wdiff rfc7585.original rfc7585.txt

RADIUS Extensions Working Group
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Winter
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 7585 RESTENA
Intended status:
Category: Experimental M. McCauley
Expires: November 1, 2015
ISSN: 2070-1721 AirSpayce
April 30,
July 2015

NAI-based

Dynamic Peer Discovery for RADIUS/TLS and RADIUS/DTLS
draft-ietf-radext-dynamic-discovery-15
Based on the Network Access Identifier (NAI)

Abstract

This document specifies a means to find authoritative RADIUS servers
for a given realm. It is used in conjunction with either RADIUS/TLS
and RADIUS/DTLS. RADIUS over
Transport Layer Security (RADIUS/TLS) or RADIUS over Datagram
Transport Layer Security (RADIUS/DTLS).

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft document is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents
evaluation.

This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF
community. It has received public review and has been approved for
publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not
all documents approved by the IESG are a maximum candidate for any level of six months
Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents obtained at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on November 1, 2015.
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7585.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3. Document Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1. DNS Resource Record (RR) definition Definition . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1. S-NAPTR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2. SRV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12
2.1.3. Optional name mangling Name Mangling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2. Definition of the X.509 certificate property Certificate Property
SubjectAltName:otherName:NAIRealm . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3. DNS-based DNS-Based NAPTR/SRV Peer Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2. Configuration Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3. Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.4. Realm to RADIUS server resolution algorithm Server Resolution Algorithm . . . . . . . 17
3.4.1. Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.4.2. Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4.3. Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4.4. Validity of results Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20
3.4.5. Delay considerations Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 21
3.4.6. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. Operations and Manageability Considerations . . . . . . . . . 23 24
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
6. Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 27
8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Appendix A. Appendix A: ASN.1 Syntax of NAIRealm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

1. Introduction

RADIUS in all its current transport variants (RADIUS/UDP, RADIUS/TCP,
RADIUS/TLS, and RADIUS/DTLS) requires manual configuration of all
peers
(clients, (clients and servers).

Where more than one administrative entity collaborates for RADIUS
authentication of their respective customers (a "roaming
consortium"), the Network Access Identifier (NAI)
[I-D.ietf-radext-nai] [RFC7542] is the
suggested way of differentiating users between those entities; the
part of a username to the right of the @ "@" delimiter in an NAI is
called the user's "realm". Where many realms and RADIUS forwarding
servers are in use, the number of realms to be forwarded and the
corresponding number of servers to configure may be significant.
Where new realms with new servers are added or details of existing
servers change on a regular basis, maintaining a single monolithic
configuration file for all these details may prove too cumbersome to
be useful.

Furthermore, in cases where a roaming consortium consists of
independently working branches (e.g. departments, (e.g., departments and national
subsidiaries), each with their own forwarding servers, and who add or
change their realm lists at their own discretion, there is additional
complexity in synchronising synchronizing the changed data across all branches.

Where realms can be partitioned (e.g. (e.g., according to their top-level
domain (TLD) ending), forwarding of requests can be realised realized with a
hierarchy of RADIUS servers, all serving their partition of the realm
space. Figure 1 show shows an example of this hierarchical routing.

+-------+
| |
| . |
| |
+---+---+
/ | \
+----------------/ | \---------------------+
| | |
| | |
| | |
+--+---+ +--+--+ +----+---+
| | | | | |
| .edu | . . . | .nl | . . . | .ac.uk |
| | | | | |
+--+---+ +--+--+ +----+---+
/ | \ | \ |
/ | \ | \ |
/ | \ | \ |
+-----+ | +-----+ | +------+ |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
+---+---+ +----+---+ +----+---+ +--+---+ +-----+----+ +-----+-----+
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|utk.edu| |utah.edu| |case.edu| |hva.nl| |surfnet.nl| |soton.ac.uk|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+----+--+ +--------+ +--------+ +------+ +----+-----+ +-----------+
| |
| |
+--+--+ +--+--+
| | | |
+-+-----+-+ | |
| | +-----+
+---------+
user: paul@surfnet.nl surfnet.nl Authentication server

Figure 1: RADIUS hierarchy based Hierarchy Based on Top-Level Domain partitioning Partitioning

However, such partitioning is not always possible. As an example, in
one real-life deployment, the administrative boundaries and RADIUS
forwarding servers are are organised organized along country borders, but generic
top-level domains such as .edu do not map to this choice of
boundaries (see [I-D.wierenga-ietf-eduroam] [EDUROAM] for details). These situations can benefit
significantly from a distributed mechanism for storing realm and
server reachability information. This document describes one such
mechanism: storage of realm-to-server mappings in DNS; realm-based
request forwarding can then be realised realized without a static hierarchy
such as in the following figure:

---------
/ \
--------- ------------
/ \
| DNS -
----------| \
/ \ surfnet.nl NAPTR? |
(1) / ---- -> radius.surfnet.nl /
/ \ /
/ -------- ---------
/ \---------/
|
| ---------------------------------------
| / (2) RADIUS \
| | |
+---+---+ +----+---+ +----+---+ +--+---+ +-----+----+ +-----+-----+
| | | | | | | | | | | |
|utk.edu| |utah.edu| |case.edu| |hva.nl| |surfnet.nl| |soton.ac.uk|
| | | | | | | | | | | |
+----+--+ +--------+ +--------+ +------+ +----+-----+ +-----------+
| |
| |
+--+--+ +--+--+
| | | |
+-+-----+-+ | |
| | +-----+
+---------+
user: paul@surfnet.nl surfnet.nl Authentication server

Figure 2: RADIUS hierarchy based Hierarchy Based on Top-Level Domain partitioning Partitioning

This document also specifies various approaches for verifying that
server information which that was retrieved from DNS was from an
authorised authorized
party; e.g. for example, an organisation which organization that is not at all part of a
given roaming consortium may alter its own DNS records to yield a
result for its own realm.

1.1. Requirements Language

In this document, several words are used to signify the requirements
of the specification. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED",
"SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY",
and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
RFC 2119. [RFC2119] 2119 [RFC2119].

1.2. Terminology

RADIUS/TLS Client: a RADIUS/TLS [RFC6614] instance which that initiates a
new connection.

RADIUS/TLS Server: a RADIUS/TLS [RFC6614] instance which that listens on a
RADIUS/TLS port and accepts new connections connections.

RADIUS/TLS node: Node: a RADIUS/TLS client or server

[I-D.ietf-radext-nai] server.

[RFC7542] defines the terms NAI, realm, and consortium.

1.3. Document Status

This document is an Experimental RFC.

The communities expected to use this document are roaming consortia
whose authentication services are based on the RADIUS protocol.

The duration of the experiment is undetermined; as soon as enough
experience is collected on the choice points mentioned below, it is
expected to be obsoleted by a standards-track Standards Track version of the protocol
protocol, which trims down the choice points.

If that removal of choice points obsoletes tags or service names as
defined in this document and allocated by IANA, these items will be
returned to IANA as per the provisions in [RFC6335].

The document provides a discovery mechanism for RADIUS RADIUS, which is very
similar to the approach that is taken with the Diameter protocol
[RFC6733]. As such, the basic approach (using Naming Authority
Pointer (NAPTR) records in DNS domains which that match NAI realms) is not
of a very experimental nature.

However, the document offers a few choice points and extensions which that
go beyond the provisions for Diameter. The list of major additions/
deviations is

o provisions for determining the authority of a server to act for
users of a realm (declared out of scope for Diameter)

o much more in-depth guidance on DNS regarding timeouts, failure
conditions, and alteration of Time-To-Live (TTL) information than
the Diameter counterpart

o a partially correct routing error detection during DNS lookups

2. Definitions

2.1. DNS Resource Record (RR) definition Definition

DNS definitions of RADIUS/TLS servers can be either S-NAPTR records
(see [RFC3958]) or Service Record (SRV) SRV records. When both are defined, the
resolution algorithm prefers S-NAPTR results (see Section 3.4 below).

2.1.1. S-NAPTR

2.1.1.1. Registration of Application Service and Protocol Tags

This specification defines three S-NAPTR service tags:

+-----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Service Tag | Use |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| aaa+auth | RADIUS Authentication, i.e. i.e., traffic as |
| | defined in [RFC2865] |
| - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| aaa+acct | RADIUS Accounting, i.e. i.e., traffic as |
| | defined in [RFC2866] |
| - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| aaa+dynauth | RADIUS Dynamic Authorisation, i.e. Authorization, i.e., |
| | traffic as defined in [RFC5176] |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------+

Figure 3: List of Service Tags

This specification defines two S-NAPTR protocol tags:

+-----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| Protocol Tag | Use |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------+
| radius.tls.tcp | RADIUS transported over TLS as defined |
| | in [RFC6614] |
| - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| radius.dtls.udp | RADIUS transported over DTLS as defined |
| | in [RFC7360] |
+-----------------+-----------------------------------------+

Figure 4: List of Protocol Tags

Note well:

The S-NAPTR service and protocols are unrelated to the IANA
Service
"Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number registry. Registry".

The delimiter '.' "." in the protocol tags is only a separator for
human reading convenience - -- not for structure or namespacing; it
MUST NOT be parsed in any way by the querying application or
resolver.

The use of the separator '.' "." is common also in other protocols'
protocol tags. This is coincidence and does not imply a shared
semantics with such protocols.

2.1.1.2. Definition of Conditions for Retry/Failure

RADIUS is a time-critical protocol; RADIUS clients which that do not
receive an answer after a configurable, but short, amount of time, time
will consider the request failed. Due to this, there is little
leeway for extensive retries.

As a general rule, only error conditions which that generate an immediate
response from the other end are eligible for a retry of a discovered
target. Any error condition involving timeouts, or the absence of a
reply for more than one second during the connection setup phase phase, is
to be considered a failure; the next target in the set of discovered
NAPTR targets is to be tried.

Note that [RFC3958] already defines that a failure to identify the
server as being authoritative for the realm is always considered a
failure; so even if a discovered target returns a wrong credential
instantly, it is not eligible for retry.

Furthermore, the contacted RADIUS/TLS server verifies during
connection setup whether or not it finds the connecting RADIUS/TLS
client authorized or not. authorized. If the connecting RADIUS/TLS client is not found
acceptable, the server will close the TLS connection immediately with
an appropriate alert. Such TLS handshake failures are permanently
fatal and not eligible for retry, unless the connecting client has
more X.509 certificates to try; in this case, a retry with the
remainder of its set of certificates SHOULD be attempted. Not trying
all available client certificates potentially creates a DoS for the end-user
end user whose authentication attempt triggered the discovery; one of
the neglected certificates might have led to a successful RADIUS
connection and subsequent end-user authentication.

If the TLS session setup to a discovered target does not succeed,
that target (as identified by the IP address and port number) SHOULD
be ignored from the result set of any subsequent executions of the
discovery algorithm at least until the target's Effective TTL (see
Section 3.3) has expired or until the entity which that executes the
algorithm changes its TLS context to either send a new client
certificate or expect a different server certificate.

2.1.1.3. Server Identification and Handshake

After the algorithm in this document has been executed, a RADIUS/TLS
session as per [RFC6614] is established. Since the dynamic discovery
algorithm does not have provisions to establish confidential keying
material between the RADIUS/TLS client (i.e. (i.e., the server which that
executes the discovery algorithm) and the RADIUS/TLS server which that was
discovered, TLS-PSK Pre-Shared Key (PSK) ciphersuites for TLS cannot be used
in the subsequent TLS handshake. Only TLS ciphersuites using X.509
certificates can be used with this algorithm.

There are numerous ways to define which certificates are acceptable
for use in this context. This document defines one mandatory-to-
implement mechanism which that allows to verify verification of whether the contacted
host is authoritative for an NAI realm or not. It also gives one
example of another mechanism which that is currently in wide-spread deployment, widespread
deployment and one possible approach based on DNSSEC DNSSEC, which is yet
unimplemented.

For the approaches which that use trust roots (see the following two
sections), a typical deployment will use a dedicated trust store for
RADIUS/TLS certificate authorities, particularly a trust store which that
is independent from default "browser" trust stores. Often, this will
be one or a few CAs, Certification Authorities (CAs), and they only issue
certificates for the specific purpose of establishing RADIUS server-to-server server-
to-server trust. It is important not to trust a large set of CAs which
that operate outside the control of the roaming consortium, for since
their issuance of certificates with the properties important for authorisation
authorization (such as NAIRealm and policyOID below) is difficult to
verify. Therefore, clients SHOULD NOT be pre-configured preconfigured with a list
of known public CAs by the vendor or manufacturer. Instead, the
clients SHOULD start off with an empty CA list. The addition of a CA
SHOULD be done only when manually configured by an administrator.

2.1.1.3.1. Mandatory-to-implement mechanism: Mandatory-to-Implement Mechanism: Trust Roots + NAIRealm

Verification of authority to provide AAA Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting (AAA) services over RADIUS/TLS is a two-step process.

Step 1 is the verification of certificate wellformedness well-formedness and
validity as per [RFC5280] and whether it was issued from a root
certificate
which that is deemed trustworthy by the RADIUS/TLS client.

Step 2 is to compare the value of the algorithm's variable "R" after
the execution of step 3 of the discovery algorithm in Section 3.4.3
below
(i.e. (i.e., after a consortium name mangling, mangling but before conversion
to a form usable by the name resolution library) to all values of the
contacted RADIUS/TLS server's X.509 certificate property
"subjectAlternativeName:otherName:NAIRealm" as defined in
Section 2.2.

2.1.1.3.2. Other mechanism: Mechanism: Trust Roots + policyOID

Verification of authority to provide AAA services over RADIUS/TLS is
a two-step process.

Step 2 is to compare the values of the contacted RADIUS/TLS server's
X.509 certificate's extensions of type "Policy OID" to a list of
configured acceptable Policy OIDs for the roaming consortium. If one
of the configured OIDs is found in the certificate's Policy OID
extensions, then the server is considered authorized; if there is no
match, the server is considered unauthorized.

This mechanism is inferior to the mandatory-to-implement mechanism in
the previous section because all authorized servers are validated by
the same OID value; the mechanism is not fine-grained fine grained enough to
express authority for one specific realm inside the consortium. If
the consortium contains members which that are hostile against other
members, this weakness can be exploited by one RADIUS/TLS server
impersonating another if DNS responses can be spoofed by the hostile
member.

The shortcomings in server identification can be partially mitigated
by using the RADIUS infrastructure only with authentication payloads
which
that provide mutual authentication and credential protection (i.e.
EAP (i.e.,
Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) types passing the criteria
of [RFC4017]): using mutual authentication prevents the hostile
server from mimicking the real EAP server (it can't terminate the EAP
authentication unnoticed because it does not have the server
certificate from the real EAP server); protection of credentials
prevents the impersonating server from learning usernames and
passwords of the ongoing EAP conversation (other RADIUS attributes
pertaining to the authentication, such as the EAP peer's Calling-Station-ID, Calling-
Station-ID, can still be learned though).

2.1.1.3.3. Other mechanism: DNSSEC / DANE Mechanism: DNSSEC/DANE

Where DNSSEC is used, the results of the algorithm can be trusted;
i.e.
that is, the entity which that executes the algorithm can be certain that
the realm that triggered the discovery is actually served by the
server that was discovered via DNS. However, this does not guarantee
that the server is also authorized (i.e. (i.e., a recognised recognized member of the
roaming consortium). The server still needs to present an X.509
certificate proving its authority to serve a particular realm.

The authorization can be sketched using DNSSEC+DANE DNSSEC and DNS-Based
Authentication of Named Entities (DANE) as follows: DANE/
TLSA DANE/TLSA records
of all authorized servers are put into a DNSSEC zone
which that contains
all known and authorised authorized realms; the zone is rooted in a common,
consortium-agreed branch of the DNS tree. The entity executing the
algorithm uses the realm information from the authentication attempt, attempt
and then attempts to retrieve TLSA Resource
Records resource records (TLSA RR) RRs) for
the DNS label "realm.commonroot". It then verifies that the
presented server certificate during the RADIUS/TLS handshake matches
the information in the TLSA record.

Example:

Realm = "example.com"

Common Branch = "idp.roaming-consortium.example.

label for TLSA query = "example.com.idp.roaming-
consortium.example.

result of discovery algorithm for realm "example.com" =
192.0.2.1:2083

( TLS certificate of 192.0.2.1:2083 matches TLSA RR ? "PASS" :
"FAIL" )

2.1.1.3.4. Client Authentication and Authorisation Authorization

Note that RADIUS/TLS connections always mutually authenticate the
RADIUS server and the RADIUS client. This specification provides an
algorithm for a RADIUS client to contact and verify authorization of
a RADIUS server only. During connection setup, the RADIUS server
also needs to verify whether it considers the connecting RADIUS
client authorized; this is outside the scope of this specification.

2.1.2. SRV

This specification defines two SRV prefixes (i.e. (i.e., two values for the
"_service._proto" part of an SRV RR as per [RFC2782]):

+-------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| SRV Label | Use |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------+
| _radiustls._tcp | RADIUS transported over TLS as defined |
| | in [RFC6614] |
| - - - - - - - - - | - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - |
| _radiusdtls._udp | RADIUS transported over DTLS as defined |
| | in [RFC7360] |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------+

Figure 5: List of SRV Labels

Just like NAPTR records, the lookup and subsequent follow-up follow up of SRV
records may yield more than one server to contact in a prioritised prioritized
list. [RFC2782] does not specify rules regarding "Definition of
Conditions for Retry/Failure", Retry/Failure" nor "Server Identification and
Handshake". This specification defines states that the rules for these two
topics as defined in Section Sections 2.1.1.2 and Section 2.1.1.3 SHALL be used both
for targets retrieved via an initial NAPTR RR as well as for targets
retrieved via an initial SRV RR (i.e. (i.e., in the absence of NAPTR RRs).

2.1.3. Optional name mangling Name Mangling

It is expected that in most cases, the SRV and/or NAPTR label used
for the records is the DNS A-label representation of the literal
realm name for which the server is the authoritative RADIUS server
(i.e.
(i.e., the realm name after conversion according to section Section 5 of
[RFC5891]).

However, arbitrary other labels or service tags may be used if, for
example, a roaming consortium uses realm names which that are not
associated to DNS names or special-purpose consortia where a globally
valid discovery is not a use case. Such other labels require a
consortium-wide agreement about the transformation from realm name to
lookup label, label and/or which service tag to use.

Examples:

a. A general-purpose RADIUS server for realm example.com might have
DNS entries as follows:

example.com. IN NAPTR 50 50 "s" "aaa+auth:radius.tls.tcp" ""
_radiustls._tcp.foobar.example.com.

_radiustls._tcp.foobar.example.com. IN SRV 0 10 2083
radsec.example.com.

b. The consortium "foo" provides roaming services for its members
only. The realms used are of the form enterprise-name.example.
The consortium operates a special purpose DNS server for the
(private) TLD "example" "example", which all RADIUS servers use to resolve
realm names. "Company, Inc." is part of the consortium. On the
consortium's DNS server, realm company.example might have the
following DNS entries:

company.example. IN NAPTR 50 50 "a"
"aaa+auth:radius.dtls.udp" "" roamserv.company.example.

c. The eduroam consortium (see [I-D.wierenga-ietf-eduroam] [EDUROAM]) uses realms based on DNS, DNS
but provides its services to a closed community only. However, a
AAA domain participating in eduroam may also want to expose AAA
services to other, general-purpose, applications (on the same or
other RADIUS servers). Due to that, the eduroam consortium uses
the service tag "x-eduroam" for authentication purposes and
eduroam RADIUS servers use this tag to look up other eduroam
servers. An eduroam participant example.org which that also provides
general-purpose AAA on a different server uses the general
"aaa+auth" tag:

example.org. IN NAPTR 50 50 "s" "x-eduroam:radius.tls.tcp" ""
_radiustls._tcp.eduroam.example.org.

example.org. IN NAPTR 50 50 "s" "aaa+auth:radius.tls.tcp" ""
_radiustls._tcp.aaa.example.org.

_radiustls._tcp.eduroam.example.org. IN SRV 0 10 2083 aaa-
eduroam.example.org.

_radiustls._tcp.aaa.example.org. IN SRV 0 10 2083 aaa-
default.example.org.

2.2. Definition of the X.509 certificate property Certificate Property
SubjectAltName:otherName:NAIRealm

This specification retrieves IP addresses and port numbers from the
Domain Name System which that are subsequently used to authenticate users
via the RADIUS/TLS protocol. Regardless whether the results from DNS
discovery are trustworthy or not (e.g. (e.g., DNSSEC in use), it is always
important to verify that the server which that was contacted is authorized
to service requests for the user which that triggered the discovery
process.

The input to the algorithm is an NAI realm as specified in
Section 3.4.1. As a consequence, the X.509 certificate of the server
which
that is ultimately contacted for user authentication needs to be able
to express that it is authorized to handle requests for that realm.

Current subjectAltName fields do not semantically allow to express an NAI realm; realm
to be expressed; the field subjectAltName:dNSName is syntactically a
good match but would inappropriately conflate DNS names and NAI realm
names. Thus, this specification defines a new subjectAltName field
to hold either a single NAI realm name or a wildcard name matching a
set of NAI realms.

The subjectAltName:otherName:sRVName field certifies that a
certificate holder is authorized to provide a service; this can be
compared to the target of a DNS label's SRV resource record. If the
Domain Name System is insecure, it is required that the label of the
SRV record itself is known-correct. In this specification, that
label is not known-correct; it is potentially derived from a
(potentially untrusted) NAPTR resource record of another label. If
DNS is not secured with DNSSEC, the NAPTR resource record may have
been altered by an attacker with access to the Domain Name System
resolution, and thus the label used to lookup look up the SRV record for may
already be tainted. This makes subjectAltName:otherName:sRVName not
a trusted comparison item.

Further to this, this specification's NAPTR entries may be of type
"A"
"A", which do does not involve resolution of any SRV records, which
again makes subjectAltName:otherName:sRVName unsuited for this
purpose.

This section defines the NAIRealm name as a form of otherName from
the GeneralName structure in SubjectAltName subjectAltName defined in [RFC5280].

id-on-naiRealm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-on XXX 8 }

ub-naiRealm-length INTEGER ::= 255

NAIRealm ::= UTF8String (SIZE (1..ub-naiRealm-length))

The NAIRealm, if present, MUST contain an NAI realm as defined in
[I-D.ietf-radext-nai].
[RFC7542]. It MAY substitute the leftmost dot-separated label of the
NAI with the single character "*" to indicate a wildcard match for
"all labels in this part". Further features of regular expressions,
such as a number of characters followed by a * an "*" to indicate a
common prefix inside the part, are not permitted.

The comparison of an NAIRealm to the NAI realm as derived from user
input with this algorithm is a byte-by-byte comparison, except for
the optional leftmost dot-separated part of the value whose content
is a single "*" character; such labels match all strings in the same
dot-separated part of the NAI realm. If at least one of the
sAN:otherName:NAIRealm values matches match the NAI realm, the server is
considered authorized; if none matches, match, the server is considered
unauthorized.

Since multiple names and multiple name forms may occur in the
subjectAltName extension, an arbitrary number of NAIRealms can be
specified in a certificate.

Examples:

Figure 6: Examples for NAI realm Realm vs. certificate matching Certificate Matching

Appendix A contains the ASN.1 definition of the above objects.

3. DNS-based DNS-Based NAPTR/SRV Peer Discovery

3.1. Applicability

Dynamic server discovery as defined in this document is only
applicable for new AAA transactions and per service (i.e. (i.e., distinct
discovery is needed for Authentication, Accounting, and Dynamic
Authorization) where a RADIUS entity which that acts as a forwarding server
for one or more realms receives a request with a realm for which it
is not authoritative, and which no explicit next hop is configured.
It is only applicable for

a. new user sessions, i.e. i.e., for the initial Access-Request.
Subsequent messages concerning this session, for example example, Access-
Challenges and Access-Accepts Access-Accepts, use the previously-established previously established
communication channel between client and server.

b. the first accounting ticket for a user session.

c. the first RADIUS DynAuth packet for a user session.

3.2. Configuration Variables

The algorithm contains various variables for timeouts. These
variables are named here and reasonable default values are provided.
Implementations wishing to deviate from these defaults should make
sure they understand the implications of changes.

DNS_TIMEOUT: maximum amount of time to wait for the complete set
of all DNS queries to complete: Default = 3 seconds

MIN_EFF_TTL: minimum DNS TTL of discovered targets: Default = 60
seconds

BACKOFF_TIME: if no conclusive DNS response was retrieved after
DNS_TIMEOUT, do not attempt dynamic discovery before BACKOFF_TIME
has elapsed. elapsed: Default = 600 seconds

3.3. Terms

Positive DNS response: a A response which that contains the RR that was
queried for.

Negative DNS response: a A response which that does not contain the RR that
was queried for, for but contains an SOA record along with a TTL
indicating cache duration for this negative result.

DNS Error: Where the algorithm states "name resolution returns with
an error", this shall mean that either the DNS request timed out, out or
it is a DNS response response, which is neither a positive nor a negative
response
(e.g. (e.g., SERVFAIL).

Effective TTL: The validity period for discovered RADIUS/TLS target
hosts. Calculated as: Effective TTL (set of DNS TTL values) = max {
MIN_EFF_TTL, min { DNS TTL values } }

SRV lookup: for For the purpose of this specification, SRV lookup
procedures are defined as per [RFC2782], [RFC2782] but excluding that RFCs "A"
fallback as defined in its section the "Usage Rules", Rules" section, final "else"
clause.

Greedy result evaluation: The NAPTR to SRV/A/AAAA resolution may lead
to a tree of results, whose leafs are the IP addresses to contact.
The branches of the tree are ordered according to their order/
preference DNS properties. An implementation is executing greedy
result evaluation if it uses a depth-first search in the tree along
the highest order results, attempts to connect to the corresponding
resulting IP addresses, and only backtracks to other branches if the
higher ordered results did not end in successful connection attempts.

3.4. Realm to RADIUS server resolution algorithm Server Resolution Algorithm

3.4.1. Input

For RADIUS Authentication and RADIUS Accounting server discovery,
input I to the algorithm is the RADIUS User-Name attribute with
content of the form "user@realm"; the literal @ "@" sign being is the
separator between a local user identifier within a realm and its
realm. The use of multiple literal @ "@" signs in a User-Name is
strongly discouraged; but if present, the last @ "@" sign is to be
considered the separator. All previous instances of the @ "@" sign are
to be considered part of the local user identifier.

For RADIUS DynAuth Server server discovery, input I to the algorithm is the
domain name of the operator of a RADIUS realm as was communicated
during user authentication using the Operator-Name attribute
([RFC5580], section Section 4.1). Only Operator-Name values with the
namespace "1" are supported by this algorithm - -- the input to the
algorithm is the actual domain name, preceeded preceded with an "@" (but
without the "1" namespace identifier byte of that attribute).

Note well: The attribute User-Name is defined to contain UTF-8 text.
In practice, the content may or may not be UTF-8. Even if UTF-8, it
may or may not map to a domain name in the realm part. Implementors
MUST take possible conversion error paths into consideration when
parsing incoming User-Name attributes. This document describes
server discovery only for well-formed realms mapping to DNS domain
names in UTF-8 encoding. The result of all other possible contents
of User-Name is unspecified; this includes, but is not limited to:

Usage of separators other than @. "@".

Encoding of User-Name in local encodings.

UTF-8 realms which that fail the conversion rules as per [RFC5891].

UTF-8 realms which that end with a . "." ("dot") character.

For the last bullet point, "trailing dot", special precautions should
be taken to avoid problems when resolving servers with the algorithm
below: they may resolve to a RADIUS server even if the peer RADIUS
server only is configured to handle the realm without the trailing
dot. If that RADIUS server again uses NAI discovery to determine the
authoritative server, the server will forward the request to
localhost, resulting in a tight endless loop.

3.4.2. Output

Output O of the algorithm is a two-tuple consisting of: O-1) a set of
tuples {hostname; port; protocol; order/preference; Effective TTL} - --
the set can be empty; empty -- and O-2) an integer: if integer. If the set in the first
part of the tuple is empty, the integer contains the Effective TTL
for backoff timeout, timeout; if the set is not empty, the integer is set to 0
(and not used).

3.4.3. Algorithm

The algorithm to determine the RADIUS server to contact is as
follows:

1. Determine P = (position of last "@" character) in I.

2. generate Generate R = (substring from P+1 to end of I) I).

3. modify Modify R according to agreed consortium procedures if applicable
applicable.

4. convert Convert R to a representation usable by the name resolution
library if needed needed.

5. Initialize TIMER = 0; start TIMER. If TIMER reaches
DNS_TIMEOUT, continue at step 20.

6. Using the host's name resolution library, perform a NAPTR query
for R (see "Delay considerations" Considerations", Section 3.4.5, below). If
the result is a negative DNS response, O-2 = Effective TTL ( TTL
value of the SOA record ) and continue at step 13. If name
resolution returns with error, O-1 = { empty set }, O-2 = BACKOFF_TIME
BACKOFF_TIME, and terminate.

7. Extract NAPTR records with service tag tags "aaa+auth", "aaa+acct",
and "aaa+dynauth" as appropriate. Keep note of the protocol tag
and remaining TTL of each of the discovered NAPTR records.

8. If no records are found, continue at step 13.

9. For the extracted NAPTRs, perform successive resolution as
defined in [RFC3958], section Section 2.2. An implementation MAY use
greedy result evaluation according to the NAPTR order/preference
fields (i.e. (i.e., can execute the subsequent steps of this algorithm
for the highest-order entry in the set of results, results and only
lookup look
up the remainder of the set if necessary).

10. If the set of hostnames is empty, O-1 = { empty set }, O-2 =
BACKOFF_TIME
BACKOFF_TIME, and terminate.

11. O' = (set of {hostname; port; protocol; order/preference;
Effective TTL ( all DNS TTLs that led to this hostname ) } for
all terminal lookup results).

12. Proceed with step 18.

13. Generate R' = (prefix R with "_radiustls._tcp." and/or
"_radiustls._udp.")
"_radiustls._udp.").

14. Using the host's name resolution library, perform SRV lookup
with R' as label (see "Delay considerations" Considerations", Section 3.4.5,
below).

15. If name resolution returns with error, O-1 = { empty set }, O-2
= BACKOFF_TIME BACKOFF_TIME, and terminate.

16. If the result is a negative DNS response, O-1 = { empty set },
O-2 = min { O-2, Effective TTL ( TTL value of the SOA record ) }
}, and terminate.

17. O' = (set of {hostname; port; protocol; order/preference;
Effective TTL ( all DNS TTLs that led to this result ) } for all
hostnames).

18. Generate O-1 by resolving hostnames in O' into corresponding A
and/or AAAA addresses: O-1 = (set of {IP address; port;
protocol; order/preference; Effective TTL ( all DNS TTLs that
led to this result ) } for all hostnames ), O-2 = 0.

19. For each element in O-1, test if the original request which that
triggered dynamic discovery was received on {IP address; port}.
If yes, O-1 = { empty set }, O-2 = BACKOFF_TIME, log error,
Terminate and
terminate (see next section for a rationale). If no, O is the
result of dynamic discovery. Terminate. discovery; terminate.

20. O-1 = { empty set }, O-2 = BACKOFF_TIME, log error, Terminate. and
terminate.

3.4.4. Validity of results Results

The dynamic discovery algorithm is used by servers which that do not have
sufficient configuration information to process an incoming request
on their own. If the discovery algorithm result contains the
server's own listening address (IP address and port), then there is a
potential for an endless forwarding loop. If the listening address
is the DNS result with the highest priorty, priority, the server will enter a
tight loop (the server would forward the request to itself,
triggering dynamic discovery again in a perpetual loop). If the
address has a lower priority in the set of results, there is a
potential loop with intermediate hops in between (the server could
forward to another host with a higher priority, which might use DNS
itself and forward the packet back to the first server). The
underlying reason that enables these loops is that the server
executing the discovery algorithm is seriously misconfigured in that
it does not recognise recognize the request as one that is to be processed by
itself. RADIUS has no built-in loop detection, so any such loops
would remain undetected. So, if step 18 of the algorithm discovers
such a possible-loop situation, the algorithm should be aborted and
an error logged. Note that this safeguard does not provide perfect
protection against routing loops. One reason which that might introduce a
loop include includes the possiblity possibility that a subsequent hop has a statically
configured next-hop which next hop that leads to an earlier host in the loop.
Another reason for occuring occurring loops is if the algorithm was executed
with greedy result evaluation, and the server's own address was in a lower-
priority
lower-priority branch of the result set which that was not retrieved from
DNS at all, and thus can't be detected.

After executing the above algorithm, the RADIUS server establishes a
connection to a home server from the result set. This connection can
potentially remain open for an indefinite amount of time. This
conflicts with the possibility of changing device and network
configurations on the receiving end. Typically, TTL values for
records in the name resolution system are used to indicate how long
it is safe to rely on the results of the name resolution. If these
TTLs are very low, thrashing of connections becomes possible; the
Effective TTL mitigates that risk. When a connection is open and the
smallest of the Effective TTL value which that was learned during
discovering the server has not expired, subsequent new user sessions
for the realm which that corresponds to that open connection SHOULD re-use reuse
the existing connection and SHOULD NOT re-execute the dynamic discovery
algorithm nor open a new connection. To allow for a change of
configuration, a RADIUS server SHOULD re-execute the dynamic discovery
algorithm after the Effective TTL that is associated with this
connection has expired. The server SHOULD keep the session open
during this re-assessment reassessment to avoid closure and immediate re-opening reopening of
the connection should the result not have changed.

Should the algorithm above terminate with O-1 = { empty set, set }, the
RADIUS server SHOULD NOT attempt another execution of this algorithm
for the same target realm before the timeout O-2 has passed.

3.4.5. Delay considerations Considerations

The host's name resolution library may need to contact outside
entities to perform the name resolution (e.g. (e.g., authoritative name
servers for a domain), and since the NAI discovery algorithm is based
on uncontrollable user input, the destination of the lookups is out
of control of the server that performs NAI discovery. If such
outside entities are misconfigured or unreachable, the algorithm
above may need an unacceptably long time to terminate. Many RADIUS
implementations time out after five seconds of delay between Request
and Response. It is not useful to wait until the host name
resolution library signals a timeout of its name resolution
algorithms. The algorithm therefore controls execution time with
TIMER. Execution of the NAI discovery algorithm SHOULD be non-
blocking (i.e. (i.e., allow other requests to be processed in parallel to
the execution of the algorithm).

3.4.6. Example

Assume

a user from the Technical University of Munich, Germany, has a
RADIUS User-Name of "foobar@tu-m[U+00FC]nchen.example".

The name resolution library on the RADIUS forwarding server does
not have the realm tu-m[U+00FC]nchen.example in its forwarding
configuration,
configuration but uses DNS for name resolution and has configured
the use of Dynamic Discovery dynamic discovery to discover RADIUS servers.

It is IPv6-enabled IPv6 enabled and prefers AAAA records over A records.

It is listening for incoming RADIUS/TLS requests on 192.0.2.1, TCP
/2083.
TCP/2083.

May the configuration variables be

DNS_TIMEOUT = 3 seconds

MIN_EFF_TTL = 60 seconds

BACKOFF_TIME = 3600 seconds

If DNS contains the following records: records
xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN NAPTR 50 50 "s"
"aaa+auth:radius.tls.tcp" "" _myradius._tcp.xn--tu-mnchen-
t9a.example.

xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN NAPTR 50 50 "s"
"fooservice:bar.dccp" "" _abc123._def.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

_myradius._tcp.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN SRV 0 10 2083
radsecserver.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

_myradius._tcp.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN SRV 0 20 2083
backupserver.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

radsecserver.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN AAAA
2001:0DB8::202:44ff:fe0a:f704

radsecserver.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN A 192.0.2.3

backupserver.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example. IN A 192.0.2.7

Then the algorithm executes as follows, with I =
"foobar@tu-m[U+00FC]nchen.example", and no consortium name mangling
in use:

1. P = 7

2. R = "tu-m[U+00FC]nchen.example"

3. NOOP

4. name Name resolution library converts R to xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example

5. TIMER starts.

6. Result:

(TTL = 47) 50 50 "s" "aaa+auth:radius.tls.tcp" ""
_myradius._tcp.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

(TTL = 522) 50 50 "s" "fooservice:bar.dccp" ""
_abc123._def.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

7. Result:

(TTL = 47) 50 50 "s" "aaa+auth:radius.tls.tcp" ""
_myradius._tcp.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

8. NOOP
9. Successive resolution performs SRV query for label
_myradius._tcp.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example, which results in

(TTL 499) 0 10 2083 radsec.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

(TTL 2200) 0 20 2083 backup.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.

10. NOOP

11. O' = {

(radsec.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.; 2083; RADIUS/TLS; 10;
60),

(backup.xn--tu-mnchen-t9a.example.; 2083; RADIUS/TLS; 20; 60)

} // minimum TTL is 47, up'ed to MIN_EFF_TTL

12. Continuing at 18.

13. (not executed)

14. (not executed)

15. (not executed)

16. (not executed)

17. (not executed)

18. O-1 = {

(2001:0DB8::202:44ff:fe0a:f704; 2083; RADIUS/TLS; 10; 60),

(192.0.2.7; 2083; RADIUS/TLS; 20; 60)

}; O-2 = 0

19. No match with own listening address; terminate with tuple (O-1,
O-2) from previous step.

The implementation will then attempt to connect to two servers, with
preference to [2001:0DB8::202:44ff:fe0a:f704]:2083 using the RADIUS/
TLS protocol.

4. Operations and Manageability Considerations

The discovery algorithm as defined in this document contains several
options;
options: the major ones being are use of NAPTR vs. SRV; how to determine
the authorization status of a contacted server for a given realm; and
which trust anchors to consider trustworthy for the RADIUS
conversation setup.

Random parties which that do not agree on the same set of options may not
be able to interoperate. However, such a global interoperability is
not intended by this document.

Discovery as per this document becomes important inside a roaming
consortium, which has set up roaming agreements with the other
partners. Such roaming agreements require much more than a technical
means of server discovery; there are administrative and contractual
considerations at play (service contracts, backoffice back-office compensations,
procedures, ...). etc.).

A roaming consortium's roaming agreement must include a profile of
which choice points of in this document to use. So as long as the
roaming consortium can settle on one deployment profile, they will be
able to interoperate based on that choice; this per-consortium
interoperability is the intended scope of this document.

5. Security Considerations

When using DNS without DNSSEC security extensions and validation for
all of the replies to NAPTR, SRV SRV, and A/AAAA requests as described in
section
Section 3, the result of the discovery process can not be trusted.
Even if it can be trusted (i.e. (i.e., DNSSEC is in use), actual
authorization of the discovered server to provide service for the
given realm needs to be verified. A mechanism from section Section 2.1.1.3
or equivalent MUST be used to verify authorization.

The algorithm has a configurable completion timeout DNS_TIMEOUT
defaulting to three seconds for RADIUS' operational reasons. The
lookup of DNS resource records based on unverified user input is an
attack vector for DoS attacks: an attacker might intentionally craft
bogus DNS zones which that take a very long time to reply (e.g. (e.g., due to a
particularly byzantine tree structure, structure or artificial delays in
responses).

To mitigate this DoS vector, implementations SHOULD consider rate- rate
limiting either their the amount of new executions of the dynamic discovery
algorithm as a whole, whole or the amount of intermediate responses to
track, or at least the number of pending DNS queries.
Implementations MAY choose lower values than the default for
DNS_TIMEOUT to limit the impact of DoS attacks via that vector. They
MAY also continue their attempt to resolve DNS records even after
DNS_TIMEOUT has passed; a subsequent request for the same realm might
benefit from retrieving the results anyway. The amount of time to spent
waiting for a result will influence the impact of a possible DoS
attack; the waiting time value is implementation dependent and
outside the scope of this specification.

With Dynamic Discovery dynamic discovery being enabled for a RADIUS Server, server, and
depending on the deployment scenario, the server may need to open up
its target IP address and port for the entire internet, Internet because
arbitrary clients may discover it as a target for their
authentication requests. If such clients are not part of the roaming
consortium, the RADIUS/TLS connection setup phase will fail (which is
intended)
intended), but the computational cost for the connection attempt is
significant. With When the port for a TLS-based service is open, the
RADIUS server shares all the typical attack vectors for services
based on TLS (such as HTTPS, SMTPS, ...). HTTPS and SMTPS). Deployments of RADIUS/TLS
with
Dynamic Discovery dynamic discovery should consider these attack vectors and take
appropriate counter-measures (e.g. countermeasures (e.g., blacklisting known-bad known bad IPs on a
firewall, rate-limiting rate limiting new connection attempts, etc.).

6. Privacy Considerations

The classic RADIUS operational model (known, pre-configured preconfigured peers,
shared secret security, and mostly plaintext communication) and this
new RADIUS dynamic discovery model (peer discovery with DNS, PKI security
security, and packet confidentiality) differ significantly in their
impact on the privacy of end users trying to authenticate to a RADIUS
server.

With classic RADIUS, traffic in large environments gets aggregated by
statically configured clearinghouses. The packets sent to those
clearinghouses and their responses are mostly unprotected. As a
consequence,

o All intermediate IP hops can inspect most of the packet payload in
clear text, including the User-Name and Calling-Station-Id
attributes, and can observe which client sent the packet to which
clearinghouse. This allows the creation of mobility profiles for
any passive observer on the IP path.

o The existence of a central clearinghouse creates an opportunity
for the clearinghouse to trivially create the same mobility
profiles. The clearinghouse may or may not be trusted not to do
this, e.g. e.g., by sufficiently threatening contractual obligations.

o In addition to that, with the clearinghouse being a RADIUS
intermediate in possession of a valid shared secret, the
clearinghouse can observe and record even the security-critical
RADIUS attributes such as User-Password. This risk may be
mitigated by choosing authentication payloads which that are
cryptographically secured and do not use the attribute User-
Password - -- such as certain EAP types.

o There is no additional information disclosure to parties outside
the IP path between the RADIUS client and server (in particular,
no DNS servers learn about realms of current ongoing
authentications).

With RADIUS and dynamic discovery,

o This protocol allows for RADIUS clients to identify and directly
connect to the RADIUS home server. This can eliminate the use of
clearinghouses to do forwarding of requests, and it also
eliminates the ability of the clearinghouse to then aggregate the
user information that flows through it. However, there exist are
reasons why clearinghouses might still be used. One reason to
keep a clearinghouse is to act as a gateway for multiple backends
in a company; another reason may be a requirement to sanitise sanitize
RADIUS datagrams (filter attributes, tag requests with new
attributes, ... ). etc.).

o Even where intermediate proxies continue to be used for reasons
unrelated to dynamic discovery, the number of such intermediates
may be reduced by removing those proxies which that are only deployed
for pure request routing reasons. This reduces the number of
entities which that can inspect the RADIUS traffic.

o RADIUS clients which that make use of dynamic discovery will need to
query the Domain Name System, System and use a user's realm name as the
query label. A passive observer on the IP path between the RADIUS
client and the DNS server(s) being queried can learn that a user
of that specific realm was trying to authenticate at that RADIUS
client at a certain point in time. This may or may not be
sufficient for the passive observer to create a mobility profile.
During the recursive DNS resolution, a fair number of DNS servers
and the IP hops in between those get to learn that information.
Not every single authentication triggers DNS lookups, so there is
no one-to-one relation of leaked realm information and the number
of authentications for that realm.

o Since dynamic discovery operates on a RADIUS hop-by-hop basis,
there is no guarantee that the RADIUS payload is not transmitted
between RADIUS systems which that do not make use of this algorithm, and
they possibly using use other transports such as RADIUS/UDP. On such
hops, the enhanced privacy is jeopardized.

In summary, with classic RADIUS, few intermediate entities learn very
detailed data about every ongoing authentications, authentication, while with dynamic
discovery, many entities learn only very little about recently
authenticated realms.

7. IANA Considerations

This document requests

Per this document, IANA registration of has added the following entries in existing
registries:

o S-NAPTR Application Service Tags registry

* aaa+auth

* aaa+acct

* aaa+dynauth

o S-NAPTR Application Protocol Tags registry

* radius.tls.tcp

* radius.dtls.udp

This document reserves the use of the "radiustls" and "radiusdtls"
service names. Registration information as per [RFC6335] section Section 8.1.1 of
[RFC6335] is as follows:

Service Name: radiustls; radiusdtls

Transport Protocols: TCP (for radiustls), UDP (for radiusdtls)

Assignee: IESG <iesg@ietf.org>

Contact: IETF Chair <chair@ietf.org>

Description: Authentication, Accounting Accounting, and Dynamic authorization Authorization
via the RADIUS protocol. These service names are used to
construct the SRV service labels "_radiustls" and "_radiusdtls"
for discovery of RADIUS/TLS and RADIUS/DTLS servers, respectively.

Reference: RFC Editor Note: please insert the RFC number of this
document. The protocol does not use broadcast, multicast or
anycast communication. 7585

This specification makes use of the SRV Protocol protocol identifiers "_tcp"
and "_udp" "_udp", which are mentioned as early as [RFC2782] but do not
appear to be assigned in an actual registry. Since they are in wide-
spread
widespread use in other protocols, this specification refrains from
requesting a new registry "RADIUS/TLS SRV Protocol Registry" and
continues to make use of these tags implicitly.

This document requires that

Per this document, a number of Object Identifiers be have been assigned.
They are now under the control of IANA following [RFC7299] [RFC7299].

IANA is requested to assign has assigned the following identifiers:

TBD99 is to be

85 has been assigned from the "SMI Security for PKIX Module
Identifier Registry".
Identifier" registry. The suggested description is id-mod-nai-
realm-08.

TBD98 is to be id-mod-nai-realm-08.

8 has been assigned from the "SMI Security for PKIX Other Name
Forms Registry."
Forms" registry. The suggested description is id-on-naiRealm.

RFC Editor Note: please replace the occurences of TBD98 and TBD99 in
Appendix A of the document with the actually assigned numbers.

8. References

8.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/
RFC2119, March 1997. 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC2782] Gulbrandsen, A., Vixie, P., and L. Esibov, "A DNS RR for
specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2782,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2782, February 2000. 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2782>.

[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
"Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC
2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000. 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.

[RFC2866] Rigney, C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2866, DOI 10.17487/
RFC2866, June 2000. 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2866>.

[RFC3958] Daigle, L. and A. Newton, "Domain-Based Application
Service Location Using SRV RRs and the Dynamic Delegation
Discovery Service (DDDS)", RFC 3958, DOI 10.17487/RFC3958,
January 2005. 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3958>.

[RFC5176] Chiba, M., Dommety, G., Eklund, M., Mitton, D., and B.
Aboba, "Dynamic Authorization Extensions to Remote
Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 5176,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5176, January 2008. 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5176>.

[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008. 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.

[RFC5580] Tschofenig, H., Ed., Adrangi, F., Jones, M., Lior, A., and
B. Aboba, "Carrying Location Objects in RADIUS and
Diameter", RFC 5580, DOI 10.17487/RFC5580, August 2009. 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5580>.

[RFC5891] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in
Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891, DOI 10.17487/
RFC5891, August 2010. 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5891>.

[RFC6614] Winter, S., McCauley, M., Venaas, S., and K. Wierenga,
"Transport Layer Security (TLS) Encryption for RADIUS",
RFC 6614, DOI 10.17487/RFC6614, May 2012. 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6614>.

[RFC7360] DeKok, A., "Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) as a
Transport Layer for RADIUS", RFC 7360, DOI 10.17487/
RFC7360, September 2014.

[I-D.ietf-radext-nai] 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7360>.

[RFC7542] DeKok, A., "The Network Access Identifier", draft-ietf-
radext-nai-15 (work in progress), December 2014. RFC 7542, DOI
10.17487/RFC7542, May 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7542>.

8.2. Informative References

[EDUROAM] Wierenga, K., Winter, S., and T. Wolniewicz, "The eduroam
architecture for network roaming", Work in Progress,
draft-wierenga-ietf-eduroam-05, March 2015.

[RFC4017] Stanley, D., Walker, J., and B. Aboba, "Extensible
Authentication Protocol (EAP) Method Requirements for
Wireless LANs", RFC 4017, DOI 10.17487/RFC4017, March 2005.
2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4017>.

[RFC6335] Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S.
Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and
Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165, RFC
6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011. 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.

[RFC6733] Fajardo, V., Ed., Arkko, J., Loughney, J., and G. Zorn,
Ed., "Diameter Base Protocol", RFC 6733, DOI 10.17487/
RFC6733, October 2012. 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6733>.

[RFC7299] Housley, R., "Object Identifier Registry for the PKIX
Working Group", RFC 7299, DOI 10.17487/RFC7299, July 2014.

[I-D.wierenga-ietf-eduroam]
Wierenga, K., Winter, S., and T. Wolniewicz, "The eduroam
architecture for network roaming", draft-wierenga-ietf-
eduroam-05 (work in progress), March 2015. 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7299>.

Appendix A. Appendix A: ASN.1 Syntax of NAIRealm

PKIXNaiRealm08 {iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6)
internet(1) security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-nai-realm-08 (TBD99)
id-mod-nai-realm-08(85) }

DEFINITIONS EXPLICIT TAGS ::=

BEGIN

-- EXPORTS ALL --

IMPORTS

id-pkix
FROM PKIX1Explicit-2009
{iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-pkix1-explicit-02(51)}
-- from RFC 5280, RFC RFCs 5280 and 5912

OTHER-NAME
FROM PKIX1Implicit-2009
{iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1) security(5)
mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0) id-mod-pkix1-implicit-02(59)}
-- from RFC 5280, RFC RFCs 5280 and 5912
;

-- Service Name Object Identifier

id-on OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-pkix 8 }

id-on-naiRealm OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { id-on TBD98 8 }

-- Service Name

naiRealm OTHER-NAME ::= { NAIRealm IDENTIFIED BY { id-on-naiRealm }}

ub-naiRealm-length INTEGER ::= 255

NAIRealm ::= UTF8String (SIZE (1..ub-naiRealm-length))

END

Authors' Addresses

Stefan Winter
Fondation RESTENA
6, rue Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi
Luxembourg 1359
LUXEMBOURG
Luxembourg

Phone: +352 424409 1
Fax: +352 422473
EMail:
Email: stefan.winter@restena.lu
URI: http://www.restena.lu. http://www.restena.lu

Mike McCauley
AirSpayce Pty Ltd
9 Bulbul Place
Currumbin Waters QLD 4223
AUSTRALIA
Australia

Phone: +61 7 5598 7474
EMail:
Email: mikem@airspayce.com
URI: http://www.airspayce.com