wdiff rfc8451v1.txt rfc8451.txt

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) V. Singh
Request for Comments: 8451 callstats.io
Category: Informational R. Huang
ISSN: 2070-1721 R. Even
Huawei
D. Romascanu
Individual
L. Deng
China Mobile
August
September 2018

Considerations for Selecting RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)
Extended Report (XR) Metrics for the WebRTC Statistics API

Abstract

This document describes monitoring features related to media streams
in Web real-time communication (WebRTC). It provides a list of RTP
Control Protocol (RTCP) Sender Report (SR), Receiver Report (RR), and
Extended Report (XR) metrics, which may need to be supported by RTP
implementations in some diverse environments. It lists a set of
identifiers for the WebRTC's statistics API. These identifiers are a
set of RTCP SR, RR, and XR metrics related to the transport of
multimedia flows.

Status of This Memo

This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8451.

This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction ....................................................4
2. Terminology .....................................................4
3. RTP Statistics in WebRTC Implementations ........................4
4. Considerations for Impact of Measurement Interval ...............5
5. Candidate Metrics ...............................................6
5.1. Network Impact Metrics .....................................6
5.1.1. Loss and Discard Packet Count Metric ................6
5.1.2. Burst/Gap Pattern Metrics for Loss and Discard ......7
5.1.3. Run-Length Encoded Metrics for Loss and Discard .....8
5.2. Application Impact Metrics .................................8
5.2.1. Discarded Octets Metric .............................8
5.2.2. Frame Impairment Summary Metrics ....................9
5.2.3. Jitter Buffer Metrics ...............................9
5.3. Recovery Metrics ..........................................10
5.3.1. Post-Repair Packet Count Metrics ...................10
5.3.2. Run-Length Encoded Metric for Post-Repair ..........10
6. Identifiers from Sender, Receiver, and Extended Report Blocks ..11
6.1. Cumulative Number of Packets and Octets Sent ..............11
6.2. Cumulative Number of Packets and Octets Received ..........11
6.3. Cumulative Number of Packets Lost .........................11
6.4. Interval Packet Loss and Jitter ...........................12
6.5. Cumulative Number of Packets and Octets Discarded .........12
6.6. Cumulative Number of Packets Repaired .....................12
6.7. Burst Packet Loss and Burst Discards ......................12
6.8. Burst/Gap Rates ...........................................13
6.9. Frame Impairment Metrics ..................................13
7. Adding New Metrics to WebRTC Statistics API ....................13
8. Security Considerations ........................................14
9. IANA Considerations ............................................14
10. References ....................................................14
10.1. Normative References .....................................14
10.2. Informative References ...................................16
Acknowledgements ..................................................17
Authors' Addresses ................................................17

1. Introduction

Web real-time communication (WebRTC) [WebRTC-Overview] deployments
are emerging, and applications need to be able to estimate the
service quality. If sufficient information (metrics or statistics)
is provided to the application, it can attempt to improve the media
quality. [RFC7478] specifies a requirement for statistics:

F38 The browser must be able to collect statistics, related to the
transport of audio and video between peers, needed to estimate
quality of experience.

The WebRTC Stats API [W3C.WD-webrtc-stats] [W3C.webrtc-stats] currently lists metrics
reported in the RTCP Sender Report and Receiver Report (SR/RR)
[RFC3550] to fulfill this requirement. However, the basic metrics
from RTCP SR/RR are not sufficient for precise quality monitoring or
diagnosing potential issues.

Standards such as "RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)"
[RFC3611] as well as other extensions standardized in the XRBLOCK
Working Group, e.g., burst/gap loss metric reporting [RFC6958] and
burst/gap discard metric reporting [RFC7003], have been produced for
the purpose of collecting and reporting performance metrics from RTP
endpoint devices that can be used to have end-to-end service
visibility and to measure the delivery quality in various RTP
services. These metrics are able to complement those in [RFC3550].

In this document, we provide rationale for choosing additional RTP
metrics for the WebRTC getStats() API [W3C.WD-webrtc]. [W3C.webrtc]. All identifiers
proposed in this document are recommended to be implemented by an
WebRTC endpoint. An endpoint may choose not to expose an identifier
if it does not implement the corresponding RTCP Report. This
document only considers RTP-layer metrics. Other metrics, e.g., IP-layer IP-
layer metrics, are out of scope.

2. Terminology

In addition to the terminology from [RFC3550], [RFC3611], and
[RFC7478], this document uses the following term.

ReportGroup: It is a set of metrics identified by a common
synchronization source (SSRC).

3. RTP Statistics in WebRTC Implementations

The RTCP Sender Reports (SRs) and Receiver Reports (RRs) [RFC3550]
expose the basic metrics for the local and remote media streams.
However, these metrics provide only partial or limited information,
which may not be sufficient for diagnosing problems or monitoring
quality. For example, it may be useful to distinguish between
packets lost and packets discarded due to late arrival. Even though
they have the same impact on the multimedia quality, it helps in
identifying and diagnosing problems. RTP Control Protocol Extended
Reports (XRs) [RFC3611] and other extensions discussed in the XRBLOCK
Working Group provide more detailed statistics, which complement the
basic metrics reported in the RTCP SR and RRs.

The WebRTC application extracts statistics from the browser by
querying the getStats() API [W3C.WD-webrtc]. [W3C.webrtc]. The browser can easily
report the local variables, i.e., the statistics related to the
outgoing and incoming RTP media streams. However, without the
support of RTCP XRs or some other signaling mechanism, the WebRTC
application cannot expose the remote endpoints' statistics. [WebRTC-
RTP-USAGE]
[WebRTC-RTP-USAGE] does not mandate the use of any RTCP XRs, and
their usage is optional. If the use of RTCP XRs is successfully
negotiated between endpoints (via SDP), thereafter the application
has access to both local and remote statistics. Alternatively, once
the WebRTC application gets the local information, it can report the
information to an application server or a third-party monitoring
system, which provides quality estimates or diagnostic services for
application developers. The exchange of statistics between endpoints
or between a monitoring server and an endpoint is outside the scope
of this document.

4. Considerations for Impact of Measurement Interval

RTCP extensions like RTCP XR usually share the same timing interval
with the RTCP SR/RR, i.e., they are sent as compound packets,
together with the RTCP SR/RR. Alternatively, if the RTCP XR uses a
different measurement interval, all XRs using the same measurement
interval are compounded together, and the measurement interval is
indicated in a specific measurement information block defined in
[RFC6776].

When using WebRTC getStats() APIs (see Section 7 8 of [W3C.WD-webrtc]), [W3C.webrtc]),
the applications can query this information at arbitrary intervals.
For the statistics reported by the remote endpoint, e.g., those
conveyed in an RTCP SR/RR/XR, these will not change until the next
RTCP report is received. However, statistics generated by the local
endpoint have no such restrictions as long as the endpoint is sending
and receiving media. For example, an application may choose to poll
the stack for statistics every 1 second. In that case, the
underlying stack local will return the current snapshot of the local
statistics (for incoming and outgoing media streams). However, it
may return the same remote statistics as previously, because no new
RTCP reports may have been received in the past 1 second. This can
occur when the polling interval is shorter than the average RTCP
reporting interval.

5. Candidate Metrics

Since the following metrics are all defined in RTCP XR, which is not
mandated in WebRTC, all of them are local. However, if RTCP XR is
supported by negotiation between two browsers, the following metrics
can also be generated remotely and be sent to the local by endpoint
(that generated the media) via RTCP XR packets.

The metrics are classified into 3 categories as follows: network
impact metrics, application impact metrics, and recovery metrics.
Network impact metrics are the statistics recording the information
only for network transmission. They are useful for network problem
diagnosis. Application impact metrics mainly collect the information
from the viewpoint of the application, e.g., bit rate, frame rate, or
jitter buffers. Recovery metrics reflect how well the repair
mechanisms perform, e.g., loss concealment, retransmission, or
Forward Error Correction (FEC). All 3 types of metrics are useful
for quality estimations of services in WebRTC implementations.
WebRTC applications can use these metrics to calculate the estimated
Mean Opinion Score (MOS) [ITU-T_P.800.1] values or Media Delivery
Index (MDI) [RFC4445] for their services.

5.1. Network Impact Metrics

5.1.1. Loss and Discard Packet Count Metric

In multimedia transport, packets that are received abnormally are
classified into 3 types: lost, discarded, and duplicate packets.
Packet loss may be caused by network device breakdown, bit-error
corruption, or network congestion (packets dropped by an intermediate
router queue). Duplicate packets may be a result of network delays
that cause the sender to retransmit the original packets. Discarded
packets are packets that have been delayed long enough (perhaps they
missed the playout time) and are considered useless by the receiver.
Lost and discarded packets cause problems for multimedia services, as
missing data and long delays can cause degradation in service
quality, e.g., missing large blocks of contiguous packets (lost or
discarded) may cause choppy audio, and long network transmission
delay time may cause audio or video buffering. The RTCP SR/RR
defines a metric for counting the total number of RTP data packets
that have been lost since the beginning of reception. However, this
statistic does not distinguish lost packets from discarded and
duplicate packets. Packets that arrive late will be discarded and
are not reported as lost, and duplicate packets will be regarded as a
normally received packet. Hence, the loss metric can be misleading
if many duplicate packets are received or packets are discarded,
which causes the quality of the media transport to appear okay from a
statistical point of view, while the users are actually experiencing
bad service quality. So, in such cases, it is better to use more
accurate metrics in addition to those defined in RTCP SR/RR.

The metrics for lost packets and duplicated packets defined in the
Statistics Summary Report Block of [RFC3611] extend the information
of loss carried in standard RTCP SR/RR. They explicitly give an
account of lost and duplicated packets. Lost packet counts are
useful for network problem diagnosis. It is better to use the packet
loss metrics of [RFC3611] to indicate the lost packet count instead
of the cumulative number of packets lost metric of [RFC3550].
Duplicated packets are usually rare and have little effect on QoS
evaluation. So it may not be suitable for use in WebRTC.

Using loss metrics without considering discard metrics may result in
inaccurate quality evaluation, as packet discard due to jitter is
often more prevalent than packet loss in modern IP networks. The
discarded metric specified in [RFC7002] counts the number of packets
discarded due to jitter. It augments the loss statistics metrics
specified in standard RTCP SR/RR. For those RTCWEB WebRTC services with
jitter buffers requiring precise quality evaluation and accurate
troubleshooting, this metric is useful as a complement to the metrics
of RTCP SR/RR.

5.1.2. Burst/Gap Pattern Metrics for Loss and Discard

RTCP SR/RR defines coarse metrics regarding loss statistics: the
metrics are all about per-call statistics and are not detailed enough
to capture the transitory nature of some impairments like bursty
packet loss. Even if the average packet loss rate is low, the lost
packets may occur during short dense periods, resulting in short
periods of degraded quality. Bursts cause lower quality experience
than the non-bursts for low packet loss rates, whereas for high
packet loss rates, the converse is true. So capturing burst gap
information is very helpful for quality evaluation and locating
impairments. If the WebRTC application needs to evaluate the service
quality, burst gap metrics provide more accurate information than
RTCP SR/RR.

[RFC3611] introduces burst gap metrics in the VoIP Report Block.
These metrics record the density and duration of burst and gap
periods, which are helpful in isolating network problems since bursts
correspond to periods of time during which the packet loss/discard
rate is high enough to produce noticeable degradation in audio or
video quality. Metrics related to the burst gap are also introduced
in [RFC7003] and [RFC6958], which define two new report blocks for
use in a range of RTP applications beyond those described in
[RFC3611]. These metrics distinguish discarded packets from loss
packets that occur in the burst period and provide more information
for diagnosing network problems. Additionally, the block reports the
frequency of burst events, which is useful information for evaluating
the quality of experience. Hence, if WebRTC applications need to do
quality evaluation and observe when and why quality degrades, these
metrics should be considered.

5.1.3. Run-Length Encoded Metrics for Loss and Discard

Run-length encoding uses a bit vector to encode information about the
packet. Each bit in the vector represents a packet; depending on the
signaled metric, it defines if the packet was lost, duplicated,
discarded, or repaired. An endpoint typically uses the run-length
encoding to accurately communicate the status of each packet in the
interval to the other endpoint. [RFC3611] and [RFC7097] define run-
length encoding for lost and duplicate packets, and discarded
packets, respectively.

The WebRTC application could benefit from the additional information.
If losses occur after discards, an endpoint may be able to correlate
the two run length vectors to identify congestion-related losses,
e.g., a router queue became overloaded causing delays and then
overflowed. If the losses are independent, it may indicate bit-error
corruption. For the WebRTC Stats API [W3C.WD-webrtc-stats], [W3C.webrtc-stats], these types
of metrics are not recommended for use due to the large amount of
data and the computation involved.

5.2. Application Impact Metrics

5.2.1. Discarded Octets Metric

The metric reports the cumulative size of the packets discarded in
the interval. It is complementary to the number of discarded
packets. An application measures sent octets and received octets to
calculate the sending rate and receiving rate, respectively. The
application can calculate the actual bit rate in a particular
interval by subtracting the discarded octets from the received
octets.

For WebRTC, the discarded octets metric supplements the metrics on
sent and received octets and provides an accurate method for
calculating the actual bit rate, which is an important parameter to
reflect the quality of the media. The Bytes Discarded metric is
defined in [RFC7243].

5.2.2. Frame Impairment Summary Metrics

RTP has different framing mechanisms for different payload types.
For audio streams, a single RTP packet may contain one or multiple
audio frames. On the other hand, in video streams, a single video
frame may be transmitted in multiple RTP packets. The size of each
packet is limited by the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of the
underlying network. However, the statistics from standard SR/RR only
collect information from the transport layer, so they may not fully
reflect the quality observed by the application. Video is typically
encoded using two frame types, i.e., key frames and derived frames.
Key frames are normally just spatially compressed, i.e., without
prediction from other pictures. The derived frames are temporally
compressed, i.e., depend on the key frame for decoding. Hence, key
frames are much larger in size than derived frames. The loss of
these key frames results in a substantial reduction in video quality.
Thus, it is reasonable to consider this application-layer information
in WebRTC implementations, which influence sender strategies to
mitigate the problem or require the accurate assessment of users'
quality of experience.

The metrics in this category include: number of discarded key frames,
number of lost key frames, number of discarded derived frames, and
number of lost derived frames. These metrics can be used to
calculate the Media Loss Rate (MLR) of the MDI [RFC4445]. Details of
the definition of these metrics are described in [RFC7003].
Additionally, the metric provides the rendered frame rate, an
important parameter for quality estimation.

5.2.3. Jitter Buffer Metrics

The size of the jitter buffer affects the end-to-end delay on the
network and also the packet discard rate. When the buffer size is
too small, slower late-arriving packets are not played out and are dropped,
while when the buffer size is too large, packets are held longer than
necessary and consequently reduce conversational quality.
Measurement of jitter buffer should not be ignored in the evaluation
of end-user perception of conversational quality. Metrics related to
the jitter buffer, such as maximum and nominal jitter buffer, could
be used to show how the jitter buffer behaves at the receiving
endpoint. They are useful for providing better end-user quality of
experience (QoE) when jitter buffer factors are used as inputs to
calculate estimated MOS values. Thus, for those cases, jitter buffer
metrics should be considered. The definition of these metrics is
provided in [RFC7005].

5.3. Recovery Metrics

This document does not consider concealment metrics [RFC7294] as part
of recovery metrics.

5.3.1. Post-Repair Packet Count Metrics

Web applications can support certain RTP error-resilience mechanisms
following the recommendations specified in [WebRTC-RTP-USAGE]. For
these web applications using repair mechanisms, providing some
statistics about the performance of their repair mechanisms could
help provide a more accurate quality evaluation.

The unrepaired packet count and repaired loss count defined in
[RFC7509] provide the recovery information of the error-resilience
mechanisms to the monitoring application or the sending endpoint.
The endpoint can use these metrics to ascertain the ratio of repaired
packets to lost packets. Including post-repair packet count metrics
helps the application evaluate the effectiveness of the applied
repair mechanisms.

5.3.2. Run-Length Encoded Metric for Post-Repair

[RFC5725] defines run-length encoding for post-repair packets. When
using error-resilience mechanisms, the endpoint can correlate the
loss run length with this metric to ascertain where the losses and
repairs occurred in the interval. This provides more accurate
information for recovery mechanisms evaluation than those in Section
5.3.1. However, it when RTCP XR metrics are supported, using run-length
encoded metrics is not suggested to use due to their because the per-packet information
yields an enormous amount of data when RTCP XR are supported. that is not required in this case.

For WebRTC, the application may benefit from the additional
information. If losses occur after discards, an endpoint may be able
to correlate the two run-length vectors to identify congestion-
related losses, e.g., a router queue became overloaded causing delays
and then overflowed. If the losses are independent, it may indicate
bit-error corruption. Lastly, when using error-resilience
mechanisms, the endpoint can correlate the loss and post-repair run
lengths to ascertain where the losses and repairs occurred in the
interval. For example, consecutive losses are likely not to be
repaired by a simple FEC scheme.

6. Identifiers from Sender, Receiver, and Extended Report Blocks

This document describes a list of metrics and corresponding
identifiers relevant to RTP media in WebRTC. This group of
identifiers are defined on a ReportGroup corresponding to a
synchronization source (SSRC). In practice, the application needs to
be able to query the statistic identifiers on both an incoming
(remote) and outgoing (local) media stream. Since sending and
receiving SRs and RRs are mandatory, the metrics defined in the SRs
and RRs are always available. For XR metrics, it depends on two
factors: 1) if it is measured at the endpoint and 2) if it is
reported by the endpoint in an XR block. If a metric is only
measured by the endpoint and not reported, the metrics will only be
available for the incoming (remote) media stream. Alternatively, if
the corresponding metric is also reported in an XR block, it will be
available for both the incoming (remote) and outgoing (local) media
stream.

For a remote statistic, the timestamp represents the timestamp from
an incoming SR, RR, or XR packet. Conversely, for a local statistic,
it refers to the current timestamp generated by the local clock
(typically the POSIX timestamp, i.e., milliseconds since January 1,
1970).

As per [RFC3550], the octets metrics represent the payload size
(i.e., not including the header or padding).

6.1. Cumulative Number of Packets and Octets Sent

Name: packetsSent
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

Name: bytesSent
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

6.2. Cumulative Number of Packets and Octets Received

Name: packetsReceived
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

Name: bytesReceived
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

6.3. Cumulative Number of Packets Lost

Name: packetsLost
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

6.4. Interval Packet Loss and Jitter

Name: jitter
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

Name: fractionLost
Definition: Section 6.4.1 of [RFC3550].

6.5. Cumulative Number of Packets and Octets Discarded

Name: packetsDiscarded
Definition: The cumulative number of RTP packets discarded due to
late or early arrival; see item a of Appendix A of [RFC7002].

Name: bytesDiscarded
Definition: The cumulative number of octets discarded due to late or
early arrival; see Appendix A of [RFC7243].

6.6. Cumulative Number of Packets Repaired

Name: packetsRepaired
Definition: The cumulative number of lost RTP packets repaired after
applying a error-resilience mechanism; see item b of Appendix A of
[RFC7509]. To clarify, the value is the upper bound on the
cumulative number of lost packets.

6.7. Burst Packet Loss and Burst Discards

Name: burstPacketsLost
Definition: The cumulative number of RTP packets lost during loss
bursts; see item c of Appendix A of [RFC6958].

Name: burstLossCount
Definition: The cumulative number of bursts of lost RTP packets; see
item e d of Appendix A of [RFC6958].

Name: burstPacketsDiscarded
Definition: The cumulative number of RTP packets discarded during
discard bursts; see item b of Appendix A of [RFC7003].

Name: burstDiscardCount
Definition: The cumulative number of bursts of discarded RTP packets;
see item e of Appendix A of [RFC8015].

[RFC3611] recommends a Gmin (threshold) value of 16 for classifying
packet loss or discard burst.

6.8. Burst/Gap Rates

Name: burstLossRate
Definition: The fraction of RTP packets lost during bursts; see
item a of Appendix A of [RFC7004].

Name: gapLossRate
Definition: The fraction of RTP packets lost during gaps; see item b
of Appendix A of [RFC7004].

Name: burstDiscardRate
Definition: The fraction of RTP packets discarded during bursts; see
item e of Appendix A of [RFC7004].

Name: gapDiscardRate
Definition: The fraction of RTP packets discarded during gaps; see
item f of Appendix A of [RFC7004].

6.9. Frame Impairment Metrics

Name: framesLost
Definition: The cumulative number of full frames lost; see item i of
Appendix A of [RFC7004].

Name: framesCorrupted
Definition: The cumulative number of frames partially lost; see
item j of Appendix A of [RFC7004].

Name: framesDropped
Definition: The cumulative number of full frames discarded; see
item g of Appendix A of [RFC7004].

Name: framesSent
Definition: The cumulative number of frames sent.

Name: framesReceived
Definition: The cumulative number of partial or full frames received.

7. Adding New Metrics to WebRTC Statistics API

While this document was being drafted, the metrics defined herein
were added to the W3C WebRTC specification. The process to add new
metrics in the future is to create an issue or pull request on the
repository of the W3C WebRTC specification
(https://github.com/w3c/webrtc-stats).

8. Security Considerations

This document focuses on listing the RTCP XR metrics defined in the
corresponding RTCP reporting extensions and does not give rise to any
security vulnerabilities beyond those described in [RFC3611] and
[RFC6792].

The overall security considerations for RTP used in WebRTC
applications is described in [WebRTC-RTP-USAGE] and [WebRTC-Sec],
which also apply to this memo.

9. IANA Considerations

This document has no IANA actions.

10. References

10.1. Normative References

[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.

[RFC3611] Friedman, T., Ed., Caceres, R., Ed., and A. Clark, Ed.,
"RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)",
RFC 3611, DOI 10.17487/RFC3611, November 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3611>.

[RFC5725] Begen, A., Hsu, D., and M. Lague, "Post-Repair Loss RLE
Report Block Type for RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended
Reports (XRs)", RFC 5725, DOI 10.17487/RFC5725, February
2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5725>.

[RFC6776] Clark, A. and Q. Wu, "Measurement Identity and Information
Reporting Using a Source Description (SDES) Item and an
RTCP Extended Report (XR) Block", RFC 6776,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6776, October 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6776>.

[RFC6792] Wu, Q., Ed., Hunt, G., and P. Arden, "Guidelines for Use
of the RTP Monitoring Framework", RFC 6792,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6792, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6792>.

[RFC6958] Clark, A., Zhang, S., Zhao, J., and Q. Wu, Ed., "RTP
Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for
Burst/Gap Loss Metric Reporting", RFC 6958,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6958, May 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6958>.

[RFC7002] Clark, A., Zorn, G., and Q. Wu, "RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for Discard Count Metric
Reporting", RFC 7002, DOI 10.17487/RFC7002, September
2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7002>.

[RFC7003] Clark, A., Huang, R., and Q. Wu, Ed., "RTP Control
Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for Burst/Gap
Discard Metric Reporting", RFC 7003, DOI 10.17487/RFC7003,
September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7003>.

[RFC7004] Zorn, G., Schott, R., Wu, Q., Ed., and R. Huang, "RTP
Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Blocks for
Summary Statistics Metrics Reporting", RFC 7004,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7004, September 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7004>.

[RFC7005] Clark, A., Singh, V., and Q. Wu, "RTP Control Protocol
(RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for De-Jitter Buffer
Metric Reporting", RFC 7005, DOI 10.17487/RFC7005,
September 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7005>.

[RFC7097] Ott, J., Singh, V., Ed., and I. Curcio, "RTP Control
Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) for RLE of Discarded
Packets", RFC 7097, DOI 10.17487/RFC7097, January 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7097>.

[RFC7243] Singh, V., Ed., Ott, J., and I. Curcio, "RTP Control
Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for the Bytes
Discarded Metric", RFC 7243, DOI 10.17487/RFC7243, May
2014, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7243>.

[RFC7509] Huang, R. and V. Singh, "RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)
Extended Report (XR) for Post-Repair Loss Count Metrics",
RFC 7509, DOI 10.17487/RFC7509, May 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7509>.

[RFC8015] Singh, V., Perkins, C., Clark, A., and R. Huang, "RTP
Control Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Block for
Independent Reporting of Burst/Gap Discard Metrics",
RFC 8015, DOI 10.17487/RFC8015, November 2016,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8015>.

10.2. Informative References

[ITU-T_P.800.1]
ITU-T, "Mean Opinion Score (MOS) terminology", ITU-T
P.800.1, July 2016,
<https://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-P.800.1-201607-I>.

[RFC4445] Welch, J. and J. Clark, "A Proposed Media Delivery Index
(MDI)", RFC 4445, DOI 10.17487/RFC4445, April 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4445>.

[WebRTC-Overview] H.
Alverstrand, H., "Overview: Real Time Protocols for
Browser-based Applications", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-
rtcweb-overview-19, November 2017.

[WebRTC-RTP-USAGE]
Perkins, C., Westerlund, M., and J. Ott, "Web Real-Time
Communication (WebRTC): Media Transport and Use of RTP",
Work in Progress, draft-ietf-rtcweb-rtp-usage-26, March
2016.

[WebRTC-Sec]
Rescorla, E., "Security Considerations for WebRTC", Work
in Progress, draft-ietf-rtcweb-security-10, January 2018.

[RFC7294] Clark, A., Zorn, G., Bi, C., and Q. Wu, "RTP Control
Protocol (RTCP) Extended Report (XR) Blocks for
Concealment Metrics Reporting on Audio Applications",
RFC 7294, DOI 10.17487/RFC7294, July 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7294>.

[RFC7478] Holmberg, C., Hakansson, S., and G. Eriksson, "Web Real-
Time Communication Use Cases and Requirements", RFC 7478,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7478, March 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7478>.

[W3C.WD-webrtc]

[W3C.webrtc]
Bergkvist, A., Burnett, C., Jennings, C., Narayanan, A.,
Aboba B. and T.
Aboba, B., Brandstetter, T., and J. Bruaroey, "WebRTC 1.0:
Real-time Communication Between Browsers", World Wide Web Consortium
WD WD-webrtc-20171102, November 2017,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2017/CR-webrtc-20171102/>.

[W3C.WD-webrtc-stats] W3C Candidate
Recommendation, June 2018,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/CR-webrtc-20180621/>.
Latest version available at
<https://www.w3.org/TR/webrtc/>.

[W3C.webrtc-stats]
Alvestrand, H. and V. Singh, "Identifiers for WebRTC's
Statistics API", World Wide Web Consortium WD WD-webrtc-
stats-20180519, May W3C Candidate Recommendation, July 2018,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/WD-webrtc-stats-20180519/>.
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/CR-webrtc-stats-20180703/>.
Latest version available at
<https://www.w3.org/TR/webrtc-stats/>.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Bernard Aboba, Harald Alvestrand, Al
Morton, Colin Perkins, and Shida Schubert for their valuable comments
and suggestions on earlier draft versions of this document.

Authors' Addresses

Varun Singh
CALLSTATS I/O Oy
Annankatu 31-33 C 42
Helsinki 00100
Finland

Email: varun@callstats.io
URI: https://www.callstats.io/about

Rachel Huang
Huawei
101 Software Avenue, Yuhua District
Nanjing 210012
China

Email: rachel.huang@huawei.com

Roni Even
Huawei
14 David Hamelech
Tel Aviv 64953
Israel

Email: roni.even@huawei.com

Dan Romascanu

Email: dromasca@gmail.com

Lingli Deng
China Mobile
Email: denglingli@chinamobile.com