Appearance Agent will assign one.
Note that if an Appearance Agent rejects calls without an
appearance number, certain operations such as consultation calls,
transfer, and music on hold may be negatively impacted.
5.3.2. Appearance Numbers and Call Control
When an INVITE is generated to attempt to bridge or take a call
(i.e., contains Join or Replaces with a dialog identifier of another
dialog in the shared appearance group), the UA MUST first send a
PUBLISH to the Appearance Agent. This PUBLISH will contain:
1. The appearance number of the joined or replaced call in the
<appearance> element
2. The dialog information from the Join header field in the <joined-
dialog> element, if the dialog is being joined
3. The dialog information from the Replaces header field in the
<replaced-dialog> element, if the dialog is being replaced
Note that this information is provided to the Appearance Agent so
that it can provide proper appearance assignment behavior. If the
INVITE Join or Replaces was sent without publishing first, the
Appearance Agent might assign a new appearance number to this
INVITE, which would be a mistake. With Join, the publication has
the <joined-dialog> element to prevent the Appearance Agent from
generating a 400 (Bad Request) response due to the reuse of an
appearance number. For Replaces, the purpose of the <replaced-
dialog> is to prevent a race condition where the BYE could cause
the appearance number to be released when it should stay with the
replacing dialog.
5.3.3. Appearance Numbers and Transfer
During a transfer operation, it is important that the appearance
number not change during the operation. Consider the example of
Alice, a member of a shared appearance group, who is talking to
Carol, who is outside the shared appearance group. Carol transfers
Alice to David, who is also outside the shared appearance group. For
example, if Alice is using appearance 3 for the session with Carol,
the resulting session with David should also use appearance number 3.
Otherwise, an appearance number change can cause a "jump" on the UI
and confusion to the user. There are two possible scenarios using
the terminology of RFC 5589: Alice is the transferee in any type of
transfer (receives the REFER) or the transfer target in an attended
transfer (receives the INVITE with Replaces).
If Alice is the transferee, the triggered INVITE from the REFER is
treated as a consultation call. Alice SHOULD publish requesting that
the Appearance Agent not assign an appearance number for this INVITE.
When the transfer completes, Alice SHOULD publish again to move the
appearance number from the dialog with Carol to the dialog with
David. If a PUBLISH is sent to move the appearance number, the
publication MUST be sent prior to sending the BYE to Carol to avoid a
race condition where the Appearance Agent reassigns the appearance
number after seeing the BYE.
If Alice is the target, the incoming INVITE will contain a Replaces
header field. As a result, the Appearance Agent will have reused the
appearance number of the dialog with Carol, and this appearance
number will continue to be used after the dialog with Carol has been
terminated.
5.4. Appearance Agent
An Appearance Agent defined in this specification MUST implement a
dialog package state agent for the UAs registered against the AOR.
The Appearance Agent MUST support the appearance dialog package
extensions defined in Section 5.2 and use the 'shared' Event header
field parameter. The Appearance Agent MUST support publications and
subscriptions for this event package.
The Appearance Agent MUST have a way of discovering the state of all
dialogs associated with the AOR. If this information is not
available from a call stateful proxy or Back-to-Back User Agent
(B2BUA), the Appearance Agent can use the registration event package
[RFC3680] to learn of UAs associated with the AOR and subscribe to
their dialog event state. An Appearance Agent can also subscribe to
a UA's dialog event state in order to reconstruct state. As a
result, the registrar MUST support the registration event package.
Dialog package notifications are recommended by RFC 4235 to "only
contain information on the dialogs whose state or participation
information has changed." This specification extends RFC 4235 as
follows. The Appearance Agent SHOULD send dialog event state
notifications whenever the following events happen to UAs in the AOR
group:
1. A call is received, placed, answered, or terminated.
2. A call is placed on or off hold.
3. A call is joined or replaced.
4. An appearance number is reserved or released.
The Appearance Agent MUST allocate an appearance number for all
incoming calls and send immediate notifications to the UAs subscribed
to the shared group AOR. A new appearance number is allocated except
for an incoming INVITE with a Join or Replaces header field. For
this case, the appearance number should match the appearance number
of the dialog being joined or replaced. If the INVITE Replaces or
Join comes from outside the shared appearance group, the Appearance
Agent will include a <joined-dialog> or <replaced-dialog> element in
the NOTIFY containing the dialog information from the Replaces or
Joined header field.
The Appearance Agent MUST be able to communicate with the forking
proxy to learn about incoming calls and also to pass the appearance
number to the proxy or ensure the Alert-Info header field is included
in the INVITE with the appropriate appearance number.
Note that UAs need to be able to handle incoming INVITEs without
an appearance number assigned. This could be caused by a failure
of the Appearance Agent or other error condition. Although the
proper rendering of the INVITE may not be possible, this is better
than ignoring or failing the INVITE.
An Appearance Agent SHOULD assign an appearance number to an outgoing
dialog if a PUBLISH has not been received selecting/seizing a
particular appearance number.
Note that if the shared appearance group has appearance-unaware
UAs making calls, the Appearance Agent will still allocate
appearance numbers for INVITEs sent by those UAs.
An Appearance Agent receiving a PUBLISH with an appearance number
checks to make sure the publication is valid. An appearance number
can be assigned to only one dialog unless there is a <joined-dialog>
or <replaced-dialog> element indicating that the dialog will be/has
been replaced or joined. A 400 (Bad Request) response is returned if
the chosen appearance number is invalid, and an immediate NOTIFY
SHOULD be sent to the UA containing full dialog event state.
An Appearance Agent receiving a PUBLISH without an appearance number
but with the 'shared' Event header field parameter present interprets
this as a request by the UA to not assign an appearance number. If
the Appearance Agent policy does not allow this, a 400 (Bad Request)
response is returned. If policy does allow this, a 200 (OK) response
is returned and no appearance number is allocated. An Appearance
Agent does not have to share this dialog information (i.e., send a
NOTIFY) with other UAs in the group as the information will not be
rendered by the other UAs.
The Appearance Agent allocates an appearance number to a dialog from
the time the appearance is requested via a PUBLISH or from the
receipt of an INVITE to the time when the last dialog associated with
the appearance is terminated, including all dialogs that are joined
or replaced. During the early dialog state, the Appearance Agent
controls the rate of dialog state publication using the Expires
header field in 200 (OK) responses to PUBLISH requests. An interval
of 3 minutes is RECOMMENDED. After the dialog associated with the
publication has been confirmed, the expiration of the publication
state has no effect on the appearance allocation. If the publication
contains no dialog state information, the Appearance Agent MUST
reserve the appearance number for the UA but cannot assign the
appearance to any particular dialog of the UA. When the publication
state is updated with any dialog information, the appearance number
can then be assigned to the particular dialog. A UA that has been
allocated an appearance number using a PUBLISH MAY free up the
appearance number by removing the event state with a PUBLISH as
described in [RFC3903].
If an INVITE is sent by a member of the group to the shared AOR
(i.e., they call their own AOR), the Appearance Agent MUST assign two
appearance numbers. The first appearance number will be the one
selected or assigned to the outgoing INVITE. The second appearance
number will be another one assigned by the Appearance Agent for the
INVITE as it is forked back to the members of the group.
The is to preserve a common behavior in legacy systems.
If an INVITE is sent by a member of the group using the shared AOR or
sent to the shared AOR and no appearance number is available, the
proxy MAY reject the INVITE with a 403 (Forbidden) response code.
Appearance numbers are only used for dialogs in which one or more UAs
associated with the group AOR are participants. If an incoming
INVITE to the group AOR is forwarded to another AOR, the appearance
number is immediately freed up and can be assigned to another dialog.
6. XML Schema Definition
The 'appearance', 'joined-dialog', 'replaced-dialog', and 'exclusive'
elements are defined within a new XML namespace URI. This namespace
is "urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info". The schema for these
elements is:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<xs:schema
targetNamespace="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
elementFormDefault="qualified">
<xs:element name="joined-dialog" minOccurs="0"
maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:attribute name="call-id" type="xs:string"
use="mandatory"/>
<xs:attribute name="local-tag" type="xs:string"
use="mandatory"/>
<xs:attribute name="remote-tag" type="xs:string"
use="mandatory"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="replaced-dialog" minOccurs="0"
maxOccurs="unbounded">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:attribute name="call-id" type="xs:string"
use="mandatory"/>
<xs:attribute name="local-tag" type="xs:string"
use="mandatory"/>
<xs:attribute name="remote-tag" type="xs:string"
use="mandatory"/>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="appearance" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
<xs:simpleType type="xs:integer">
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>
<xs:element name="exclusive" minOccurs="0" maxOccurs="1">
<xs:simpleType type="xs:boolean">
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>
</xs:schema>
7. Alert-Info Appearance Parameter Definition
This specification extends [RFC3261] to add an 'appearance' parameter
to the Alert-Info header field and also to allow proxies to modify or
delete the Alert-Info header field.
The changes to the ABNF [RFC5234] in RFC 3261 are:
alert-param = LAQUOT absoluteURI RAQUOT *( SEMI
(generic-param / appearance-param) )
appearance-param = "appearance" EQUAL 1*DIGIT
A proxy inserting an 'appearance' Alert-Info parameter follows normal
Alert-Info policies. To indicate the appearance number for this
dialog, the proxy adds the Alert-Info header field with the
'appearance' parameter to the INVITE. If an Alert-Info is already
present, the proxy adds the 'appearance' parameter to the Alert-Info
header field. If an appearance number parameter is already present
(associated with another AOR or by mistake), the value is rewritten
adding the new appearance number. There MUST NOT be more than one
appearance parameter in an Alert-Info header field.
If no special ringtone is desired, a normal ringtone SHOULD be
indicated using the urn:alert:service:normal in the Alert-Info, as
per [RFC7462]. The appearance number present in an Alert-Info header
field SHOULD be rendered by the UA to the user, following the
guidelines in Section 5.3. If the INVITE is forwarded to another
AOR, the appearance parameter in the Alert-Info SHOULD be removed
before forwarding outside the group.
The determination as to what value to use in the appearance parameter
can be done at the proxy that forks the incoming request to all the
registered UAs.
There is a variety of ways the proxy can determine what value it
should use to populate this parameter. For example, the proxy
could fetch this information by initiating a SUBSCRIBE request
with Expires: 0 to the Appearance Agent for the AOR to fetch the
list of lines that are in use. Alternatively, it could act like a
UA that is a part of the shared appearance group and SUBSCRIBE to
the State-Agent like any other UA. This would ensure that the
active dialog information is available without having to poll on a
need basis. It could keep track of the list of active calls for
the appearance AOR based on how many unique INVITE requests it has
forked to or received from the appearance AOR. Another approach
would be for the Proxy to first send the incoming INVITE to the
Appearance Agent, which would redirect to the shared appearance
group URI and escape the proper Alert-Info header field for the
Proxy to recurse and distribute to the other UAs in the group.
The Appearance Agent needs to know about all incoming requests to
the AOR in order to seize the appearance number. One way in which
this could be done is for the Appearance Agent to register against
the AOR with a higher q value. This will result in the INVITE
being sent to the Appearance Agent first, then being offered to
the UAs in the group.
8. User Interface Considerations
The appearance number allocated to a call is an important concept
that enables calls to be handled by multiple devices with
heterogeneous user interfaces in a manner that still allows users to
see a consistent model. Careful treatment of the appearance number
is essential to meet the expectations of the users. Also, rendering
the correct call/appearance state to users is also important.
8.1. Appearance Number Rendering
Since different UAs have different user interface capabilities, it is
usual to find that some UAs have restrictions that others do not.
Perfect interoperability across all UAs is clearly not possible, but
by careful design, interoperability up to the limits of each UA can
be achieved.
The following guidelines suggest how the appearance number should be
handled in three typical user interface implementations.
8.1.1. Single Appearance UAs
These devices are constrained by only having the capability of
displaying status indications for a single appearance. The UA SHOULD
still send messages annotated with appearance number "1". Any call
indications for appearances other than for number "1" SHOULD be
rejected with a 480 (Temporarily Unavailable) or 486 (Busy Here)
response. Note that this means that a single appearance UA cannot
answer its own call to the shared AOR, since this call would use a
second appearance number.
8.1.2. Dual Appearance UAs
These devices are essentially single appearance phones that implement
call waiting. They have a very simple user interface that allows
them to switch between two appearances (toggle or flash hook) and
perhaps audible tones to indicate the status of the other appearance.
Only appearance numbers "1" and "2" will be used by these UAs.
8.1.3. Shared Appearance UAs with Fixed Appearance Number
This UA is the typical 'business-class' hard-phone. A number of
appearances are typically configured statically and labeled on
buttons, and calls may be managed using these configured appearances.
Any calls outside this range should be rejected, and not mapped to a
free button. Users of these devices often seize specific appearance
numbers for outgoing calls, and the UA will need to seize the
appearance number and wait for confirmation from the Appearance Agent
before proceeding with calls.
8.1.4. Shared Appearance UAs with Variable Appearance Numbers
This UA is typically a soft-phone or graphically rich user interface
hard-phone. In these cases, even the idea of an appearance index may
seem unnecessary. However, for these phones to be able to interwork
successfully with other phone types, it is important that they still
use the appearance index to govern the order of appearance of calls
in progress. No specific guidance on presentation is given except
that the order should be consistent. These devices can typically
make calls without waiting for confirmation from the Appearance Agent
on the appearance number.
8.1.5. Example User Interface Issues
The problems faced by each style of user interface are readily seen
in this example:
1. A call arrives at the shared appearance group and is assigned an
appearance number of "1". All UAs should be able to render to
the user the arrival of this call.
2. Another call arrives at the shared appearance group and is
assigned an appearance number of "2". The single appearance UA
should not present this call to the user. Other UAs should have
no problems presenting this call distinctly from the first call.
3. The first call clears, releasing appearance number "1". The
single appearance UA should now be indicating no calls since it
is unable to manage calls other than on the first appearance.
Both shared appearance UAs should clearly show that appearance
number "1" is now free, but that there is still a call on
appearance number "2".
4. A third call arrives and is assigned the appearance number of
"1". All UAs should be able to render the arrival of this new
call to the user. Multiple appearance UAs should continue to
indicate the presence of the second call, and they should also
ensure that the presentation order is related to the appearance
number and not the order of call arrival.
8.2. Call State Rendering
UAs that implement the shared appearance appearances feature typically have a
user interface that provides the state of other appearances in the
group. As dialog state NOTIFYs from the Appearance Agent are
processed, this information can be rendered. Even the simplest user
interface typically has three states: idle, active, and hold. The
idle state, usually indicated by lamp off, is indicated for an
appearance when the appearance number is not associated with any
dialogs, as reported by the Appearance Agent. The active state,
usually indicated by a lamp on, means that an appearance number is
associated with at least one dialog, as reported by the Appearance
Agent. The hold state, often indicated by a blinking lamp, means the
call state from the perspective of the UA in the shared appearance
group is hold. This can be determined by the presence of the
"+sip.rendering=no" feature tag [RFC3840] with the local target URI.
Note that the hold state of the remote target URI is not relevant to
this display. For joined dialogs, the state is rendered as hold only
if all local target URIs are indicated with the "+sip.rendering=no"
feature tag.
9. Interoperability with Non-shared Appearance UAs
It is desirable to allow a basic UA that does not directly support
shared appearance to be part of a shared appearance group. To
support this, the Proxy must collaborate with the Appearance Agent.
This is not required in the basic shared appearance architecture;
consequently, shared appearance interoperability with non-shared
appearance UAs will not be available in all shared appearance
deployments.
First, a UA that does not support dialog events or the shared
appearance
appearances feature will be discussed. Then, a UA that does support
dialog events but not the shared appearance appearances feature will be
discussed.
9.1. Appearance Assignment
A UA that has no knowledge of appearances will only have appearance
numbers for outgoing calls if assigned by the Appearance Agent. If
the non-shared appearance UA does not support Join or Replaces, all
dialogs SHOULD be marked "exclusive" to indicate that these options
are not available. Marking these dialogs "exclusive" provides a
better user experience and avoids extra SIP messaging failures.
9.2. Appearance Release
In all cases, the Appearance Agent must be aware of the dialog
lifetime to release appearances back into the group.
It is also desirable that any dialog state changes (such as hold,
etc.) be made available to other UAs in the group through the Dialog
Event Package. If the Appearance Agent includes a proxy that Record-
Routes for dialogs from the non-shared-appearance-aware UA, the
Appearance Agent will know about the state of dialogs including hold,
etc. This information could be determined from inspection of non-
end-to-end-encrypted INVITE and re-INVITE messages and added to the
dialog information conveyed to other UAs.
9.3. UAs Supporting Dialog Events but Not Shared Appearance
Interoperability with UAs that support dialog events but not the
shared appearance appearances feature is more straightforward. As before, all
appearance number assignments must be done by the Appearance Agent.
The Appearance Agent SHOULD still include appearance information in
NOTIFYs -- this UA will simply ignore this extra information. This
type of UA will also ignore appearance number limitations and may
attempt to join or replace dialogs marked exclusive. As a result,
the Proxy or UAs need to reject such requests or the dialogs will be
joined or taken.
10. Provisioning Considerations
UAs can automatically discover if this feature is active for an AOR
by looking for the 'shared' Event header field parameter in a
response to a dialog package SUBSCRIBE to the AOR, so no provisioning
for this is needed.
The registrar will need to be provisioned to accept either first or
third party registrations for the shared AOR. First party
registration means the To and From URIs in the REGISTER request are
the shared AOR URI. Third-party registration means the To URI is the
shared AOR URI and the From URI is a different AOR, perhaps that of
the individual user. Either the credentials of the shared AOR or the
user MUST be accepted by the registrar and the Appearance Agent,
depending on the authorization policy in place for the domain.
If the Appearance Agent needs to subscribe to the dialog state of the
UAs, then the Appearance Agent and the UAs need to be provisioned
with credentials so the UAs can authenticate the Appearance Agent.
In some cases, UAs in the shared appearance group might have a UI
limitation on the number of appearances that can be rendered.
Typically, this will be hard-phones with buttons/lamps instead of
more flexible UIs. In this case, it can be useful for the Appearance
Agent to know this maximum number. This can allow the Appearance
Agent to apply policy when this limit is reached, e.g., deny a call.
However, this mechanism does not provide any way to discover this by
protocol means.
11. Example Message Flows
The next section shows call flow and message examples. The flows and
descriptions are non-normative. Note that, in these examples, all
INVITEs sent by a UA in the group will be From the shared AOR
(sip:HelpDesk@example.com in this case), and all INVITES sent to the
group will have a Request-URI of the shared AOR. Any other requests
would not apply to this feature and would be handled using normal SIP
mechanisms.
Note that the first 12 examples assume the Appearance Agent is aware
of dialog state events. The example in Section 11.13 shows the case
where this is not the case, and, as a result, the Appearance Agent
initiates a subscription to users of the shared AOR. Any of the
other call flow examples could have shown this mode of operation as
it is equally valid.
11.1. Registration and Subscription
Bob and Alice are in a shared appearance group identified by the
shared appearance AOR sip:HelpDesk@example.com. Bob REGISTERs using
contact sip:bob@ua2.example.com. Alice REGISTERs with contact
sip:alice@ua1.example.com.
UAs for Alice and Bob subscribe to the dialog package for the
appearance AOR and publish dialog state to the Appearance Agent.
Message exchanges between the Registrar, Appearance Agent, Alice, and
Bob are shown below. The call flow examples below do not show the
authentication of subscriptions, publications, and notifications. It
should be noted that for security purposes, all publications and
subscriptions must be authorized before they are accepted.
Also note that registrations and subscriptions must all be refreshed
by Alice at intervals determined by the expiration intervals returned
by the Registrar or Appearance Agent.
Registrar Appearance Agent Alice Bob
| | | |
| | | |
|<--------------------------- REGISTER F1<| |
| | | |
|>F2 200 OK ----------------------------->| |
| | | |
| |<----- SUBSCRIBE F3<| |
| | | |
| |>F4 200 OK -------->| |
| | | |
| |>F5 NOTIFY -------->| |
| | | |
| |<-------- 200 OK F6<| |
| | | |
|<-------------------------------------------- REGISTER F7<|
| | | |
|>F8 200 OK ---------------------------------------------->|
| | | |
| |<---------------------- SUBSCRIBE F9<|
| | | |
| |>F10 200 OK ------------------------>|
| | | |
| |>F11 NOTIFY ------------------------>|
| | | |
| |<------------------------ 200 OK F12<|
| | | |
Figure 1. Registration and Subscription Example
F1-F2: Alice registers AOR with contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
F1 Alice ----> Registrar
REGISTER sip:registrar.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK527b54da8ACC7B09
From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=CDF9A668-909E2BDD
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 2 REGISTER
Call-ID: d3281184-518783de-cc23d6bb
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
Max-Forwards: 70
Expires: 3600
Content-Length: 0
F2 Registrar ----> Alice
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK527b54da8ACC7B09
CSeq: 2 REGISTER
Call-ID: d3281184-518783de-cc23d6bb
From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=CDF9A668-909E2BDD
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=1664573879820199
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>;expires=3600
Content-Length: 0
F3 to F6: Alice also subscribes to the events associated with the
Appearance AOR. Appearance Agent notifies Alice of the status.
F3 Alice ----> Appearance Agent
SUBSCRIBE sip:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKf10fac97E7A76D6A
From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=925A3CAD-CEBB276E
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 91 SUBSCRIBE
Call-ID: ef4704d9-bb68aa0b-474c9d94
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Accept: application/dialog-info+xml
Max-Forwards: 70
Expires: 3700
Content-Length: 0
F4 Appearance Agent ----> Alice
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKf10fac97E7A76D6A
CSeq: 91 SUBSCRIBE
Call-ID: ef4704d9-bb68aa0b-474c9d94
From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=925A3CAD-CEBB276E
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=1636248422222257
Allow-Events: dialog
Expires: 3700
Contact: <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: 0
F5 Appearance Agent ----> Alice
NOTIFY sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=1636248422222257
To: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=925A3CAD-CEBB276E
Call-ID: ef4704d9-bb68aa0b-474c9d94
CSeq: 232 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK1846
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=3000
Contact: <appearanceagent.example.com> <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
version="40"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
</dialog-info>
F6 Alice ----> Appearance Agent
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK1846
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=1636248422222257
To: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=925A3CAD-CEBB276E
CSeq: 232 NOTIFY
Call-ID: ef4704d9-bb68aa0b-474c9d94
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Length: 0
F7 Bob ----> Registrar
REGISTER sip:registrar.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4b53b54d87B
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=34831131
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 72 REGISTER
Call-ID: 139490230230249348
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Max-Forwards: 70
Expires: 3600
Content-Length: 0
F8 Registrar ----> Bob
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4b53b54d87B
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=34831131
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=fkwlwqi1
CSeq: 72 REGISTER
Call-ID: 139490230230249348
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>;expires=3200
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>;expires=3600
Content-Length: 0
11.2. Appearance Selection for Incoming Call
In the call flow below, Bob and Alice are in a shared appearance
group. Carol places a call to the shared appearance group AOR. The
Appearance Agent sends NOTIFYs to Alice and Bob telling them what
appearance the call is using. Both Alice and Bob's devices are
alerted of the incoming call. Bob answers the call.
Note that it is possible that both Alice and Bob answer the call and
send 200 (OK) responses to Carol. It is up to Carol to resolve this
situation. Typically, Carol will send ACKs to both 200 OKs but send
a BYE to terminate one of the dialogs. As a result, either Alice or
Bob will receive the BYE and publish that their dialog is over.
However, if Carol answers both Alice and Bob and keeps both dialogs
active, then the Appearance Agent will need to resolve the situation
by moving either Alice or Bob's dialog to a different appearance.
All NOTIFY messages in the call flow below carry dialog events and
only dialog states are mentioned for simplicity. For brevity, the
details of some messages are not shown below. Note that the order of
F2 - F5 and F7 - F8 could be reversed.
Forking Appearance
Carol Proxy Agent Alice Bob
| | | | |
|>F1 INVITE >| | | |
| |< - - - - - >| | |
| | |>F2 NOTIFY ----------->|
| | | | |
| | |<F3 200 OK -----------<|
| | | | |
| | |>F4 NOTIFY ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<-200 OK F5-<| |
|<- 100 F6 -<| | | |
| |>F7 INVITE (appearance=1) ---------->|
| | | | |
| |>F8 INVITE (appearance=1) >| |
| | | | |
| |<-------------------- Ringing 180 F9<|
|< 180 F10 -<| | | |
| |<--------- 180 Ringing F11<| |
|< 180 F12 -<| | | |
| | | | |
| |<------------------------ 200 OK F13<|
|< 200 F14 -<| | | |
| | | | |
| |>F15 CANCEL -------------->| |
| | | | |
| |<-------------- 200 OK F16<| |
| | | | |
| |<Request Cancelled 487 F17<| |
| | | | |
| |>F18 ACK ----------------->| |
|>F19 ACK -->| | | |
| |>F20 ACK --------------------------->|
| | | | |
|<=============Both way RTP established===========>|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - >| | |
| | | | |
| | |>F21 NOTIFY >| |
| | | | |
| | |<- 200 F22 -<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F23 NOTIFY ---------->|
| | | | |
| | |<F24 200 OK ----------<|
| | | |
Figure 2. Appearance Selection for Incoming Call Example
F4 Appearance Agent ----> Alice
NOTIFY sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=151702541050937
To: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=18433323-C3D237CE
Call-ID: 1e361d2f-a9f51109-bafe31d4
CSeq: 12 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK1403
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=2800
Contact: <appearanceagent.example.com> <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="13"
state="partial"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="2a7294823093f5274e3fd2ec54a2d76c"
call-id="14-1541707345"
remote-tag="44BAD75D-E3128D42"
direction="recipient">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<state>trying</state>
<remote>
<identity>sip:carol@ua.example.com</identity>
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
F7 Proxy ----> Bob
INVITE sip:bob@ua2.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua3.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK4324ea
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK38432ji
From: <sip:carol@example.com>;tag=44BAD75D-E3128D42
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 106 INVITE
Call-ID: 14-1541707345
Contact: <sip:carol@ua3.example.com>
Max-Forwards: 69
Alert-Info: <urn:alert:service:normal>;appearance=1
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: ...
v=0
o=- 1102980499 1102980499 IN IP4 ua3.example.com
s=
c=IN IP4 ua3.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 2238 RTP/AVP 0 8 101
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
F21 Appearance Agent ----> Alice
NOTIFY sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=151702541050937
To: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=18433323-C3D237CE
Call-ID: 1e361d2f-a9f51109-bafe31d4
CSeq: 13 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK4164F03j
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=2500
Contact: <appearanceagent.example.com> <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="17"
state="partial"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="2a7294823093f5274e3fd2ec54a2d76c"
call-id="14-1541707345"
remote-tag="44BAD75D-E3128D42"
local-tag="7349dsfjkFD03s"
direction="recipient">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<state>confirmed</state>
<local>
<target>sip:bob@ua2.example.com</target>
</local>
<remote>
<identity>sip:carol@ua.example.com</identity>
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.3. Outgoing Call without Appearance Seizure
In this scenario, Bob's UA places a call without first selecting/
seizing an appearance number. After Bob sends the INVITE, the
appearance assigns an appearance number for it and notifies both
Alice and Bob.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------- INVITE F1<|
| | | | |
| |>F2 100 Trying --------------------------------->|
|<-- INVITE F3<| | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F4<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F5 200 OK -->| |
| | | |------- NOTIFY F6>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F7 200 OK ------<|
|>F8 180 ---->| | | |
| |>F9 180 Ringing -------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F10<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F11 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F12>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F13 200 OK -----<|
|>F14 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F15 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F16<|
|<---- ACK F17<| | | |
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F18<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F19 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F20>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F21 200 OK -----<|
| | | | |
Figure 3. Outgoing Call without Appearance Seizure Example
F1 Bob ----> Proxy
INVITE sip:carol@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK98c87c52123A08BF
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=15A3DE7C-9283203B
To: <sip:carol@example.com>
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Call-ID: f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 223
v=0
o=- 1102980499 1102980499 IN IP4 ua2.example.com
s=IP SIP UA
c=IN IP4 ua2.example.com
t=0 0
a=sendrecv
m=audio 2236 RTP/AVP 0 8 101
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
F4 Appearance Agent ----> Alice
NOTIFY sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK81d84f62
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=1636248422222257
To: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=925A3CAD-CEBB276E
Call-ID: ef4704d9-bb68aa0b-474c9d94
CSeq: 233 NOTIFY
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=2200
Contact: <appearanceagent.example.com> <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="27"
state="partial"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="fa02538339df3ce597f9e3e3699e28fc"
call-id="f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="15A3DE7C-9283203B" direction="initiator">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
F6 Appearance Agent ----> Bob
NOTIFY sip:bob@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=497585728578386
To: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=633618CF-B9C2EDA4
Call-ID: a7d559db-d6d7dcad-311c9e3a
CSeq: 7 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com
;branch=z9hG4bK1711759878512309
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=2000
Contact: <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="78"
state="partial"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="02538339hfgdf3ce597f9e3egkl3699e28fc"
call-id="f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="15A3DE7C-9283203B" direction="initiator">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.4. Outgoing Call with Appearance Seizure
In this scenario, Bob's UA sends out a dialog event PUBLISH with
state (trying) selecting/seizing an appearance number before sending
the INVITE. After receiving the 200 (OK) from the Appearance Agent
confirming the appearance number, Bob's UA sends the INVITE to Carol
and establishes a session. For brevity, details of some of the
messages are not included in the message flows. Bob's UA puts as
much of the dialog information from F7 as can be determined in
advance. In this case, the minimum of the Contact URI is included,
which allows the Appearance Agent to correlate the INVITE with the
PUBLISH.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| | | |<----- PUBLISH F1<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F2 200 OK ------>|
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F3<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F4 200 OK -->| |
| | | |------- NOTIFY F5>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F6 200 OK ------<|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------- INVITE F7<|
| | | | |
| |>F8 100 Trying --------------------------------->|
|<-- INVITE F9<| | | |
| | | |<---- PUBLISH F10<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F11 200 OK ----->|
| | | | |
|>F12 180 --->| | | |
| |>F13 180 Ringing ------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F14<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F15 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F16>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F17 200 OK -----<|
|>F18 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F19 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F20<|
|<---- ACK F21<| | | |
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F22<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F23 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F24>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F25 200 OK -----<|
| | | | |
Figure 4. Outgoing Call with Appearance Seizure Example
F1 to F4: Bob uses the shared appearance of the Help Desk on his UA
to place an outgoing call (e.g., he goes off-hook). Before sending
the outgoing INVITE request, Bob publishes to the Appearance Agent
reserving appearance number 1. The Appearance Agent notifies Alice
(and all other UAs, including Bob) of the event by sending NOTIFYs.
F1 Bob ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sip:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK61314d6446383E79
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=44150CC6-A7B7919D
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 7 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 44fwF144-F12893K38424
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="6"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83" direction="initiator">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
F2 Appearance Agent ----> Bob
SIP/2.0 200 OK
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK61314d6446383E79
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=44150CC6-A7B7919D
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 7 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 44fwF144-F12893K38424
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
SIP-Etag: 482943245
Allow-Events: dialog
Expires: 60
Content-Length: 0
F7 Bob ---> Proxy
INVITE sip:carol@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK342122
Max-Forwards: 70
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=15A3DE7C-9283203B
To: <sip:carol@example.com>
Call-ID: f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5
CSeq: 31 INVITE
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: ...
(SDP Not Shown)
F10 Bob ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sip:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK6d644638E7
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=0CCf6-A7FdsB79D
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 437 PUBLISH
Call-ID: fwF14d4-F1FFF2F2893K38424
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="6"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83"
call-id="f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="15A3DE7C-9283203B"
direction="initiator">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<identity uri="sip:carol@example.com">
</identity>
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.5. Outgoing Call without Using an Appearance Number
In this scenario, Bob's UA sends out a dialog event PUBLISH with
state (trying) indicating that he does not want to utilize an
appearance number for this dialog. The PUBLISH does not have an
appearance element but does have the 'shared' Event header field
parameter. As a result, the Appearance Agent knows the UA does not
wish to use an appearance number for this call. If the Appearance
Agent does not wish to allow this, it would reject the PUBLISH with a
400 (Bad Request) response and the UA would know to re-PUBLISH
selecting/seizing an appearance number.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| | | |<----- PUBLISH F1<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F2 200 OK ------>|
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F3<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F4 200 OK -->| |
| | | |------- NOTIFY F5>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F6 200 OK ------<|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------- INVITE F7<|
| | | | |
| |>F8 100 Trying --------------------------------->|
|<-- INVITE F9<| | | |
| | | |<---- PUBLISH F10<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F11 200 OK ----->|
| | | | |
|>F12 180 --->| | | |
| |>F13 180 Ringing ------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F14<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F15 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F16>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F17 200 OK -----<|
|>F18 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F19 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F20<|
|<---- ACK F21<| | | |
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F22<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F23 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F24>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F25 200 OK -----<|
| | | | |
Figure 5. Outgoing Call without using an Appearance Number Example
F1 Bob ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sip:appearanceagent.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK61314d6446383E79
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=4415df82k39sf
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>
CSeq: 7 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 44fwF144-F12893K38424
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="6"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83" direction="initiator">
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
Note that F7 would be the same as the previous example.
11.6. Appearance Release
Bob and Carol are in a dialog, created, for example as in
Section 11.3. Carol sends a BYE to Bob to terminate the dialog and
the Appearance Agent de-allocates the appearance number used, sending
notifications out to the UAs in the shared group.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
|>F22 BYE ---->| | | |
| |>F23 BYE --------------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------ 200 OK F24<|
|<--200 OK F25<| | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F26<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F27 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F28>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F29 200 OK -----<|
Figure 6. Appearance Release Example
F28 Appearance Agent ----> Bob
NOTIFY sip:bob@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=497585728578386
To: <sip:bob@example.com>
Call-ID: a7d559db-d6d7dcad-311c9e3a
CSeq: 7 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com
;branch=z9hG4bK759878512309
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=1800
Contact: <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="27"
state="partial"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="fa02538339df3ce597f9e3e3699e28fc"
call-id="f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="15A3DE7C-9283203B"
remote-tag="65a98f7c-1dd2-11b2-88c6-b0316298f7c"
direction="initiator">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>terminated</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.7. Appearance Pickup
In this scenario, Bob has an established dialog with Carol created
using the call flows of Figures 1 or 2. Bob then places Carol on
hold. Alice receives a notification of this and renders this on
Alice's UI. Alice subsequently picks up the held call and has a
established session with Carol. Finally, Carol hangs up. Alice must
PUBLISH F32 to indicate that the INVITE F38 will be an attempt to
pickup
pick up the dialog between Carol and Bob and, hence, may use the same
appearance number. This example also shows Secure SIP (sips) being
used.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------(hold) INVITE F22<|
|<- INVITE F23<| | | |
| | | | |
|>F24 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F25 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F26<|
|<---- ACK F27<| | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F28<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F29 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F30 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F31<|
| | | | |
| | Alice decides to pick up the call |
| | | | |
| | |>F32 PUBLISH->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- 200 OK F33<| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F34<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F35 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F36 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F37<|
| |<-- INVITE F38<| | |
|<- INVITE F39<|(w/ Replaces) | | |
|( w/ Replaces)| | | |
|>F40 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F41 200 OK -->| | |
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | | |>F42 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F43<|
| | |<- NOTIFY F44<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F45 200 OK ->| |
| | | | |
| |<----- ACK F46<| | |
|<---- ACK F47<| | | |
| | | | |
|<= Both way RTP established =>| | |
| | | | |
|>F48 BYE ---->| | | |
| |>F49 BYE --------------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------ OK 200 F50<|
|<- 200 OK F51<| | | |
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F52<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F53 200 OK ->| |
| | | | |
| | | |>F54 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F55<|
Figure 7. Appearance Pickup Example
F28 Appearance ----> Alice
NOTIFY sips:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sips:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=151702541050937
To: <sips:alice@example.com>;tag=18433323-C3D237CE
Call-ID: 1e361d2f-a9f51109-bafe31d4
CSeq: 12 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS appearanceagent.example.com
;branch=z9hG4bK1403
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=1800
Contact: <sips:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="10"
state="partial"
entity="sips:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83"
call-id="f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="15A3DE7C-9283203B"
remote-tag="65a98f7c-1dd2-11b2-88c6-b0316298f7c"
direction="initiator">
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<state>active</state>
<local>
<target uri="sips:bob@ua2.example.com">
<param pname="+sip.rendering" pval="no"/>
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<identity>sips:carol@example.com</identity>
<target uri="sips:carol@ua3.example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
F32 Alice ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sips:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKa5d6cf61F5FBC05A
From: <sips:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=44150CC6-A7B7919D
To: <sips:alice@example.com>;tag=428765950880801
CSeq: 11 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 87837Fkw87asfds
Contact: <sips:alice@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="10"
state="full"
entity="sips:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83"
call-id="3d57cd17-47deb849-dca8b6c6"
local-tag="8C4183CB-BCEAB710" >
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<sa:replaced-dialog
call-id="f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
from-tag="15A3DE7C-9283203B"
to-tag="65a98f7c-1dd2-11b2-88c6-b03162323164+65a98f7c" />
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sips:alice@ua1.example.com">
<param pname="+sip.rendering" pval="yes"/>
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<target uri="sips:carol@ua3.example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
F38 Alice ----> Proxy
INVITE sips:carol@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK4ea695b5B376A60C
From: <sips:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=8C4183CB-BCEAB710
To: <sips:carol@example.com:5075>
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Call-ID: 3d57cd17-47deb849-dca8b6c6
Contact: <sips:alice@ua1.example.com>
<all-one-line>
Replaces: f3b3cbd0-a2c5775e-5df9f8d5;to-tag=65a98f7c
-1dd2-11b2-88c6-b03162323164+65a98f7c;from-tag=15A3DE7C-9283203B
</all-one-line>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 223
v=0
o=- 1102980497 1102980497 IN IP4 ua1.example.com
s=IP SIP UA
c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com
t=0 0
a=sendrecv
m=audio 2238 RTP/AVP 0 8 101
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
11.8. Call between UAs within the Group
In this scenario, Bob calls Alice who is also in the shared
appearance group. Only one appearance number is used for this
dialog. This example also shows the use of the 'exclusive' tag to
indicate that other UAs in the group can not join or take this
dialog.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| |<-------------------- INVITE (to Alice's UA) F1<|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F2<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F3 200 OK -->| |
| | | |>F4 NOTIFY ------>|
| | | | |
| | | |<------ 200 OK F5<|
| |>F6 INVITE --->| | |
| | (appearance=1)| | |
| | | | |
| |<------ 180 F7<| | |
| | | | |
| |>F8 180 --------------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F9<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F10 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F11 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F12<|
| |<-- 200 OK F13<| | |
| | | | |
| |>F14 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F15<|
| | | | |
| |>F16 ACK ----->| | |
| | | | |
| | |<======= RTP established =======>|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F17<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F18 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F19 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F24<|
| | | | |
Figure 8. Call between UAs within the Group Example
F19 Appearance Agent ----> Bob
NOTIFY sip:bob@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=497585728578386
To: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=633618CF-B9C2EDA4
Call-ID: a7d559db-d6d7dcad-311c9e3a
CSeq: 7 NOTIFY
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP appearanceagent.example.com
;branch=z9hG4bK1711759878512309
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Event: dialog;shared
Subscription-State: active;expires=1500
Contact: <sip:appearanceagent.example.com>
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="10"
state="partial"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="3xdsd4f9c83"
call-id="b3cbd0-ad2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="34322kdfr234f"
remote-tag="3153DE7C-928203B"
direction="initiator">
<sa:exclusive>true</sa:exclusive>
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<state>confirmed</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<identity>sip:HelpDesk@example.com</identity>
<target uri="sip:alice@ua1.example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
<dialog id="4839589"
call-id="b3cbd0-ad2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="3153DE7C-928203B"
remote-tag="34322kdfr234f"
direction="responder">
<sa:exclusive>true</sa:exclusive>
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<state>confirmed</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:alice@ua1.example.com" />
</local>
<remote>
<identity>sip:HelpDesk@example.com</identity>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.9. Consultation Hold with Appearances
In this scenario, Bob has a call with Carol. Bob makes a
consultation call to Alice by putting Carol on hold and calling
Alice. Bob's UA chooses not to have an appearance number for the
call to Alice since it is treating it as part of the call to Carol.
He indicates this in the PUBLISH F32, which contains the 'shared'
Event header field parameter but no <appearance> element. The
PUBLISH is sent before the INVITE to Alice to ensure no appearance
number is assigned by the Appearance Agent. Finally, Bob hangs up
with Alice and resumes the call with Carol. Dialog notifications of
the consultation call are not shown, as they are not used.
Note that if Carol hangs up while Bob is consulting with Alice, Bob
can decide if he wants to reuse the appearance number used with Carol
for the call with Alice. If not, Bob publishes the termination of
the dialog with Carol and the Appearance Agent will re-allocate the
appearance. If he wants to keep the appearance, Bob will publish the
termination of the dialog with Carol and also publish the appearance
with the dialog with Alice. This will result in Bob keeping the
appearance number until he reports the dialog with Alice terminated.
Note that the call flow would be similar if Bob called a music on
hold server instead of Alice to implement a music on hold service as
described in [RFC7088].
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------(hold) INVITE F22<|
|<- INVITE F23<| | | |
| | | | |
|>F24 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F25 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F26<|
|<---- ACK F27<| | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F28<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F29 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F30 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F31<|
| | | | |
| | Bob makes a consultation call to Alice |
| | | | |
| | | |<---- PUBLISH F32<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F33 200 OK ----->|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------ INVITE F34<|
| | | | |
| |>F35 INVITE -->| | |
| | | | |
| |<-- 200 OK F36<| | |
| | | | |
| |>F37 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F38<|
| | | | |
| |>F39 ACK ----->| | |
| | | | |
| | |<======= RTP established =======>|
| | | | |
| | Bob hangs up with Alice |
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- BYE F40<|
| | | | |
| |>F41 BYE ----->| | |
| | | | |
| |<-- 200 OK F42<| | |
| | | | |
| |>F43 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<----------------------------(unhold) INVITE F44<|
|<- INVITE F45<| | | |
| | | | |
|>F46 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F47 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F48<|
|<---- ACK F49<| | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F50<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F51 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F52 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F53<|
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
Figure 9. Consultation Hold with Appearances Example
F32 Bob ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sip:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKa5d6cf61F5FBC05A
From: <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=44150CC6-A7B7919D
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=428765950880801
CSeq: 11 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 44fwF144-F12893K38424
Contact: <sip:bob@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="10"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83"
call-id="b3cbd0-ad2c5775e-5df9f8d5"
local-tag="3153DE7C-928203B"
direction="initiator">
<sa:exclusive>true</sa:exclusive>
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:bob@ua2.example.com">
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<identity>sip:HelpDesk@example.com</identity>
<target uri="sip:alice@ua1.example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.10. Joining or Bridging an Appearance
In this call flow, a call answered by Bob is joined by Alice or
"bridged". The Join header field is used by Alice to request this
bridging. If Bob did not support media mixing, Bob could obtain
conferencing resources as described in [RFC4579].
Carol Forking Proxy Appearance Agent Alice Bob
| | | | |
|<=============Both way RTP established===========>|
| | | | |
| | |< PUBLISH F22| |
| | | | |
| | |>F23 200 OK >| |
| | | | |
| |<---- INVITE (w/ Join) F24<| |
| | | | |
| |>F25 INVITE (w/Join)---------------->|
| | | | |
| |<---- OK 200 Contact:Bob;isfocus F26<|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - >| | |
| | | | |
| | |>F27 NOTIFY >| |
| | | | |
| | |< 200 OK F28<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F29 NOTIFY ---------->|
| | | | |
| | |<F30 200 OK ----------<|
| | | | |
| |>F31 200 OK Contact:B----->| |
| | | | |
| |<----------------- ACK F32<| |
| | | | |
| |>ACK F33---------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |<-----INVITE Contact:Bob;isfocus F34<|
|<-INVITE F35| | | |
| | | | |
|>F26 200 -->| | | |
| |>F37 200 OK ------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------- ACK F38<|
|<--- ACK F39| | | |
| | | |<==RTP==>|
|<=============Both way RTP established===========>|
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - >| | |
| | | | |
| | |>F40 NOTIFY >| |
| | | | |
| | |< 200 OK F41<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F42 NOTIFY ---------->|
| | | | |
| | |<F43 200 OK ----------<|
| | | | |
Figure 10. Joining or Bridging an Appearance Example
F22 Alice ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sip:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKa5d6cf61F5FBC05A
From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=44150CC6-A7B7919D
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=428765950880801
CSeq: 11 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 87837Fkw87asfds
Contact: <sip:alice@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="10"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com:5060">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83"
call-id="dc95da63-60db1abd-d5a74b48"
local-tag="605AD957-1F6305C2" >
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<sa:joined-dialog
call-id="14-1541707345"
from-tag="44BAD75D-E3128D42"
to-tag="d3b06488-1dd1-11b2-88c5-b03162323164+d3e48f4c" />
<state>trying</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:alice@ua1.example.com">
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<target uri="sip:bob@example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
F24 Alice ----> Proxy
INVITE sip:bob@ua.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKcc9d727c2C29BE31
From: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=605AD957-1F6305C2
To: <sip:bob@ua.example.com>
CSeq: 2 INVITE
Call-ID: dc95da63-60db1abd-d5a74b48
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
<all-one-line>
Join: 14-1541707345;to-tag=d3b06488-1dd1-11b2-88c5
-b03162323164+d3e48f4c;from-tag=44BAD75D-E3128D42
</all-one-line>
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 223
v=0
o=- 1103061265 1103061265 IN IP4 ua1.example.com
s=IP SIP UA
c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com
t=0 0
a=sendrecv
m=audio 2236 RTP/AVP 0 8 101
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
a=rtpmap:8 PCMA/8000
a=rtpmap:101 telephone-event/8000
11.11. Loss of Appearance during Allocation
Bob reserves an appearance with a PUBLISH, sends an INVITE to Carol,
then becomes unreachable. When he fails to refresh his publication
to the appearance agent, the Appearance Agent declares the dialog
terminated and frees up the appearance using NOTIFYs F14 and F16.
After retransmitting the NOTIFY to Bob (in not shown messages F17,
F18, etc.), the subscription is terminated.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| | | |<----- PUBLISH F1<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F2 200 OK ------>|
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F3<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F4 200 OK -->| |
| | | |------- NOTIFY F5>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F6 200 OK ------<|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------- INVITE F7<|
| | | | |
| |>F8 100 Trying --------------------------------->|
|<-- INVITE F9<| | | |
| | | |<---- PUBLISH F10<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F11 200 OK ----->|
| | | | |
|>F12 180 --->| | | |
| |>F13 180 Ringing ------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| | | | Bob goes offline |
| | | | |
| | | Appearance selection times out |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F14<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F15 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F16>|
| | | | |
| | | NOTIFY is retransmitted |
Figure 11. Loss of Appearance During Allocation Example
11.12. Appearance Seizure Contention Race Condition
Bob and Alice both try to reserve appearance 2 by publishing at the
same time. The Appearance Agent allocates the appearance to Bob by
sending a 200 OK and denies it to Alice by sending a 400 (Bad
Request) response. After the NOTIFY F5, Alice learns that Bob is
using appearance 2. Alice then attempts to reserve appearance 3 by
publishing, which is then accepted.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| | | |<----- PUBLISH F1<|
| | | | (appearance=2)
| | |>F2 PUBLISH ->| |
| | | (appearance=2) |
| | | | |
| | | |>F3 200 OK ------>|
| | |<---- F4 400 <| |
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F5<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F6 200 OK -->| |
| | | |------- NOTIFY F7>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F8 200 OK ------<|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------- INVITE F9<|
| | | | |
| |>F10 100 Trying -------------------------------->|
|<- INVITE F11<| | | |
| | | |<---- PUBLISH F12<|
| | | | (appearance=2)
| | | |>F13 200 OK ----->|
| | |>F14 PUBLISH->| |
| | | (appearance=3) |
| | | | |
| | |<--- F15 200 <| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F16<| |
| | | | |
| |>F17 200 OK ->| |
Dave | | |------ NOTIFY F18>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F19 200 OK -----<|
| |<-- INVITE F20<| | |
| | | | |
| |>F21 100 ----->| | |
|<- INVITE F22<| | | |
Figure 12.
11.13. Appearance Agent Subscription to UAs
In this scenario, the Appearance Agent does not have any way of
knowing Bob's dialog state information, except through Bob. This
could be because the Appearance Agent is not part of a B2BUA, or
perhaps Bob is remotely registering. When Bob registers, the
Appearance Agent receives a registration event package notification
from the registrar. The Appearance Agent then SUBSCRIBEs to Bob's
dialog event state using Event:dialog in the SUBSCRIBE. Whenever
Bob's dialog state changes, Bob's UA sends a NOTIFY to the Appearance
Agent which then notifies the other UAs in the group.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
| |<----------------------------------- REGISTER F1<|
| | | | |
| |>F2 200 OK ------------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |>F3 NOTIFY ------------------>| |
| | | | |
| |<------------------ 200 OK F4<| |
| | | |---- SUBSCRIBE F5>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F6 200 OK ------<|
| | | | |
| | | |<------ NOTIFY F7<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F8 200 OK ------>|
| | | | |
| | | |<--- SUBSCRIBE F9<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F10 200 OK ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F11>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F12 200 OK -----<|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------ INVITE F13<|
| | | | |
| |>F14 100 Trying -------------------------------->|
|<- INVITE F15<| | | |
| | | |<----- NOTIFY F16<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F17 200 OK ----->|
| | |<- NOTIFY F18<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F19 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F20>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F21 200 OK -----<|
|>F22 180 --->| | | |
| |>F23 180 Ringing ------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- NOTIFY F24<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F25 200 OK ----->|
| | |<- NOTIFY F26<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F27 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F28>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F29 200 OK -----<|
|>F30 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F31 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- NOTIFY F32<|
| | | | |
| | | |>F33 200 OK ----->|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F34<|
|<---- ACK F35<| | | |
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F36<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F37 200 OK ->| |
| | | |------ NOTIFY F38>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F39 200 OK -----<|
| | | | |
Figure 13.
11.14. Appearance Pickup Race Condition Failure
In this scenario, Bob has an established dialog with Carol created
using the call flows of Figure 1 or Figure 2. Bob then places Carol
on hold. Alice receives a notification of this and renders this on
Alice's UI. Alice attempts to pick up the call but Carol hangs up
before the pickup can complete. Alice cancels the pickup attempt
with the PUBLISH F48. Note that the call flow for a failed Join
would be almost identical.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
|<================= Both way RTP established ===================>|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------(hold) INVITE F22<|
|<- INVITE F23<| | | |
| | | | |
|>F24 200 OK ->| | | |
| |>F25 200 OK ------------------------------------>|
| | | | |
| |<--------------------------------------- ACK F26<|
|<---- ACK F27<| | | |
| | | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F28<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F29 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F30 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F31<|
| | | | |
| | Alice decides to pick up the call |
| | | | |
| | |>F32 PUBLISH->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- 200 OK F33<| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F34<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F35 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F36 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F37<|
|>F38 BYE ---->| | | |
| |>F39 BYE --------------------------------------->|
| | | | |
| |<------------------------------------ OK 200 F40<|
|<- 200 OK F41<| | | |
| |<-- INVITE F42<| | |
|<- INVITE F43<|(w/ Replaces) | | |
|( w/ Replaces)| | | |
| | | | |
|>F44 481 ---->| | | |
| |>F45 481 ----->| | |
|<---- ACK F46<| | | |
| |<----- ACK F47<| | |
| | |>F48 PUBLISH->| |
| | | | |
| | |<- 200 OK F49<| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F50<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F51 200 OK ->| |
| | | |>F52 NOTIFY ----->|
| | | | |
| | | |<----- 200 OK F53<|
Figure 14.
F48 Alice ----> Appearance Agent
PUBLISH sip:HelpDesk@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKa5d6cf61F5FBC05A
From: <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=44150CC6-A7B7919D
To: <sip:HelpDesk@example.com>;tag=428765950880801
CSeq: 11 PUBLISH
Call-ID: 87837Fkw87asfds
Contact: <sip:alice@ua2.example.com>
Event: dialog;shared
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Type: application/dialog-info+xml
Content-Length: ...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<dialog-info xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:dialog-info"
xmlns:sa="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info"
version="10"
state="full"
entity="sip:HelpDesk@example.com">
<dialog id="id3d4f9c83"
call-id="dc95da63-60db1abd-d5a74b48"
local-tag="605AD957-1F6305C2" >
<sa:appearance>1</sa:appearance>
<sa:exclusive>false</sa:exclusive>
<sa:replaced-dialog
call-id="14-1541707345"
from-tag="44BAD75D-E3128D42"
to-tag="d3b06488-1dd1-11b2-88c5-b03162323164+d3e48f4c" />
<state>terminated</state>
<local>
<target uri="sip:alice@ua1.example.com">
</target>
</local>
<remote>
<target uri="sip:carol@ua3.example.com" />
</remote>
</dialog>
</dialog-info>
11.15. Appearance Seizure Incoming/Outgoing Contention Race Condition
Alice tries to seize appearance 2 at the same time appearance 2 is
allocated to an incoming call. The Appearance Agent resolves the
conflict by sending a 400 (Bad Request) to Alice. After the NOTIFY
F6, Alice learns that the incoming call is using appearance 2. Alice
republishes for appearance 3, which is accepted. Note that this
example shows the INVITE being received before the NOTIFY from the
Appearance Agent.
Carol Proxy Alice Appearance Agent Bob
| | | | |
|>-- INVITE F1>| | | |
| |< - - - - - - - - - - - - - ->| |
| | | | |
| | |>F2 PUBLISH ->| |
| | | (appearance=2) |
| | | | |
| |>F3 INVITE (appearance=2) ---------------------->|
| | | | |
| |>F4 INVITE | | |
| |(appearance=2)>| | |
| | |<---- F5 400 <| |
| | | | |
| | |<-- NOTIFY F6<| |
| | | | |
| | |>F7 200 OK -->| |
| | | |------- NOTIFY F8>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F9 200 OK ------<|
| | | | |
| | |>F10 PUBLISH->| |
| | | (appearance=3) |
| | | | |
| | |< F11 200 OK <| |
| | | | |
| | |<- NOTIFY F12<| |
| | | | |
| |>F13 200 OK ->| |
Dave | | |------ NOTIFY F14>|
| | | | |
| | | |<F15 200 OK -----<|
| |<-- INVITE F16<| | |
| | | | |
| |>F17 100 ----->| | |
|<- INVITE F18<| | | |
Figure 15.
12. Security Considerations
Since multiple line appearance features are implemented using
semantics provided by SIP [RFC3261], the SIP Event Package for Dialog
State [RFC4235], and the SIP Event Framework [RFC6665] and [RFC3903],
security considerations in these documents apply to this document as
well.
To provide confidentiality, NOTIFY or PUBLISH message bodies that
provide the dialog state information and the dialog identifiers MAY
be encrypted end-to-end using the standard mechanisms such as S/MIME
described in [RFC3261]. Alternatively, sending the NOTIFY and
PUBLISH requests over TLS also provides confidentiality, although on
a hop-by-hop basis. All SUBSCRIBES SUBSCRIBEs and PUBLISHES PUBLISHes between the UAs and
the Appearance Agent MUST be authenticated. Without proper
authentication and confidentiality, a third party could learn
information about dialogs associated with a AOR and could try to use
this information to hijack or manipulate those dialogs using SIP call
control primitives.
This feature relies on standard SIP call control primitives such as
Replaces and Join. Proper access controls on their use MUST be used
so that only members of the shared appearance group can use these
mechanisms. All INVITEs with Replaces or Join header fields MUST
only be accepted if the peer requesting dialog replacement or joining
has been properly authenticated using a standard SIP mechanism (such
as Digest or S/MIME), and authorized to request a replacement.
Otherwise, a third party could disrupt or hijack existing dialogs in
the shared appearance group.
For an emergency call, a UA MUST NOT wait for a confirmed seizure of
an appearance before sending an INVITE. Waiting for confirmation
could inadvertently delay or block the emergency call, which by its
nature needs to be placed as expeditiously as possible. Instead, a
emergency call MUST proceed regardless of the status of the PUBLISH
transaction.
13. IANA Considerations
This section registers the SIP Event header field parameter 'shared',
the SIP Alert-Info header field parameter 'appearance', and the XML
namespace extensions to the SIP Dialog Package.
13.1. SIP Event Header Field Parameter: shared
This document defines the 'shared' header field parameter in the
Event header field in the "Header Field Parameters and Parameter
Values" registry defined by [RFC3968].
Predefined
Header Field Parameter Name Values Reference
---------------------------- ------------------ ---------- ---------
Event shared No RFC 7463
13.2. SIP Alert-Info Header Field Parameter: appearance
This document defines the 'appearance' parameter in the Alert-Info
header in the "Header Field Parameters and Parameter Values" registry
defined by [RFC3968].
Predefined
Header Field Parameter Name Values Reference
---------------------- --------------- --------- ---------
Alert-Info appearance No RFC 7463
13.3. URN Sub-Namespace Registration: sa-dialog-info
This section registers a new XML namespace per the procedures in
[RFC3688].
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info.
Registrant Contact: IETF BLISS working group, <bliss@ietf.org>,
Alan Johnston <alan.b.johnston@gmail.com>
XML:
BEGIN
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML Basic 1.0//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-basic/xhtml-basic10.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="content-type"
content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1"/>
<title>Shared Appearance Dialog Information Namespace</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Namespace for Shared Appearance Dialog Information</h1>
<h2>urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:sa-dialog-info</h2>
<p>See <a href="http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7463.txt">
RFC 7463</a>.</p>
</body>
</html>
END
13.4. XML Schema Registration
This section registers an XML schema per the procedures in [RFC3688].
URI: urn:ietf:params:xml:schesa:sa-dialog-info.
Registrant Contact: IETF BLISS working group, <bliss@ietf.org>,
Alan Johnston <alan.b.johnston@gmail.com>
The XML for this schema can be found in Section 6.
14. References
14.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston,
A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E.
Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261,
June 2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3261>.
[RFC3515] Sparks, R., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Refer
Method", RFC 3515, April 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3515>.
[RFC3688] Mealling, M., "The IETF XML Registry", BCP 81, RFC 3688,
January 2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3688>.
[RFC3840] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and P. Kyzivat,
"Indicating User Agent Capabilities in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3840, August 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3840>.
[RFC3891] Mahy, R., Biggs, B., and R. Dean, "The Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) "Replaces" Header", RFC 3891, September
2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3891>.
[RFC3903] Niemi, A., "Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension
for Event State Publication", RFC 3903, October 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3903>.
[RFC3911] Mahy, R. and D. Petrie, "The Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) "Join" Header", RFC 3911, October 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3911>.
[RFC3968] Camarillo, G., "The Internet Assigned Number Authority
(IANA) Header Field Parameter Registry for the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP)", BCP 98, RFC 3968, December
2004, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3968>.
[RFC4235] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and R. Mahy, "An INVITE-
Initiated Dialog Event Package for the Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4235, November 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4235>.
[RFC5234] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", STD 68, RFC 5234, January 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5234>.
[RFC6665] Roach, A., "SIP-Specific Event Notification", RFC 6665,
July 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6665>.
[RFC7462] Liess, L., Ed., Jesske, R., Johnston, A., Worley, D., and
P. Kyzivat, "URNs for the Alert-Info Header Field of the
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 7462, February March 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7462>.
14.2. Informative References
[RFC3680] Rosenberg, J., "A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event
Package for Registrations", RFC 3680, March 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3680>.
[RFC4579] Johnston, A. and O. Levin, "Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) Call Control - Conferencing for User Agents", BCP
119, RFC 4579, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4579>.
[RFC5359] Johnston, A., Sparks, R., Cunningham, C., Donovan, S., and
K. Summers, "Session Initiation Protocol Service
Examples", BCP 144, RFC 5359, October 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5359>.
[RFC7088] Worley, D., "Session Initiation Protocol Service Example
-- Music on Hold", RFC 7088, February 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7088>.
Appendix A.
Acknowledgements
The following individuals were part of the shared appearance design
team and have provided input and text to the document (in
alphabetical order):
Martin Dolly, Andrew Hutton, Raj Jain, Fernando Lombardo, Derek
MacDonald, Bill Mitchell, Michael Procter, and Theo Zourzouvillys.
Thanks to Chris Boulton for helping with the XML schema.
Much of the material has been drawn from previous work by Mohsen
Soroushnejad, Venkatesh Venkataramanan, Paul Pepper, and Anil Kumar,
who in turn received assistance from:
Kent Fritz, John Weald, and Sunil Veluvali of Sylantro Systems;
Steve Towlson and Michael Procter of Citel Technologies; Rob
Harder and Hong Chen of Polycom, Inc.; John Elwell and JD Smith of
Siemens Communications; Dale R. Worley of Pingtel; and Graeme
Dollar of Yahoo, Inc.
Also thanks to Geoff Devine, Paul Kyzivat, Jerry Yin, John Elwell,
Dan York, Spenser Dawkins, Martin Dolly, and Brett Tate for their
comments.
Thanks to Carolyn Beeton, Francois Audet, Andy Hutton, Tim Ross, Raji
Chinnappa, and Harsh Mendiratta for their detailed review of the
document.
Authors' Addresses
Alan Johnston (editor)
Avaya
St. Louis, MO 63124
United States
EMail: alan.b.johnston@gmail.com
Mohsen Soroushnejad (editor)
Sylantro Systems Corp.
EMail: msoroush@gmail.com
Venkatesh Venkataramanan
Sylantro Systems Corp.
EMail: vvenkatar@gmail.com