wdiff rfc7862.original rfc7862.txt

NFSv4
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) T. Haynes
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 7862 Primary Data
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track January 28, 2016
Expires: July 31, November 2016

NFS
ISSN: 2070-1721

Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 2
draft-ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-41.txt Protocol

Abstract

This Internet-Draft document describes NFS version 4 minor version two,
describing 2; it describes
the protocol extensions made from NFS version 4 minor version 1.
Major extensions introduced in NFS version 4 minor version two include: Server Side 2 include
the following: Server-Side Copy, Application Input/Output (I/O)
Advise, Space Reservations, Sparse Files, Application Data Blocks,
and Labeled NFS.

Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119].

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
Drafts is at http://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of six months RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents obtained at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on July 31, 2016.
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7862.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ....................................................4
1.1. Requirements Language ......................................4
1.2. Scope of This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. .....................................5
1.3. NFSv4.2 Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3. ..............................................5
1.4. Overview of NFSv4.2 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.1. Server Side ...............................6
1.4.1. Server-Side Clone and Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.2. ..........................6
1.4.2. Application Input/Output (I/O) Advise . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3. ...............6
1.4.3. Sparse Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.4. ........................................6
1.4.4. Space Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.5. ...................................7
1.4.5. Application Data Block (ADB) Support . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.6. ................7
1.4.6. Labeled NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.7. .........................................7
1.4.7. Layout Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4. .................................7
1.5. Enhancements to Minor Versioning Model . . . . . . . . . 7 .....................7
2. Minor Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ................................................8
3. pNFS considerations Considerations for New Operations . . . . . . . . . . . 8 ..........................9
3.1. Atomicity for ALLOCATE and DEALLOCATE . . . . . . . . . . 9 ......................9
3.2. Sharing of stateids Stateids with NFSv4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ...........................9
3.3. NFSv4.2 as a Storage Protocol in pNFS: the The File
Layout Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ................................................9
3.3.1. Operations Sent to NFSv4.2 Data Servers . . . . . . . 9 .............9
4. Server Side Server-Side Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ...............................................10
4.1. Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 .........................................10
4.1.1. Copy COPY Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ....................................11
4.1.2. Requirements for Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ........................11
4.2. Requirements for Inter-Server Copy . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ........................13
4.3. Implementation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 .............................13
4.3.1. Locking the Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ..................................13
4.3.2. Client Caches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 ......................................14
4.4. Intra-Server Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 .........................................14
4.5. Inter-Server Copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 .........................................16
4.6. Server-to-Server Copy Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 ............................19
4.6.1. Considerations on Selecting a Copy Protocol . . . . . 19 ........19
4.6.2. Using NFSv4.x as the Copy Protocol . . . . . . . . . 19 .................19
4.6.3. Using an Alternative Copy Protocol . . . . . . . . . 19 .................20
4.7. netloc4 - Network Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ...............................21
4.8. Copy Offload Stateids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 .....................................21
4.9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 for Server-Side Copy ..............22
4.9.1. Inter-Server Copy Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 .........................22
5. Support for Application I/O Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 ..............................30
6. Sparse Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ...................................................30
6.1. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ...............................................31
6.2. New Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ............................................32
6.2.1. READ_PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ..........................................32
6.2.2. DEALLOCATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 .........................................32
7. Space Reservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ..............................................32
8. Application Data Block Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 .................................34
8.1. Generic Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 .........................................35
8.1.1. Data Block Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ..........................36
8.2. An Example of Detecting Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . 35 ........................36
8.3. An Example of READ_PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 ...................................38
8.4. An Example of Zeroing Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ...............................39
9. Labeled NFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 ....................................................39
9.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 ...............................................40
9.2. MAC Security Attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ....................................41
9.2.1. Delegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ........................................41
9.2.2. Permission Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ................................42
9.2.3. Object Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ....................................42
9.2.4. Existing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ...................................42
9.2.5. Label Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 ......................................42
9.3. pNFS Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 .......................................43
9.4. Discovery of Server Labeled NFS Support . . . . . . . . . 42 ...................43
9.5. MAC Security NFS Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . 42 .......................43
9.5.1. Full Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 ..........................................44
9.5.2. Limited Server Mode ................................45
9.5.3. Guest Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 .........................................45
9.6. Security Considerations for Labeled NFS . . . . . . . . . 44 ...................46
10. Sharing change attribute implementation characteristics Change Attribute Implementation Characteristics
with NFSv4 clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Clients ............................................46
11. Error Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 ..................................................47
11.1. Error Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ........................................47
11.1.1. General Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ....................................47
11.1.2. Server to Server Server-to-Server Copy Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 ......................47
11.1.3. Labeled NFS Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ................................48
11.2. New Operations and Their Valid Errors . . . . . . . . . 47 ....................49
11.3. New Callback Operations and Their Valid Errors . . . . . 52 ...........53
12. New File Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 ...........................................54
12.1. New RECOMMENDED Attributes - List and Definition
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 ...............................................54
12.2. Attribute Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 ....................................54
13. Operations: REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, or OPTIONAL . . . . . . . 56 ................57
14. Modifications to NFSv4.1 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 ...........................61
14.1. Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client the client ID . . . 59 ....61
14.2. Operation 48: GETDEVICELIST - Get All Device Mappings all device
mappings for a File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 file system ...............................63
15. NFSv4.2 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 ............................................64
15.1. Operation 59: ALLOCATE - Reserve Space space in A Region a
region of a
File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 file .........................................64
15.2. Operation 60: COPY - Initiate a server-side copy . . . . 63 .........65
15.3. Operation 61: COPY_NOTIFY - Notify a source
server of a future copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 ..................................70
15.4. Operation 62: DEALLOCATE - Unreserve Space space in a Region
region of a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 file .........................................72
15.5. Operation 63: IO_ADVISE - Application Send client I/O access
pattern hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 to the server ..............................73
15.6. Operation 64: LAYOUTERROR - Provide Errors errors for
the
Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 layout ...............................................79
15.7. Operation 65: LAYOUTSTATS - Provide Statistics statistics
for the
Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 layout ...........................................82
15.8. Operation 66: OFFLOAD_CANCEL - Stop an Offloaded
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 offloaded
operation ................................................84
15.9. Operation 67: OFFLOAD_STATUS - Poll for Status the
status of
Asynchronous Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 an asynchronous operation ......................85
15.10. Operation 68: READ_PLUS - READ Data data or Holes holes
from a File 83 file .............................................86
15.11. Operation 69: SEEK - Find the Next Data next data or Hole . . . . 88 hole .........91
15.12. Operation 70: WRITE_SAME - WRITE an ADB Multiple Times multiple
times to a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 file .........................................92
15.13. Operation 71: CLONE - Clone a range of a file
into another file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 .......................................96
16. NFSv4.2 Callback Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 ...................................98
16.1. Operation 15: CB_OFFLOAD - Report the results of
an asynchronous operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
17. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
18. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
19. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
19.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
19.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Appendix A. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Appendix B. RFC Editor Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 operation ................................98
17. Security Considerations .......................................99
18. IANA Considerations ...........................................99
19. References ...................................................100
19.1. Normative References ....................................100
19.2. Informative References ..................................101
Acknowledgments ..................................................103
Author's Address .................................................104

1. Introduction

The NFS version 4 minor version 2 (NFSv4.2) protocol is the third
minor version of the NFS version 4 (NFSv4) protocol. The first minor
version, NFSv4.0, is described in [RFC7530] [RFC7530], and the second minor
version, NFSv4.1, is described in [RFC5661].

As a minor version, NFSv4.2 is consistent with the overall goals for
NFSv4, but NFSv4.2 extends the protocol so as to better meet those
goals, based on experiences with NFSv4.1. In addition, NFSv4.2 has
adopted some additional goals, which motivate some of the major
extensions in NFSv4.2.

1.1. Requirements Language

1.2. Scope of This Document

This document describes the NFSv4.2 protocol as a set of extensions
to the specification for NFSv4.1. That specification remains current
and forms the basis for the additions defined herein. In addition,
the specfication The
specification for NFSv4.0 remains current as well.

It is necessary to implement all the REQUIRED features of NFSv4.1
before adding NFSv4.2 features to the implementation. With respect
to NFSv4.0 and NFSv4.1, this document does not:

o describe the NFSv4.0 or NFSv4.1 protocols, except where needed to
contrast with NFSv4.2

o modify the specification of the NFSv4.0 or NFSv4.1 protocols

o clarify the NFSv4.0 or NFSv4.1 protocols, protocols -- that is is, any
clarifications made here apply only to NFSv4.2 and neither of the
prior protocols not to NFSv4.0
or NFSv4.1

NFSv4.2 is a superset of NFSv4.1, with all of the new features being
optional. As such, NFSv4.2 maintains the same compatibility that
NFSv4.1 had with NFSv4.0. Any interactions of a new feature with
NFSv4.1 semantics, semantics is described in the relevant text.

The full External Data Representation (XDR) [RFC4506] for NFSv4.2 is
presented in [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-dot-x].

1.2. [RFC7863].

1.3. NFSv4.2 Goals

A major goal of the enhancements provided in NFSv4.2 is to take
common local file system features that have not been available
through earlier versions of NFS, NFS and to offer them remotely. These
features might

o already be available on the servers, e.g., sparse files

o be under development as a new standard, e.g., SEEK pulls in both
SEEK_HOLE and SEEK_DATA

o be used by clients with the servers via some proprietary means,
e.g., Labeled NFS

NFSv4.2 provides means for clients to leverage these features on the
server in cases in which that such leveraging had previously not been
possible within the confines of the NFS protocol.

1.3.

1.4. Overview of NFSv4.2 Features

1.3.1. Server Side

1.4.1. Server-Side Clone and Copy

A traditional file copy of a remotely accessed file, whether from one
server to another or between locations in the same server, results in
the data being put on the network twice - -- source to client and then
client to destination. New operations are introduced to allow
unnecessary traffic to be eliminated:

o The intra-server clone CLONE feature allows the client to request a
synchronous cloning, perhaps by copy-on-write semantics.

o The intra-server copy COPY feature allows the client to request the
server to perform the copy internally, avoiding unnecessary
network traffic.

o The inter-server copy COPY feature allows the client to authorize the
source and destination servers to interact directly.

As such copies can be lengthy, asynchronous support is also provided.

1.3.2.

1.4.2. Application Input/Output (I/O) Advise

Applications and clients want to advise the server as to expected I/O
behavior. Using IO_ADVISE (see Section 15.5) to communicate future I
/O
I/O behavior such as whether a file will be accessed sequentially or
randomly, and whether a file will or will not be accessed in the near
future, allows servers to optimize future I/O requests for a file by,
for example, prefetching or evicting data. This operation can be
used to support the posix_fadvise posix_fadvise() [posix_fadvise] function. In
addition, it may be helpful to applications such as databases and
video editors.

1.3.3.

1.4.3. Sparse Files

Sparse files are ones which files that have unallocated or uninitialized data
blocks as holes in the file. Such holes are typically transferred as
0s
zeros when read from the file. READ_PLUS (see Section 15.10) allows
a server to send back to the client metadata describing the hole hole, and
DEALLOCATE (see Section 15.4) allows the client to punch holes into a
file. In addition, SEEK (see Section 15.11) is provided to scan for
the next hole or data from a given location.

1.3.4.

1.4.4. Space Reservation

When a file is sparse, one concern that applications have is ensuring
that there will always be enough data blocks available for the file
during future writes. ALLOCATE (see Section 15.1) allows a client to
request a guarantee that space will be available. Also Also, DEALLOCATE
(see Section 15.4) allows the client to punch a hole into a file,
thus releasing a space reservation.

1.3.5.

1.4.5. Application Data Block (ADB) Support

Some applications treat a file as if it were a disk and as such want
to initialize (or format) the file image. The WRITE_SAME operation
(see Section 15.12) is introduced to send this metadata to the server
to allow it to write the block contents.

1.3.6.

1.4.6. Labeled NFS

While both clients and servers can employ Mandatory Access Control
(MAC) security models to enforce data access, there has been no
protocol support for interoperability. A new file object attribute,
sec_label (see Section 12.2.4) 12.2.4), allows for the server to store MAC labels
on files, which the client retrieves and uses to enforce data access
(see Section 9.5.2). 9.5.3). The format of the sec_label accommodates any
MAC security system.

1.3.7.

1.4.7. Layout Enhancements

In the parallel NFS implementations of NFSv4.1 (see Section 12 of
[RFC5661]), the client cannot communicate back to the metadata server
any errors or performance characteristics with the storage devices.
NFSv4.2 provides two new operations to do so respectively: so: LAYOUTERROR (see
Section 15.6) and LAYOUTSTATS (see Section 15.7).

1.4. 15.7), respectively.

1.5. Enhancements to Minor Versioning Model

In NFSv4.1, the only way to introduce new variants of an operation
was to introduce a new operation. For instance, READ would have to
be replaced or supplemented by, say, either READ2 or READ_PLUS. With
the use of discriminated unions as parameters to for such functions in
NFSv4.2, it is possible to add a new arm "arm" (i.e., a new entry in the
union and a corresponding new field in the structure) in a subsequent
minor version. And it It is also possible to move such an operation from
OPTIONAL/RECOMMENDED to REQUIRED. Forcing an implementation to adopt
each arm of a discriminated union at such a time does not meet the
spirit of the minor versioning rules. As such, new arms of a
discriminated union MUST follow the same guidelines for minor
versioning as operations in NFSv4.1 - -- i.e., they may not be made
REQUIRED. To support this, a new error code, NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP,
allows the server to communicate to the client that the operation is
supported,
supported but the specific arm of the discriminated union is not.

2. Minor Versioning

NFSv4.2 is a minor version of NFSv4 and is built upon NFSv4.1 as
documented in [RFC5661] and [RFC5662].

NFSv4.2 does not modify the rules applicable to the NFSv4 versioning
process and follows the rules set out in [RFC5661] or in standard-
track
Standards Track documents updating that document (e.g., in an RFC
based on
[I-D.ietf-nfsv4-versioning]). [NFSv4-Versioning]).

NFSv4.2 only defines extensions to NFSv4.1, each of which may be
supported (or not) independently. It does not

o introduce infrastructural features

o make existing features MANDATORY to NOT implement

o change the status of existing features (i.e., by changing their
status among OPTIONAL, RECOMMENDED, REQUIRED). REQUIRED)

The following versioning-related considerations should be noted.

o When a new case is added to an existing switch, servers need to
report non-support of that new case by returning
NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP.

o As regards the potential cross-minor-version transfer of stateids,
Parallel NFS (pNFS) (see Section 12 of [RFC5661]) implementations
of the file mapping file-mapping type may support of the use of an NFSv4.2
metadata server (see Sections 1.7.2.2 and 12.2.2 of [RFC5661])
with NFSv4.1 data servers. In this context, a stateid returned by
an NFSv4.2 COMPOUND will be used in an NFSv4.1 COMPOUND directed
to the data server (see Sections 3.2 and 3.3).

3. pNFS considerations Considerations for New Operations

The interactions of the new operations with non-pNFS functionality is
straight forward
are straightforward and are covered in the relevant sections.
However, the interactions of the new operations with pNFS is are more complicated and
this
complicated. This section provides an overview.

3.1. Atomicity for ALLOCATE and DEALLOCATE

Both ALLOCATE (see Section 15.1) and DEALLOCATE (see Section 15.4)
are sent to the metadata server, which is responsible for
coordinating the changes onto the storage devices. In particular,
both operations must either fully succeed or fail, fail; it cannot be the
case that one storage device succeeds whilst another fails.

3.2. Sharing of stateids Stateids with NFSv4.1

An NFSv4.2 metadata server can hand out a layout to a an NFSv4.1
storage device. Section 13.9.1 of [RFC5661] discusses how the client
gets a stateid from the metadata server to present to a storage
device.

3.3. NFSv4.2 as a Storage Protocol in pNFS: the The File Layout Type

A file layout provided by a an NFSv4.2 server may refer either to either (1) a
storage device that only implements NFSv4.1 as specified in
[RFC5661], [RFC5661]
or to (2) a storage device that implements additions from NFSv4.2, in
which case the rules in Section 3.3.1 apply. As the File
Layout Type file layout type
does not provide a means for informing the client as to which minor
version a particular storage device is providing, the client will
have to negotiate this with the storage device via the normal Remote
Procedure Call (RPC) semantics of major and minor version discovery.
For example, as per Section 16.2.3 of [RFC5661], the client could try
a COMPOUND with a minorversion field value of 2 and 2; if it gets
NFS4ERR_MINOR_VERS_MISMATCH, it would drop back to 1.

3.3.1. Operations Sent to NFSv4.2 Data Servers

In addition to the commands listed in [RFC5661], NFSv4.2 data servers
MAY accept a COMPOUND containing the following additional operations:
IO_ADVISE (see Section 15.5), READ_PLUS (see Section 15.10),
WRITE_SAME (see Section 15.12), and SEEK (see Section 15.11), which
will be treated like the subset specified as "Operations Sent to
NFSv4.1 Data Servers" in Section 13.6 of [RFC5661].

Additional details on the implementation of these operations in a
pNFS context are documented in the operation specific operation-specific sections.

4. Server Side Server-Side Copy

The server-side copy features provide mechanisms which that allow an NFS
client to copy file data on a server or between two servers without
the data being transmitted back and forth over the network through
the NFS client. Without these features, an NFS client would copy
data from one location to another by reading the data from the source
server over the network, network and then writing the data back over the
network to the destination server.

If the source object and destination object are on different file
servers, the file servers will communicate with one another to
perform the copy COPY operation. The server-to-server protocol by which
this is accomplished is not defined in this document.

The copy feature allows the server to perform the copying either
synchronously or asynchronously. The client can request synchronous
copying
copying, but the server may not be able to honor this request. If
the server intends to perform asynchronous copying, it supplies the
client with a request identifier that the client can use to monitor
the progress of the copying and, if appropriate, cancel a request in
progress. The request identifier is a stateid representing the
internal state held by the server while the copying is performed.
Multiple asynchronous copies of all or part of a file may be in
progress in parallel on a server; the stateid request identifier
allows monitoring and canceling to be applied to the correct request.

4.1. Protocol Overview

The server-side copy offload operations support both intra-server and
inter-server file copies. An intra-server copy is a copy in which
the source file and destination file reside on the same server. In
an inter-server copy, the source file and destination file are on
different servers. In both cases, the copy may be performed
synchronously or asynchronously.

In addition, the CLONE operation provides copy-like COPY-like functionality in
the intra-server case case, which is both synchronous and atomic, atomic in that
other operations may not see the target file in any state between
that the
state before the clone CLONE operation and the state after it.

Throughout the rest of this document, the NFS server containing the
source file is referred to as the "source server" and the NFS server
to which the file is transferred as the "destination server". In the
case of an intra-server copy, the source server and destination
server are the same server. Therefore Therefore, in the context of an intra-
server
intra-server copy, the terms source server "source server" and destination server "destination server"
refer to the single server performing the copy.

The new operations are designed to copy files or regions within them.
Other file system objects can be copied by building on these
operations or using other techniques. For example, if a user wishes
to copy a directory, the client can synthesize a directory copy COPY
operation by first creating the destination directory and the
individual (empty) files within it, it and then copying the contents of
the source directory's files to files in the new destination
directory.

For the inter-server copy, the operations are defined to be
compatible with the traditional copy authorization approach. The
client and user are authorized at the source for reading. Then Then, they
are authorized at the destination for writing.

4.1.1. Copy COPY Operations

CLONE: Used by the client to request an a synchronous atomic copy-like COPY-like
operation. (Section 15.13)

COPY_NOTIFY: Used by the client to request the source server to
authorize a future file copy that will be made by a given
destination server on behalf of the given user. (Section 15.3)

COPY: Used by the client to request a file copy. (Section 15.2)

OFFLOAD_CANCEL: Used by the client to terminate an asynchronous file
copy. (Section 15.8)

OFFLOAD_STATUS: Used by the client to poll the status of an
asynchronous file copy. (Section 15.9)

CB_OFFLOAD: Used by the destination server to report the results of
an asynchronous file copy to the client. (Section 16.1)

4.1.2. Requirements for Operations

Three

Inter-server copy, intra-server copy, and intra-server clone are each
OPTIONAL features are provided relative to in the context of server-side copy. A server may
choose independently to implement any of them. A server implementing
any of these features may be REQUIRED to implement certain
operations. Other operations are OPTIONAL in the context of a
particular feature (see Table 5 in Section 13), 13) but may become
REQUIRED
REQUIRED, depending on server behavior. Clients need to use these
operations to successfully copy a file.

For a client to do an intra-server file copy, it needs to use either
the COPY or the CLONE operation. If COPY is used used, the client MUST
support the CB_OFFLOAD operation. If COPY is used and it returns a
stateid, then the client MAY use the OFFLOAD_CANCEL and
OFFLOAD_STATUS operations.

For a client to do an inter-server file copy, then it needs to use the
COPY and COPY_NOTIFY operations and MUST support the CB_OFFLOAD
operation. If COPY returns a stateid, then the client MAY use the
OFFLOAD_CANCEL and OFFLOAD_STATUS operations.

If a server supports the intra-server copy COPY feature, then the server
MUST support the COPY operation. If a server's COPY operation
returns a stateid, then the server MUST also support these
operations: CB_OFFLOAD, OFFLOAD_CANCEL, and OFFLOAD_STATUS.

If a server supports the clone CLONE feature, then it MUST support the
CLONE operations operation and the clone_blksize attribute on any filesystem file system on
which CLONE is supported (as either source or destination file).

If a source server supports the inter-server copy COPY feature, then it
MUST support the operations COPY_NOTIFY and OFFLOAD_CANCEL. OFFLOAD_CANCEL operations. If a
destination server supports the inter-server copy COPY feature, then it
MUST support the COPY operation. If a destination server's COPY
operation returns a stateid, then the destination server MUST also
support these operations: CB_OFFLOAD, OFFLOAD_CANCEL, COPY_NOTIFY,
and OFFLOAD_STATUS.

Each operation is performed in the context of the user identified by
the Open Network Computing (ONC) RPC credential of its in the RPC request
containing the COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND request. For example, an
OFFLOAD_CANCEL operation issued by a given user indicates that a
specified COPY operation initiated by the same user is to be
canceled. Therefore Therefore, an OFFLOAD_CANCEL MUST NOT interfere with a
copy of the same file initiated by another user.

An NFS server MAY allow an administrative user to monitor or cancel
copy
COPY operations using an implementation specific implementation-specific interface.

4.2. Requirements for Inter-Server Copy

The specification of the inter-server copy is driven by several
requirements:

o The specification MUST NOT mandate the server-to-server protocol.

o The specification MUST provide guidance for using NFSv4.x as a
copy protocol. For those source and destination servers willing
to use NFSv4.x, there are specific security considerations that
this
the specification MUST address.

o The specification MUST NOT mandate preconfiguration between the
source and destination server. servers. Requiring that the source and
destination servers first have a "copying relationship" increases
the administrative burden. However However, the specification MUST NOT
preclude implementations that require preconfiguration.

o The specification MUST NOT mandate a trust relationship between
the source and destination server. servers. The NFSv4 security model
requires mutual authentication between a principal on an NFS
client and a principal on an NFS server. This model MUST continue
with the introduction of COPY.

4.3. Implementation Considerations

4.3.1. Locking the Files

Both the source file and the destination file may need to be locked
to protect the content during the copy COPY operations. A client can
achieve this by a combination of OPEN and LOCK operations. I.e., That is,
either share locks or
byte range byte-range locks might be desired.

Note that when the client establishes a lock stateid on the source,
the context of that stateid is for the client and not the
destination. As such, there might already be an outstanding stateid,
issued to the destination as the client of the source, with the same
value as that provided for the lock stateid. The source MUST
interpret the lock stateid as that of the client, i.e., when the
destination presents it in the context of a an inter-server copy, it is
on behalf of the client.

4.3.2. Client Caches

In a traditional copy, if the client is in the process of writing to
the file before the copy (and perhaps with a write delegation), it
will be straightforward to update the destination server. With an
inter-server copy, the source has no insight into the changes cached
on the client. The client SHOULD write back the data back to the source.
If it does not do so, it is possible that the destination will
receive a corrupt copy of the file.

4.4. Intra-Server Copy

To copy a file on a single server, the client uses a COPY operation.
The server may respond to the copy COPY operation with the final results
of the copy copy, or it may perform the copy asynchronously and deliver
the results using a CB_OFFLOAD operation callback. callback operation. If the copy is
performed asynchronously, the client may poll the status of the copy
using OFFLOAD_STATUS or cancel the copy using OFFLOAD_CANCEL.

A synchronous intra-server copy is shown in Figure 1. In this
example, the NFS server chooses to perform the copy synchronously.
The copy COPY operation is completed, either successfully or
unsuccessfully, before the server replies to the client's request.
The server's reply contains the final result of the operation.

Figure 1: A synchronous intra-server copy. Synchronous Intra-Server Copy
An asynchronous intra-server copy is shown in Figure 2. In this
example, the NFS server performs the copy asynchronously. The
server's reply to the copy request indicates that the copy COPY operation
was initiated and the final result will be delivered at a later time.
The server's reply also contains a copy stateid. The client may use
this copy stateid to poll for status information (as shown) or to
cancel the copy using an OFFLOAD_CANCEL. When the server completes
the copy, the server performs a callback to the client and reports
the results.

Client Server
+ +
| |
|--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
|<------------------------------------/| the source file
| |
|--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
|<------------------------------------/| the destination file
| |
|--- COPY ---------------------------->| Client requests
|<------------------------------------/| a file copy
| |
| |
|--- OFFLOAD_STATUS ------------------>| Client may poll
|<------------------------------------/| for status
| |
| . | Multiple OFFLOAD_STATUS
| . | operations may be sent. sent
| . |
| |
|<-- CB_OFFLOAD -----------------------| Server reports results
|\------------------------------------>|
| |
|--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
|<------------------------------------/| the destination file
| |
|--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
|<------------------------------------/| the source file
| |
| |

Figure 2: An asynchronous intra-server copy. Asynchronous Intra-Server Copy

4.5. Inter-Server Copy

A copy may also be performed between two servers. The copy protocol
is designed to accommodate a variety of network topologies. As shown
in Figure 3, the client and servers may be connected by multiple
networks. In particular, the servers may be connected by a
specialized, high speed high-speed network (network 192.0.2.0/24 in the diagram)
that does not include the client. The protocol allows the client to
setup
set up the copy between the servers (over network 203.0.113.0/24 in
the diagram) and for the servers to communicate on the high speed high-speed
network if they choose to do so.

192.0.2.0/24
+-------------------------------------+
| |
| |
| 192.0.2.18 | 192.0.2.56
+-------+------+ +------+------+
| Source | | Destination |
+-------+------+ +------+------+
| 203.0.113.18 | 203.0.113.56
| |
| |
| 203.0.113.0/24 |
+------------------+------------------+
|
|
| 203.0.113.243
+-----+-----+
| Client |
+-----------+

Figure 3: An example inter-server network topology. Example Inter-Server Network Topology

For an inter-server copy, the client notifies the source server that
a file will be copied by the destination server using a COPY_NOTIFY
operation. The client then initiates the copy by sending the COPY
operation to the destination server. The destination server may
perform the copy synchronously or asynchronously.

A synchronous inter-server copy is shown in Figure 4. In this case,
the destination server chooses to perform the copy before responding
to the client's COPY request.

An asynchronous copy is shown in Figure 5. In this case, the
destination server chooses to respond to the client's COPY request
immediately and then perform the copy asynchronously.

Client Source Destination
+ + +
| | |
|--- OPEN --->| | Returns
|<------------------/| | open state os1
| | |
|--- COPY_NOTIFY --->| |
|<------------------/| |
| | |
|--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Returns
|<------------------------------------/| open state os2
| | |
|--- COPY ---------------------------->|
| | |
| | |
| |<----- read READ -----|
| |\--------------->|
| | |
| | . | Multiple reads READs may
| | . | be necessary
| | . |
| | |
| | |
|<------------------------------------/| Destination replies
| | | to COPY
| | |
|--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Release os2
|<------------------------------------/|
| | |
|--- CLOSE --->| | Release os1
|<------------------/| |

Figure 4: A synchronous Synchronous Inter-Server Copy
An asynchronous inter-server copy. copy is shown in Figure 5. In this
case, the destination server chooses to respond to the client's COPY
request immediately and then perform the copy asynchronously.

Client Source Destination
+ + +
| | |
|--- OPEN --->| | Returns
|<------------------/| | open state os1
| | |
|--- LOCK --->| | Optional, Optional; could be done
|<------------------/| | with a share lock
| | |
|--- COPY_NOTIFY --->| | Need to pass in
|<------------------/| | os1 or lock state
| | |
| | |
| | |
|--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Returns
|<------------------------------------/| open state os2
| | |
|--- LOCK ---------------------------->| Optional ...
|<------------------------------------/|
| | |
|--- COPY ---------------------------->| Need to pass in
|<------------------------------------/| os2 or lock state
| | |
| | |
| |<----- read READ -----|
| |\--------------->|
| | |
| | . | Multiple reads READs may
| | . | be necessary
| | . |
| | |
| | |
|--- OFFLOAD_STATUS ------------------>| Client may poll
|<------------------------------------/| for status
| | |
| | . | Multiple OFFLOAD_STATUS
| | . | operations may be sent
| | . |
| | |
| | |
| | |
|<-- CB_OFFLOAD -----------------------| Destination reports
|\------------------------------------>| results
| | |
|--- LOCKU --------------------------->| Only if LOCK was done
|<------------------------------------/|
| | |
|--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Release os2
|<------------------------------------/|
| | |
|--- LOCKU --->| | Only if LOCK was done
|<------------------/| |
| | |
|--- CLOSE --->| | Release os1
|<------------------/| |
| | |

Figure 5: An asynchronous inter-server copy. Asynchronous Inter-Server Copy

4.6. Server-to-Server Copy Protocol

The choice of what protocol to use in an inter-server copy is
ultimately the destination server's decision. However, the
destination server has to be cognizant that it is working on behalf
of the client.

4.6.1. Considerations on Selecting a Copy Protocol

The client can have requirements over both the size of transactions
and error recovery semantics. It may want to split the copy up such
that each chunk is synchronously transferred. It may want the copy
protocol to copy the bytes in consecutive order such that upon an
error,
error the client can restart the copy at the last known good offset.
If the destination server cannot meet these requirements, the client
may prefer the traditional copy mechanism such that it can meet those
requirements.

4.6.2. Using NFSv4.x as the Copy Protocol

The destination server MAY use standard NFSv4.x (where x >= 1)
operations to read the data from the source server. If NFSv4.x is
used for the server-to-server copy protocol, the destination server
can use the source filehandle and ca_src_stateid provided in the COPY
request with standard NFSv4.x operations to read data from the source
server. Note that the ca_src_stateid MUST be the cnr_stateid
returned from the source via the COPY_NOTIFY (Section 15.3).

4.6.3. Using an Alternative Copy Protocol

In a homogeneous environment, the source and destination servers
might be able to perform the file copy extremely efficiently using
specialized protocols. For example example, the source and destination
servers might be two nodes sharing a common file system format for
the source and destination file systems. Thus Thus, the source and
destination are in an ideal position to efficiently render the image
of the source file to the destination file by replicating the file
system formats at the block level. Another possibility is that the
source and destination might be two nodes sharing a common storage
area network, and thus there is no need to copy any data at all, and
instead all;
instead, ownership of the file and its contents might simply be re-
assigned
reassigned to the destination. To allow for these possibilities, the
destination server is allowed to use a server-to-server copy protocol
of its choice.

In a heterogeneous environment, using a protocol other than NFSv4.x
(e.g., HTTP [RFC7230] or FTP [RFC959]) presents some challenges. In
particular, the destination server is presented with the challenge of
accessing the source file given only an NFSv4.x filehandle.

One option for protocols that identify source files with path names pathnames is
to use an ASCII hexadecimal representation of the source filehandle
as the file name. filename.

Another option for the source server is to use URLs to direct the
destination server to a specialized service. For example, the
response to COPY_NOTIFY could include the URL ftp://
s1.example.com:9999/_FH/0x12345,
<ftp://s1.example.com:9999/_FH/0x12345>, where 0x12345 is the ASCII
hexadecimal representation of the source filehandle. When the
destination server receives the source server's URL, it would use
"_FH/0x12345" as the file name filename to pass to the FTP server listening on
port 9999 of s1.example.com. On port 9999 there would be a special
instance of the FTP service that understands how to convert NFS
filehandles to an open file descriptor (in many operating systems,
this would require a new system call, one which that is the inverse of the
makefh() function that the pre-NFSv4 MOUNT service needs).

Authenticating and identifying the destination server to the source
server is also a challenge. Recommendations for how One solution would be to accomplish
this are given in Section 4.9.1.3. construct
unique URLs for each destination server.

4.7. netloc4 - Network Locations

The server-side copy COPY operations specify network locations using the
netloc4 data type shown below: below (see [RFC7863]):

enum netloc_type4 {
NL4_NAME = 1,
NL4_URL = 2,
NL4_NETADDR = 3
};

union netloc4 switch (netloc_type4 nl_type) {
case NL4_NAME: utf8str_cis nl_name;
case NL4_URL: utf8str_cis nl_url;
case NL4_NETADDR: netaddr4 nl_addr;
};

If the netloc4 is of type NL4_NAME, the nl_name field MUST be
specified as a UTF-8 string. The nl_name is expected to be resolved
to a network address via DNS, the Lightweight Directory Access
Protocol (LDAP), the Network Information Service (NIS), /etc/hosts,
or some other means. If the netloc4 is of type NL4_URL, a server URL
[RFC3986] appropriate for the server-to-server copy COPY operation is
specified as a UTF-8 string. If the netloc4 is of type NL4_NETADDR,
the nl_addr field MUST contain a valid netaddr4 as defined in
Section 3.3.9 of [RFC5661].

When netloc4 values are used for an inter-server copy as shown in
Figure 3, their values may be evaluated on the source server,
destination server, and client. The network environment in which
these systems operate should be configured so that the netloc4 values
are interpreted as intended on each system.

4.8. Copy Offload Stateids

A server may perform a copy offload operation asynchronously. An
asynchronous copy is tracked using a copy offload stateid. Copy
offload stateids are included in the COPY, OFFLOAD_CANCEL,
OFFLOAD_STATUS, and CB_OFFLOAD operations.

A copy offload stateid will be valid until either (A) the client or
server restarts or (B) the client returns the resource by issuing a an
OFFLOAD_CANCEL operation or the client replies to a CB_OFFLOAD
operation.

A copy offload stateid's seqid MUST NOT be zero. In the context of a
copy offload operation, it is inappropriate to indicate "the most
recent copy offload operation" using a stateid with a seqid of zero
(see Section 8.2.2 of [RFC5661]). It is inappropriate because the
stateid refers to internal state in the server and there may be
several asynchronous copy COPY operations being performed in parallel on
the same file by the server. Therefore Therefore, a copy offload stateid with
a seqid of zero MUST be considered invalid.

4.9. Security Considerations

The for Server-Side Copy

All security considerations pertaining to NFSv4.1 [RFC5661] apply to
this section. And section; as such, the standard security mechanisms used by the
protocol can be used to secure the server-to-server operations.

NFSv4 clients and servers supporting the inter-server copy COPY operations
described in this chapter section are REQUIRED to implement the mechanism
described in Section 4.9.1.1, 4.9.1.1 and to support rejecting COPY_NOTIFY
requests that do not use RPCSEC_GSS the RPC security protocol (RPCSEC_GSS)
[RFC7861] with privacy. If the server-to-
server server-to-server copy protocol is
based on ONC RPC based, RPC, the servers are also REQUIRED to implement [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3]
[RFC7861], including the RPCSEC_GSSv3
copy_to_auth, copy_from_auth, "copy_to_auth",
"copy_from_auth", and copy_confirm_auth "copy_confirm_auth" structured privileges.
This requirement to implement is not a requirement to use; for
example, a server may may, depending on configuration configuration, also allow
COPY_NOTIFY requests that use only AUTH_SYS.

If a server requires the use of an RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_to_auth,
copy_from_auth, or copy_confirm_auth privilege and it is not used,
the server will reject the request with NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH.

4.9.1. Inter-Server Copy Security

4.9.1.1. Inter-Server Copy via ONC RPC with RPCSEC_GSSv3

When the client sends a COPY_NOTIFY to the source server to expect
the destination to attempt to copy data from the source server, it is
expected that this copy is being done on behalf of the principal
(called the "user principal") that sent the RPC request that encloses
the COMPOUND procedure that contains the COPY_NOTIFY operation. The
user principal is identified by the RPC credentials. A mechanism
that allows the user principal to authorize the destination server to
perform the copy, that lets the source server properly authenticate the
destination's copy, and does not allow the destination server to
exceed this authorization, authorization is necessary.

An approach that sends delegated credentials of the client's user
principal to the destination server is not used for the following
reason. If the client's user delegated its credentials, the
destination would authenticate as the user principal. If the
destination were using the NFSv4 protocol to perform the copy, then
the source server would authenticate the destination server as the
user principal, and the file copy would securely proceed. However,
this approach would allow the destination server to copy other files.
The user principal would have to trust the destination server to not
do so. This is counter to the requirements, requirements and therefore is not
considered.

Instead, a feature of the RPCSEC_GSSv3 [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3] protocol [RFC7861] can be
used: RPC application defined RPC-application-defined structured privilege assertion. This
feature allows the destination server to authenticate to the source
server as acting on behalf of the user
principal, principal and to authorize the
destination server to perform READs of the file to be copied from the
source on behalf of the user principal. Once the copy is complete,
the client can destroy the RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles to end the
authorization of both the source and destination servers to copy.

For each structured privilege assertion defined by a an RPC application
application, RPCSEC_GSSv3 requires the application to define a name
string and a data structure that will be encoded and passed between
client and server as opaque data. For NFSv4 NFSv4, the data structures
specified below MUST be serialized using XDR.

Three RPCSEC_GSSv3 structured privilege assertions that work together
to authorize the copy are defined here. For each of the assertions assertions,
the description starts with the name string passed in the rp_name
field of the rgss3_privs structure defined in Section 2.7.1.4 of
[I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3]
[RFC7861] and specifies the XDR encoding of the associated structured
data passed via the rp_privilege field of the structure.

copy_from_auth: A user principal is authorizing a source principal
("nfs@<source>") to allow a destination principal
("nfs@<destination>") to setup set up the copy_confirm_auth privilege
required to copy a file from the source to the destination on
behalf of the user principal. This privilege is established on
the source server before the user principal sends a COPY_NOTIFY
operation to the source server, and the resultant RPCSEC_GSSv3
context is used to secure the COPY_NOTIFY operation.

struct copy_from_auth_priv {
secret4 cfap_shared_secret;
netloc4 cfap_destination;
/* the NFSv4 user name that the user principal maps to */
utf8str_mixed cfap_username;
};

cfap_shared_secret is an automatically generated random number
secret value.

copy_to_auth: A user principal is authorizing a destination
principal ("nfs@<destination>") to setup set up a copy_confirm_auth
privilege with a source principal ("nfs@<source>") to allow it to
copy a file from the source to the destination on behalf of the
user principal. This privilege is established on the destination
server before the user principal sends a COPY operation to the
destination server, and the resultant RPCSEC_GSSv3 context is used
to secure the COPY operation.

struct copy_to_auth_priv {
/* equal to cfap_shared_secret */
secret4 ctap_shared_secret;
netloc4 ctap_source<>;
/* the NFSv4 user name that the user principal maps to */
utf8str_mixed ctap_username;
};

ctap_shared_secret is the automatically generated secret value
used to establish the copy_from_auth privilege with the source
principal. See Section 4.9.1.1.1.

copy_confirm_auth: A destination principal ("nfs@<destination>") is
confirming with the source principal ("nfs@<source>") that it is
authorized to copy data from the source. This privilege is
established on the destination server before the file is copied
from the source to the destination. The resultant RPCSEC_GSSv3
context is used to secure the READ operations from the source to
the destination server.

struct copy_confirm_auth_priv {
/* equal to GSS_GetMIC() of cfap_shared_secret */
opaque ccap_shared_secret_mic<>;
/* the NFSv4 user name that the user principal maps to */
utf8str_mixed ccap_username;
};

4.9.1.1.1. Establishing a Security Context

When the user principal wants to COPY copy a file between two servers, if
it has not established copy_from_auth and copy_to_auth privileges on
the servers, it establishes them: them as follows:

o As noted in [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3] [RFC7861], the client uses an existing RPCSEC_GSSv3
context termed the "parent" handle to establish and protect
RPCSEC_GSSv3 structured privilege assertion exchanges. The
copy_from_auth privilege will use the context established between
the user principal and the source server used to OPEN the source
file as the RPCSEC_GSSv3 parent handle. The copy_to_auth
privilege will use the context established between the user
principal and the destination server used to OPEN the destination
file as the RPCSEC_GSSv3 parent handle.

o A random number is generated to use as a secret to be shared
between the two servers. Note that the random number SHOULD not NOT
be reused between establishing different security contexts. The
resulting shared secret will be placed in the copy_from_auth_priv
cfap_shared_secret field and ctap_shared_secret fields of the appropriate privilege data
types, copy_from_auth_priv and copy_to_auth_priv. copy_to_auth_priv
ctap_shared_secret field. Because of this
shared_secret shared_secret, the
RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE control messages for copy_from_auth and
copy_to_auth MUST use a Quality of Protection
(QOP) (QoP) of
rpc_gss_svc_privacy.

o An instance of copy_from_auth_priv is filled in with the shared
secret, the destination server, and the NFSv4 user id of the user
principal and is placed in rpc_gss3_create_args
assertions[0].privs.privilege. The string "copy_from_auth" is
placed in assertions[0].privs.name. The source server unwraps the
rpc_gss_svc_privacy RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE payload and verifies that
the NFSv4 user id being asserted matches the source server's
mapping of the user principal. If it does, the privilege is
established on the source server as: <"copy_from_auth", as <copy_from_auth, user id,
destination>. The field "handle" in a successful reply is the
RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_from_auth "child" handle that the client will
use on in COPY_NOTIFY requests to the source server.

o An instance of copy_to_auth_priv is filled in with the shared
secret, the cnr_source_server list returned by COPY_NOTIFY, and
the NFSv4 user id of the user principal. The copy_to_auth_priv
instance is placed in rpc_gss3_create_args
assertions[0].privs.privilege. The string "copy_to_auth" is
placed in assertions[0].privs.name. The destination server
unwraps the rpc_gss_svc_privacy RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE payload and
verifies that the NFSv4 user id being asserted matches the
destination server's mapping of the user principal. If it does,
the privilege is established on the destination server as:
<"copy_to_auth", as
<copy_to_auth, user id, source list>. The field "handle" in a
successful reply is the RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_to_auth "child" child handle
that the client will use on in COPY requests to the destination
server involving the source server.

As noted in [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3] Section 2.3.1 "Create
Request", 2.7.1 of [RFC7861] ("New Control Procedure -
RPCSEC_GSS_CREATE"), both the client and the source server should
associate the RPCSEC_GSSv3 "child" child handle with the parent RPCSEC_GSSv3
handle used to create the RPCSEC_GSSv3 child handle.

4.9.1.1.2. Starting a Secure Inter-Server Copy

When the client sends a COPY_NOTIFY request to the source server, it
uses the privileged "copy_from_auth" copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle.
cna_destination_server in the COPY_NOTIFY MUST be the same as
cfap_destination specified in copy_from_auth_priv. Otherwise, the
COPY_NOTIFY will fail with NFS4ERR_ACCESS. The source server
verifies that the privilege <"copy_from_auth", <copy_from_auth, user id, destination>
exists,
exists and annotates it with the source filehandle, if the user
principal has read access to the source file, file and if administrative
policies give the user principal and the NFS client read access to
the source file (i.e., if the ACCESS operation would grant read
access). Otherwise, the COPY_NOTIFY will fail with NFS4ERR_ACCESS.

When the client sends a COPY request to the destination server, it
uses the privileged "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle.
ca_source_server list in the COPY MUST be the same as ctap_source
list specified in copy_to_auth_priv. Otherwise, the COPY will fail
with NFS4ERR_ACCESS. The destination server verifies that the
privilege
<"copy_to_auth", <copy_to_auth, user id, source list> exists, exists and annotates
it with the source and destination filehandles. If the COPY returns
a wr_callback_id, then this is an asynchronous copy and the
wr_callback_id must also must be annotated to the copy_to_auth
privilege. If the client has failed to establish the "copy_to_auth"
privilege copy_to_auth
privilege, it will reject the request with NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH.

If either the COPY_NOTIFY, COPY_NOTIFY operation or the COPY operations fail, the
associated "copy_from_auth" copy_from_auth and "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles MUST
be destroyed.

4.9.1.1.3. Securing ONC RPC Server-to-Server Copy Protocols

After a destination server has a "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth privilege established
on it, it and it receives a COPY request, if it knows it will use an ONC
RPC protocol to copy data, it will establish a "copy_confirm_auth" copy_confirm_auth
privilege on the source server prior to responding to the COPY
operation
operation, as follows:

o Before establishing an RPCSEC_GSSv3 context, a parent context
needs to exist between nfs@<destination> as the initiator
principal,
principal and nfs@<source> as the target principal. If NFS is to
be used as the copy protocol, this means that the destination
server must mount the source server using RPCSEC_GSSv3.

o An instance of copy_confirm_auth_priv is filled in with
information from the established "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth privilege. The
value of the field ccap_shared_secret_mic field is a GSS_GetMIC() of the
ctap_shared_secret in the copy_to_auth privilege using the parent
handle context. The field ccap_username field is the mapping of the
user principal to an NFSv4 user name ("user"@"domain" form), form) and
MUST be the same as the ctap_username in the copy_to_auth
privilege. The copy_confirm_auth_priv instance is placed in
rpc_gss3_create_args assertions[0].privs.privilege. The string
"copy_confirm_auth" is placed in assertions[0].privs.name.

o The RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE copy_from_auth message is sent to the
source server with a QOP QoP of rpc_gss_svc_privacy. The source
server unwraps the rpc_gss_svc_privacy RPCSEC_GSS3_CREATE payload
and verifies the cap_shared_secret_mic by calling GSS_VerifyMIC()
using the parent context on the cfap_shared_secret from the
established "copy_from_auth" copy_from_auth privilege, and verifies the that the
ccap_username equals the cfap_username.

o If all verification succeeds, verifications succeed, the "copy_confirm_auth" copy_confirm_auth privilege is
established on the source server as < "copy_confirm_auth", <copy_confirm_auth,
shared_secret_mic, user id> id>. Because the shared secret has been
verified, the resultant copy_confirm_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 child
handle is noted to be acting on behalf of the user principal.

o If the source server fails to verify the copy_from_auth privilege privilege,
the COPY_NOTIFY operation will be rejected with
NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH.

o If the destination server fails to verify the copy_to_auth or
copy_confirm_auth privilege, the COPY will be rejected with
NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH, causing the client to destroy the
associated copy_from_auth and copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 structured
privilege assertion handles.

o All subsequent ONC RPC READ requests sent from the destination to
copy data from the source to the destination will use the
RPCSEC_GSSv3 copy_confirm_auth child handle.

Note that the use of the "copy_confirm_auth" copy_confirm_auth privilege accomplishes the
following:

o If a protocol like NFS is being used, used with export policies, the
export policies can be overridden in case if the destination server as-an-
NFS-client is not
authorized to act as an NFS client.

o Manual configuration to allow a copy relationship between the
source and destination is not needed.

4.9.1.1.4. Maintaining a Secure Inter-Server Copy

If the client determines that either the copy_from_auth or the
copy_to_auth handle becomes invalid during a copy, then the copy MUST
be aborted by the client sending an OFFLOAD_CANCEL to both the source
and destination servers and destroying the respective copy related copy-related
context handles as described in Section 4.9.1.1.5.

4.9.1.1.5. Finishing or Stopping a Secure Inter-Server Copy

Under normal operation, the client MUST destroy the copy_from_auth
and the copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle once the COPY operation
returns for a synchronous inter-server copy or a CB_OFFLOAD reports
the result of an asynchronous copy.

The copy_confirm_auth privilege is constructed from information held
by the copy_to_auth privilege, privilege and MUST be destroyed by the
destination server (via an RPCSEC_GSS3_DESTROY call) when the
copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle is destroyed.

The copy_confirm_auth RPCSEC_GSS3 handle is associated with a
copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSS3 handle on the source server via the shared
secret and MUST be locally destroyed (there is no RPCSEC_GSS3_DESTROY
RPCSEC_GSS3_DESTROY, as the source server is not the initiator) when
the copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle is destroyed.

If the client sends an OFFLOAD_CANCEL to the source server to rescind
the destination server's synchronous copy privilege, it uses the
privileged "copy_from_auth" copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle handle, and the
cra_destination_server in the OFFLOAD_CANCEL MUST be the same as the
name of the destination server specified in copy_from_auth_priv. The
source server will then delete the <"copy_from_auth", <copy_from_auth, user id,
destination> privilege and fail any subsequent copy requests sent
under the auspices of this privilege from the destination server.
The client MUST destroy both the "copy_from_auth" copy_from_auth and the
"copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth
RPCSEC_GSSv3 handles.

If the client sends an OFFLOAD_STATUS to the destination server to
check on the status of an asynchronous copy, it uses the privileged
"copy_to_auth"
copy_to_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle handle, and the osa_stateid in the
OFFLOAD_STATUS MUST be the same as the wr_callback_id specified in
the "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth privilege stored on the destination server.

If the client sends an OFFLOAD_CANCEL to the destination server to
cancel an asynchronous copy, it uses the privileged "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth
RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle handle, and the oaa_stateid in the OFFLOAD_CANCEL MUST
be the same as the wr_callback_id specified in the "copy_to_auth" copy_to_auth
privilege stored on the destination server. The destination server
will then delete the <"copy_to_auth", <copy_to_auth, user id, source list, nounce, nounce MIC,
context handle, handle version> list> privilege
and the associated
"copy_confirm_auth" copy_confirm_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3 handle. The client
MUST destroy both the copy_to_auth and copy_from_auth RPCSEC_GSSv3
handles.

4.9.1.2. Inter-Server Copy via ONC RPC without RPCSEC_GSS

ONC RPC security flavors other than RPCSEC_GSS MAY be used with the
server-side copy offload operations described in this chapter. section. In
particular, host-based ONC RPC security flavors such as AUTH_NONE and
AUTH_SYS MAY be used. If a host-based security flavor is used, a
minimal level of protection for the server-to-server copy protocol is
possible.

In the absence

The biggest issue is that there is a lack of a strong security mechanism designed for the
purpose, the challenge is how method
to allow the source server and destination server to identify
themselves to each other, especially other. A further complication is that in the presence
of multi-homed source and destination servers. In a multi-homed
environment,
multihomed environment the destination server might not contact the
source server from the same network address specified by the client
in the COPY_NOTIFY. The cnr_stateid returned from the COPY_NOTIFY
can be used to uniquely identify the destination server to the source
server. The use of the cnr_stateid provides initial authentication
of the destination server, server but cannot defend against man-in-the-middle
attacks after authentication or against an eavesdropper that observes
the opaque stateid on the wire. Other secure communication
techniques (e.g., IPsec) are necessary to block these attacks.

Servers SHOULD reject COPY_NOTIFY requests that do not use RPCSEC_GSS
with privacy, thus ensuring that the cnr_stateid in the COPY_NOTIFY
reply is encrypted. For the same reason, clients SHOULD send COPY
requests to the destination using RPCSEC_GSS with privacy.

4.9.1.3. Inter-Server Copy without ONC RPC

The same techniques as Section 4.9.1.2, using unique URLs for each
destination server, can be used for other protocols (e.g., HTTP
[RFC7230] and FTP [RFC959]) as well.

5. Support for Application I/O Hints

Applications can issue client I/O hints via posix_fadvise()
[posix_fadvise] to the NFS client. While this can help the NFS
client optimize I/O and caching for a file, it does not allow the NFS
server and its exported file system to do likewise. The IO_ADVISE
procedure (Section 15.5) is used to communicate the client file
access patterns to the NFS server. The NFS server server, upon receiving a an
IO_ADVISE operation operation, MAY choose to alter its I/O and caching behavior, behavior
but is under no obligation to do so.

Application specific

Application-specific NFS clients such as those used by hypervisors
and databases can also leverage application hints to communicate
their specialized requirements.

6. Sparse Files

A sparse file is a common way of representing a large file without
having to utilize all of the disk space for it. Consequently, a
sparse file uses less physical space than its size indicates. This
means the file contains 'holes', "holes", byte ranges within the file that
contain no data. Most modern file systems support sparse files,
including most UNIX file systems and NTFS, but notably not Microsoft's New Technology File
System (NTFS); however, it should be noted that Apple's
HFS+. Hierarchical
File System Plus (HFS+) does not. Common examples of sparse files
include Virtual Machine (VM) OS/disk images, database files, log
files, and even checkpoint recovery files most commonly used by the HPC
High-Performance Computing (HPC) community.

In addition addition, many modern file systems support the concept of
'unwritten'
"unwritten" or 'uninitialized' "uninitialized" blocks, which have uninitialized space
allocated to them on disk, disk but will return zeros until data is written
to them. Such functionality is already present in the data model of
the pNFS Block/Volume Layout block/volume layout (see [RFC5663]). Uninitialized blocks
can be thought of as holes inside a space reservation window.

If an application reads a hole in a sparse file, the file system must
return all zeros to the application. For local data access there is
little penalty, but with NFS these zeroes zeros must be transferred back to
the client. If an application uses the NFS client to read data into
memory, this wastes time and bandwidth as the application waits for
the zeroes zeros to be transferred.

A sparse file is typically created by initializing the file to be all
zeros - nothing
zeros. Nothing is written to the data in the file, instead file; instead, the hole
is recorded in the metadata for the file. So a So, an 8G disk image might
be represented initially by a few hundred bits in the metadata (on
UNIX file systems, the inode) and nothing on the disk. If the VM
then writes 100M to a file in the middle of the image, there would
now be two holes represented in the metadata and 100M in the data.

No new operation is needed to allow the creation of a sparsely
populated file, file; when a file is created and a write occurs past the
current size of the file, the non-allocated region will either be a
hole or be filled with zeros. The choice of behavior is dictated by
the underlying file system and is transparent to the application. What
is needed are
However, the abilities to read sparse files and to punch holes to
reinitialize the contents of a file. file are needed.

Two new operations -- DEALLOCATE (Section 15.4) and READ_PLUS
(Section 15.10) -- are introduced. DEALLOCATE allows for the hole
punching, where an application might want to reset the allocation and
reservation status of a range of the file. READ_PLUS supports all
the features of READ but includes an extension to support sparse
files. READ_PLUS is guaranteed to perform no worse than READ, READ and can
dramatically improve performance with sparse files. READ_PLUS does
not depend on pNFS protocol features, features but can be used by pNFS to
support sparse files.

6.1. Terminology

Regular file: An object of file type NF4REG or NF4NAMEDATTR.

Sparse file: A Regular regular file that contains one or more holes.

Hole: A byte range within a Sparse sparse file that contains all zeroes. zeros. A
hole might or might not have space allocated or reserved to it.

6.2. New Operations

6.2.1. READ_PLUS

READ_PLUS is a new variant of the NFSv4.1 READ operation [RFC5661].
Besides being able to support all of the data semantics of the READ
operation, it can also be used by the client and server to
efficiently transfer holes. Because the client does not know in
advance whether a hole is present or not, if the client supports
READ_PLUS and so does the server, then it should always use the
READ_PLUS operation in preference to the READ operation.

READ_PLUS extends the response with a new arm representing holes to
avoid returning data for portions of the file which that are initialized to
zero and may or may not contain a backing store. Returning actual
data blocks corresponding to holes wastes computational and network
resources, thus reducing performance.

When a client sends a READ operation, it is not prepared to accept a
READ_PLUS-style response providing a compact encoding of the scope of
holes. If a READ occurs on a sparse file, then the server must
expand such data to be raw bytes. If a READ occurs in the middle of
a hole, the server can only send back bytes starting from that
offset. By contrast, if a READ_PLUS occurs in the middle of a hole,
the server can send back a range which that starts before the offset and
extends past the requested length.

6.2.2. DEALLOCATE

The client can use the DEALLOCATE operation on a range of a file as a
hole punch, which allows the client to avoid the transfer of a
repetitive pattern of zeros across the network. This hole punch is a
result of the unreserved space returning all zeros until overwritten.

7. Space Reservation

Applications want to be able to reserve space for a file, report the
amount of actual disk space a file occupies, and free-up free up the backing
space of a file when it is not required.

One example is the posix_fallocate posix_fallocate() operation ([posix_fallocate]) [posix_fallocate],
which allows applications to ask for space reservations from the
operating system, usually to provide a better file layout and reduce
overhead for random or slow growing file appending slow-growing file-appending workloads.

Another example is space reservation for virtual disks in a
hypervisor. In virtualized environments, virtual disk files are
often stored on NFS mounted NFS-mounted volumes. When a hypervisor creates a
virtual disk file, it often tries to preallocate the space for the
file so that there are no future allocation related allocation-related errors during the
operation of the virtual machine. VM. Such errors prevent a virtual
machine VM from continuing
execution and result in downtime.

Currently, in order to achieve such a guarantee, applications zero
the entire file. The initial zeroing allocates the backing blocks blocks,
and all subsequent writes are overwrites of already allocated already-allocated blocks.
This approach is not only inefficient in terms of the amount of I/O
done,
done; it is also not guaranteed to work on file systems that are log
structured
log-structured or deduplicated. An efficient way of guaranteeing
space reservation would be beneficial to such applications.

The new ALLOCATE operation (see Section 15.1) allows a client to
request a guarantee that space will be available. The ALLOCATE
operation guarantees that any future writes to the region it was
successfully called for will not fail with NFS4ERR_NOSPC.

Another useful feature is the ability to report the number of blocks
that would be freed when a file is deleted. Currently, NFS reports
two size attributes:

size The logical file size of the file.

space_used The size in bytes that the file occupies on disk disk.

While these attributes are sufficient for space accounting in
traditional file systems, they prove to be inadequate in modern file
systems that support block sharing. block-sharing. In such file systems, multiple
inodes (the metadata portion of the file system object) can point to
a single block with a block reference count to guard against
premature freeing. Having a way to tell the number of blocks that
would be freed if the file was deleted would be useful to
applications that wish to migrate files when a volume is low on
space.

Since virtual disks represent a hard drive in a virtual machine, VM, a virtual disk
can be viewed as a file system within a file. Since not all blocks
within a file system are in use, there is an opportunity to reclaim
blocks that are no longer in use. A call to deallocate blocks could
result in better space efficiency. Lesser efficiency; less space might be consumed for
backups after block deallocation.

The following operations attribute and attributes operation can be used to resolve these
issues:

space_freed This attribute reports the space that would be freed
when a file is deleted, taking block sharing block-sharing into consideration.

DEALLOCATE This operation deallocates the blocks backing a region of
the file.

If space_used of a file is interpreted to mean the size in bytes of
all disk blocks pointed to by the inode of the file, then shared
blocks get double counted, double-counted, over-reporting the space utilization.
This also has the adverse effect that the deletion of a file with
shared blocks frees up less than space_used bytes.

On the other hand, if space_used is interpreted to mean the size in
bytes of those disk blocks unique to the inode of the file, then
shared blocks are not counted in any file, resulting in under-
reporting
under-reporting of the space utilization.

For example, two files files, A and B B, have 10 blocks each. Let 6 six of
these blocks be shared between them. Thus, the combined space
utilized by the two files is 14 * BLOCK_SIZE bytes. In the former
case, the combined space utilization of the two files would be
reported as 20 * BLOCK_SIZE. However, deleting either would only
result in 4 * BLOCK_SIZE being freed. Conversely, the latter
interpretation would report that the space utilization is only
8 * BLOCK_SIZE.

Adding another size attribute,

Using the space_freed attribute (see Section 12.2.2), 12.2.2) is helpful in
solving this problem. space_freed is the number of blocks that are
allocated to the given file that would be freed on its deletion. In
the example, both A and B would report space_freed as 4 * BLOCK_SIZE
and space_used as 10 * BLOCK_SIZE. If A is deleted, B will report
space_freed as 10 * BLOCK_SIZE BLOCK_SIZE, as the deletion of B would result in
the deallocation of all 10 blocks.

The addition of these attributes

Using the space_freed attribute does not solve the problem of space
being over-reported. However, over-reporting is better than under-
reporting.
under-reporting.

8. Application Data Block Support

At the OS level, files are contained on disk blocks. Applications
are also free to impose structure on the data contained in a file and
thus can define an Application Data Block (ADB) to be such a
structure. From the application's viewpoint, it only wants to handle
ADBs and not raw bytes (see [Strohm11]). An ADB is typically
comprised of two sections: header and data. The header describes the
characteristics of the block and can provide a means to detect
corruption in the data payload. The data section is typically
initialized to all zeros.

The format of the header is application specific, but there are two
main components typically encountered:

1. An Application Data Block Number (ADBN) (ADBN), which allows the
application to determine which data block is being referenced.
This is useful when the client is not storing the blocks in
contiguous memory, i.e., a logical block number.

2. Fields to describe the state of the ADB and a means to detect
block corruption. For both pieces of data, a useful property
would be that the allowed values are specially selected so that that,
if passed across the network, corruption due to translation
between big big-endian and little endian little-endian architectures is detectable.
For example, 0xF0DEDEF0 0xf0dedef0 has the same (32 wide) bit pattern in
both architectures, making it inappropriate.

Applications already impose structures on files [Strohm11] and detect
corruption in data blocks [Ashdown08]. What they are not able to do
is efficiently transfer and store ADBs. To initialize a file with
ADBs, the client must send each full ADB to the server server, and that must
be stored on the server.

This section defines a framework for transferring the ADB from client
to server and present presents one approach to detecting corruption in a
given ADB implementation.

8.1. Generic Framework

The representation of the ADB needs to be flexible enough to support
many different applications. The most basic approach is no
imposition of a block at all, which entails working with the raw
bytes. Such an approach would be useful for storing holes, punching
holes, etc. In more complex deployments, a server might be
supporting multiple applications, each with their own definition of
the ADB. One might store the ADBN at the start of the block and then
have a guard pattern to detect corruption [McDougall07]. The next
might store the ADBN at an offset of 100 bytes within the block and
have no guard pattern at all, i.e., existing applications might
already have well defined well-defined formats for their data blocks.

The guard pattern can be used to represent the state of the block, to
protect against corruption, or both. Again, it needs to be able to
be placed anywhere within the ADB.

Both the starting offset of the block and the size of the block need
to be represented. Note that nothing prevents the application from
defining different sized different-sized blocks in a file.

8.1.1. Data Block Representation

struct app_data_block4 {
offset4 adb_offset;
length4 adb_block_size;
length4 adb_block_count;
length4 adb_reloff_blocknum;
count4 adb_block_num;
length4 adb_reloff_pattern;
opaque adb_pattern<>;
};

The app_data_block4 structure captures the abstraction presented for
the ADB. The additional fields present are to allow the transmission
of adb_block_count ADBs at one time. The adb_block_num is used to
convey the ADBN of the first block in the sequence. Each ADB will
contain the same adb_pattern string.

As both adb_block_num and adb_pattern are optional, if either
adb_reloff_pattern or adb_reloff_blocknum is set to NFS4_UINT64_MAX,
then the corresponding field is not set in any of the ADB. ADBs.

8.2. An Example of Detecting Corruption

In this section, an example ADB format is defined in which corruption
can be detected. Note that this is just one possible format and
means to detect corruption.

Consider a very basic implementation of an operating system's disk
blocks. A block is either data or it is an indirect block which that allows for
files to be that are larger than one block. It is desired to be able to
initialize a block. Lastly, to quickly unlink a file, a block can be
marked invalid. The contents remain intact - which intact; this would enable this the OS
application in question to undelete a file.

The application defines 4k sized 4K-sized data blocks, with an 8 byte 8-byte block
counter occurring at offset 0 in the block, and with the guard
pattern occurring at offset 8 inside the block. Furthermore, the
guard pattern can take one of four states:

0xfeedface - This is the FREE state and indicates that the ADB
format has been applied.

0xcafedead - This is the DATA state and indicates that real data has
been written to this block.

0xe4e5c001 - This is the INDIRECT state and indicates that the block
contains block counter numbers that are chained off of this block.

0xba1ed4a3 - This is the INVALID state and indicates that the block
contains data whose contents are garbage.

Finally, it also defines an 8 byte 8-byte checksum [Baira08] starting at byte 16 which that
applies to the remaining contents of the block. block (see [Baira08] for an
example of using checksums to detect data corruption). If the state
is FREE, then that checksum is trivially zero. As such, the
application has no need to transfer the checksum implicitly inside
the ADB - -- it need not make the transfer layer aware of the fact that
there is a checksum (see [Ashdown08] for an example of checksums used
to detect corruption in application data blocks).

Corruption in each ADB can thus be detected:

o If the guard pattern is anything other than one of the allowed
values, including all zeros.

o If the guard pattern is FREE and any other byte in the remainder
of the ADB is anything other than zero.

o If the guard pattern is anything other than FREE, then if the
stored checksum does not match the computed checksum.

o If the guard pattern is INDIRECT and one of the stored indirect
block numbers has a value greater than the number of ADBs in
the file.

o If the guard pattern is INDIRECT and one of the stored indirect
block numbers is a duplicate of another stored indirect block
number.

As can be seen, the application can detect errors based on the
combination of the guard pattern state and the checksum. But also,
the application checksum but also can
detect corruption based on the state and the contents of the ADB.

This last point is important in validating the minimum amount of data
incorporated into the generic framework.
I.e., That is, the guard pattern
is sufficient in allowing applications to design their own corruption
detection.

Finally, it is important to note that none of these corruption checks
occur in the transport layer. The server and client components are
totally unaware of the file format and might report everything as
being transferred correctly correctly, even in the case cases where the application
detects corruption.

8.3. An Example of READ_PLUS

The hypothetical application presented in Section 8.2 can be used to
illustrate how READ_PLUS would return an array of results. A file is
created and initialized with 100 4k 4K ADBs in the FREE state with the
WRITE_SAME operation (see Section 15.12):

WRITE_SAME {0, 4k, 4K, 100, 0, 0, 8, 0xfeedface}

Further, assume that the application writes a single ADB at 16k, 16K,
changing the guard pattern to 0xcafedead, 0xcafedead; then there would be in
memory:

0K -> (4k (4K - 1) : 00 00 00 00 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
4k
4K -> (8k (8K - 1) : 00 00 00 01 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
8k
8K -> (12k (12K - 1) : 00 00 00 02 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
12k
12K -> (16k (16K - 1) : 00 00 00 03 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
16k
16K -> (20k (20K - 1) : 00 00 00 04 ... ca fe de ad 00 00 ... 00
20k
20K -> (24k (24K - 1) : 00 00 00 05 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
24k
24K -> (28k (28K - 1) : 00 00 00 06 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
...
396k
396K -> (400k (400K - 1) : 00 00 00 63 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00

And when the client did a READ_PLUS of 64k 64K at the start of the file,
it could get back a result of data:

0K -> (4k (4K - 1) : 00 00 00 00 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
4k
4K -> (8k (8K - 1) : 00 00 00 01 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
8k
8K -> (12k (12K - 1) : 00 00 00 02 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
12k
12K -> (16k (16K - 1) : 00 00 00 03 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
16k
16K -> (20k (20K - 1) : 00 00 00 04 ... ca fe de ad 00 00 ... 00
20k
20K -> (24k (24K - 1) : 00 00 00 05 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
24k
24K -> (24k (28K - 1) : 00 00 00 06 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00
...
62k
62K -> (64k (64K - 1) : 00 00 00 15 ... fe ed fa ce 00 00 ... 00

8.4. An Example of Zeroing Space

A simpler use case for WRITE_SAME are is applications that want to
efficiently zero out a file, but do not want to modify space
reservations. This can easily be achieved by a call to WRITE_SAME
without a an ADB block numbers and pattern, e.g.:

WRITE_SAME {0, 1k, 1K, 10000, 0, 0, 0, 0}

9. Labeled NFS

Access control models such as Unix UNIX permissions or Access Control
Lists (ACLs) are commonly referred to as Discretionary Access Control
(DAC) models. These systems base their access decisions on user
identity and resource ownership. In contrast contrast, Mandatory Access
Control (MAC) models base their access control decisions on the label
on the subject (usually a process) and the object it wishes to access
[RFC4949]. These labels may contain user identity information but
usually contain additional information. In DAC systems systems, users are
free to specify the access rules for resources that they own. MAC
models base their security decisions on a system wide system-wide policy --
established by an administrator or organization which -- that the users do
not have the ability to override. In this section, a MAC model is
added to NFSv4.2.

First, a method is provided for transporting and storing security
label data on NFSv4 file objects. Security labels have several
semantics that are met by NFSv4 recommended attributes such as the
ability to set the label value upon object creation. Access control
on these attributes are is done through a combination of two mechanisms.
As with other recommended attributes on file objects objects, the usual DAC
checks, Access Control Lists (ACLs) based on the ACLs and permission bits, will be performed to
ensure that proper file ownership is enforced. In
addition addition, a MAC
system MAY be employed on the client, server, or both to enforce
additional policy on what subjects may modify security label
information.

Second, a method is described for the client to determine if an NFSv4
file object security label has changed. A client which that needs to know
if a label on a file or set of files is going to change SHOULD
request a delegation on each labeled file. In order to change such a
security label, the server will have to recall delegations on any
file affected by the label change, so informing clients of the label
change.

An additional useful feature would be modification to the RPC layer
used by NFSv4 to allow RPC calls RPCs to assert client process subject security
labels and enable full mode the enforcement of Full Mode as described in
Section 9.5.1. Such modifications are outside the scope of this
document (see [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3]). [RFC7861]).

9.1. Definitions

Label Format Specifier (LFS): is an identifier used by the client to
establish the syntactic format of the security label and the
semantic meaning of its components. These specifiers LFSs exist in a registry
associated with documents describing the format and semantics of
the label.

Security Label Format Selection Registry: is the IANA registry (see
[RFC7569]) containing all registered LFSes LFSs, along with references
to the documents that describe the syntactic format and semantics
of the security label.

Policy Identifier (PI): is an optional part of the definition of a
Label Format Specifier which an
LFS. The PI allows for clients and server servers to identify specific
security policies.

Object: is a passive resource within the system that is to be
protected. Objects can be entities such as files, directories,
pipes, sockets, and many other system resources relevant to the
protection of the system state.

Subject: is an active entity entity, usually a process which that is requesting
access to an object.

MAC-Aware: is a server which that can transmit and store object labels.

MAC-Functional: is a client or server which that is Labeled NFS enabled.
Such a system can interpret labels and apply policies based on the
security system.

Multi-Level Security (MLS): is a traditional model where objects are
given a sensitivity level (Unclassified, Secret, Top Secret, etc) etc.)
and a category set (see [LB96], [RFC1108], [RFC2401], and
[RFC4949]).

(Note: RFC 2401 has been obsoleted by RFC 4301, but we list
RFC 2401 here because RFC 4301 does not discuss MLS.)

9.2. MAC Security Attribute

MAC models base access decisions on security attributes bound to
subjects (usually processes) and objects (for NFS, file objects).
This information can range from a user identity for an identity based identity-based
MAC model, sensitivity levels for Multi-level security, MLS, or a type for
Type Enforcement. type
enforcement. These models base their decisions on different
criteria
criteria, but the semantics of the security attribute remain the
same. The semantics required by the security attributes attribute are listed
below:

o MUST provide flexibility with respect to the MAC model.

o MUST provide the ability to atomically set security information
upon object creation.

o MUST provide the ability to enforce access control decisions both on
both the client and the server.

o MUST NOT expose an object to either the client or server name
space namespace
before its security information has been bound to it.

NFSv4 implements the MAC security attribute as a recommended
attribute.
These attributes have This attribute has a fixed format and semantics, which
conflicts with the flexible nature of the security attribute. attributes in general.
To resolve this this, the MAC security attribute consists of two
components. The first component is a LFS an LFS, as defined in [RFC7569] [RFC7569],
to allow for interoperability between MAC mechanisms. The second
component is an opaque field field, which is the actual security attribute
data. To allow for various MAC models, NFSv4 should be used solely
as a transport mechanism for the security attribute. It is the
responsibility of the endpoints to consume the security attribute and
make access decisions based on their respective models. In addition,
creation of objects through OPEN and CREATE allows for the security
attribute to be specified upon creation. By providing an atomic
create and set operation for the security attribute attribute, it is possible
to enforce the second and fourth requirements. requirements listed above. The
recommended attribute FATTR4_SEC_LABEL (see Section 12.2.4) will be
used to satisfy this requirement.

9.2.1. Delegations

In the event that a security attribute is changed on the server while
a client holds a delegation on the file, both the server and the
client MUST follow the NFSv4.1 protocol (see Chapter Section 10 of [RFC5661])
with respect to attribute changes. It SHOULD flush all changes back
to the server and relinquish the delegation.

9.2.2. Permission Checking

It is not feasible to enumerate all possible MAC models and even
levels of protection within a subset of these models. This means
that the NFSv4 client and servers cannot be expected to directly make
access control decisions based on the security attribute. Instead Instead,
NFSv4 should defer permission checking on this attribute to the host
system. These checks are performed in addition to existing DAC and
ACL checks outlined in the NFSv4 protocol. Section 9.5 gives a
specific example of how the security attribute is handled under a
particular MAC model.

9.2.3. Object Creation

When creating files in NFSv4 NFSv4, the OPEN and CREATE operations are
used. One of the parameters to for these operations is an fattr4
structure containing the attributes the file is to be created with.
This allows NFSv4 to atomically set the security attribute of files
upon creation. When a client is MAC-Functional MAC-Functional, it must always
provide the initial security attribute upon file creation. In the
event that the server is MAC-Functional as well, it should determine
by policy whether it will accept the attribute from the client or
instead make the determination itself. If the client is not
MAC-Functional, then the MAC-Functional server must decide on a
default label. A more in
depth in-depth explanation can be found in
Section 9.5.

9.2.4. Existing Objects

Note that under the MAC model, all objects must have labels.
Therefore, if an existing server is upgraded to include Labeled NFS
support, then it is the responsibility of the security system to
define the behavior for existing objects.

9.2.5. Label Changes

Consider a guest mode Guest Mode system (Section 9.5.2) 9.5.3) in which the clients
enforce MAC checks and the server has only a DAC security system
which that
stores the labels along with the file data. In this type of system,
a user with the appropriate DAC credentials on a client with poorly
configured or disabled MAC labeling enforcement is allowed access to
the file label (and data) on the server and can change the label.

Clients which that need to know if a label on a file or set of files has
changed SHOULD request a delegation on each labeled file so that a
label change by another client will be known via the process
described in Section 9.2.1 9.2.1, which must be followed: the delegation
will be recalled, which effectively notifies the client of the
change.

Note that the MAC security policies on a client can be such that the
client does not have access to the file unless it has a delegation.

9.3. pNFS Considerations

The new FATTR4_SEC_LABEL attribute is metadata information information, and as
such the storage device is not aware of the value contained on the
metadata server. Fortunately, the NFSv4.1 protocol [RFC5661] already
has provisions for doing access level access-level checks from the storage device
to the metadata server. In order for the storage device to validate
the subject label presented by the client, it SHOULD utilize this
mechanism.

9.4. Discovery of Server Labeled NFS Support

The server can easily determine that a client supports Labeled NFS
when it queries for the FATTR4_SEC_LABEL label for an object.
Further, it can then determine which LFS the client understands. The
client might need want to discover whether the server supports Labeled NFS
and which LFS the server supports.

The following compound COMPOUND MUST NOT be denied by any MAC label check:

PUTROOTFH, GETATTR {FATTR4_SEC_LABEL}

Note that the server might have imposed a security flavor on the root
that precludes such access. I.e., That is, if the server requires kerberized
Kerberized access and the client presents a compound COMPOUND with AUTH_SYS,
then the server is allowed to return NFS4ERR_WRONGSEC in this case.
But if the client presents a correct security flavor, then the server
MUST return the FATTR4_SEC_LABEL attribute with the supported LFS
filled in.

9.5. MAC Security NFS Modes of Operation

A system using Labeled NFS may operate in two modes. three modes (see Section 4
of [RFC7204]). The first mode provides the most protection and is
called "full mode". "Full Mode". In this mode mode, both the client and server
implement a MAC model allowing each end to make an access control
decision. The remaining second mode is a subset of the Full Mode and is called
"Limited Server Mode". In this mode, the
"guest mode" server cannot enforce the
labels, but it can store and transmit them. The remaining mode is
called the "Guest Mode"; in this mode mode, one end of the connection is
not implementing a MAC model and thus offers less protection than full
mode.
Full Mode.

9.5.1. Full Mode

Full mode Mode environments consist of MAC-Functional NFSv4 servers and
clients and may be composed of mixed MAC models and policies. The
system requires that both the client and server have an opportunity
to perform an access control check based on all relevant information
within the network. The file object security attribute is provided
using the mechanism described in Section 9.2.

Fully MAC-Functional NFSv4 servers are not possible in the absence of
RPCSEC_GSSv3 [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3] [RFC7861] support for client process subject label
assertion. However, servers may make decisions based on the RPC
credential information available.

9.5.1.1. Initial Labeling and Translation

The ability to create a file is an action that a MAC model may wish
to mediate. The client is given the responsibility to determine the
initial security attribute to be placed on a file. This allows the
client to make a decision as to the acceptable security attributes attribute to
create a file with before sending the request to the server. Once
the server receives the creation request from the client client, it may
choose to evaluate if the security attribute is acceptable.

Security attributes on the client and server may vary based on MAC
model and policy. To handle this this, the security attribute field has
an LFS component. This component is a mechanism for the host to
identify the format and meaning of the opaque portion of the security
attribute. A full mode Full Mode environment may contain hosts operating in
several different LFSes. LFSs. In this case case, a mechanism for translating
the opaque portion of the security attribute is needed. The actual
translation function will vary based on MAC model and policy and is
out of
outside the scope of this document. If a translation is unavailable
for a given LFS LFS, then the request MUST be denied. Another recourse
is to allow the host to provide a fallback mapping for unknown
security attributes.

9.5.1.2. Policy Enforcement

In full mode Full Mode, access control decisions are made by both the clients
and servers. When a client makes a request request, it takes the security
attribute from the requesting process and makes an access control
decision based on that attribute and the security attribute of the
object it is trying to access. If the client denies that access access, an
RPC call to the server is never made. If however If, however, the access is
allowed allowed,
the client will make a call to the NFS server.

When the server receives the request from the client client, it uses any
credential information conveyed in the RPC request and the attributes
of the object the client is trying to access to make an access
control decision. If the server's policy allows this access access, it will
fulfill the client's request, otherwise request; otherwise, it will return
NFS4ERR_ACCESS.

Future protocol extensions may also allow the server to factor into
the decision a security label extracted from the RPC request.

Implementations MAY validate security attributes supplied over the
network to ensure that they are within a set of attributes permitted
from a specific peer, and peer and, if not, reject them. Note that a system
may permit a different set of attributes to be accepted from
each peer.

9.5.1.3.

9.5.2. Limited Server Mode

A Limited Server mode (see Section 4.2 of [RFC7204]) consists of a
server which that is label aware, aware but does not enforce policies. Such a
server will store and retrieve all object labels presented by
clients, clients
and will utilize the methods described in Section 9.2.5 to allow the
clients to detect changing labels, but may not factor the label into
access decisions. Instead, it will expect the clients to enforce all
such access locally.

9.5.2.

9.5.3. Guest Mode

Guest mode Mode implies that either the client or the server does not
handle labels. If the client is not Labeled NFS aware, then it will
not offer subject labels to the server. The server is the only
entity enforcing policy, policy and may selectively provide standard NFS
services to clients based on their authentication credentials and/or
associated network attributes (e.g., IP address, network interface).
The level of trust and access extended to a client in this mode is
configuration-specific.
configuration specific. If the server is not Labeled NFS aware, then
it will not return object labels to the client. Clients in this
environment are may consist of groups implementing different MAC model
policies. The system requires that all clients in the environment be
responsible for access control checks.

9.6. Security Considerations for Labeled NFS

This entire chapter deals with security issues.

Depending on the level of protection the MAC system offers offers, there may
be a requirement to tightly bind the security attribute to the data.

When only one of the client or server enforces labels, it is
important to realize that the other side is not enforcing MAC
protections. Alternate methods might be in use to handle the lack of
MAC support support, and care should be taken to identify and mitigate
threats from possible tampering outside of these methods.

An example of this is that a server that modifies READDIR or LOOKUP
results based on the client's subject label might want to always
construct the same subject label for a client which that does not present
one. This will prevent a non-Labeled NFS client from mixing entries
in the directory cache.

10. Sharing change attribute implementation characteristics Change Attribute Implementation Characteristics with NFSv4
clients
Clients

Although both the NFSv4 [RFC7530] and NFSv4.1 protocol [RFC5661], [RFC5661] protocols
define the change attribute as being mandatory to implement, there is
little in the way of guidance as to its construction. The only
mandated constraint is that the value must change whenever the file
data or metadata change. changes.

While this allows for a wide range of implementations, it also leaves
the client with no way to determine which is the most recent value
for the change attribute in a case where several RPC calls RPCs have been
issued in parallel. In other words words, if two COMPOUNDs, both
containing WRITE and GETATTR requests for the same file, have been
issued in parallel, how does the client determine which of the two
change attribute values returned in the replies to the GETATTR
requests
correspond corresponds to the most recent state of the file? In some
cases, the only recourse may be to send another COMPOUND containing a
third GETATTR that is fully serialized with the first two.

NFSv4.2 avoids this kind of inefficiency by allowing the server to
share details about how the change attribute is expected to evolve,
so that the client may immediately determine which, out of the
several change attribute values returned by the server, is the most
recent. change_attr_type is defined as a new recommended attribute
(see Section 12.2.3), 12.2.3) and is per file system. a per-file system attribute.

11. Error Values

NFS error numbers are assigned to failed operations within a Compound COMPOUND
(COMPOUND or CB_COMPOUND) request. A Compound COMPOUND request contains a
number of NFS operations that have their results encoded in sequence
in a Compound COMPOUND reply. The results of successful operations will
consist of an NFS4_OK status followed by the encoded results of the
operation. If an NFS operation fails, an error status will be
entered in the reply and the Compound COMPOUND request will be terminated.

11.1. Error Definitions

Protocol Error Definitions

Table 1 1: Protocol Error Definitions

11.1.1. General Errors

This section deals with errors that are applicable to a broad set of
different purposes.

11.1.1.1. NFS4ERR_UNION_NOTSUPP (Error Code 10090)

One of the arguments to the operation is a discriminated union union, and
while the server supports the given operation, it does not support
the selected arm of the discriminated union.

11.1.2. Server to Server Server-to-Server Copy Errors

These errors deal with the interaction between server to server server-to-server
copies.

11.1.2.1. NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_DENIED (Error Code 10091)

The copy COPY offload operation is supported by both the source and the
destination, but the destination is not allowing it for this file.
If the client sees this error, it should fall back to the normal copy
semantics.

11.1.2.2. NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS (Error Code 10094)

The copy COPY offload operation is supported by both the source and the
destination, but the destination can not cannot meet the client requirements
for either consecutive byte copy or synchronous copy. If the client
sees this error, it should either relax the requirements (if any) or
fall back to the normal copy semantics.

11.1.2.3. NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH (Error Code 10089)

The source server does not authorize a server-to-server copy COPY offload
operation. This may be due to the client's failure to send the
COPY_NOTIFY operation to the source server, the source server
receiving a server-to-server copy offload request after the copy
lease time expired, or for some other permission problem.

The destination server does not authorize a server-to-server copy COPY
offload operation. This may be due to an inter-server COPY request
where the destination server requires RPCSEC_GSSv3 and it is not
used, or some other permissions problem.

11.1.2.4. NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NOTSUPP (Error Code 10088)

The remote server does not support the server-to-server copy COPY offload
protocol.

11.1.3. Labeled NFS Errors

These errors are used in Labeled NFS.

11.1.3.1. NFS4ERR_BADLABEL (Error Code 10093)

The label specified is invalid in some manner.

11.1.3.2. NFS4ERR_WRONG_LFS (Error Code 10092)

The LFS specified in the subject label is not compatible with the LFS
in the object label.

11.2. New Operations and Their Valid Errors

This section contains a table that gives the valid error returns for
each new NFSv4.2 protocol operation. The error code NFS4_OK
(indicating no error) is not listed but should be understood to be
returnable by all new operations. The error values for all other
operations are defined in Section 15.2 of [RFC5661].

Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Operation

Table 2 2: Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Operation

11.3. New Callback Operations and Their Valid Errors

This section contains a table that gives the valid error returns for
each new NFSv4.2 callback operation. The error code NFS4_OK
(indicating no error) is not listed but should be understood to be
returnable by all new callback operations. The error values for all
other callback operations are defined in Section 15.3 of [RFC5661].

Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Callback Operation

Table 3 3: Valid Error Returns for Each New Protocol Callback Operation

12. New File Attributes

12.1. New RECOMMENDED Attributes - List and Definition References

The list of new RECOMMENDED attributes appears in Table 4. The
meaning
meanings of the columns of the table are:

Name: The name of the attribute.

Id: The number assigned to the attribute. In the event of conflicts
between the assigned number and
[I-D.ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-dot-x], [RFC7863], the latter is
authoritative, but in such an event, it should be resolved with Errata
errata to this document and/or [I-D.ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-dot-x]. [RFC7863]. See [IESG08] for the Errata
errata process.

Data Type: The XDR data type of the attribute.

Acc: Access allowed to the attribute.

R means read-only (GETATTR may retrieve, SETATTR may not set).

W means write-only (SETATTR may set, GETATTR may not retrieve).

R W means read/write (GETATTR may retrieve, SETATTR may set).

Defined in: The section of this specification that describes the
attribute.

+------------------+----+-------------------+-----+----------------+
| Name | Id | Data Type | Acc | Defined in |
+------------------+----+-------------------+-----+----------------+
| clone_blksize | 77 | uint32_t | R | Section 12.2.1 |
| space_freed | 78 | length4 | R | Section 12.2.2 |
| change_attr_type | 79 | change_attr_type4 | R | Section 12.2.3 |
| sec_label | 80 | sec_label4 | R W | Section 12.2.4 |
+------------------+----+-------------------+-----+----------------+

Table 4 4: New RECOMMENDED Attributes

12.2. Attribute Definitions

12.2.1. Attribute 77: clone_blksize

The clone_blksize attribute indicates the granularity of a CLONE
operation.

12.2.2. Attribute 78: space_freed

space_freed gives the number of bytes freed if the file is deleted.
This attribute is read only read-only and is of type length4. It is a per file per-file
attribute.

12.2.3. Attribute 79: change_attr_type

enum change_attr_type4 {
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_MONOTONIC_INCR = 0,
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER = 1,
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER_NOPNFS = 2,
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA = 3,
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED = 4
};

change_attr_type is a per file per-file system attribute which that enables the
NFSv4.2 server to provide additional information about how it expects
the change attribute value to evolve after the file data, data or metadata
has changed. While Section 5.4 of [RFC5661] discusses per file
per-file system attributes, it is expected that the value of
change_attr_type will not depend on the value of "homogeneous" and only changes in the
event of a migration.

NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED: The change attribute does not take
values that fit into any
will only change in the event of these categories. a migration.

NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_MONOTONIC_INCR: The change attribute value MUST
monotonically increase for every atomic change to the file
attributes, data, or directory contents.

NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER: The change attribute value MUST
be incremented by one unit for every atomic change to the file
attributes, data, or directory contents. This property is
preserved when writing to pNFS data servers.

NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER_NOPNFS: The change attribute
value MUST be incremented by one unit for every atomic change to
the file attributes, data, or directory contents. In the case
where the client is writing to pNFS data servers, the number of
increments is not guaranteed to exactly match the number of
writes.
WRITEs.

NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA: The change attribute is
implemented as suggested in [RFC7530] in terms of the
time_metadata attribute.

NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED: The change attribute does not take
values that fit into any of these categories.

If either NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_MONOTONIC_INCR,
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER, or
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA are is set, then the client knows at
the very least that the change attribute is monotonically increasing,
which is sufficient to resolve the question of which value is the
most recent.

If the client sees the value NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_TIME_METADATA, then
by inspecting the value of the 'time_delta' "time_delta" attribute it additionally
has the option of detecting rogue server implementations that use
time_metadata in violation of the spec. specification.

If the client sees NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER, it has the
ability to predict what the resulting change attribute value should
be after a COMPOUND containing a SETATTR, WRITE, or CREATE. This
again allows it to detect changes made in parallel by another client.
The value NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_VERSION_COUNTER_NOPNFS permits the
same, but only if the client is not doing pNFS WRITEs.

Finally, if the server does not support change_attr_type or if
NFS4_CHANGE_TYPE_IS_UNDEFINED is set, then the server SHOULD make an
effort to implement the change attribute in terms of the
time_metadata attribute.

12.2.4. Attribute 80: sec_label

typedef uint32_t policy4;

struct labelformat_spec4 {
policy4 lfs_lfs;
policy4 lfs_pi;
};

struct sec_label4 {
labelformat_spec4 slai_lfs;
opaque slai_data<>;
};

<CODE ENDS>
The FATTR4_SEC_LABEL contains an array of two components components, with the
first component being an LFS. It serves to provide the receiving end
with the information necessary to translate the security attribute
into a form that is usable by the endpoint. Label Formats assigned
an LFS may optionally choose to include a Policy Identifier field to
allow for complex policy deployments. The LFS and the Security Label
Format Selection Registry are described in detail in [RFC7569]. The
translation used to interpret the security attribute is not specified
as part of the
protocol protocol, as it may depend on various factors. The
second component is an opaque section which that contains the data of the
attribute. This component is dependent on the MAC model to interpret
and enforce.

In particular, it is the responsibility of the LFS specification to
define a maximum size for the opaque section, slai_data<>. When
creating or modifying a label for an object, the client needs to be
guaranteed that the server will accept a label that is sized
correctly. By both client and server being part of a specific MAC
model, the client will be aware of the size.

13. Operations: REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, or OPTIONAL

The following tables

Tables 5 and 6 summarize the operations of the NFSv4.2 protocol and
the corresponding designation designations of REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, and OPTIONAL
to implement or MUST NOT implement. The designation of MUST "MUST NOT implement implement"
designation is reserved for those operations that were defined in
either NFSv4.0 or NFSV4.1 NFSv4.1 and MUST NOT be implemented in NFSv4.2.

For the most part, the REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED, or OPTIONAL designation
for operations sent by the client is for the server implementation.
The client is generally required to implement the operations needed
for the operating environment for which that it serves. For example, a
read-only NFSv4.2 client would have no need to implement the WRITE
operation and is not required to do so.

The REQUIRED or OPTIONAL designation for callback operations sent by
the server is for both the client and server. Generally, the client
has the option of creating the backchannel and sending the operations
on the fore channel forechannel that will be a catalyst for the server sending
callback operations. A partial exception is CB_RECALL_SLOT; the only
way the client can avoid supporting this operation is by not creating
a backchannel.

Since this is a summary of the operations and their designation,
there are subtleties that are not presented here. Therefore, if
there is a question of the requirements of implementation, regarding implementation requirements, the
operation descriptions themselves must be consulted consulted, along with other
relevant explanatory text within this either this specification or that of the
NFSv4.1 specification [RFC5661].

The abbreviations used in the second and third columns of the table Tables 5
and 6 are defined as follows. follows:

REQ: REQUIRED to implement

REC: RECOMMENDED to implement

OPT: OPTIONAL to implement

MNI: MUST NOT implement

For the NFSv4.2 features that are OPTIONAL, the operations that
support those features are OPTIONAL, and the server MUST return
NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP in response to the client's use of those operations, operations
when those operations are not implemented by the server. If an
OPTIONAL feature is supported, it is possible that a set of
operations related to the feature become REQUIRED to implement. The
third column of the table tables designates the feature(s) and if the
operation is REQUIRED or OPTIONAL in the presence of support for the
feature.

The OPTIONAL features identified and their abbreviations are as
follows:

pNFS: Parallel NFS

FDELG: File Delegations

DDELG: Directory Delegations

COPYra: Intra-server Server Side Server-Side Copy

COPYer: Inter-server Server Side Server-Side Copy

ADB: Application Data Blocks

Operations
+----------------------+--------------------+-----------------------+
| Operation | REQ, REC, OPT, or | Feature (REQ, REC, or |
| | MNI | OPT) |
+----------------------+--------------------+-----------------------+
| ALLOCATE ACCESS | OPT REQ | |
| ACCESS ALLOCATE | REQ OPT | |
| BACKCHANNEL_CTL | REQ | |
| BIND_CONN_TO_SESSION | REQ | |
| CLONE | OPT | |
| CLOSE | REQ | |
| COMMIT | REQ | |
| COPY | OPT | COPYer (REQ), COPYra |
| | | (REQ) |
| COPY_NOTIFY | OPT | COPYer (REQ) |
| DEALLOCATE CREATE | OPT REQ | |
| CREATE CREATE_SESSION | REQ | |
| CREATE_SESSION DEALLOCATE | REQ OPT | |
| DELEGPURGE | OPT | FDELG (REQ) |
| DELEGRETURN | OPT | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS |
| | | (REQ) |
| DESTROY_CLIENTID | REQ | |
| DESTROY_SESSION | REQ | |
| EXCHANGE_ID | REQ | |
| FREE_STATEID | REQ | |
| GETATTR | REQ | |
| GETDEVICEINFO | OPT | pNFS (REQ) |
| GETDEVICELIST | MNI | pNFS (MNI) |
| GETFH | REQ | |
| GET_DIR_DELEGATION | OPT | DDELG (REQ) |
| ILLEGAL | REQ | |
| IO_ADVISE | OPT | |
| LAYOUTCOMMIT | OPT | pNFS (REQ) |
| LAYOUTGET LAYOUTERROR | OPT | pNFS (REQ) (OPT) |
| LAYOUTRETURN LAYOUTGET | OPT | pNFS (REQ) |
| LAYOUTERROR LAYOUTRETURN | OPT | pNFS (OPT) (REQ) |
| LAYOUTSTATS | OPT | pNFS (OPT) |
| LINK | OPT | |
| LOCK | REQ | |
| LOCKT | REQ | |
| LOCKU | REQ | |
| LOOKUP | REQ | |
| LOOKUPP | REQ | |
| NVERIFY | REQ | |
| OFFLOAD_CANCEL | OPT | COPYer (OPT), COPYra |
| | | (OPT) |
| OFFLOAD_STATUS | OPT | COPYer (OPT), COPYra |
| | | (OPT) |
| OPEN | REQ | |
| OPENATTR | OPT | |
| OPEN_CONFIRM | MNI | |
| OPEN_DOWNGRADE | REQ | |
| PUTFH | REQ | |
| PUTPUBFH | REQ | |
| PUTROOTFH | REQ | |
| READ | REQ | |
| READDIR | REQ | |
| READLINK | OPT | |
| READ_PLUS | OPT | |
| RECLAIM_COMPLETE | REQ | |
| RELEASE_LOCKOWNER | MNI | |
| REMOVE | REQ | |
| RENAME | REQ | |
| RENEW | MNI | |
| RESTOREFH | REQ | |
| SAVEFH | REQ | |
| SECINFO | REQ | |
| SECINFO_NO_NAME | REC | pNFS file layout |
| | | (REQ) |
| SEEK | OPT | |
| SEQUENCE | REQ | |
| SETATTR | REQ | |
| SETCLIENTID | MNI | |
| SETCLIENTID_CONFIRM | MNI | |
| SET_SSV | REQ | |
| TEST_STATEID | REQ | |
| VERIFY | REQ | |
| WANT_DELEGATION | OPT | FDELG (OPT) |
| WRITE | REQ | |
| WRITE_SAME | OPT | ADB (REQ) |
+----------------------+--------------------+-----------------------+

Table 5

Callback 5: Operations
+-------------------------+------------------+----------------------+
| Operation | REQ, REC, OPT, | Feature (REQ, REC, |
| | or MNI | or OPT) |
+-------------------------+------------------+----------------------+
| CB_GETATTR | OPT | FDELG (REQ) |
| CB_ILLEGAL | REQ | |
| CB_LAYOUTRECALL | OPT | pNFS (REQ) |
| CB_NOTIFY | OPT | DDELG (REQ) |
| CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID | OPT | pNFS (OPT) |
| CB_NOTIFY_LOCK | OPT | |
| CB_OFFLOAD | OPT | COPYer (REQ), COPYra |
| | | (REQ) |
| CB_PUSH_DELEG | OPT | FDELG (OPT) |
| CB_RECALL | OPT | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS |
| | | (REQ) |
| CB_RECALL_ANY | OPT | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS |
| | | (REQ) |
| CB_RECALL_SLOT | REQ | |
| CB_RECALLABLE_OBJ_AVAIL | OPT | DDELG, pNFS (REQ) |
| CB_SEQUENCE | OPT | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS |
| | | (REQ) |
| CB_WANTS_CANCELLED | OPT | FDELG, DDELG, pNFS |
| | | (REQ) |
+-------------------------+------------------+----------------------+

Table 6 6: Callback Operations

14. Modifications to NFSv4.1 Operations

14.1. Operation 42: EXCHANGE_ID - Instantiate Client the client ID

14.1.1. ARGUMENT

/* new */
const EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_FENCE_OPS = 0x00000004;

14.1.2. RESULT

Unchanged

14.1.3. MOTIVATION

Enterprise applications require guarantees that an operation has
either aborted or completed. NFSv4.1 provides this guarantee as long
as the session is alive: simply send a SEQUENCE operation on the same
slot with a new sequence number, and the successful return of
SEQUENCE indicates that the previous operation has completed.
However, if the session is lost, there is no way to know when any
operations in progress
operations have aborted or completed. In hindsight, the
NFSv4.1 specification should have mandated that DESTROY_SESSION
either abort or complete all outstanding operations.

14.1.4. DESCRIPTION

A client SHOULD request the EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_FENCE_OPS capability
when it sends an EXCHANGE_ID operation. The server SHOULD set this
capability in the EXCHANGE_ID reply whether the client requests it or
not. It is the server's return that determines whether this
capability is in effect. When it is in effect, the following will
occur:

o The server will not reply to any DESTROY_SESSION invoked with the
client ID until all operations in progress are completed or
aborted.

o The server will not reply to subsequent EXCHANGE_ID operations
invoked on the same client owner with a new verifier until all
operations in progress on the client ID's session are completed or
aborted.

o In implementations where the NFS server is deployed as a cluster,
it does support client ID trunking, and the
EXCHGID4_FLAG_SUPP_FENCE_OPS capability is enabled, then a
session ID created on one node of the storage cluster MUST be
destroyable via DESTROY_SESSION. In addition, DESTROY_CLIENTID
and an EXCHANGE_ID with a new verifier affects affect all sessions sessions,
regardless of what node the sessions were created on.

14.2. Operation 48: GETDEVICELIST - Get All Device Mappings all device mappings for a File
System file
system

14.2.1. ARGUMENT

struct GETDEVICELIST4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: object belonging to the file system */
layouttype4 gdla_layout_type;

/* number of deviceIDs device IDs to return */
count4 gdla_maxdevices;

nfs_cookie4 gdla_cookie;
verifier4 gdla_cookieverf;
};

14.2.2. RESULT

struct GETDEVICELIST4resok {
nfs_cookie4 gdlr_cookie;
verifier4 gdlr_cookieverf;
deviceid4 gdlr_deviceid_list<>;
bool gdlr_eof;
};

union GETDEVICELIST4res switch (nfsstat4 gdlr_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
GETDEVICELIST4resok gdlr_resok4;
default:
void;
};

14.2.3. MOTIVATION

The GETDEVICELIST operation was introduced in [RFC5661] specifically
to request a list of devices at filesystem file system mount time from block
layout type servers. However However, the use of the GETDEVICELIST operation
introduces a race condition versus notification about changes to pNFS
device IDs as provided by CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID. Implementation
experience with block layout servers has shown that there is no need
for GETDEVICELIST. Clients have to be able to request new devices
using GETDEVICEINFO at any time in response either to either a new deviceid
in LAYOUTGET results or to the CB_NOTIFY_DEVICEID callback operation.

14.2.4. DESCRIPTION

Clients and servers MUST NOT implement the GETDEVICELIST operation.

15. NFSv4.2 Operations

15.1. Operation 59: ALLOCATE - Reserve Space space in A Region a region of a File file

15.1.1. ARGUMENT

struct ALLOCATE4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
stateid4 aa_stateid;
offset4 aa_offset;
length4 aa_length;
};

15.1.2. RESULT

struct ALLOCATE4res {
nfsstat4 ar_status;
};

15.1.3. DESCRIPTION

Whenever a client wishes to reserve space for a region in a file file, it
calls the ALLOCATE operation with the current filehandle set to the
filehandle of the file in question, and with the start offset and
length in bytes of the region set in aa_offset and aa_length aa_length,
respectively.

CURRENT_FH must be a regular file. If CURRENT_FH is not a regular
file, the operation MUST fail and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

The aa_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
18.32.3 of [RFC5661].

The server will ensure that backing blocks are reserved to the region
specified by aa_offset and aa_length, and that no future writes into
this region will return NFS4ERR_NOSPC. If the region lies partially
or fully outside the current file size size, the file size will be set to
aa_offset + aa_length implicitly. If the server cannot guarantee
this, it must return NFS4ERR_NOSPC.

The ALLOCATE operation can also be used to extend the size of a file
if the region specified by aa_offset and aa_length extends beyond the
current file size. In that case case, any data outside of the previous
file size will return zeroes zeros when read before data is written to it.

It is not required that the server allocate the space to the file
before returning success. The allocation can be deferred, deferred; however,
it must be guaranteed that it will not fail for lack of space. The
deferral does not result in an asynchronous reply.

The ALLOCATE operation will result in the space_used attribute and space_freed
attributes being increased by the number of bytes
reserved reserved, unless
they were previously reserved or written and not shared.

15.2. Operation 60: COPY - Initiate a server-side copy

15.2.1. ARGUMENT

struct COPY4args {
/* SAVED_FH: source file */
/* CURRENT_FH: destination file */
stateid4 ca_src_stateid;
stateid4 ca_dst_stateid;
offset4 ca_src_offset;
offset4 ca_dst_offset;
length4 ca_count;
bool ca_consecutive;
bool ca_synchronous;
netloc4 ca_source_server<>;
};

15.2.2. RESULT

struct write_response4 {
stateid4 wr_callback_id<1>;
length4 wr_count;
stable_how4 wr_committed;
verifier4 wr_writeverf;
};

struct copy_requirements4 {
bool cr_consecutive;
bool cr_synchronous;
};

struct COPY4resok {
write_response4 cr_response;
copy_requirements4 cr_requirements;
};

union COPY4res switch (nfsstat4 cr_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
COPY4resok cr_resok4;
case NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS:
copy_requirements4 cr_requirements;
default:
void;
};

15.2.3. DESCRIPTION

The COPY operation is used for both intra-server and inter-server
copies. In both cases, the COPY is always sent from the client to
the destination server of the file copy. The COPY operation requests
that a range in the file specified by SAVED_FH is be copied to a range
in the file specified by CURRENT_FH.

Both SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be regular files. If either
SAVED_FH or CURRENT_FH is not a regular file, the operation MUST fail
and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be different files. If SAVED_FH and
CURRENT_FH refer to the same file, the operation MUST fail with
NFS4ERR_INVAL.

If the request is for an inter-server-to-server inter-server copy, the source-fh is a
filehandle from the source server and the compound COMPOUND procedure is being
executed on the destination server. In this case, the source-
fh source-fh is a
foreign filehandle on the server receiving the COPY request. If
either PUTFH or SAVEFH checked the validity of the filehandle, the
operation would likely fail and return NFS4ERR_STALE.

If a server supports the inter-server-to-server COPY inter-server copy feature, a PUTFH followed
by a SAVEFH MUST NOT return NFS4ERR_STALE for either operation.
These restrictions do not pose substantial difficulties for servers.
CURRENT_FH and SAVED_FH may be validated in the context of the
operation referencing them and an NFS4ERR_STALE error returned for an
invalid file handle filehandle at that point.

The ca_dst_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
18.32.3 of [RFC5661]. For an inter-server copy, the ca_src_stateid
MUST be the cnr_stateid returned from the earlier COPY_NOTIFY
operation, while for an intra-server copy ca_src_stateid MUST refer
to a stateid that is valid for a READ operations operation and follows the rules
for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and 18.22.3 of [RFC5661]. If either
stateid is invalid, then the operation MUST fail.

The ca_src_offset is the offset within the source file from which the
data will be read, the ca_dst_offset is the offset within the
destination file to which the data will be written, and the ca_count
is the number of bytes that will be copied. An offset of 0 (zero)
specifies the start of the file. A count of 0 (zero) requests that
all bytes from ca_src_offset through EOF be copied to the
destination. If concurrent modifications to the source file overlap
with the source file region being copied, the data copied may include
all, some, or none of the modifications. The client can use standard
NFS operations (e.g., OPEN with OPEN4_SHARE_DENY_WRITE or mandatory
byte range
byte-range locks) to protect against concurrent modifications if
the client is concerned about this. If the source file's end of file EOF is
being modified in parallel with a copy COPY that specifies a count of
0 (zero) bytes, the amount of data copied is implementation dependent
(clients may guard against this case by specifying a non-zero count
value or preventing modification of the source file as mentioned
above).

If the source offset or the source offset plus count is greater than
the size of the source file, the operation MUST fail with
NFS4ERR_INVAL. The destination offset or destination offset plus
count may be greater than the size of the destination file. This
allows for the client to issue parallel copies to implement operations
such as

% cat file1 file2 file3 file4 > dest

If the ca_source_server list is specified, then this is an inter-
server copy
inter-server COPY operation and the source file is on a remote
server. The client is expected to have previously issued a
successful COPY_NOTIFY request to the remote source server. The
ca_source_server list MUST be the same as the COPY_NOTIFY response's
cnr_source_server list. If the client includes the entries from the
COPY_NOTIFY response's cnr_source_server list in the ca_source_server
list, the source server can indicate a specific copy protocol for the
destination server to use by returning a URL, which URL that specifies both a
protocol service and server name. Server-to-server copy protocol
considerations are described in Section Sections 4.6 and Section 4.9.1.

If ca_consecutive is set, then the client has specified that the copy
protocol selected MUST copy bytes in consecutive order from
ca_src_offset to ca_count. If the destination server cannot meet
this requirement, then it MUST return an error of
NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS and set cr_consecutive to be false. FALSE.
Likewise, if ca_synchronous is set, then the client has required that
the copy protocol selected MUST perform a synchronous copy. If the
destination server cannot meet this requirement, then it MUST return
an error of NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS and set cr_synchronous to be
false.
FALSE.

If both are set by the client, then the destination SHOULD try to
determine if it can respond to both requirements at the same time.
If it cannot make that determination, it must set to true TRUE the one it
can and set to false FALSE the other. The client, upon getting an
NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS error, has to examine both cr_consecutive and
cr_synchronous against the respective values of ca_consecutive and
ca_synchronous to determine the possible requirement not met. It
MUST be prepared for the destination server not being able to
determine both requirements at the same time.

Upon receiving the NFS4ERR_OFFLOAD_NO_REQS error, the client has to
determine if whether it wants to either re-request the copy with a relaxed set
of requirements or if it wants to revert to manually copying the data. If it
decides to manually copy the data and this is a remote copy, then the
client is responsible for informing the source that the earlier
COPY_NOTIFY is no longer valid by sending it an OFFLOAD_CANCEL.

If the operation does not result in an immediate failure, the server
will return NFS4_OK.

If the wr_callback_id is returned, this indicates that an
asynchronous COPY operation was initiated and a CB_OFFLOAD callback
will deliver the final results of the operation. The wr_callback_id
stateid is termed a copy stateid "copy stateid" in this context. The server is
given the option of returning the results in a callback because the
data may require a relatively long period of time to copy.

If no wr_callback_id is returned, the operation completed
synchronously and no callback will be issued by the server. The
completion status of the operation is indicated by cr_status.

If the copy completes successfully, either synchronously or
asynchronously, the data copied from the source file to the
destination file MUST appear identical to the NFS client. However,
the NFS server's on disk on-disk representation of the data in the source
file and destination file MAY differ. For example, the NFS server
might encrypt, compress, deduplicate, or otherwise represent the on
disk
on-disk data in the source and destination file files differently.

If a failure does occur for a synchronous copy, wr_count will be set
to the number of bytes copied to the destination file before the
error occurred. If cr_consecutive is true, TRUE, then the bytes were
copied in order. If the failure occurred for an asynchronous copy,
then the client will have gotten the notification of the consecutive
copy order when it got the copy stateid. It will be able to
determine the bytes copied from the coa_bytes_copied in the
CB_OFFLOAD argument.

In either case, if cr_consecutive was not true, TRUE, there is no assurance
as to exactly which bytes in the range were copied. The client MUST
assume that there exists a mixture of the original contents of the
range and the new bytes. If the COPY wrote past the end of the file
on the destination, then the last byte written to will determine the
new file size. The contents of any block not written to and past
the original size of the file will be as if a normal WRITE extended
the file.

15.3. Operation 61: COPY_NOTIFY - Notify a source server of a future
copy

15.3.1. ARGUMENT

struct COPY_NOTIFY4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: source file */
stateid4 cna_src_stateid;
netloc4 cna_destination_server;
};

15.3.2. RESULT

struct COPY_NOTIFY4resok {
nfstime4 cnr_lease_time;
stateid4 cnr_stateid;
netloc4 cnr_source_server<>;
};

union COPY_NOTIFY4res switch (nfsstat4 cnr_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
COPY_NOTIFY4resok resok4;
default:
void;
};

15.3.3. DESCRIPTION

This operation is used for an inter-server copy. A client sends this
operation in a COMPOUND request to the source server to authorize a
destination server identified by cna_destination_server to read the
file specified by CURRENT_FH on behalf of the given user.

The cna_src_stateid MUST refer to either open or locking states
provided earlier by the server. If it is invalid, then the operation
MUST fail.

The cna_destination_server MUST be specified using the netloc4
network location format. The server is not required to resolve the
cna_destination_server address before completing this operation.

If this operation succeeds, the source server will allow the
cna_destination_server to copy the specified file on behalf of the
given user as long as both of the following conditions are met:

o The destination server begins reading the source file before the
cnr_lease_time expires. If the cnr_lease_time expires while the
destination server is still reading the source file, the
destination server is allowed to finish reading the file. If the
cnr_lease_time expires before the destination server uses READ or
READ_PLUS to begin the transfer, the source server can use
NFS4ERR_PARTNER_NO_AUTH to inform the destination server that the
cnr_lease_time has expired.

o The client has not issued a an OFFLOAD_CANCEL for the same
combination of user, filehandle, and destination server.

The cnr_lease_time is chosen by the source server. A cnr_lease_time
of 0 (zero) indicates an infinite lease. To avoid the need for
synchronized clocks, copy lease times are granted by the server as a
time delta. To renew the copy lease time time, the client should resend
the same copy notification request to the source server.

The cnr_stateid is a copy stateid which that uniquely describes the state
needed on the source server to track the proposed copy. COPY. As defined
in Section 8.2 of [RFC5661], a stateid is tied to the current
filehandle
filehandle, and if the same stateid is presented by two different
clients, it may refer to different state. states. As the source does not
know which netloc4 network location the destination might use to
establish the copy COPY operation, it can use the cnr_stateid to identify
that the destination is operating on behalf of the client. Thus Thus, the
source server MUST construct copy stateids such that they are
distinct from all other stateids handed out to clients. These copy
stateids MUST denote the same set of locks as each of the earlier
delegation, locking, and open states for the client on the given file
(see Section 4.3.1).

A successful response will also contain a list of netloc4 network
location formats called cnr_source_server, on which the source is
willing to accept connections from the destination. These might not
be reachable from the client and might be located on networks to
which the client has no connection.

For a copy only involving one server (the source and destination are
on the same server), this

This operation is unnecessary. unnecessary for an intra-server copy.

15.4. Operation 62: DEALLOCATE - Unreserve Space space in a Region region of a File file

15.4.1. ARGUMENT

struct DEALLOCATE4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
stateid4 da_stateid;
offset4 da_offset;
length4 da_length;
};

15.4.2. RESULT

struct DEALLOCATE4res {
nfsstat4 dr_status;
};

15.4.3. DESCRIPTION

Whenever a client wishes to unreserve space for a region in a file file,
it calls the DEALLOCATE operation with the current filehandle set to
the filehandle of the file in question, and with the start offset and
length in bytes of the region set in da_offset and da_length da_length,
respectively. If no space was allocated or reserved for all or parts
of the region, the DEALLOCATE operation will have no effect for the
region that already is in unreserved state. All further reads READs from
the region passed to DEALLOCATE MUST return zeros until overwritten.

CURRENT_FH must be a regular file. If CURRENT_FH is not a regular
file, the operation MUST fail and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

The da_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
18.32.3 of [RFC5661].

Situations may arise where da_offset and/or da_offset + da_length
will not be aligned to a boundary for which the server does
allocations or deallocations. For most file systems, this is the
block size of the file system. In such a case, the server can
deallocate as many bytes as it can in the region. The blocks that
cannot be deallocated MUST be zeroed.

DEALLOCATE will result in the space_used attribute being decreased by
the number of bytes that were deallocated. The space_freed attribute
may or may not decrease, depending on the support and whether the
blocks backing the specified range were shared or not. The size
attribute will remain unchanged.

15.5. Operation 63: IO_ADVISE - Application Send client I/O access pattern hints to
the server

15.5.1. ARGUMENT

enum IO_ADVISE_type4 {
IO_ADVISE4_NORMAL = 0,
IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL = 1,
IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL_BACKWARDS = 2,
IO_ADVISE4_RANDOM = 3,
IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED = 4,
IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED_OPPORTUNISTIC = 5,
IO_ADVISE4_DONTNEED = 6,
IO_ADVISE4_NOREUSE = 7,
IO_ADVISE4_READ = 8,
IO_ADVISE4_WRITE = 9,
IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY = 10
};

struct IO_ADVISE4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
stateid4 iaa_stateid;
offset4 iaa_offset;
length4 iaa_count;
bitmap4 iaa_hints;
};

15.5.2. RESULT

struct IO_ADVISE4resok {
bitmap4 ior_hints;
};

union IO_ADVISE4res switch (nfsstat4 ior_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
IO_ADVISE4resok resok4;
default:
void;
};

15.5.3. DESCRIPTION

The IO_ADVISE operation sends an I/O access pattern hint to the
server for the owner of the stateid for a given byte range specified
by iar_offset and iar_count. The byte range specified by iaa_offset
and iaa_count need not currently exist in the file, but the iaa_hints
will apply to the byte range when it does exist. If iaa_count is 0,
all data following iaa_offset is specified. The server MAY ignore
the advice.

The following are the allowed hints for a stateid holder:

IO_ADVISE4_NORMAL There is no advice to give, this give. This is the default
behavior.

IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL Expects to access the specified data
sequentially from lower offsets to higher offsets.

IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL_BACKWARDS Expects to access the specified data
sequentially from higher offsets to lower offsets.

IO_ADVISE4_RANDOM Expects to access the specified data in a random
order.

IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED Expects to access the specified data in the near
future.

IO_ADVISE4_WILLNEED_OPPORTUNISTIC Expects to possibly access the
data in the near future. This is a speculative hint, and
therefore the server should prefetch data or indirect blocks only
if it can be done at a marginal cost.

IO_ADVISE_DONTNEED Expects that it will not access the specified
data in the near future.

IO_ADVISE_NOREUSE Expects to access the specified data once and then
not reuse it thereafter.

IO_ADVISE4_READ Expects to read the specified data in the near
future.

IO_ADVISE4_WRITE Expects to write the specified data in the near
future.

IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY Informs the server that the data in the
byte range remains important to the client.

Since IO_ADVISE is a hint, a server SHOULD NOT return an error and
invalidate a an entire Compound COMPOUND request if one of the sent hints in
iar_hints is not supported by the server. Also, the server MUST NOT
return an error if the client sends contradictory hints to the
server, e.g., IO_ADVISE4_SEQUENTIAL and IO_ADVISE4_RANDOM in a single
IO_ADVISE operation. In these cases, the server MUST return success
and a an ior_hints value that indicates the hint it intends to
implement. This may mean simply returning IO_ADVISE4_NORMAL.

The ior_hints returned by the server is primarily for debugging
purposes
purposes, since the server is under no obligation to carry out the
hints that it describes in the ior_hints result. In addition, while
the server may have intended to implement the hints returned in
ior_hints, as time progresses, the server may need to change its handling of a given file due to several reasons including, but not
limited to,
-- for example, because of memory pressure, additional IO_ADVISE
hints sent by other clients, and or heuristically detected file access
patterns.

The server MAY return different advice than what the client
requested. If it does, then this might be due to one of several
conditions, including, but not limited to Some examples include another client advising of a
different I/O access pattern; pattern, another client employing a different
I/O access pattern from
another client that that the server has heuristically detected; pattern, or inability of the server is not able to support the
requested I/O access pattern,
perhaps due to a temporary resource limitation. pattern.

Each issuance of the IO_ADVISE operation overrides all previous
issuances of IO_ADVISE for a given byte range. This effectively
follows a strategy of last "last hint wins wins" for a given stateid and
byte range.

Clients should assume that hints included in an IO_ADVISE operation
will be forgotten once the file is closed.

15.5.4. IMPLEMENTATION

The NFS client may choose to issue an IO_ADVISE operation to the
server in several different instances.

The most obvious is in direct response to an application's execution
of posix_fadvise(). In this case, IO_ADVISE4_WRITE and
IO_ADVISE4_READ may be set set, based upon the type of file access
specified when the file was opened.

15.5.5. IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY

The IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY hint is non-posix non-POSIX in origin and can be
used to convey that the client has recently accessed the byte range
in its own cache. I.e., That is, it has not accessed it on the server, server but it
has accessed it locally. When the server reaches resource
exhaustion, knowing which data is more important allows the server to
make better choices about which data to, for example example, purge from a cache,
cache or move to secondary storage. It also informs the server as to
which delegations are more important, since because if delegations are
working correctly, once delegated to a client and the client has read
the content for that byte range, a server might never receive another read
READ request for that byte range.

The IO_ADVISE4_INIT_PROXIMITY hint can also be used in a pNFS setting
to let the client inform the metadata server as to the I/O statistics
between the client and the storage devices. The metadata server is
then free to use this information about client I/O to optimize the
data storage location.

This hint is also useful in the case of NFS clients which that are network network-
booting from a server. If the first client to be booted sends this
hint, then it keeps the cache warm for the remaining clients.

15.5.6. pNFS File Layout Data Type Considerations

The IO_ADVISE considerations for pNFS are very similar to the COMMIT
considerations for pNFS (see Section 13.7 of [RFC5661]). That is, as
with COMMIT, some NFS server implementations prefer that IO_ADVISE be
done on the storage device, and some prefer that it be done on the
metadata server.

For the file's layout type, NFSv4.2 includes an additional hint
NFL42_CARE_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS hint,
NFL42_CARE_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS, which is valid only on metadata
servers running NFSv4.2 or higher. ("NFL" stands for "NFS File
Layout".) Any file's layout obtained from a an NFSv4.1 metadata server
MUST NOT have NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS set. Any file's layout
obtained with a an NFSv4.2 metadata server MAY have
NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS set. However, if the layout utilizes
NFSv4.1 storage devices, the IO_ADVISE operation cannot be sent
to them.

If NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS is set, the client MUST send the
IO_ADVISE operation to the metadata server in order for it to be
honored by the storage device. Once the metadata server receives the
IO_ADVISE operation, it will communicate the advice to each storage
device.

If NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS is not set, then the client SHOULD
send an IO_ADVISE operation to the appropriate storage device for the
specified byte range. While the client MAY always send IO_ADVISE to
the metadata server, if the server has not set
NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS, the client should expect that such an
IO_ADVISE is futile. Note that a client SHOULD use the same set of
arguments on each IO_ADVISE sent to a storage device for the same
open file reference.

The server is not required to support different advice for different
storage devices with the same open file reference.

15.5.6.1. Dense and Sparse Packing Considerations

The IO_ADVISE operation MUST use the iar_offset and byte range as
dictated by the presence or absence of NFL4_UFLG_DENSE (see
Section 13.4.4 of [RFC5661]).

E.g.,

For example, if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is present, and then (1) a READ or WRITE
to the storage device for iaa_offset 0 really means iaa_offset 10000
in the logical file, then file and (2) an IO_ADVISE for iaa_offset 0 means
iaa_offset
10000.

E.g., 10000 in the logical file.

For example, if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is absent, then (1) a READ or WRITE
to the storage device for iaa_offset 0 really means iaa_offset 0 in
the logical file, then file and (2) an IO_ADVISE for iaa_offset 0 means
iaa_offset 0 in the logical file.

E.g.,

For example, if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is present, the stripe unit is
1000 bytes and the stripe count is 10, and the dense storage device
file is serving iar_offset 0. A READ or WRITE to the storage device
for iaa_offsets 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000, 3000 really mean means iaa_offsets
10000, 20000, 30000, and 40000 (implying a stripe count of 10 and a
stripe unit of 1000), and then an IO_ADVISE sent to the same storage
device with an iaa_offset of 500, 500 and an iaa_count of 3000 means that
the IO_ADVISE applies to these byte ranges of the dense storage
device file:

- 500 to 999
- 1000 to 1999
- 2000 to 2999
- 3000 to 3499

I.e.,

That is, the contiguous range 500 to 3499 3499, as specified in IO_ADVISE.

It also applies to these byte ranges of the logical file:

- 10500 to 10999 (500 bytes)
- 20000 to 20999 (1000 bytes)
- 30000 to 30999 (1000 bytes)
- 40000 to 40499 (500 bytes)
(total 3000 bytes)

E.g.,

For example, if NFL4_UFLG_DENSE is absent, the stripe unit is
250 bytes, the stripe count is 4, and the sparse storage device file
is serving iaa_offset 0. Then Then, a READ or WRITE to the storage device
for iaa_offsets 0, 1000, 2000, and 3000, 3000 really means iaa_offsets 0,
1000, 2000, and 3000 in the logical file, keeping in mind that on in the
storage device file, file byte ranges 250 to 999, 1250 to 1999, 2250 to
2999, and 3250 to 3999 are not accessible. Then Then, an IO_ADVISE sent
to the same storage device with an iaa_offset of 500, 500 and a an iaa_count
of 3000 means that the IO_ADVISE applies to these byte ranges of the
logical file and the sparse storage device file:

- 500 to 999 (500 bytes) - no effect
- 1000 to 1249 (250 bytes) - effective
- 1250 to 1999 (750 bytes) - no effect
- 2000 to 2249 (250 bytes) - effective
- 2250 to 2999 (750 bytes) - no effect
- 3000 to 3249 (250 bytes) - effective
- 3250 to 3499 (250 bytes) - no effect
(subtotal 2250 bytes) - no effect
(subtotal 750 bytes) - effective
(grand total 3000 bytes) - no effect + effective
If neither of the flags NFL42_UFLG_IO_ADVISE_THRU_MDS and flag nor the
NFL4_UFLG_DENSE are flag is set in the layout, then any IO_ADVISE request
sent to the data server with a byte range that overlaps stripe unit units
that the data server does not serve MUST NOT result in the status
NFS4ERR_PNFS_IO_HOLE. Instead, the response SHOULD be successful successful,
and if the server applies IO_ADVISE hints on any stripe units that
overlap with the specified range, those hints SHOULD be indicated in
the response.

15.6. Operation 64: LAYOUTERROR - Provide Errors errors for the Layout layout

15.6.1. ARGUMENT

struct device_error4 {
deviceid4 de_deviceid;
nfsstat4 de_status;
nfs_opnum4 de_opnum;
};

struct LAYOUTERROR4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
offset4 lea_offset;
length4 lea_length;
stateid4 lea_stateid;
device_error4 lea_errors<>;
};

15.6.2. RESULT

struct LAYOUTERROR4res {
nfsstat4 ler_status;
};

15.6.3. DESCRIPTION

The client can use LAYOUTERROR to inform the metadata server about
errors in its interaction with the layout (see Section 12 of
[RFC5661]) represented by the current filehandle, client ID (derived
from the session ID in the preceding SEQUENCE operation), byte-range byte range
(lea_offset + lea_length), and lea_stateid.

Each individual device_error4 describes a single error associated
with a storage device, which is identified via de_deviceid. If the
Layout Type
layout type (see Section 12.2.7 of [RFC5661]) supports NFSv4
operations, then the operation which that returned the error is identified
via de_opnum. If the Layout Type layout type does not support NFSv4 operations,
then either (1) it MAY chose choose to either map the operation onto one of the
allowed operations which that can be sent to a storage device with the File Layout
Type file
layout type (see Section 3.3) or (2) it can signal no support for
operations by marking de_opnum with the ILLEGAL operation. Finally Finally,
the NFS error value (nfsstat4) encountered is provided via de_status
and may consist of the following error codes:

NFS4ERR_NXIO: The client was unable to establish any communication
with the storage device.

NFS4ERR_*: The client was able to establish communication with the
storage device and is returning one of the allowed error codes for
the operation denoted by de_opnum.

Note that while the metadata server may return an error associated
with the layout stateid or the open file, it MUST NOT return an error
in the processing of the errors. If LAYOUTERROR is in a compound COMPOUND
before LAYOUTRETURN, it MUST NOT introduce an error other than what
LAYOUTRETURN would already encounter.

15.6.4. IMPLEMENTATION

There are two broad classes of errors, errors: transient and persistent. The
client SHOULD strive to only use this new mechanism to report
persistent errors. It MUST be able to deal with transient issues by
itself. Also, while the client might consider an issue to be
persistent, it MUST be prepared for the metadata server to consider
such issues to be transient. A prime example of this is if the
metadata server fences off a client from either a stateid or a
filehandle. The client will get an error from the storage device and
might relay either NFS4ERR_ACCESS or NFS4ERR_BAD_STATEID back to the
metadata server, with the belief that this is a hard error. If the
metadata server is informed by the client that there is an error, it
can safely ignore that. For it, the metadata server, the mission is
accomplished in that the client has returned a layout that the
metadata server had most likely recalled.

The client might also need to inform the metadata server that it
cannot reach one or more of the storage devices. While the metadata
server can detect the connectivity of both of these paths:

o metadata server to storage device

o metadata server to client

it cannot determine if the client and storage device path is working.
As with the case of the storage device passing errors to the client,
it must be prepared for the metadata server to consider such outages
as being transitory.

Clients are expected to tolerate transient storage device errors, and
hence clients SHOULD NOT use the LAYOUTERROR error handling for
device access problems that may be transient. The methods by which a
client decides whether a device access problem is transient vs or
persistent are implementation-specific, implementation specific but may include retrying I/Os
to a data server under appropriate conditions.

When an I/O fails to a storage device, device fails, the client SHOULD retry the
failed I/O via the metadata server. In this situation, before
retrying the I/O, the client SHOULD return the layout, or the
affected portion thereof, and SHOULD indicate which storage device or
devices was problematic. The client needs to do this when the
storage device is being unresponsive in order to fence off any failed
write attempts, attempts and ensure that they do not end up overwriting any
later data being written through the metadata server. If the client
does not do this, the metadata server MAY issue a layout recall
callback in order to perform the retried I/O.

The client needs to be cognizant that since this error handling is
optional in the metadata server, the metadata server may silently
ignore this functionality. Also, as the metadata server may consider
some issues the client reports to be expected, the client might find
it difficult to detect a metadata server which that has not implemented
error handling via LAYOUTERROR.

If an a metadata server is aware that a storage device is proving
problematic to a client, the metadata server SHOULD NOT include that
storage device in any pNFS layouts sent to that client. If the
metadata server is aware that a storage device is affecting many
clients, then the metadata server SHOULD NOT include that storage
device in any pNFS layouts sent out. If a client asks for a new
layout for the file from the metadata server, it MUST be prepared for
the metadata server to return that storage device in the layout. The
metadata server might not have any choice in using the storage
device, i.e., there might only be one possible layout for the system.

Also, in the case of existing files, the metadata server might have
no choice in regarding which storage devices to hand out to clients.

The metadata server is not required to indefinitely retain per-client
storage device error information. An The metadata server is also not
required to automatically reinstate the use of a previously
problematic storage device; administrative intervention may be
required instead.

15.7. Operation 65: LAYOUTSTATS - Provide Statistics statistics for the Layout layout

15.7.1. ARGUMENT

struct layoutupdate4 {
layouttype4 lou_type;
opaque lou_body<>;
};

struct io_info4 {
uint64_t ii_count;
uint64_t ii_bytes;
};

struct LAYOUTSTATS4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
offset4 lsa_offset;
length4 lsa_length;
stateid4 lsa_stateid;
io_info4 lsa_read;
io_info4 lsa_write;
deviceid4 lsa_deviceid;
layoutupdate4 lsa_layoutupdate;
};

15.7.2. RESULT

struct LAYOUTSTATS4res {
nfsstat4 lsr_status;
};

15.7.3. DESCRIPTION

The client can use LAYOUTSTATS to inform the metadata server about
its interaction with the layout (see Section 12 of [RFC5661])
represented by the current filehandle, client ID (derived from the
session ID in the preceding SEQUENCE operation), byte-range byte range
(lsa_offset and lsa_length), and lsa_stateid. lsa_read and lsa_write
allow for non-Layout Type specific non-layout-type-specific statistics to be reported.
lsa_deviceid allows the client to specify to which storage device the
statistics apply. The remaining information the client is presenting
is specific to the Layout Type layout type and presented in the lsa_layoutupdate
field. Each Layout Type layout type MUST define the contents of lsa_layoutupdate
in their respective specifications.

LAYOUTSTATS can be combined with IO_ADVISE (see Section 15.5) to
augment the decision making decision-making process of how the metadata server
handles a file. I.e., That is, IO_ADVISE lets the server know that a byte
range has a certain characteristic, but not necessarily the intensity
of that characteristic.

The statistics are cumulative, i.e., multiple LAYOUTSTATS updates can
be in flight at the same time. The metadata server can examine the
packet's timestamp to order the different calls. The first
LAYOUTSTATS sent by the client SHOULD be from the opening of the
file. The choice of how often to update the metadata server is made
by the client.

Note that while the metadata server may return an error associated
with the layout stateid or the open file, it MUST NOT return an error
in the processing of the statistics.

15.8. Operation 66: OFFLOAD_CANCEL - Stop an Offloaded Operation offloaded operation

15.8.1. ARGUMENT

struct OFFLOAD_CANCEL4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file to cancel */
stateid4 oca_stateid;
};

15.8.2. RESULT

struct OFFLOAD_CANCEL4res {
nfsstat4 ocr_status;
};

15.8.3. DESCRIPTION

OFFLOAD_CANCEL is used by the client to terminate an asynchronous
operation, which is identified both by both CURRENT_FH and the
oca_stateid. I.e., That is, there can be multiple offloaded OFFLOAD_CANCEL
operations acting on the file, and the stateid will identify to the
server exactly which one is to be stopped. Currently Currently, there are only
two operations which that can decide to be asynchronous: COPY and
WRITE_SAME.

In the context of server-to-server copy, the client can send
OFFLOAD_CANCEL to either the source or destination server, albeit
with a different stateid. The client uses OFFLOAD_CANCEL to inform
the destination to stop the active transfer and uses the stateid it
got back from the COPY operation. The client uses OFFLOAD_CANCEL and
the stateid it used in the COPY_NOTIFY to inform the source to not
allow any more copying from the destination.

OFFLOAD_CANCEL is also useful in situations in which the source
server granted a very long or infinite lease on the destination
server's ability to read the source file and all copy COPY operations on
the source file have been completed.

15.9. Operation 67: OFFLOAD_STATUS - Poll for Status the status of Asynchronous
Operation an
asynchronous operation

15.9.1. ARGUMENT

struct OFFLOAD_STATUS4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: destination file */
stateid4 osa_stateid;
};

15.9.2. RESULT

struct OFFLOAD_STATUS4resok {
length4 osr_count;
nfsstat4 osr_complete<1>;
};

union OFFLOAD_STATUS4res switch (nfsstat4 osr_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
OFFLOAD_STATUS4resok osr_resok4;
default:
void;
};

15.9.3. DESCRIPTION

OFFLOAD_STATUS can be used by the client to query the progress of an
asynchronous operation, which is identified both by both CURRENT_FH and
the osa_stateid. If this operation is successful, the number of
bytes processed are is returned to the client in the osr_count field.

If the optional osr_complete field is present, the asynchronous
operation has completed. In this case case, the status value indicates
the result of the asynchronous operation. In all cases, the server
will also deliver the final results of the asynchronous operation in
a CB_OFFLOAD operation.

The failure of this operation does not indicate the result of the
asynchronous operation in any way.

15.10. Operation 68: READ_PLUS - READ Data data or Holes holes from a File file

15.10.1. ARGUMENT

struct READ_PLUS4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
stateid4 rpa_stateid;
offset4 rpa_offset;
count4 rpa_count;
};

15.10.2. RESULT

enum data_content4 {
NFS4_CONTENT_DATA = 0,
NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE = 1
};

struct data_info4 {
offset4 di_offset;
length4 di_length;
};

struct data4 {
offset4 d_offset;
opaque d_data<>;
};

union read_plus_content switch (data_content4 rpc_content) {
case NFS4_CONTENT_DATA:
data4 rpc_data;
case NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE:
data_info4 rpc_hole;
default:
void;
};
/*
* Allow a return of an array of contents.
*/
struct read_plus_res4 {
bool rpr_eof;
read_plus_content rpr_contents<>;
};

union READ_PLUS4res switch (nfsstat4 rp_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
read_plus_res4 rp_resok4;
default:
void;
};

15.10.3. DESCRIPTION

The READ_PLUS operation is based upon the NFSv4.1 READ operation (see
Section 18.22 of [RFC5661]) and similarly reads data from the regular
file identified by the current filehandle.

The client provides a an rpa_offset of where the READ_PLUS is to start
and a an rpa_count of how many bytes are to be read. A An rpa_offset of
zero means to read that data will be read starting at the beginning of the
file. If rpa_offset is greater than or equal to the size of the
file, the status NFS4_OK is returned with di_length (the data length)
set to zero and eof set to TRUE.

The READ_PLUS result is comprised of an array of rpr_contents, each
of which describe describes a data_content4 type of data. For NFSv4.2, the
allowed values are data and hole. A server MUST support both the
data type and the hole if it uses READ_PLUS. If it does not want to
support a hole, it MUST use READ. The array contents MUST be
contiguous in the file.

Holes SHOULD be returned in their entirety - -- clients must be
prepared to get more information than they requested. Both the start
and the end of the hole may exceed what was requested. If data to be
returned is comprised entirely of zeros, then the server SHOULD
return that data as a hole instead.

The server may elect to return adjacent elements of the same type.
For example, if the server has a range of data comprised entirely of
zeros and then a hole, it might want to return two adjacent holes to
the client.

If the client specifies a an rpa_count value of zero, the READ_PLUS
succeeds and returns zero bytes of data. In all situations, the
server may choose to return fewer bytes than specified by the client.
The client needs to check for this condition and handle the condition
appropriately.

If the client specifies an rpa_offset and rpa_count value data that is entirely contained within a hole
of the file, file (i.e., both rpa_offset and rpa_offset + rpa_count are
within the hole), then the di_offset and di_length returned MAY be
for the entire hole. If the owner has a locked byte range covering
rpa_offset and rpa_count entirely entirely, the di_offset and di_length MUST
NOT be extended outside the locked byte range. This result is
considered valid until the file is changed (detected via the change
attribute). The server MUST provide the same semantics for the hole
as if the client read the region and received zeroes; zeros; the implied holes
hole's contents lifetime MUST be exactly the same as any other
read data.

If the client specifies data by an rpa_offset and rpa_count value that begins in a
non-hole of the file but extends into a hole (the rpa_offset +
rpa_count is in the hole), the server should return an array
comprised of both data and a hole. The client MUST be prepared for
the server to return a short read describing just the data. The
client will then issue another READ_PLUS for the remaining bytes,
to which the server will respond with information about the hole in
the file.

Except when special stateids are used, the stateid value for a
READ_PLUS request represents a value returned from a previous byte-
range
byte-range lock or share reservation request or the stateid
associated with a delegation. The stateid identifies the associated owners
owners, if
any any, and is used by the server to verify that the
associated locks are still valid (e.g., have not been revoked).

If the read ended at the end-of-file end of the file (formally, in a correctly
formed READ_PLUS operation, if rpa_offset + rpa_count is equal to the
size of the file), file) or the READ_PLUS operation extends beyond the size
of the file (if rpa_offset + rpa_count is greater than the size of
the file), eof is returned as TRUE; otherwise, it is FALSE. A
successful READ_PLUS of an empty file will always return eof as TRUE.

If the current filehandle is not an ordinary file, an error will be
returned to the client. In the case that the current filehandle
represents an object of type NF4DIR, NFS4ERR_ISDIR is returned. If
the current filehandle designates a symbolic link, NFS4ERR_SYMLINK is
returned. In all other cases, NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE is returned.

For a READ_PLUS with a stateid value of all bits equal to zero, the
server MAY allow the READ_PLUS to be serviced subject to mandatory
byte-range locks or the current share deny modes for the file. For a
READ_PLUS with a stateid value of all bits equal to one, the server
MAY allow READ_PLUS operations to bypass locking checks at the
server.

On success, the current filehandle retains its value.

15.10.3.1. Note on Client Support of Arms of the Union

It was decided not to add a means for the client to inform the server
as to which arms of READ_PLUS it would support. In a later minor
version, it may become necessary for the introduction of a new
operation which that would allow the client to inform the server as to
whether it supported the new arms of the union of data types
available in READ_PLUS.

15.10.4. IMPLEMENTATION

In general, the IMPLEMENTATION notes for READ in Section 18.22.4 of
[RFC5661] also apply to READ_PLUS.

15.10.4.1. Additional pNFS Implementation Information

With pNFS, the semantics of using READ_PLUS remains the same. Any
data server MAY return a hole result for a READ_PLUS request that it
receives. When a data server chooses to return such a result, it has
the option of returning information for the data stored on that data
server (as defined by the data layout), but it MUST NOT return
results for a byte range that includes data managed by another data
server.

If mandatory locking is enforced, then the data server must also
ensure that to return only information that is within the owner's locked byte range.
range is returned.

15.10.5. READ_PLUS with Sparse Files Files: Example

The following table describes a sparse file. For each byte range,
the file contains either non-zero data or a hole. In addition, the
server in this example will only create a hole if it is greater
than 32K.

+-------------+----------+
| Byte-Range Byte Range | Contents |
+-------------+----------+
| 0-15999 | Hole |
| 16K-31999 | Non-Zero |
| 32K-255999 | Hole |
| 256K-287999 | Non-Zero |
| 288K-353999 | Hole |
| 354K-417999 | Non-Zero |
+-------------+----------+

Table 7 7: Sparse File

Under the given circumstances, if a client was to read from the file
with a max maximum read size of 64K, the following will be the results
for the given READ_PLUS calls. This assumes that the client has
already opened the file, acquired a valid stateid ('s' ("s" in the
example), and just needs to issue READ_PLUS requests.

1. READ_PLUS(s, 0, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = false, FALSE, <data[0,32K],
hole[32K,224K]>. Since the first hole is less than the server's
minimum hole size, the first 32K of the file is returned as data
and the remaining 32K is returned as a hole which that actually extends
to 256K.

2. READ_PLUS(s, 32K, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = false, <hole[32K,224K]> FALSE, <hole[32K,224K]>.
The requested range was all zeros, and the current hole begins at
offset 32K and is 224K in length. Note that the client should
not have followed up the previous READ_PLUS request with this one
one, as the hole information from the previous call extended past
what the client was requesting.

3. READ_PLUS(s, 256K, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = false, FALSE, <data[256K,
288K], hole[288K, 354K]>. Returns an array of the 32K data and
the hole hole, which extends to 354K.

4. READ_PLUS(s, 354K, 64K) --> NFS_OK, eof = true, TRUE, <data[354K,
418K]>. Returns the final 64K of data and informs the client
that there is no more data in the file.

15.11. Operation 69: SEEK - Find the Next Data next data or Hole hole

15.11.1. ARGUMENT

enum data_content4 {
NFS4_CONTENT_DATA = 0,
NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE = 1
};

struct SEEK4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
stateid4 sa_stateid;
offset4 sa_offset;
data_content4 sa_what;
};

15.11.2. RESULT

struct seek_res4 {
bool sr_eof;
offset4 sr_offset;
};

union SEEK4res switch (nfsstat4 sa_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
seek_res4 resok4;
default:
void;
};

15.11.3. DESCRIPTION

SEEK is an operation that allows a client to determine the location
of the next data_content4 in a file. It allows an implementation of
the emerging extension to the lseek(2) function to allow clients to
determine the next hole whilst in data or the next data whilst in
a hole.

From the given sa_offset, find the next data_content4 of type sa_what
in the file. If the server can not cannot find a corresponding sa_what, then
the status will still be NFS4_OK, but sr_eof would be TRUE. If the
server can find the sa_what, then the sr_offset is the start of that
content. If the sa_offset is beyond the end of the file, then SEEK
MUST return NFS4ERR_NXIO.

All files MUST have a virtual hole at the end of the file. I.e., That is,
if a filesystem file system does not support sparse files, then a compound COMPOUND with
{SEEK 0 NFS4_CONTENT_HOLE;} would return a result of {SEEK 1 X;} X;},
where 'X' "X" was the size of the file.

SEEK must follow the same rules for stateids as READ_PLUS
(Section 15.10.3).

15.12. Operation 70: WRITE_SAME - WRITE an ADB Multiple Times multiple times to a File file

15.12.1. ARGUMENT

enum stable_how4 {
UNSTABLE4 = 0,
DATA_SYNC4 = 1,
FILE_SYNC4 = 2
};

struct app_data_block4 {
offset4 adb_offset;
length4 adb_block_size;
length4 adb_block_count;
length4 adb_reloff_blocknum;
count4 adb_block_num;
length4 adb_reloff_pattern;
opaque adb_pattern<>;
};

struct WRITE_SAME4args {
/* CURRENT_FH: file */
stateid4 wsa_stateid;
stable_how4 wsa_stable;
app_data_block4 wsa_adb;
};

15.12.2. RESULT

struct write_response4 {
stateid4 wr_callback_id<1>;
length4 wr_count;
stable_how4 wr_committed;
verifier4 wr_writeverf;
};

union WRITE_SAME4res switch (nfsstat4 wsr_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
write_response4 resok4;
default:
void;
};

15.12.3. DESCRIPTION

The WRITE_SAME operation writes an application data block to the
regular file identified by the current filehandle (see
WRITE SAME (10) in [T10-SBC2]). The target file is specified by the
current filehandle. The data to be written is specified by an
app_data_block4 structure (Section 8.1.1). The client specifies with
the wsa_stable parameter the method of how the data is to be
processed by the server. It is treated like the stable parameter in
the NFSv4.1 WRITE operation (see Section 18.2 18.32.3 of [RFC5661]).

A successful WRITE_SAME will construct a reply for wr_count,
wr_committed, and wr_writeverf as per the NFSv4.1 WRITE operation
results. If wr_callback_id is set, it indicates an asynchronous
reply (see Section 15.12.3.1).

As it is an OPTIONAL operation, WRITE_SAME has to support
NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP. As it is an extension of WRITE, it has to support
all of the errors which are returned by
WRITE plus NFS4ERR_NOTSUPP, i.e., it is an OPTIONAL operation. WRITE. If the client supports
WRITE_SAME, it MUST support CB_OFFLOAD.

If the server supports ADBs, then it MUST support the WRITE_SAME
operation. The server has no concept of the structure imposed by the
application. It is only when the application writes to a section of
the file does order get imposed. In order to detect corruption even
before the application utilizes the file, the application will want
to initialize a range of ADBs using WRITE_SAME.

When the client invokes the WRITE_SAME operation, it wants to record
the block structure described by the app_data_block4 on to into the file.

When the server receives the WRITE_SAME operation, it MUST populate
adb_block_count ADBs in the file file, starting at adb_offset. The block
size will be given by adb_block_size. The ADBN (if provided) will
start at adb_reloff_blocknum adb_reloff_blocknum, and each block will be monotonically
numbered
numbered, starting from adb_block_num in the first block. The
pattern (if provided) will be at adb_reloff_pattern of each block and
will be provided in adb_pattern.

The server SHOULD return an asynchronous result if it can determine
that the operation will be long running long-running (see Section 15.12.3.1).
Once either the WRITE_SAME finishes synchronously or the server uses
CB_OFFLOAD to inform the client of the asynchronous completion of the
WRITE_SAME, the server MUST return the ADBs to clients as data.

15.12.3.1. Asynchronous Transactions

ADB initialization may lead to cause a server determining to decide to service the
operation asynchronously. If it decides to do so, it sets the
stateid in wr_callback_id to be that of the wsa_stateid. If it does
not set the wr_callback_id, then the result is synchronous.

When the client determines that the reply will be given
asynchronously, it should not assume anything about the contents of
what it wrote until it is informed by the server that the operation
is complete. It can use OFFLOAD_STATUS (Section 15.9) to monitor the
operation and OFFLOAD_CANCEL (Section 15.8) to cancel the operation.
An example of a an asynchronous WRITE_SAME is shown in Figure 6. Note
that
that, as with the COPY operation, WRITE_SAME must provide a stateid
for tracking the asynchronous operation.

Client Server
+ +
| |
|--- OPEN ---------------------------->| Client opens
|<------------------------------------/| the file
| |
|--- WRITE_SAME ----------------------->| ---------------------->| Client initializes
|<------------------------------------/| an ADB
| |
| |
|--- OFFLOAD_STATUS ------------------>| Client may poll
|<------------------------------------/| for status
| |
| . | Multiple OFFLOAD_STATUS
| . | operations may be sent.
| . |
| |
|<-- CB_OFFLOAD -----------------------| Server reports results
|\------------------------------------>|
| |
|--- CLOSE --------------------------->| Client closes
|<------------------------------------/| the file
| |
| |

Figure 6: An asynchronous WRITE_SAME. Asynchronous WRITE_SAME

When CB_OFFLOAD informs the client of the successful WRITE_SAME, the
write_response4 embedded in the operation will provide the necessary
information that a synchronous WRITE_SAME would have provided.

Regardless of whether the operation is asynchronous or synchronous,
it MUST still support the COMMIT operation semantics as outlined in
Section 18.3 of [RFC5661]. I.e., That is, COMMIT works on one or more
WRITE
operations operations, and the WRITE_SAME operation can appear as several
WRITE operations to the server. The client can use locking
operations to control the behavior on the server with respect to long running
long-running asynchronous write WRITE_SAME operations.

15.12.3.2. Error Handling of a Partially Complete WRITE_SAME

WRITE_SAME will clone adb_block_count copies of the given ADB in
consecutive order in the file file, starting at adb_offset. An error can
occur after writing the Nth ADB to the file. WRITE_SAME MUST appear
to populate the range of the file as if the client used WRITE to
transfer the instantiated ADBs. I.e., That is, the contents of the range
will be easy for the client to determine in the case of a partially
complete WRITE_SAME.

15.13. Operation 71: CLONE - Clone a range of a file into another file

15.13.1. ARGUMENT

struct CLONE4args {
/* SAVED_FH: source file */
/* CURRENT_FH: destination file */
stateid4 cl_src_stateid;
stateid4 cl_dst_stateid;
offset4 cl_src_offset;
offset4 cl_dst_offset;
length4 cl_count;
};

15.13.2. RESULT

struct CLONE4res {
nfsstat4 cl_status;
};

15.13.3. DESCRIPTION

The CLONE operation is used to clone file content from a source file
specified by the SAVED_FH value into a destination file specified by
CURRENT_FH without actually copying the data, e.g., by using a copy-
on-write
copy-on-write mechanism.

Both SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH must be regular files. If either
SAVED_FH or CURRENT_FH is not a regular file, the operation MUST fail
and return NFS4ERR_WRONG_TYPE.

The ca_dst_stateid MUST refer to a stateid that is valid for a WRITE
operation and follows the rules for stateids in Sections 8.2.5 and
18.32.3 of [RFC5661]. The ca_src_stateid MUST refer to a stateid
that is valid for a READ operations operation and follows the rules for stateids
in Sections 8.2.5 and 18.22.3 of [RFC5661]. If either stateid is
invalid, then the operation MUST fail.

The cl_src_offset is the starting offset within the source file from
which the data to be cloned will be obtained obtained, and the cl_dst_offset
is the starting offset of the target region into which the cloned
data will be placed. An offset of 0 (zero) indicates the start of
the respective file. The number of bytes to be cloned is obtained
from cl_count, except that a cl_count of 0 (zero) indicates that the
number of bytes to be cloned is the count of bytes between
cl_src_offset and the EOF of the source file. Both cl_src_offset and
cl_dst_offset must be aligned to the clone block size Section 12.2.1.
(Section 12.2.1). The number of bytes to be cloned must be a
multiple of the clone block size, except in the case in which
cl_src_offset plus the number of bytes to be cloned is equal to the
source file size.

If SAVED_FH and CURRENT_FH refer to the same file and the source and
target ranges overlap, the operation MUST fail with NFS4ERR_INVAL.

If the target area of the clone CLONE operation ends beyond the end of the
destination file, the offset at the end of the target area will
determine the new size of the destination file. The contents of any
block not part of the target area will be the same as if the file
size were extended by a WRITE.

If the area to be cloned is not a multiple of the clone block size
and the size of the destination file is past the end of the target
area, the area between the end of the target area and the next
multiple of the clone block size will be zeroed.

The CLONE operation is atomic in that other operations may not see
any intermediate states between the state of the two files before the
operation and that after the operation. READs of the destination file
will never see some blocks of the target area cloned without all of
them being cloned. WRITEs of the source area will either have no
effect on the data of the target file or be fully reflected in the
target area of the destination file.

The completion status of the operation is indicated by cr_status.

16. NFSv4.2 Callback Operations

16.1. Operation 15: CB_OFFLOAD - Report the results of an asynchronous
operation

16.1.1. ARGUMENT

struct write_response4 {
stateid4 wr_callback_id<1>;
length4 wr_count;
stable_how4 wr_committed;
verifier4 wr_writeverf;
};

union offload_info4 switch (nfsstat4 coa_status) {
case NFS4_OK:
write_response4 coa_resok4;
default:
length4 coa_bytes_copied;
};

struct CB_OFFLOAD4args {
nfs_fh4 coa_fh;
stateid4 coa_stateid;
offload_info4 coa_offload_info;
};

16.1.2. RESULT

struct CB_OFFLOAD4res {
nfsstat4 cor_status;
};

16.1.3. DESCRIPTION

CB_OFFLOAD is used to report to the client the results of an
asynchronous operation, e.g., Server Side Copy server-side COPY or WRITE_SAME. The
coa_fh and coa_stateid identify the transaction transaction, and the coa_status
indicates success or failure. The coa_resok4.wr_callback_id MUST NOT
be set. If the transaction failed, then the coa_bytes_copied
contains the number of bytes copied before the failure occurred. The
coa_bytes_copied value indicates the number of bytes copied but not
which specific bytes have been copied.

If the client supports any of the following operations:

COPY: for both intra-server and inter-server asynchronous copies

WRITE_SAME: for ADB initialization

then the client is REQUIRED to support the CB_OFFLOAD operation.

There is a potential race between the reply to the original
transaction on the forechannel and the CB_OFFLOAD callback on the
backchannel. Sections Section 2.10.6.3 and 20.9.3 of [RFC5661] describe describes how to handle
this type of issue.

Upon success, the coa_resok4.wr_count presents for each operation:

COPY: the total number of bytes copied

WRITE_SAME: the same information that a synchronous WRITE_SAME would
provide

17. Security Considerations

NFSv4.2 has all of the security concerns present in NFSv4.1 (see
Section 21 of [RFC5661]) and [RFC5661]), as well as those present in the Server Side Copy server-side
copy (see Section 4.9) and in Labeled NFS (see Section 9.6).

18. IANA Considerations

The IANA Considerations considerations for Labeled NFS are addressed in [RFC7569].

19. References

19.1. Normative References

[I-D.ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-dot-x]
Haynes, T., "NFSv4 Minor Version 2 Protocol External Data
Representation Standard (XDR) Description", draft-ietf-
nfsv4-minorversion2-dot-x-40 (work in progress), January
2016.

[I-D.ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3]
Adamson, A. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Security Version 3", draft-ietf-nfsv4-rpcsec-gssv3-17
(work

[posix_fadvise]
The Open Group, "Section 'posix_fadvise()' of System
Interfaces of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7",
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2016 Edition (HTML Version),
ISBN 1937218812, September 2016,
<http://www.opengroup.org/>.

[posix_fallocate]
The Open Group, "Section 'posix_fallocate()' of System
Interfaces of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7",
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2016 Edition (HTML Version),
ISBN 1937218812, September 2016,
<http://www.opengroup.org/>.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in progress), January 2016. RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005. 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.

[RFC5661] Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed.,
"Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1
Protocol", RFC 5661, DOI 10.17487/RFC5661, January 2010. 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5661>.

[RFC5662] Shepler, S., Ed., Eisler, M., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed.,
"Network File System (NFS) Version 4 Minor Version 1
External Data Representation Standard (XDR) Description",
RFC 5662, DOI 10.17487/RFC5662, January 2010. 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5662>.

[RFC7569] Quigley, D., Lu, J., and T. Haynes, "Registry
Specification for Mandatory Access Control (MAC) Security
Label Formats", RFC 7569, DOI 10.17487/RFC7569, July 2015.

[posix_fadvise]
The Open Group, "Section 'posix_fadvise()' of System
Interfaces of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition", 2004.

[posix_fallocate]
The Open Group, "Section 'posix_fallocate()' of 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7569>.

[RFC7861] Adamson, A. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Security Version 3", RFC 7861, DOI 10.17487/RFC7861,
November 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7861>.

[RFC7863] Haynes, T., "Network File System
Interfaces of The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6,
IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition", 2004. (NFS) Version 4 Minor
Version 2 External Data Representation Standard (XDR)
Description", RFC 7863, DOI 10.17487/RFC7863,
November 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7863>.

19.2. Informative References

[Ashdown08]
Ashdown, L., "Chapter 15, 15: Validating Database Files and
Backups, of
Backups", Oracle Database Backup and Recovery User's
Guide 11g Release 1 (11.1)", (11.1), August 2008. 2008,
<http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/backup.111/
b28270/rcmvalid.htm>.

[Baira08] Bairavasundaram, L., Goodson, G., Schroeder, B., Arpaci-
Dusseau,
Arpaci-Dusseau, A., and R. Arpaci-Dusseau, "An Analysis of
Data Corruption in the Storage Stack", Proceedings of the
6th USENIX Symposium on File and Storage Technologies
(FAST
'08) , 2008.

[I-D.ietf-nfsv4-versioning]
Noveck, D., "NFSv4 Version Management", draft-ietf-
nfsv4-versioning-03 (work in progress), January 2016. '08), 2008,
<http://www.usenix.org/events/fast08/tech/full_papers/
bairavasundaram/bairavasundaram.pdf>.

[IESG08] IESG, "IESG Processing of RFC Errata for the IETF Stream",
2008.
July 2008, <https://www.ietf.org/iesg/statement/
errata-processing.html>.

[LB96] LaPadula, L. and D. Bell, "MITRE technical report Technical Report 2547,
volume
Volume II", Journal of Computer Security, Volume 4,
Issue 2-3, 249-263 239-263, IOS Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
January 1996.

[McDougall07]
McDougall, R. and J. Mauro, "Section 11.4.3, 11.4.3: Detecting
Memory Corruption of Corruption", Solaris Internals: Solaris Internals", 10 and
OpenSolaris Kernel Architecture, 2nd Edition, 2007.

[NFSv4-Versioning]
Noveck, D., "Rules for NFSv4 Extensions and Minor
Versions", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-nfsv4-versioning-07, October 2016.

[RFC959] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol",
STD 9, RFC 959, DOI 10.17487/RFC0959, October 1985,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc959>.

[RFC1108] Kent, S., "Security "U.S. Department of Defense Security Options for
the Internet Protocol", RFC 1108, DOI 10.17487/RFC1108,
November 1991.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", March 1997. 1991, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1108>.

[RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, DOI 10.17487/RFC2401,
November 1998. 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2401>.

[RFC4506] Eisler, M., Ed., "XDR: External Data Representation
Standard", STD 67, RFC 4506, DOI 10.17487/RFC4506,
May 2006. 2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4506>.

[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2",
FYI 36, RFC 4949, DOI 10.17487/RFC4949, August 2007. 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4949>.

[RFC5663] Black, D., Fridella, S., and J. Glasgow, "Parallel NFS
(pNFS) Block/Volume Layout", RFC 5663,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5663, January 2010. 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5663>.

[RFC7204] Haynes, T., "Requirements for Labeled NFS", RFC 7204,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7204, April 2014. 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7204>.

[RFC7230] Fielding, R., Ed. Ed., and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext
Transfer Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Message Syntax and Routing",
RFC 7230, DOI 10.17487/RFC7230, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7230>.

[RFC7530] Haynes, T. T., Ed., and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System
(NFS)
version Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530,
March 2015.

[RFC959] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "File Transfer Protocol", STD
9, RFC 959, October 1985. 2015, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7530>.

[Strohm11]
Strohm, R., "Chapter 2, 2: Data Blocks, Extents, and
Segments, of
Segments", Oracle Database Concepts 11g Release 1
(11.1)", (11.1),
January 2011. 2011,
<http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/
b28318/logical.htm>.

[T10-SBC2]
Elliott, R., Ed., "ANSI INCITS 405-2005, Information
Technology - SCSI Block Commands - 2 (SBC-2)",
November
2004.

Appendix A. 2004,
<ftp://www.t10.org/t10/document.05/05-344r0.pdf>.

Acknowledgments

Tom Haynes would like to thank NetApp, Inc. for its funding of his
time on this project.

For the Sharing topic "sharing change attribute implementation
characteristics with NFSv4 clients, clients", the original draft document was by
Trond Myklebust.

For the NFS Server Side Copy, server-side copy, the original draft document was by James
Lentini, Mike Eisler, Deepak Kenchammana, Anshul Madan, and Rahul
Iyer. Tom Talpey co-authored an unpublished version of that
document. It was also was reviewed by a number of individuals: Pranoop
Erasani, Tom Haynes, Arthur Lent, Trond Myklebust, Dave Noveck,
Theresa Lingutla-Raj, Manjunath Shankararao, Satyam Vaghani, and Nico
Williams. Anna Schumaker's early prototyping experience helped us
avoid some traps. Also, both Olga Kornievskaia and Andy Adamson
brought implementation experience to the use of copy stateids in the
inter-server copy. Jorge Mora was able to optimize the handling of
errors for the result of COPY.

For the NFS space reservation operations, the original draft document was
by Mike Eisler, James Lentini, Manjunath Shankararao, and Rahul Iyer.

For the sparse file support, the original draft document was by Dean
Hildebrand and Marc Eshel. Valuable input and advice was received
from Sorin Faibish, Bruce Fields, Benny Halevy, Trond Myklebust, and
Richard Scheffenegger.

For the Application IO Hints, application I/O hints, the original draft document was by Dean
Hildebrand, Mike Eisler, Trond Myklebust, and Sam Falkner. Some
early reviewers included Benny Halevy and Pranoop Erasani.

For Labeled NFS, the original draft document was by David Quigley, James
Morris, Jarret Jarrett Lu, and Tom Haynes. Peter Staubach, Trond Myklebust,
Stephen Smalley, Sorin Faibish, Nico Williams, and David Black also
contributed in the final push to get this accepted.

Christoph Hellwig was very helpful in getting the WRITE_SAME
semantics to model more of what T10 was doing for WRITE SAME (10)
[T10-SBC2]. And he led the push to get space reservations to more
closely model the posix_fallocate. posix_fallocate() operation.

Andy Adamson picked up the RPCSEC_GSSv3 work, which enabled both
Labeled NFS and Server Side Copy server-side copy to be present provide more secure options.

Christoph Hellwig provided the update to GETDEVICELIST.

Jorge Mora provided a very detailed review and caught some important
issues with the tables.

During the review process, Talia Reyes-Ortiz helped the sessions run
smoothly. While many people contributed here and there, the core
reviewers were Andy Adamson, Pranoop Erasani, Bruce Fields, Chuck
Lever, Trond Myklebust, David Noveck, Peter Staubach, and Mike
Kupfer.

Elwyn Davies was the General Area Reviewer for this document document, and her his
insights as to the relationship of this document and both [RFC5661]
and [RFC7530] were very much appreciated!

Appendix B. RFC Editor Notes

[RFC Editor: please remove this section prior to publishing this
document as an RFC]

[RFC Editor: prior to publishing this document as an RFC, please
replace all occurrences of I-D.ietf-nfsv4-minorversion2-dot-x with
RFCxxxx where xxxx is the RFC number of the companion XDR document]

Author's Address

Thomas Haynes
Primary Data, Inc.
4300 El Camino Real Ste 100
Los Altos, CA 94022
USA
United States of America

Phone: +1 408 215 1519
Email: thomas.haynes@primarydata.com