wdiff rfc8405.original rfc8405.txt

Network Working Group
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Decraene
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8405 Orange
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track S. Litkowski
Expires: September 20, 2018
ISSN: 2070-1721 Orange Business Service
H. Gredler
RtBrick Inc Inc.
A. Lindem
Cisco Systems
P. Francois

C. Bowers
Juniper Networks, Inc.
March 19,
June 2018

SPF Back-off

Shortest Path First (SPF) Back-Off Delay algorithm Algorithm for link state Link-State IGPs
draft-ietf-rtgwg-backoff-algo-10

Abstract

This document defines a standard algorithm to temporarily postpone or
'back-off'
"back off" link-state IGP Shortest Path First (SPF) computations.
This reduces the computational load and churn on IGP nodes when
multiple temporally close network events trigger multiple SPF
computations.

Having one standard algorithm improves interoperability by reducing
the probability and/or duration of transient forwarding loops during
the IGP convergence when the IGP reacts to multiple temporally close
IGP events.

Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
[BCP14] [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of six months RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents obtained at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on September 20, 2018.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8405.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. High level goals High-Level Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Definitions and parameters Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Principles of the SPF delay algorithm . . Delay Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Specification of the SPF delay state machine Delay State Machine . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2. State . States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.3. Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7
5.4. FSM Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 7
6. Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 9
7. Partial Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10
8. Impact on micro-loops Micro-loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Security considerations Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 11
11. Acknowledgements References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. References . . . 11
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . 12
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . 12
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 13
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1. Introduction

Link state

Link-state IGPs, such as IS-IS [ISO10589-Second-Edition], [ISO10589], OSPF
[RFC2328] [RFC2328], and OSPFv3
[RFC5340], perform distributed route computation on all routers in
the area/level. In order to have consistent routing tables across
the network, such distributed computation requires that all routers
have the same version of the network topology (Link State DataBase (Link-State Database
(LSDB)) and perform their computation essentially at the same time.

In general, when the network is stable, there is a desire to trigger
a new Shortest Path First (SPF) computation as soon as a failure is
detected in order to quickly route around the failure. However, when
the network is experiencing multiple failures over a short period of
time, there is a conflicting desire to limit the frequency of SPF
computations, which would allow a reduction in control plane
resources used by IGPs and all protocols/subsystems reacting on to the
attendant route change, such as LDP [RFC5036], RSVP-TE [RFC3209], BGP
[RFC4271], Fast ReRoute Reroute computations (e.g., Loop Free Loop-Free Alternates
(LFA)
(LFAs) [RFC5286]), FIB updates, etc. This also reduces network churn
and, in particular, reduces the side effects such (such as micro-loops
[RFC5715]
[RFC5715]) that ensue during IGP convergence.

To allow for this, IGPs usually implement an SPF Back-off Back-Off Delay
algorithm that postpones or backs-off backs off the SPF computation. However,
different implementations have chosen chose different algorithms. Hence, in a
multi-vendor network, it's not possible to ensure that all routers
trigger their SPF computation after the same delay. This situation
increases the average and maximum differential delay between routers
completing their SPF computation. It also increases the probability
that different routers compute their FIBs based on different LSDB
versions. Both factors increase the probability and/
or and/or duration of
micro-loops as discussed in Section 8.

This document specifies a standard algorithm to allow multi-vendor
networks to have all routers delay their SPF computations for the
same duration, duration.

1.1. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document specifies a
standard algorithm. are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.

2. High level goals High-Level Goals

The high level high-level goals of this algorithm are the following:

o Very very fast convergence for a single event (e.g., link failure). failure),

o Paced paced fast convergence for multiple temporally close IGP events
while IGP stability is considered acceptable. acceptable,

o Delayed delayed convergence when IGP stability is problematic. This problematic (this will
allow the IGP and related processes to conserve resources during
the period of instability. instability), and
o Always try to avoid avoidance of having different SPF_DELAY Section 3 timer values (Section 3)
across different routers in the area/level. This requires
specific consideration as different routers may receive IGP
messages at different interval intervals, or even order, in different orders, due
to differences both in the distance from the originator of the IGP
event and in flooding implementations.

3. Definitions and parameters Parameters

IGP events: event: The reception or origination of an IGP LSDB change
requiring a new routing table computation. Examples Some examples are a
topology change, a prefix change change, and a metric change on a link or
prefix. Note that locally triggering a routing table computation is
not considered as an IGP event since other IGP routers are unaware of
this occurrence.

Routing table computation, in this document, is scoped to the IGP.
So IGP;
so, this is the computation of the IGP RIB, performed by the IGP,
using the IGP LSDB. No distinction is made between the type of
computation performed. performed, e.g., full SPF, incremental SPF, or Partial
Route Computation (PRC): (PRC); the type of computation is a local
consideration. This document may interchangeably use the terms routing
"routing table
computation computation" and SPF computation. "SPF computation".

SPF_DELAY: The delay between the first IGP event triggering a new
routing table computation and the start of that routing table
computation. It can take the following values:

INITIAL_SPF_DELAY: A very small delay to quickly handle a single
isolated link failure, e.g., 0 milliseconds.

SHORT_SPF_DELAY: A small delay to provide fast convergence in the
case of a single component failure (node, (such as a node failure or Shared
Risk Link Group
(SRLG)..) (SRLG) failure) that leads to multiple IGP events,
e.g., 50-100 milliseconds.

LONG_SPF_DELAY: A long delay when the IGP is unstable, e.g., 2
seconds. Note that this allows the IGP network to stabilize.

TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL: This is the maximum duration typically needed
to learn all the IGP events related to a single component failure
(e.g.,
(such as router failure, failure or SRLG failure), e.g., 1 second. It's
mostly dependent on failure detection time variation between all
routers that are adjacent to the failure. Additionally, it may
depend on the different IGP implementations/parameters across the network, related
network and their relation to the origination and flooding of their link
state advertisements.

HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL: The time required with no received IGP events event
before considering the IGP to be stable again and allowing the
SPF_DELAY to be restored to INITIAL_SPF_DELAY. e.g. INITIAL_SPF_DELAY, e.g., a
HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL of 3 seconds. The HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL MUST be
defaulted and or configured to be longer than the TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL.

4. Principles of the SPF delay algorithm Delay Algorithm

For this the first IGP event, we assume that there has been a single
simple change in the network network, which can be taken into account using a
single routing computation (e.g., link failure, prefix (metric)
change)
change), and we optimize for very fast convergence, convergence by delaying the
initial routing computation by for a small interval, INITIAL_SPF_DELAY.
Under this assumption, there is no benefit in delaying the routing
computation. In a typical network, this is the most common type of
IGP event. Hence, it makes sense to optimize this case.

If subsequent IGP events are received in a short period of time
(TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL), we then assume that a single component
failed, but that this failure requires the knowledge of multiple IGP
events in order for IGP routing to converge. Under this assumption,
we want fast convergence since this is a normal network situation.
However, there is a benefit in waiting for all IGP events related to
this single component failure so that failure: the IGP can then compute the post-
failure routing table in a single additional route computation. In
this situation, we delay the routing computation by SHORT_SPF_DELAY.

If IGP events are still received after TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL from
the initial IGP event received in QUIET state (see Section 5.1, 5.1), then
the network is presumably experiencing multiple independent failures.
In this case, while waiting for network stability, the computations
are delayed for a longer time time, which is represented by
LONG_SPF_DELAY. This SPF delay is kept used until no IGP events are
received for HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL.

Note that in order to increase the consistency network wide, the
algorithm uses a delay (TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL) from the initial IGP
event,
event rather than the number of SPF computation computations performed. Indeed,
as all routers may receive the IGP events at different times, we
cannot assume that all routers will perform the same number of SPF
computations. For example, assuming that the SPF delay is 50 ms,
milliseconds, router R1 may receive 3 three IGP events (E1, E2, E3) in
those 50 ms milliseconds and hence will perform a single routing computation. While
computation, while another router R2 may only receive 2 two events (E1,
E2) in those 50 ms milliseconds and hence will schedule another routing
computation when receiving E3.

5. Specification of the SPF delay state machine Delay State Machine

This section specifies the finite state machine Finite State Machine (FSM) intended to
control the timing of the execution of SPF calculations in response
to IGP events.

5.1. State Machine

The FSM is initialized to the QUIET state with all three timers
timers
(SPF_TIMER, HOLDDOWN_TIMER, and LEARN_TIMER) deactivated.

The events which that may change the FSM states are an IGP event or the
expiration of one timer (SPF_TIMER, HOLDDOWN_TIMER, or LEARN_TIMER).

The following diagram briefly describes the state transitions.

+-------------------+
+---->| |<-------------------+
| | QUIET | |
+-----| |<---------+ |
7: +-------------------+ | |
SPF_TIMER | | |
expiration | | |
| 1: IGP event | |
| | |
v | |
+-------------------+ | |
+---->| | | |
| | SHORT_WAIT |----->----+ |
+-----| | |
2: +-------------------+ 6: HOLDDOWN_TIMER |
IGP event | expiration |
8: SPF_TIMER | |
expiration | |
| 3: LEARN_TIMER |
| expiration |
| |
v |
+-------------------+ |
+---->| | |
| | LONG_WAIT |------------>-------+
+-----| |
4: +-------------------+ 5: HOLDDOWN_TIMER
IGP event expiration
9: SPF_TIMER expiration

Figure 1: State Machine

5.2. State States

The naming and semantics of each state corresponds directly to the
SPF delay used for IGP events received in that state. Three states
are defined:

QUIET: This is the initial state, when no IGP events have occurred
for at least HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL since the previous last routing table
computation. The state is meant to handle link failures very
quickly.

SHORT_WAIT: State This is the state entered when an IGP event has been
received in QUIET state. This state is meant to handle a single
component failure requiring multiple IGP events (e.g., node, SRLG).

LONG_WAIT: State reached after TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL. In other
words, This is the state reached after TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL in
state SHORT_WAIT. This state is meant to handle multiple independent
component failures during periods of IGP instability.

5.3. Timers

SPF_TIMER: The This is the FSM timer that uses the computed SPF delay.
Upon expiration, the Route Table Computation routing table computation (as defined in
Section 3) is performed.

HOLDDOWN_TIMER: The This is the FSM timer that is (re)started whan when an IGP
event is received and set to HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL. Upon expiration, the
FSM is moved to the QUIET state.

LEARN_TIMER: The This is the FSM timer that is started when an IGP event
is
recevied received while the FSM is in the QUIET state. Upon expiration,
the FSM is moved to the LONG_WAIT state.

5.4. FSM Events

This section describes the events and the actions performed in
response.

Transition 1: IGP event, event while in QUIET state. state

Actions on event 1:

o If SPF_TIMER is not already running, start it with value
INITIAL_SPF_DELAY.

o Start LEARN_TIMER with TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL.

o Start HOLDDOWN_TIMER with HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL.

o Transition to SHORT_WAIT state.

Transition 2: IGP event, event while in SHORT_WAIT. SHORT_WAIT

Actions on event 2:

o Reset HOLDDOWN_TIMER to HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL.

o If SPF_TIMER is not already running, start it with value
SHORT_SPF_DELAY.

o Remain in current state.

Transition 3: LEARN_TIMER expiration. expiration

Actions on event 3:

o Transition to LONG_WAIT state.

Transition 4: IGP event, event while in LONG_WAIT. LONG_WAIT

Actions on event 4:

o Reset HOLDDOWN_TIMER to HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL.

o If SPF_TIMER is not already running, start it with value
LONG_SPF_DELAY.

o Remain in current state.

Transition 5: HOLDDOWN_TIMER expiration, expiration while in LONG_WAIT. LONG_WAIT

Actions on event 5:

o Transition to QUIET state.

Transition 6: HOLDDOWN_TIMER expiration, expiration while in SHORT_WAIT. SHORT_WAIT

Actions on event 6:

o Deactivate LEARN_TIMER.

o Transition to QUIET state.

Transition 7: SPF_TIMER expiration, expiration while in QUIET. QUIET

Actions on event 7:

o Compute SPF.

o Remain in current state.

Transition 8: SPF_TIMER expiration, expiration while in SHORT_WAIT. SHORT_WAIT

Actions on event 8:

o Compute SPF.

o Remain in current state.

Transition 9: SPF_TIMER expiration, expiration while in LONG_WAIT. LONG_WAIT

Actions on event 9:

o Compute SPF.

o Remain in current state.

6. Parameters

All the parameters MUST be configurable at the protocol instance
granularity.
level. They MAY be configurable at the area/level granularity. on a per IGP LSDB basis (e.g., IS-IS
level, OSPF area, or IS-IS Level 1 area). All the delays
(INITIAL_SPF_DELAY, SHORT_SPF_DELAY, LONG_SPF_DELAY,
TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL, and HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL) SHOULD be configurable at
the millisecond granularity.
with a granularity of a millisecond. They MUST be configurable with
a granularity of at least at
the a tenth of second granularity. a second. The configurable
range for all the parameters SHOULD at least be from 0 milliseconds to 60 seconds. at
least 6000 milliseconds. The HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL MUST be defaulted or
configured to be longer than the TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL.

If this SPF backoff Back-Off algorithm is enabled by default, then in order
to have consistent SPF delays between implementations with default
configuration, the following default values SHOULD be implemented:

INITIAL_SPF_DELAY 50 ms, ms
SHORT_SPF_DELAY 200ms, LONG_SPF_DELAY: 5
000ms, 200 ms
LONG_SPF_DELAY 5000 ms
TIME_TO_LEARN_INTERVAL 500ms, 500 ms
HOLDDOWN_INTERVAL 10 000ms. 10000 ms

In order to satisfy the goals stated in Section 2, operators are
RECOMMENDED to configure delay intervals such that INITIAL_SPF_DELAY
<= SHORT_SPF_DELAY and SHORT_SPF_DELAY <= LONG_SPF_DELAY.

When setting (default) values, one should consider the customers and
their application requirements, the computational power of the
routers, the size of the network, and, in particular, network as determined primarily by the
number of IP prefixes advertised in the IGP, the frequency and number
of IGP events, and the number of protocols protocol reactions/computations
triggered by IGP SPF computation (e.g., BGP, PCEP, Path Computation Element
Communication Protocol (PCEP), Traffic Engineering CSPF, Constrained SPF
(CSPF), and Fast
ReRoute Reroute computations). Note that some or all of
these factors may change over the life of the network. In case of
doubt, it's RECOMMENDED that timer intervals should be chosen
conservatively (i.e., longer timer values).

For the standard algorithm to be effective in mitigating micro-loops,
it is RECOMMENDED that all routers in the IGP domain, or at least all
the routers in the same area/level, have exactly the same configured
values.

7. Partial Deployment

In general, the SPF Back-off Back-Off Delay algorithm is only effective in
mitigating micro-loops if it is deployed, deployed with the same parameters, parameters on
all routers in the IGP domain or, at least, all routers in an IGP
area/level. The impact of partial deployment is dependent on the
particular event, the topology, and the algorithm(s) used on other
routers in the IGP area/level. In cases where the previous SPF Back-
off
Off Delay algorithm was implemented uniformly, partial deployment
will increase the frequency and duration of micro-loops. Hence, it
is RECOMMENDED that all routers in the IGP domain domain, or at least within
the same area/level area/level, be migrated to the SPF algorithm described
herein at roughly the same time.

Note that this is not a new consideration as consideration; over times, time, network
operators have changed SPF delay parameters in order to accommodate
new customer requirements for fast convergence, as permitted by new
software and hardware. They may also have progressively replaced an
implementation with using a given SPF Back-off Back-Off Delay algorithm by with
another implementation with using a different one.

8. Impact on micro-loops Micro-loops

Micro-loops during IGP convergence are due to a non-synchronized or
non-ordered update of the forwarding information tables (FIB) FIBs [RFC5715] [RFC6976] [I-D.ietf-rtgwg-spf-uloop-pb-statement]. [SPF-MICRO]. FIBs are
installed after multiple steps steps, such as flooding of the IGP event
across the network, SPF wait time, SPF computation, FIB distribution
across line cards, and FIB update. This document only addresses the
contribution from the SPF wait time. This standardized procedure
reduces the probability and/or duration of micro-loops when IGPs
experience multiple temporally close events. It does not prevent all
micro-loops. However,
micro-loops; however, it is beneficial and is less complex and costly
to implement when compared to full solutions such as [RFC5715] Distributed
Tunnels [RFC5715], Synchronized FIB Update [RFC5715], or the ordered
FIB approach [RFC6976].

9. IANA Considerations

This document has no IANA actions required. actions.

10. Security considerations Considerations

The algorithm presented in this document does not compromise IGP
security. An attacker having the ability to generate IGP events
would be able to delay the IGP convergence time. The LONG_SPF_DELAY
state may help mitigate the effects of Denial-of-Service (DOS) (DoS)
attacks generating many IGP events.

11. Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Les Ginsberg, Uma Chunduri, Mike Shand
and Alexander Vainshtein for the discussions and comments related to
this document.

12. References

12.1.

11.1. Normative References

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

12.2.

11.2. Informative References

[I-D.ietf-rtgwg-spf-uloop-pb-statement]
Litkowski, S., Decraene, B., and M. Horneffer, "Link State
protocols SPF trigger and delay algorithm impact on IGP
micro-loops", draft-ietf-rtgwg-spf-uloop-pb-statement-06
(work in progress), January 2018.

[ISO10589-Second-Edition]
[ISO10589]
International Organization for Standardization,
"Intermediate system
"Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems -- Intermediate
System to Intermediate system System intra-domain routeing
information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with
the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode Network Service network
service (ISO 8473)", ISO/
IEC ISO/IEC 10589:2002, Second Edition, Nov
November 2002.

[RFC2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2328, April 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2328>.

[RFC3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC3209, December 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3209>.

[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4271, January 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.

[RFC5036] Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed.,
"LDP Specification", RFC 5036, DOI 10.17487/RFC5036,
October 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5036>.

[RFC5286] Atlas, A., Ed. and A. Zinin, Ed., "Basic Specification for
IP Fast Reroute: Loop-Free Alternates", RFC 5286,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5286, September 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5286>.

[RFC5340] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
for IPv6", RFC 5340, DOI 10.17487/RFC5340, July 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5340>.

[RFC5715] Shand, M. and S. Bryant, "A Framework for Loop-Free
Convergence", RFC 5715, DOI 10.17487/RFC5715, January
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5715>.

[RFC6976] Shand, M., Bryant, S., Previdi, S., Filsfils, C.,
Francois, P., and O. Bonaventure, "Framework for Loop-Free
Convergence Using the Ordered Forwarding Information Base
(oFIB) Approach", RFC 6976, DOI 10.17487/RFC6976, July
2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6976>.

[SPF-MICRO]
Litkowski, S., Decraene, B., and M. Horneffer, "Link State
protocols SPF trigger and delay algorithm impact on IGP
micro-loops", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-rtgwg-spf-
uloop-pb-statement-07, May 2018.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge Les Ginsberg, Uma Chunduri, Mike Shand,
and Alexander Vainshtein for the discussions and comments related to
this document.

Authors' Addresses

Bruno Decraene
Orange

Email: bruno.decraene@orange.com

Stephane Litkowski
Orange Business Service

Email: stephane.litkowski@orange.com

Hannes Gredler
RtBrick Inc Inc.

Email: hannes@rtbrick.com

Acee Lindem
Cisco Systems
301 Midenhall Way
Cary, NC 27513
USA
United States of America

Email: acee@cisco.com

Pierre Francois

Email: pfrpfr@gmail.com
Chris Bowers
Juniper Networks, Inc.
1194 N. Mathilda Ave.
Sunnyvale, CA 94089
US
United States of America

Email: cbowers@juniper.net