wdiff rfc8487.alt-original rfc8487.txt

MBONED Working Group
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Asaeda
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8487 NICT
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track K. Meyer
Expires: February 1, 2019
ISSN: 2070-1721 Dell EMC
W. Lee, Ed.
July 31,
October 2018

Mtrace Version 2: Traceroute Facility for IP Multicast
draft-ietf-mboned-mtrace-v2-26

Abstract

This document describes the IP multicast traceroute facility, named
Mtrace version 2 (Mtrace2). Unlike unicast traceroute, Mtrace2
requires special implementations on the part of routers. This
specification describes the required functionality in multicast
routers, as well as how an Mtrace2 client invokes a query Query and
receives a reply. Reply.

Status of This Memo

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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
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This Internet-Draft will expire on February 1, 2019.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8487.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Packet Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1. Mtrace2 TLV format Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2. Defined TLVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.1. Mtrace2 Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2.2. Mtrace2 Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.3. Mtrace2 Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2.4. IPv4 Mtrace2 Standard Response Block . . . . . . . . 12
3.2.5. IPv6 Mtrace2 Standard Response Block . . . . . . . . 16
3.2.6. Mtrace2 Augmented Response Block . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.7. Mtrace2 Extended Query Block . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. Router Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1. Receiving an Mtrace2 Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.1. Query Packet Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.1.2. Query Normal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2. Receiving an Mtrace2 Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.1. Request Packet Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.2.2. Request Normal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.3. Forwarding Mtrace2 Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.1. Destination Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.2. Source Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.3.3. Appending Standard Response Block . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.4. Sending Mtrace2 Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25
4.4.1. Destination Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.2. Source Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.3. Appending Standard Response Block . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5. Proxying Mtrace2 Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.6. Hiding Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5. Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1. Sending Mtrace2 Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
5.1.1. Destination Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 27
5.1.2. Source Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.2. Determining the Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.3. Collecting Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.4. Last Hop Last-Hop Router (LHR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.5. First Hop First-Hop Router (FHR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 28
5.6. Broken Intermediate Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.7. Non-Supported Non-supported Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.8. Mtrace2 Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.8.1. Arriving at Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.8.2. Fatal Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 29
5.8.3. No Upstream Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 29
5.8.4. Reply Timeout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.9. Continuing after an Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
6. Protocol-Specific Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 30
6.1. PIM-SM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 30
6.2. Bi-Directional Bidirectional PIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.3. PIM-DM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6.4. IGMP/MLD Proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 31
7. Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.1. Forwarding Inconsistencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.2. TTL or Hop Limit Hop-Limit Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.3. Packet Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
7.4. Link Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.5. Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.1. "Mtrace2 Forwarding Codes" Registry . . . . . . . . . . . 33
8.2. "Mtrace2 TLV Types" Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 33
8.3. UDP Destination Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 33
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.1. Addresses in Mtrace2 Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.2. Verification of Clients and Peers . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
9.3. Topology Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.4. Characteristics of Multicast Channel . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.5. Limiting Query/Request Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
9.6. Limiting Reply Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 35
9.7. Specific Security Concerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 35
9.7.1. Request and Response Bombardment . . . . . . . . . . 36 35
9.7.2. Amplification Attack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
9.7.3. Leaking of Confidential Topology Details . . . . . . 36
9.7.4. Delivery of False Information (Forged Reply Messages) 37 36
10. Acknowledgements References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
11. References . . . 37
10.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10.2. Informative References . . . . 38
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . 38
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

1. Introduction

Given a multicast distribution tree, tracing hop-by-hop downstream
from a multicast source to a given multicast receiver is difficult
because there is no efficient and deterministic way to determine the
branch of the multicast routing tree on which that receiver lies. On
the other hand, walking up the tree from a receiver to a source is
easy, as most existing multicast routing protocols know the upstream
router for each source. Tracing from a receiver to a source can
involve only the routers on the direct path.

This document specifies the multicast traceroute facility named
Mtrace version 2 or Mtrace2 Mtrace2, which allows the tracing of an IP
multicast routing path. Mtrace2 is usually initiated from an Mtrace2
client by sending an Mtrace2 Query to a Last Hop Last-Hop Router (LHR) or to a
Rendezvous Point (RP). The RP is a special router where sources and
receivers meet in Protocol Independent Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-
SM)
(PIM-SM) [5]. From the LHR/RP receiving the query, Query, the tracing is
directed towards a specified source if a source address is specified
and source specific a source-specific state exists on the receiving router. If no
source address is specified or if no source specific source-specific state exists on
a receiving LHR, the tracing is directed toward the RP for the
specified group address. Moreover, Mtrace2 provides additional
information such as the packet rates and losses, as well as other
diagnostic information. Mtrace2 is primarily intended for the
following purposes:

o To trace the path that a packet would take from a source to a
receiver.

o To isolate packet loss packet-loss problems (e.g., congestion).

o To isolate configuration problems (e.g., Time to live (TTL)
threshold).

Figure 1

The following figure shows a typical case on of how Mtrace2 is used. First-hop
router (FHR)
FHR represents the first-hop router, LHR represents the last-hop router (LHR),
router, and the arrow lines represent the Mtrace2 messages that are
sent from one node to another. The numbers before the Mtrace2
messages represent the sequence of the messages that would happen. Source, Receiver
The source, receiver, and Mtrace2 client are typically hosts.

2. Request 2. Request
+----+ +----+
| | | |
v | v |
+--------+ +-----+ +-----+ +----------+
| Source |----| FHR |----- The Internet -----| LHR |----| Receiver |
+--------+ +-----+ | +-----+ +----------+
\ | ^
\ | /
\ | /
\ | /
3. Reply \ | / 1. Query
\ | /
\ | /
\ +---------+ /
v | Mtrace2 |/
| client Client |
+---------+

Figure 1

When an Mtrace2 client initiates a multicast trace, it sends an
Mtrace2 Query packet to an LHR or RP for a multicast group and,
optionally, a source address. The LHR/RP turns the Query packet into
a Request. The Request message type enables each of the upstream
routers processing the message to apply different packet and message
validation rules than those required for the handling of a Query
message. The LHR/RP then appends a standard response block Standard Response Block
containing its interface addresses and packet statistics to the
Request packet, then forwards the packet towards the source/RP. The
Request packet is either unicasted to its upstream router towards the source/RP,
source/RP or multicasted to the group if the upstream router's IP
address is not known. In a similar fashion, each router along the
path to the source/RP appends a standard response block Standard Response Block to the end of
the Request packet before forwarding it to its upstream router. When
the FHR receives the Request packet, it appends its own standard response
block, Standard
Response Block, turns the Request packet into a Reply, and unicasts
the Reply back to the Mtrace2 client.

The Mtrace2 Reply may be returned before reaching the FHR under some
circumstances. This can happen if a Request packet is received at an
RP or gateway, or when any of several types of error or exception
conditions occur which that prevent the sending of a request Request to the next
upstream router.

The Mtrace2 client waits for the Mtrace2 Reply message and displays
the results. When not receiving an Mtrace2 Reply message due to
network congestion, a broken router (see Section 5.6), or a non-
responding router (see Section 5.7), the Mtrace2 client may resend
another Mtrace2 Query with a lower hop count (see Section 3.2.1), 3.2.1) and
repeat the process until it receives an Mtrace2 Reply message. The
details are specific to the Mtrace2 client specific and outside the scope of
this document.

Note that when a router's control plane and forwarding plane are out
of sync, the Mtrace2 Requests might be forwarded based on the control
states instead. In this case, the traced path might not represent
the real path the data packets would follow.

Mtrace2 supports both IPv4 and IPv6. Unlike the previous version of
Mtrace, which implements its query and response as Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP) messages [8], [10], all Mtrace2 messages are
UDP-based.
UDP based. Although the packet formats of IPv4 and IPv6 Mtrace2 are
different because of the address families, the syntax between them is
similar.

This document describes the base specification of Mtrace2 that can
serve as a basis for future proposals such as Mtrace2 for Automatic
Multicast Tunneling (AMT) [9] [16] and Mtrace2 for Multicast in MPLS/BGP
IP VPNs (MVPN) [10]. (known as Multicast VPN (MVPN)) [15]. They are therefore are, therefore,
out of the scope of this document.

2. Terminology

In this document, the

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1],
BCP 14 [1] [7] when, and indicate requirement levels for compliant Mtrace2
implementations.

2.1. only when, they appear in all capitals, as
shown here. The key words indicate requirement levels for compliant
Mtrace2 implementations.

2.1. Definitions

Since Mtrace2 Queries and Requests flow in the opposite direction to
the data flow, we refer to "upstream" and "downstream" with respect
to data, unless explicitly specified.

Incoming interface Interface:
The interface on which data is expected to arrive from the
specified source and group.

Outgoing interface Interface:
This is one of the interfaces to which data from the source or RP
is expected to be transmitted for the specified source and group.
It is also the interface on which the Mtrace2 Request was
received.

Upstream router router:

The router, connecting to the Incoming interface Interface of the current
router, which is responsible for forwarding data for the specified
source and group to the current router.

First-hop router (FHR)

First-Hop Router (FHR):
The router that is directly connected to the source the Mtrace2
Query specifies.

Last-hop router (LHR)

Last-Hop Router (LHR):
A router that is directly connected to a receiver. It is also the
router that receives the Mtrace2 Query from an Mtrace2 client.

Group state state:
The state a shared-tree protocol, such as PIM-SM Protocol Independent
Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) [5], uses to choose the upstream
router towards the RP for the specified group. In this state,
source-specific state is not available for the corresponding group
address on the router.

Source-specific state state:
The state that is used to choose the path towards the source for
the specified source and group.

ALL-[protocol]-ROUTERS group group:
Link-local multicast address for multicast routers to communicate
with their adjacent routers that are running the same routing
protocol. For instance, the IPv4 'ALL-PIM-ROUTERS' group is
'224.0.0.13', and the IPv6 'ALL-PIM-ROUTERS' group is 'ff02::d'
[5].

3. Packet Formats

This section describes the details of the packet formats for Mtrace2
messages.

All Mtrace2 messages are encoded in the Type/Length/Value (TLV)
format (see Section 3.1). The first TLV of a message is a message
header TLV specifying the type of message and additional context
information required for processing of the message and for parsing of
subsequent TLVs in the message. Subsequent TLVs in a message,
referred to as Blocks, are appended after the header TLV to provide
additional information associated with the message. If an
implementation receives an unknown TLV type Type for any TLV in a message,
it SHOULD ignore and silently discard the entire packet. If the
length of a TLV exceeds the available space in the containing packet,
the implementation MUST ignore and silently discard the TLV and any
remaining portion of the containing packet.

All Mtrace2 messages are UDP packets. For IPv4, Mtrace2
Query/Request/Reply messages MUST NOT be fragmented. Therefore,
Mtrace2 clients and LHRs/RPs MUST set the IP header do-not-fragment
(DF) bit for all Mtrace2 messages. For IPv6, the packet size for the
Mtrace2 messages MUST NOT exceed 1280 bytes, which is the smallest
Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) for an IPv6 interface [2]. [8]. The
source port is uniquely selected by the local host operating system.
The destination port is the IANA reserved IANA-reserved Mtrace2 port number (see
Section 8). All Mtrace2 messages MUST have a valid UDP checksum.

Additionally, Mtrace2 supports both IPv4 and IPv6, but not when
mixed. For example, if an Mtrace2 Query or Request message arrives in
as an IPv4 packet, all addresses specified in the Mtrace2 messages
MUST be IPv4 as well. Same The same rule applies to IPv6 Mtrace2
messages.

3.1. Mtrace2 TLV format Format

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Value .... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Type: 8 bits

Describes the format of the Value field. For all the available
types, please see Section 3.2 3.2.

Length: 16 bits

Length of Type, Length, and Value fields in octets. Minimum
length required is 4 octets. The length MUST be a multiple of 4
octets. The maximum TLV length is not defined; however however, the
entire Mtrace2 packet length MUST NOT exceed the available MTU.

Value: variable length

The format is based on the Type value. The length of the value Value
field is the Length field minus 3. All reserved fields in the
Value field MUST be transmitted as zeros and ignored on receipt.

3.2. Defined TLVs

The following TLV Types are defined:

Code Type
==== ================================
0x00 Reserved
0x01 Mtrace2 Query
0x02 Mtrace2 Request
0x03 Mtrace2 Reply
0x04 Mtrace2 Standard Response Block
0x05 Mtrace2 Augmented Response Block
0x06 Mtrace2 Extended Query Block

Each Mtrace2 message MUST begin with either a Query, Request a Request, or a
Reply TLV. The first TLV determines the type of each Mtrace2
message. Following a Query TLV, there can be a sequence of optional
Extended Query Blocks. In the case of a Request or a Reply TLV, it
is then followed by a sequence of Standard Response Blocks, each from
a multicast router on the path towards the source or the RP. In the
case where more information is needed, a Standard Response Block can
be followed by one or multiple Augmented Response Blocks.

We will describe each message type in detail in the next few
sections.

3.2.1. Mtrace2 Query

An Mtrace2 Query is originated by an Mtrace2 client client, which sends an
Mtrace2 Query message to the LHR. The LHR modifies only the Type
field of the Query TLV (to turn it into a "Request") before appending
a Standard Response Block and forwarding it upstream. The LHR and
intermediate routers handling the Mtrace2 message when tracing
upstream MUST NOT modify any other fields within the Query/Request
TLV. Additionally, intermediate routers handling the message after
the LHR has converted the Query into a Request MUST NOT modify the
type
Type field of the Request TLV. If the actual number of hops is not
known, an Mtrace2 client could send an initial Query message with a
large # Hops (e.g., 0xff), in order to try to trace the full path.

An Mtrace2 Query message is shown as follows:

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | # Hops |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Multicast Address |
| |
+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+
| |
| Source Address |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
| Mtrace2 Client Address |
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Query ID | Client Port # |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Figure 2

Length: 16 bits
The length Length field MUST be either 20 (i.e., 8 plus + 3 * 4 (IPv4
addresses)) or 56 (i.e., 8 + 3 * 16 (IPv6 addresses)); if the
length is 20, then IPv4 addresses MUST be assumed assumed, and if the
length is 56, then IPv6 addresses MUST be assumed.

# Hops: 8 bits
This field specifies the maximum number of hops that the Mtrace2
client wants to trace. If there are some error conditions in the
middle of the path that prevent an Mtrace2 Reply from being
received by the client, the client MAY issue another Mtrace2 Query
with a lower number of hops until it receives a Reply.

Multicast Address: 32 bits or 128 bits
This field specifies an IPv4 or IPv6 address, which can be either:

m-1: a multicast group address to be traced; or, traced or

m-2: all 1's ones in case of IPv4 or the unspecified address (::) in
case of IPv6 if no group-specific information is desired.

Source Address: 32 bits or 128 bits
This field specifies an IPv4 or IPv6 address, which can be either:

s-1: a unicast address of the source to be traced; or, traced or
s-2: all 1's ones in case of IPv4 or the unspecified address (::) in
case of IPv6 if no source-specific information is desired.
For example, the client is tracing a (*,g) group state.

Note that it is invalid to have a source-group combination of
(s-2, m-2). If a router receives such combination in an Mtrace2
Query, it MUST silently discard the Query.

Mtrace2 Client Address: 32 bits or 128 bits
This field specifies the Mtrace2 client's IPv4 address or IPv6
global address. This address MUST be a valid unicast address, and address;
therefore, it MUST NOT be all 1's ones or an unspecified address. The
Mtrace2 Reply will be sent to this address.

Query ID: 16 bits
This field is used as a unique identifier for this Mtrace2 Query
so that duplicate or delayed Reply messages may be detected.

Client Port #: 16 bits
This field specifies the destination UDP port number for receiving
the Mtrace2 Reply packet.

3.2.2. Mtrace2 Request

The Mtrace2 Request TLV is exactly the same as an Mtrace2 Query
except for identifying the Type field of 0x02.

When a an LHR receives an Mtrace2 Query message, it turns the Query
into a Request by changing the Type field of the Query from 0x01 to
0x02. The LHR then appends an Mtrace2 Standard Response Block (see
Section 3.2.4) of its own to the Request message before sending it
upstream. The upstream routers do the same without changing the Type
field until one of them is ready to send a Reply.

3.2.3. Mtrace2 Reply

The Mtrace2 Reply TLV is exactly the same as an Mtrace2 Query except
for identifying the Type field of 0x03.

When a an FHR or an RP receives an Mtrace2 Request message which that is
destined to itself, it appends an Mtrace2 Standard Response Block
(see Section 3.2.4) of its own to the Request message. Next, it
turns the Request message into a Reply by changing the Type field of
the Request from 0x02 to 0x03 and by changing the UDP destination
port to the port number specified in the Client Port number Number field in
the Request. It then unicasts the Reply message to the Mtrace2
client specified in the Mtrace2 Client Address field.

There are a number of cases in which an intermediate router might
return a Reply before a Request reaches the FHR or the RP. See
Section
Sections 4.1.1, Section 4.2.2, Section 4.3.3, and Section 4.5 for more details.

3.2.4. IPv4 Mtrace2 Standard Response Block

This section describes the message format of an IPv4 Mtrace2 Standard
Response Block. The Type field is 0x04.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Query Arrival Time |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Incoming Interface Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Outgoing Interface Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Upstream Router Address |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Input packet count on incoming interface Incoming Interface .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Output packet count on outgoing interface Outgoing Interface .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Total number of packets for this source-group pair .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rtg Protocol | Multicast Rtg Protocol |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Fwd TTL | MBZ |S| Src Mask |Forwarding Code|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

MBZ: 8 bits
This field MUST be zeroed on transmission and ignored on
reception.

Query Arrival Time: 32 bits
The Query Arrival Time is a 32-bit Network Time Protocol (NTP)
timestamp specifying the arrival time of the Mtrace2 Query or
Request packet at this router. The 32-bit form of an NTP
timestamp consists of the middle 32 bits of the full 64-bit form;
that is, the low 16 bits of the integer part and the high 16 bits
of the fractional part.

The following formula converts from a timespec (fractional part in
nanoseconds) to a 32-bit NTP timestamp:

query_arrival_time
= ((tv.tv_sec + 32384) << 16) + ((tv.tv_nsec << 7) / 1953125)

The constant 32384 is the number of seconds from Jan 1, 1900 to
Jan 1, 1970 truncated to 16 bits. ((tv.tv_nsec << 7) / 1953125)
is a reduction of ((tv.tv_nsec / 1000000000) << 16). 16), where "<<"
denotes a logical left shift.

Note that synchronized clocks are required on the traced routers
to estimate propagation and queueing queuing delays between successive
hops. Nevertheless, even without this synchronization, an
application can still estimate an upper bound on cumulative one one-
way latency by measuring the time between sending a Query and
receiving a Reply.

Additionally, Query Arrival Time is useful for measuring the
packet rate. For example, suppose that a client issues two
queries,
Queries, and the corresponding requests Requests R1 and R2 arrive at router
X at time T1 and T2, then the client would be able to compute the
packet rate on router X by using the packet count packet-count information
stored in the R1 and R2, R2 and using the time T1 and T2.

Incoming Interface Address: 32 bits
This field specifies the address of the interface on which packets
from the source or the RP are expected to arrive, or 0 if unknown
or unnumbered.

Outgoing Interface Address: 32 bits
This field specifies the address of the interface on which packets
from the source or the RP are expected to transmit towards the
receiver, or 0 if unknown or unnumbered. This is also the address
of the interface on which the Mtrace2 Query or Request arrives.

Upstream Router Address: 32 bits
This field specifies the address of the upstream router from which
this router expects packets from this source. This MAY be a
multicast group (e.g., ALL-[protocol]-ROUTERS group) if the
upstream router is not known because of the workings of the
multicast routing protocol. However, it MUST be 0 if the incoming
interface Incoming
Interface address is unknown or unnumbered.

Input packet count on incoming interface: Incoming Interface: 64 bits
This field contains the number of multicast packets received for
all groups and sources on the incoming interface, Incoming Interface, or all 1's ones if
no count can be reported. This counter may have the same value as
ifHCInMulticastPkts from the Interfaces Group MIB (IF-MIB) [12] [9] for
this interface.

Output packet count on outgoing interface: Outgoing Interface: 64 bit bits
This field contains the number of multicast packets that have been
transmitted or queued for transmission for all groups and sources
on the outgoing interface, Outgoing Interface, or all 1's ones if no count can be
reported. This counter may have the same value as
ifHCOutMulticastPkts from the IF-MIB [12] [9] for this interface.

Total number of packets for this source-group pair: 64 bits
This field counts the number of packets from the specified source
forwarded by the router to the specified group, or all 1's ones if no
count can be reported. If the S bit is set (see below), the count
is for the source network, as specified by the Src Mask field (see
below). If the S bit is set and the Src Mask field is 127,
indicating no source-specific state, the count is for all sources
sending to this group. This counter should have the same value as
ipMcastRoutePkts from the IP Multicast MIB [13] [14] for this
forwarding entry.

Rtg Protocol: 16 bits
This field describes the unicast routing protocol running between
this router and the upstream router, and it is used to determine
the RPF Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) interface for the specified
source or RP. This value should have the same value as
ipMcastRouteRtProtocol from the IP Multicast MIB [13] [14] for this
entry. If the router is not able to obtain this value, all 0's
must be specified.

Multicast Rtg Protocol: 16 bits
This field describes the multicast routing protocol in use between
the router and the upstream router. This value should have the
same value as ipMcastRouteProtocol from the IP Multicast MIB [13] [14]
for this entry. If the router cannot obtain this value, all 0's
must be specified.

Fwd TTL: 8 bits
This field contains the configured multicast TTL threshold, if
any, of the outgoing interface. Outgoing Interface.

S: 1 bit
If this bit is set, it indicates that the packet count for the
source-group pair is for the source network, as determined by
masking the source address with the Src Mask field.

Src Mask: 7 bits
This field contains the number of 1's in the netmask the router
has for the source (i.e. (i.e., a value of 24 means the netmask is
0xffffff00). If the router is forwarding solely on group state,
this field is set to 127 (0x7f).

Forwarding Code: 8 bits
This field contains a forwarding information/error code. Values
with the high order high-order bit set (0x80-0xff) are intended for use with
conditions that are transitory or automatically recovered. Other
forwarding code
Forwarding Code values indicate a need to fix a problem in the
Query or a need to redirect the Query. Section Sections 4.1 and
Section 4.2
explain how and when the Forwarding Code is filled. Defined
values are as follows:

Value Name Description
----- -------------- ----------------------------------------------
0x00 NO_ERROR No error error.
0x01 WRONG_IF Mtrace2 Request arrived on an interface
to
for which this router would does not forward perform
forwarding for the specified group towards to the
source or RP.
0x02 PRUNE_SENT This router has sent a prune upstream which that
applies to the source and group in the
Mtrace2 Request.
0x03 PRUNE_RCVD This router has stopped forwarding for this
source and group in response to a request Request
from the downstream router.
0x04 SCOPED The group is subject to administrative
scoping at this router.
0x05 NO_ROUTE This router has no route for the source or
group and no way to determine a potential
route.
0x06 WRONG_LAST_HOP This router is not the proper LHR.
0x07 NOT_FORWARDING This router is not forwarding this source and
group out the outgoing interface Outgoing Interface for an
unspecified reason.
0x08 REACHED_RP Reached the Rendezvous Point.
0x09 RPF_IF Mtrace2 Request arrived on the expected
RPF interface for this source and group.
0x0A NO_MULTICAST Mtrace2 Request arrived on an interface
which
that is not enabled for multicast.
0x0B INFO_HIDDEN One or more hops have been hidden from this
trace.
0x0C REACHED_GW Mtrace2 Request arrived on a gateway (e.g.,
a NAT or firewall) that hides the
information between this router and the
Mtrace2 client.
0x0D UNKNOWN_QUERY A non-transitive Extended Query Type was
received by a router which that does not support
the type.
0x80 FATAL_ERROR A fatal error is one where the router may
know the upstream router but cannot forward
the message to it.
0x81 NO_SPACE There was not enough room to insert another
Standard Response Block in the packet.
0x83 ADMIN_PROHIB Mtrace2 is administratively prohibited.

3.2.5. IPv6 Mtrace2 Standard Response Block

This section describes the message format of an IPv6 Mtrace2 Standard
Response Block. The Type field is also 0x04.

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | MBZ |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Query Arrival Time |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Incoming Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Outgoing Interface ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
* Local Address *
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
* Remote Address *
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Input packet count on incoming interface Incoming Interface .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Output packet count on outgoing interface Outgoing Interface .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
. Total number of packets for this source-group pair .
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rtg Protocol | Multicast Rtg Protocol |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MBZ 2 |S|Src Prefix Len |Forwarding Code|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

MBZ: 8 bits
This field MUST be zeroed on transmission and ignored on
reception.

Query Arrival Time: 32 bits
Same definition as in IPv4.

Incoming Interface ID: 32 bits
This field specifies the interface ID on which packets from the
source or RP are expected to arrive, or 0 if unknown. This ID
should be the value taken from InterfaceIndex of the IF-MIB [12] [9]
for this interface.

Outgoing Interface ID: 32 bits
This field specifies the interface ID to which packets from the
source or RP are expected to transmit, or 0 if unknown. This ID
should be the value taken from InterfaceIndex of the IF-MIB [12] [9]
for this interface interface.

Local Address: 128 bits
This field specifies a global IPv6 address that uniquely
identifies the router. A unique local unicast address [11] [12] SHOULD
NOT be used unless the router is only assigned link-local and
unique local addresses. If the router is only assigned link-local
addresses, its link-local address can be specified in this field.

Remote Address: 128 bits
This field specifies the address of the upstream router, which, in
most cases, is a link-local unicast address for the upstream
router.

Although a link-local address does not have enough information to
identify a node, it is possible to detect the upstream router with
the assistance of the Incoming Interface ID and the current router
address (i.e., Local Address).

Note that this may be a multicast group (e.g., ALL-[protocol]-
ROUTERS group) if the upstream router is not known because of the
workings of a multicast routing protocol. However, it should be
the unspecified address (::) if the incoming interface Incoming Interface address is
unknown.

Input packet count on incoming interface: Incoming Interface: 64 bits
Same definition as in IPv4.

Output packet count on outgoing interface: Outgoing Interface: 64 bits
Same definition as in IPv4.

Total number of packets for this source-group pair: 64 bits
Same definition as in IPv4, except if the S bit is set (see
below), the count is for the source network, as specified by the
Src Prefix Len field. If the S bit is set and the Src Prefix Len
field is 255, indicating no source-specific state, the count is
for all sources sending to this group. This counter should have
the same value as ipMcastRoutePkts from the IP Multicast MIB [13] [14]
for this forwarding entry.

Rtg Protocol: 16 bits
Same definition as in IPv4.

Multicast Rtg Protocol: 16 bits
Same definition as in IPv4.

MBZ 2: 15 bits
This field MUST be zeroed on transmission and ignored on
reception.

S: 1 bit
Same definition as in IPv4, except the Src Prefix Len field is
used to mask the source address.

Src Prefix Len: 8 bits
This field contains the prefix length this router has for the
source. If the router is forwarding solely on group state, this
field is set to 255 (0xff).

Forwarding Code: 8 bits
Same definition as in IPv4.

3.2.6. Mtrace2 Augmented Response Block

In addition to the Standard Response Block, a multicast router on the
traced path can optionally add one or multiple Augmented Response
Blocks before sending the Request to its upstream router.

The Augmented Response Block is flexible for various purposes such as
providing diagnosis information (see Section 7) and protocol
verification. Its Type field is 0x05, and its format is as follows:

MBZ: 8 bits
This field MUST be zeroed on transmission and ignored on
reception.

Augmented Response Type: 16 bits
This field specifies the type of various responses from a
multicast router that might need to communicate back to the
Mtrace2 client as well as the multicast routers on the traced
path.

The Augmented Response Type is defined as follows:

Code Type
====== ==============================================
0x0001 # of the returned Standard Response Blocks

When the NO_SPACE error occurs on a router, the router should send
the original Mtrace2 Request received from the downstream router
as a Reply back to the Mtrace2 client and continue with a new
Mtrace2 Request. In the new Request, the router adds a Standard
Response Block followed by an Augmented Response Block with 0x01
as the Augmented Response Type, and the number of the returned
Mtrace2 Standard Response Blocks as the Value.

Each upstream router recognizes the total number of hops the
Request has been traced so far by adding this number and the number of
the Standard Response Block in the current Request message.

This document only defines one Augmented Response Type in the
Augmented Response Block. The description on how to provide
diagnosis information using the Augmented Response Block is out of
the scope of this document, document and will be addressed in separate
documents.

Value: variable length
The format is based on the Augmented Response Type value. The
length of the value Value field is Length field minus 6.

3.2.7. Mtrace2 Extended Query Block

There may be a sequence of optional Extended Query Blocks that follow
an Mtrace2 Query to further specify any information needed for the
Query. For example, an Mtrace2 client might be interested in tracing
the path the specified source and group would take based on a certain
topology. In this case, the client can pass in the multi-topology ID
as the Value value for an Extended Query Type (see below). The Extended
Query Type is extensible extensible, and the behavior of the new types will be
addressed by separate documents.

The Mtrace2 Extended Query Block's Type field is 0x06, 0x06 and is
formatted as follows:

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | MBZ |T|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Extended Query Type | Value .... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
MBZ: 7 bits
This field MUST be zeroed on transmission and ignored on
reception.

T-bit (Transitive Attribute): 1 bit
If the TLV type Type is unrecognized by the receiving router, then this
TLV is either discarded or forwarded along with the Query,
depending on the value of this bit. If this bit is set, then the
router MUST forward this TLV. If this bit is clear, the router
MUST send an Mtrace2 Reply with an UNKNOWN_QUERY error.

Extended Query Type: 16 bits
This field specifies the type of the Extended Query Block.

Value: 16 bits
This field specifies the value of this Extended Query.

4. Router Behavior

This section describes the router behavior in the context of Mtrace2
in detail.

4.1. Receiving an Mtrace2 Query

An Mtrace2 Query message is an Mtrace2 message with no response
blocks filled in, in and uses a TLV type Type of 0x01.

4.1.1. Query Packet Verification

Upon receiving an Mtrace2 Query message, a router MUST examine
whether the Multicast Address and the Source Address are a valid
combination as specified in Section 3.2.1, and whether the Mtrace2
Client Address is a valid IP unicast address. If either one is
invalid, the Query MUST be silently ignored.

Mtrace2 supports a non-local client to the LHR/RP. A router MUST,
however, support a mechanism to drop Queries from clients beyond a
specified administrative boundary. The potential approaches are
described in Section 9.2.

In the case where a local LHR client is required, the router must
then examine the Query to see if it is the proper LHR/RP for the
destination address in the packet. It is the proper local LHR if it
has a multicast-capable interface on the same subnet as the Mtrace2
Client Address and is the router that would forward traffic from the
given (S,G) or (*,G) onto that subnet. It is the proper RP if the
multicast group address specified in the query Query is 0 and if the IP
header destination address is a valid RP address on this router.

If the router determines that it is not the proper LHR/RP, or it
cannot make that determination, it does one of two things depending
on whether the Query was received via multicast or unicast. If the
Query was received via multicast, then it MUST be silently discarded.
If it was received via unicast, the router turns the Query into a
Reply message by changing the TLV type Type to 0x03 and appending a
Standard Response Block with a Forwarding Code of WRONG_LAST_HOP.
The rest of the fields in the Standard Response Block MUST be zeroed.
The router then sends the Reply message to the Mtrace2 Client Address
on the Client Port # as specified in the Mtrace2 Query.

Duplicate Query messages as identified by the tuple (Mtrace2 Client
Address, Query ID) SHOULD be ignored. This MAY be implemented using
a cache of previously processed queries Queries keyed by the Mtrace2 Client
Address and Query ID pair. The duration of the cached entries is
implementation specific. Duplicate Request messages MUST NOT be
ignored in this manner.

4.1.2. Query Normal Processing

When a router receives an Mtrace2 Query and it determines that it is
the proper LHR/RP, it turns the Query to a Request by changing the
TLV type Type from 0x01 to 0x02, and it performs the steps listed in
Section 4.2.

4.2. Receiving an Mtrace2 Request

An Mtrace2 Request is an Mtrace2 message that uses the TLV type Type of
0x02. With the exception of the LHR, whose Request was just
converted from a Query, each Request received by a router should have
at least one Standard Response Block filled in.

4.2.1. Request Packet Verification

If the Mtrace2 Request does not come from an adjacent router, or if
the Request is not addressed to this router, or if the Request is
addressed to a multicast group which that is not a link-scoped group (i.e.,
224.0.0.0/24 for IPv4, IPv4 and FFx2::/16 [3] for IPv6), IPv6 [2]), it MUST be
silently ignored. The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism (GTSM) [14] [13]
SHOULD be used by the router to determine whether the router is
adjacent or not. Source verification specified in Section 9.2 is
also considered.

If the sum of the number of the Standard Response Blocks in the
received Mtrace2 Request and the value of the Augmented Response Type
of 0x01, if any, is equal or more than the # Hops in the Mtrace2
Request, it MUST be silently ignored.

4.2.2. Request Normal Processing

When a router receives an Mtrace2 Request message, it performs the
following steps. Note that it is possible to have multiple
situations covered by the Forwarding Codes. The first one
encountered is the one that is reported, i.e. i.e., all "note Forwarding
Code N" should be interpreted as "if Forwarding Code is not already
set, set Forwarding Code to N". Note that in the steps described
below
below, the "Outgoing Interface" is the one on which the Mtrace2
Request message arrives.

1. Prepare a Standard Response Block to be appended to the packet,
setting all fields to an initial default value of zero.

2. If Mtrace2 is administratively prohibited, note the Forwarding
Code of ADMIN_PROHIB and skip to step 4.

3. In the Standard Response Block, fill in the Query Arrival Time,
Outgoing Interface Address (for IPv4) or Outgoing Interface ID
(for IPv6), Output Packet Count, and Fwd TTL (for IPv4).

4. Attempt to determine the forwarding information for the
specified source and group, using the same mechanisms as would
be used when a packet is received from the source destined for
the group. A state need not be instantiated, it can be a
"phantom" state created only for the purpose of the trace, such
as "dry-run." "dry-run".

If using a shared-tree protocol and there is no source-specific
state, or if no source-specific information is desired (i.e.,
all 1's ones for IPv4 or an unspecified address (::) for IPv6),
group state should be used. If there is no group state or no group-
specific
group-specific information is desired, potential source state
(i.e., the path that would be followed for a source-specific Join)
"join") should be used.

5. If no forwarding information can be determined, the router notes
a Forwarding Code of NO_ROUTE, sets the remaining fields that
have not yet been filled in to zero, and then sends an Mtrace2
Reply back to the Mtrace2 client.

6. If a Forwarding Code of ADMIN_PROHIB has been set, skip to step
7. Otherwise, fill in the Incoming Interface Address (or
Incoming Interface ID and Local Address for IPv6), Upstream
Router Address (or Remote Address for IPv6), Input Packet Count,
Total Number of Packets, Routing Protocol, S, and Src Mask (or
Src Prefix Len for IPv6) using the forwarding information
determined in step 4.

7. If the Outgoing interface Interface is not enabled for multicast, note
Forwarding Code of NO_MULTICAST. If the Outgoing interface Interface is
the interface from which the router would expect data to arrive
from the source, note forwarding code Forwarding Code RPF_IF. If the Outgoing
interface
Interface is not one to which the router would forward data from
the source or RP to the group, a Forwarding code Code of WRONG_IF is
noted. In the above three cases, the router will return an
Mtrace2 Reply and terminate the trace.

8. If the group is subject to administrative scoping on either the
Outgoing or Incoming interfaces, Interfaces, a Forwarding Code of SCOPED is
noted.

9. If this router is the RP for the group for a non-source-specific
query,
Query, note a Forwarding Code of REACHED_RP. The router will
send an Mtrace2 Reply and terminate the trace.

10. If this router is directly connected to the specified source or
source network on the Incoming interface, Interface, it sets the Upstream
Router Address (for IPv4) or the Remote Address (for IPv6) of
the response block to zero. The router will send an Mtrace2
Reply and terminate the trace.

11. If this router has sent a prune upstream which that applies to the
source and group in the Mtrace2 Request, it notes a Forwarding
Code of PRUNE_SENT. If the router has stopped forwarding
downstream in response to a prune sent by the downstream router,
it notes a Forwarding Code of PRUNE_RCVD. If the router should
normally forward traffic downstream for this source and group
but is not, it notes a Forwarding Code of NOT_FORWARDING.

12. If this router is a gateway (e.g., a NAT or firewall) that hides
the information between this router and the Mtrace2 client, it
notes a Forwarding Code of REACHED_GW. The router continues the
processing as described in Section 4.5.

13. If the total number of the Standard Response Blocks, including
the newly prepared one, and the value of the Augmented Response
Type of 0x01, if any, is less than the # Hops in the Request,
the packet is then forwarded to the upstream router as described
in Section 4.3; otherwise, the packet is sent as an Mtrace2
Reply to the Mtrace2 client as described in Section 4.4.

4.3. Forwarding Mtrace2 Request

This section describes how an Mtrace2 Request should be forwarded.

4.3.1. Destination Address

If the upstream router for the Mtrace2 Request is known for this
request,
Request, the Mtrace2 Request is sent to that router. If the Incoming
interface
Interface is known but the upstream router is not, the Mtrace2
Request is sent to an appropriate multicast address on the Incoming
interface.
Interface. The multicast address SHOULD depend on the multicast
routing protocol in use, such as ALL-[protocol]-ROUTERS group. It
MUST be a link-scoped group (i.e., 224.0.0.0/24 for IPv4, FF02::/16 IPv4 and
FF02::/16 for IPv6), IPv6) and MUST NOT be the all-systems multicast group
(224.0.0.1) for IPv4 and All Nodes Address (FF02::1) for IPv6. It
MAY also be the all-routers multicast group (224.0.0.2) for IPv4 or
All Routers Address (FF02::2) for IPv6 if the routing protocol in use
does not define a more appropriate multicast address.

4.3.2. Source Address

An Mtrace2 Request should be sent with the address of the Incoming
interface.
Interface. However, if the Incoming interface Interface is unnumbered, the
router can use one of its numbered interface addresses as the source
address.

4.3.3. Appending Standard Response Block

An Mtrace2 Request MUST be sent upstream towards the source or the RP
after appending a Standard Response Block to the end of the received
Mtrace2 Request. The Standard Response Block includes the multicast
states and statistics information of the router described in
Section 3.2.4.

If appending the Standard Response Block would make the Mtrace2
Request packet longer than the MTU of the Incoming Interface, or, in
the case of IPv6, longer than 1280 bytes, the router MUST change the
Forwarding Code in the last Standard Response Block of the received
Mtrace2 Request into NO_SPACE. The router then turns the Request
into a Reply and sends the Reply as described in Section 4.4.

The router will continue with a new Request by copying from the old
Request
Request, excluding all the response blocks, followed by the
previously prepared Standard Response Block, Block and an Augmented Response
Block with 0x01 as the Augmented Response Type of 0x01 Type, and the number of the
returned Standard Response Blocks as the value. The new Request is then
forwarded upstream. Value.

4.4. Sending Mtrace2 Reply

An Mtrace2 Reply MUST be returned to the client by a router if any of
the following conditions occur:

1. The total number of the traced routers are equal to the # of hops Hops in
the request Request (including the one just added) plus the number of the
returned blocks, if any.

2. Appending the Standard Response Block would make the Mtrace2
Request packet longer than the MTU of the Incoming interface. Interface.
(In case of IPv6 IPv6, not more than 1280 bytes; see Section 4.3.3 for
additional details on the handling of this case.)

3. The request Request has reached the RP for a non source specific query non-source-specific Query or
has reached the first hop first-hop router for a source specific query source-specific Query (see
Section 4.2.2, items 9 and 10 10, for additional details).

4.4.1. Destination Address

An Mtrace2 Reply MUST be sent to the address specified in the Mtrace2
Client Address field in the Mtrace2 Request.

4.4.2. Source Address

An Mtrace2 Reply SHOULD be sent with the address of the router's
Outgoing interface. Interface. However, if the Outgoing interface Interface address is
unnumbered, the router can use one of its numbered interface
addresses as the source address.

4.4.3. Appending Standard Response Block

An Mtrace2 Reply MUST be sent with the prepared Standard Response
Block appended at the end of the received Mtrace2 Request except in
the case of NO_SPACE forwarding code. Forwarding Code.

4.5. Proxying Mtrace2 Query

When a gateway (e.g., a NAT or firewall), which needs to block
unicast packets to the Mtrace2 client, or hide information between
the gateway and the Mtrace2 client, receives an Mtrace2 Query from an
adjacent host or Mtrace2 Request from an adjacent router, it appends
a Standard Response Block with REACHED_GW as the Forwarding Code. It
turns the Query or Request into a Reply, Reply and sends the Reply back to
the client.

At the same time, the gateway originates a new Mtrace2 Query message
by copying the original Mtrace2 header (the Query or Request without
any of the response blocks), blocks) and makes making the changes as follows: following changes:

o sets setting the RPF interface's address as the Mtrace2 Client Address;

o uses using its own port number as the Client Port #; and,
o decreases decreasing # Hops by ((number of the Standard Response Blocks that
were just returned in a Reply) - 1). The "-1" "- 1" in this expression
accounts for the additional Standard Response Block appended by
the gateway router.

The new Mtrace2 Query message is then sent to the upstream router or
to an appropriate multicast address on the RPF interface.

When the gateway receives an Mtrace2 Reply whose Query ID matches the
one in the original Mtrace2 header, it MUST relay the Mtrace2 Reply
back to the Mtrace2 client by replacing the Reply's header with the
original Mtrace2 header. If the gateway does not receive the
corresponding Mtrace2 Reply within the [Mtrace Reply Timeout] period
(see Section 5.8.4), then it silently discards the original Mtrace2
Query or Request message, message and terminates the trace.

4.6. Hiding Information

Information about a domain's topology and connectivity may be hidden
from the Mtrace2 Requests. The Forwarding Code of INFO_HIDDEN may be
used to note that. For example, the incoming interface Incoming Interface address and
packet count on the ingress router of a domain, and the outgoing
interface Outgoing
Interface address and packet count on the egress router of the domain
domain, can be specified as all 1's. ones. Additionally, the source-group
packet count (see Section Sections 3.2.4 and Section 3.2.5) within the domain may be
all 1's ones if it is hidden.

5. Client Behavior

This section describes the behavior of an Mtrace2 client in detail.

5.1. Sending Mtrace2 Query

An Mtrace2 client initiates an Mtrace2 Query by sending the Query to
the LHR of interest.

5.1.1. Destination Address

If an Mtrace2 client knows the proper LHR, it unicasts an Mtrace2
Query packet to that router; otherwise, it MAY send the Mtrace2 Query
packet to the all-routers multicast group (224.0.0.2) for IPv4 or All
Routers Address (FF02::2) for IPv6. This will ensure that the packet
is received by the LHR on the subnet.

See also Section 5.4 on determining the LHR.

5.1.2. Source Address

An Mtrace2 Query MUST be sent with the client's interface address,
which is the Mtrace2 Client Address.

5.2. Determining the Path

An Mtrace2 client could send an initial Query messages message with a large #
Hops, in order to try to trace the full path. If this attempt fails,
one strategy is to perform a linear search (as the traditional
unicast traceroute program does); set the # Hops field to 1 and try
to get a Reply, then 2, and so on. If no Reply is received at a
certain hop, this hop is identified as the probable cause of
forwarding failures on the path. Nevertheless, the sender may
attempt to continue tracing past the non-responding hop by further
increasing the hop count in the hopes hope that further hops may respond.
Each of these attempts MUST NOT be initiated before the previous
attempt has terminated either because of successful reception of a
Reply or because the [Mtrace Reply Timeout] timeout has occurred.

See also Section 5.6 on receiving the results of a trace.

5.3. Collecting Statistics

After a client has determined that it has traced the whole path or as
much as it can expect to (see Section 5.8), it might collect
statistics by waiting a short time and performing a second trace. If
the path is the same in the two traces, statistics can be displayed
as described in Section Sections 7.3 and Section 7.4.

5.4. Last Hop Last-Hop Router (LHR)

The Mtrace2 client may not know which is the last-hop router, or that
router may be behind a firewall that blocks unicast packets but
passes multicast packets. In these cases, the Mtrace2 Request should
be multicasted to the all-routers multicast group (224.0.0.2) for
IPv4 or All Routers Address (FF02::2) for IPv6. All routers except
the correct last-hop router SHOULD ignore any Mtrace2 Request
received via multicast.

5.5. First Hop First-Hop Router (FHR)

The IANA assigned 224.0.1.32 as the default multicast group for old
IPv4 mtrace (v1) responses, in order to support mtrace clients that
are not unicast reachable from the first-hop router. Mtrace2,
however, does not require any IPv4/IPv6 multicast addresses for the
Mtrace2 Replies. Every Mtrace2 Reply is sent to the unicast address
specified in the Mtrace2 Client Address field of the Mtrace2 Reply.

5.6. Broken Intermediate Router

A broken intermediate router might simply not understand Mtrace2
packets,
packets and drop them. The Mtrace2 client will get no Reply at all
as a result. It should then perform a hop-by-hop search by setting
the # Hops field until it gets an Mtrace2 Reply. The client may use
linear or binary search; however, the latter is likely to be slower
because a failure requires waiting for the [Mtrace Reply Timeout]
period.

5.7. Non-Supported Non-supported Router

When a non-supported router receives an Mtrace2 Query or Request
message whose destination address is a multicast address, the router
will silently discard the message.

When the router receives an Mtrace2 Query which that is destined to itself,
the router returns an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) port
unreachable to the Mtrace2 client. On the other hand, when the
router receives an Mtrace2 Request which that is destined to itself, the
router returns an ICMP port unreachable to its adjacent router from
which the Request receives. Therefore, the Mtrace2 client needs to
terminate the trace when the [Mtrace Reply Timeout] timeout has
occurred, and it may then issue another Query with a lower number of
# Hops.

5.8. Mtrace2 Termination

When performing an expanding hop-by-hop trace, it is necessary to
determine when to stop expanding.

5.8.1. Arriving at Source

A trace can be determined to have arrived at the source if the
Incoming Interface of the last router in the trace is non-zero, but
the Upstream Router upstream router is zero.

5.8.2. Fatal Error

A trace has encountered a fatal error if the last Forwarding Error in
the trace has the 0x80 bit set.

5.8.3. No Upstream Router

A trace cannot continue if the last Upstream Router upstream router in the trace is
set to 0.

5.8.4. Reply Timeout

This document defines the [Mtrace Reply Timeout] value, which is used
to time out an Mtrace2 Reply as seen in Section Sections 4.5, Section 5.2, and
Section 5.7.
The default [Mtrace Reply Timeout] value is 10
(seconds), (seconds) and can be
manually changed on the Mtrace2 client and routers.

5.9. Continuing after an Error

When the NO_SPACE error occurs, as described in Section 4.2, a router
will send back an Mtrace2 Reply to the Mtrace2 client, client and continue
with a new Request (see Section 4.3.3). In this case, the Mtrace2
client may receive multiple Mtrace2 Replies from different routers
along the path. When this happens, the client MUST treat them as a
single Mtrace2 Reply message by collating the augmented response
blocks Augmented Response
Blocks of subsequent Replies sharing the same query Query ID, sequencing
each cluster of augmented response blocks Augmented Response Blocks based on the order in which
they are received.

If a trace times out, it is very likely that a router in the middle
of the path does not support Mtrace2. That router's address will be
in the Upstream Router field of the last Standard Response Block in
the last received Reply. A client may be able to determine (via
mrinfo or the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) [11][13]) a list of
neighbors of the non-responding router. router (e.g., by using the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP) [12] [14]). The neighbors
obtained in this way could then be probed (via the multicast MIB
[13])
[14]) to determine which one is the upstream neighbor (i.e., Reverse
Path Forwarding (RPF) an RPF
neighbor) of the non-responding router. This algorithm can identify
the upstream neighbor because, even though there may be multiple
neighbors, the non-responding router should only have sent a "join"
to the one neighbor corresponding to its selected RPF path. Because
of this, only the RPF neighbor should contain the non-responding
router as a multicast next hop in its MIB output list for the
affected multicast route.

6. Protocol-Specific Considerations

This section describes the Mtrace2 behavior with the presence of
different multicast protocols.

6.1. PIM-SM

When an Mtrace2 reaches a PIM-SM RP, and the RP does not forward the
trace on, it means that the RP has not performed a source-specific
join
join, so there is no more state to trace. However, the path that
traffic would use if the RP did perform a source-specific join can be
traced by setting the trace destination to the RP, the trace source
to the traffic source, and the trace group to 0. This Mtrace2 Query
may be unicasted to the RP, and the RP takes the same actions as an
LHR.

6.2. Bi-Directional Bidirectional PIM

Bi-directional

Bidirectional PIM [6] [4] is a variant of PIM-SM that builds bi-
directional
bidirectional shared trees connecting that connect multicast sources and
receivers. Along the bi-directional bidirectional shared trees, multicast data is
natively forwarded from the sources to the Rendezvous Point Link
(RPL), and from which, to receivers without requiring source-specific
state. In contrast to PIM-SM, Bi-directional Bidirectional PIM always has the state
to trace.

A Designated Forwarder (DF) for a given Rendezvous Point Address
(RPA) is in charge of forwarding downstream traffic onto its link, link and
forwarding upstream traffic from its link towards the RPL that the
RPA belongs to. Hence Hence, Mtrace2 Reply reports DF addresses or RPA
along the path.

6.3. PIM-DM

Routers running PIM - Dense Mode [15] (PIM-DM) [11] do not know the path
packets would take unless traffic is flowing. Without some extra
protocol mechanism, this means that in an environment with multiple
possible paths with branch points on shared media, Mtrace2 can only
trace existing paths, not potential paths. When there are multiple
possible paths but the branch points are not on shared media, the
upstream router is known, but the LHR may not know that it is the
appropriate last hop.

When traffic is flowing, PIM Dense Mode PIM-DM routers know whether or not they are
the LHR for the link (because they won or lost an Assert battle) and
know who the upstream router is (because it won an Assert battle).
Therefore, Mtrace2 is always able to follow the proper path when
traffic is flowing.

6.4. IGMP/MLD Proxy

When an IGMP or Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Proxy [7] [3] receives
an Mtrace2 Query packet on an incoming interface, Incoming Interface, it notes a WRONG_IF
in the Forwarding Code of the last Standard Response Block (see
Section 3.2.4), 3.2.4) and sends the Mtrace2 Reply back to the Mtrace2
client. On the other hand, when an Mtrace2 Query packet reaches an
outgoing interface
Outgoing Interface of the IGMP/MLD proxy, it is forwarded onto its
incoming interface
Incoming Interface towards the upstream router.

7. Problem Diagnosis

This section describes different scenarios in which Mtrace2 can be
used to diagnose the multicast problems.

7.1. Forwarding Inconsistencies

The Forwarding Error code can tell if a group is unexpectedly pruned
or administratively scoped.

7.2. TTL or Hop Limit Hop-Limit Problems

By taking the maximum of hops from the source and forwarding the TTL
threshold over all hops, it is possible to discover the TTL or hop
limit required for the source to reach the destination.

7.3. Packet Loss

By taking multiple traces, it is possible to find packet loss packet-loss
information by tracking the difference between the output packet
count for the specified source-group address pair at a given upstream
router and the input packet count on the next hop next-hop downstream router.
On a point-to-point link, any steadily increasing difference in these
counts implies packet loss. Although the packet counts will differ
due to Mtrace2 Request propagation delay, the difference should
remain essentially constant (except for jitter caused by differences
in propagation time among the trace iterations). However, this
difference will display a steady increase if packet loss is
occurring. On a shared link, the count of input packets can be
larger than the number of output packets at the previous hop, due to
other routers or hosts on the link injecting packets. This appears
as "negative loss" loss", which may mask real packet loss.

In addition to the counts of input and output packets for all
multicast traffic on the interfaces, the Standard Response Block
includes a count of the packets forwarded by a node for the specified
source-group pair. Taking the difference in this count between two
traces and then comparing those differences between two hops gives a
measure of packet loss just for traffic from the specified source to
the specified receiver via the specified group. This measure is not
affected by shared links.

On a point-to-point link that is a multicast tunnel, packet loss is
usually due to congestion in unicast routers along the path of that
tunnel. On native multicast links, loss is more likely in the output
queue of one hop, perhaps due to priority dropping, or in the input
queue at the next hop. The counters in the Standard Response Block
do not allow these cases to be distinguished. Differences in packet
counts between the incoming Incoming and outgoing interfaces Outgoing Interfaces on one node
cannot generally be used to measure queue overflow in the node.

7.4. Link Utilization

Again, with two traces, you can divide the difference in the input or
output packet counts at some hop by the difference in time stamps timestamps from
the same hop to obtain the packet rate over the link. If the average
packet size is known, then the link utilization can also be estimated
to see whether packet loss may be due to the rate limit or the
physical capacity on a particular link being exceeded.

7.5. Time Delay

If the routers have synchronized clocks, it is possible to estimate
propagation and queuing delay from the differences between the
timestamps at successive hops. However, this delay includes control
processing overhead, so is not necessarily indicative of the delay
that data traffic would experience.

8. IANA Considerations

The following new registries are to be have been created and are maintained under
the "Specification Required" registry policy as specified in [4]. [6].

8.1. "Mtrace2 Forwarding Codes" Registry

This is an integer registry holds integers in the range 0-255. Assignment of a
Forwarding Code requires specification of a value and a name for the
Forwarding Code. Initial values for the forwarding codes Forwarding Codes are given
in the table at the end of Section 3.2.4. Additional values
(specific to IPv6) may also be specified at the end of Section 3.2.5.
Any additions to this registry are required to fully describe the
conditions under which the new Forwarding Code is used.

8.2. "Mtrace2 TLV Types" Registry

Assignment of a TLV Type requires specification of an integer value
"Code" in the range 0-255 and a name ("Type"). Initial values for
the TLV Types are given in the table at the beginning of Section 3.2.

8.3. UDP Destination Port

IANA has assigned UDP user port 33435 (mtrace) for use by this
protocol as the Mtrace2 UDP destination port.

9. Security Considerations

This section addresses some of the security considerations related to
Mtrace2.

9.1. Addresses in Mtrace2 Header

An Mtrace2 header includes three addresses, addresses: a source address, a
multicast address, and an Mtrace2 client address. Client Address. These addresses
MUST be congruent with the definition defined in Section 3.2.1 3.2.1, and
forwarding Mtrace2 messages having that have invalid addresses MUST be
prohibited. For instance, if the Mtrace2 Client Address specified in
an Mtrace2 header is a multicast address, then a router that receives
the Mtrace2 message MUST silently discard it.

9.2. Verification of Clients and Peers

A router providing Mtrace2 functionality MUST support a source source-
verification mechanism to drop Queries from clients and Requests from
peer router or client addresses that are unauthorized or that are
beyond a specified administrative boundary. This verification could,
for example, be specified via a list of allowed/disallowed client clients
and peer addresses or subnets for a given Mtrace2 message type sent
to the Mtrace2 protocol port. If a Query or Request is received from
an unauthorized address or one beyond the specified administrative
boundary, the Query/Request MUST NOT be processed. The router MAY,
however, perform rate limited rate-limited logging of such events.

The required use of source verification on the participating routers
minimizes the possible methods for introduction of spoofed Query/
Request packets that would otherwise enable DoS amplification attacks
targeting an authorized "query" host. The source verification
mechanisms provide this protection by allowing Query messages from an
authorized host address to be received only by the router(s)
connected to that host, host and only on the interface to which that host
is attached. For protection against spoofed Request messages, the
source verification
source-verification mechanisms allow Request messages only from a
directly connected routing peer and allow these messages to be
received only on the interface to which that peer is attached.

Note that the following vulnerabilities cannot be covered by the
source verification methods described here. These methods can,
nevertheless, prevent attacks launched from outside the boundaries of
a given network as well as from any hosts within the network that are
not on the same LAN as an intended authorized query client.

o A server/router "B" other than the server/router "A" that actually
"owns" a given IP address could, if it is connected to the same
LAN, send an Mtrace2 Query or Request with the source address set
to the address for server/router "A". This is not a significant
threat, however, if only trusted servers and routers are connected
to that LAN.

o A malicious application running on a trusted server or router
could send packets that might cause an amplification problem. It
is beyond the scope of this document to protect against a DoS
attack launched from the same host that is the target of the
attack or from another "on path" host, but this is not a likely
threat scenario. In addition, routers on the path MAY rate-limit
the packets as specified in Section Sections 9.5 and Section 9.6.

9.3. Topology Discovery

Mtrace2 can be used to discover any actively-used actively used topology. If your
network topology is a secret, Mtrace2 may be restricted at the border
of your domain, using the ADMIN_PROHIB forwarding code. Forwarding Code.

9.4. Characteristics of Multicast Channel

Mtrace2 can be used to discover what sources are sending to what
groups and at what rates. If this information is a secret, Mtrace2
may be restricted at the border of your domain, using the
ADMIN_PROHIB forwarding code. Forwarding Code.

9.5. Limiting Query/Request Rates

A router may limit Mtrace2 Queries and Requests by ignoring some of
the consecutive messages. The router MAY randomly ignore the
received messages to minimize the processing overhead, i.e., to keep
fairness in processing queries, Queries or prevent traffic amplification. The
rate limit is left to the router's implementation.

9.6. Limiting Reply Rates

The proxying and NO_SPACE behaviors may result in one Query returning
multiple Reply messages. In order to prevent abuse, the routers in
the traced path MAY need to rate-limit the Replies. The rate limit rate-limit
function is left to the router's implementation.

9.7. Specific Security Concerns

9.7.1. Request and Response Bombardment

A malicious sender could generate invalid and undesirable Mtrace2
traffic to hosts and/or routers on a network by eliciting responses
to spoofed or multicast client addresses. This could be done via
forged or multicast client/source addresses in Mtrace2 Query or
Request messages. The recommended protections against this type of
attack are described in Section Sections 9.1, Section 9.2, Section 9.5, and
Section 9.6.

9.7.2. Amplification Attack

Because an Mtrace2 Query results in Mtrace2 Request and Mtrace2 Reply
messages that are larger than the original message, the potential
exists for an amplification attack from a malicious sender. This
threat is minimized by restricting the set of addresses from which
Mtrace2 messages can be received on a given router as specified in
Section 9.2.

In addition, for a router running a PIM protocol (PIM-SM, PIM-DM, PIM
- Source-Specific Multicast, Multicast (PIM-SSM), or Bi-Directional Bidirectional PIM), the
router SHOULD drop any Mtrace2 Request or Reply message that is
received from an IP address that does not correspond to an
authenticated PIM neighbor on the interface from which the packet is
received. The intent of this text is to prevent non-router endpoints
from injecting Request messages. Implementations of non-PIM
protocols SHOULD employ some other mechanism to prevent this attack.

9.7.3. Leaking of Confidential Topology Details

Mtrace2 Queries are a potential mechanism for obtaining confidential
topology information for a targeted network. Section Sections 9.2 and
Section 9.4
describe required and optional methods for ensuring that information
delivered with Mtrace2 messages is not disseminated to unauthorized
hosts.

9.7.4. Delivery of False Information (Forged Reply Messages)

Forged Reply messages could potentially provide a host with invalid
or incorrect topology information. They could also provide invalid
or incorrect information regarding multicast traffic statistics,
multicast stream propagation delay between hops, multicast and
unicast protocols in use between hops and other information used for
analyzing multicast traffic patterns patterns, and for troubleshooting multicast
traffic problems. This threat is mitigated by the following factors:

o The required source verification of permissible source addresses
specified in Section 9.2 eliminates the origination of forged
Replies from addresses that have not been authorized to send
Mtrace2 messages to routers on a given network. This mechanism
can block forged Reply messages sent from any "off path" source.

o To forge a Reply, the sender would need to somehow know (or guess)
the associated two byte 2-byte Query ID for an extant Query and the
dynamically allocated source port number. Because "off path"
sources can be blocked by a source verification mechanism, the
scope of this threat is limited to "on path" attackers.

o The required use of source verification (Section 9.2) and
recommended use of PIM neighbor authentication (Section 9.7.2) for
messages that are only valid when sent by a multicast routing peer
(Request and Reply messages) eliminate the possibility of
reception of a forged Reply from an authorized host address that
does not belong to a multicast peer router.

o The use of encryption between the source of a Query and the
endpoint of the trace would provide a method to protect the values
of the Query ID and the dynamically allocated client (source) port
(see Section 3.2.1). These are the values needed to create a
forged Reply message that would pass validity checks at the
querying client. This type of cryptographic protection is not
practical, however, because the primary reason for executing an
Mtrace2 is that the destination endpoint (and path to that
endpoint) are not known by the querying client. While it is not
practical to provide cryptographic protection between a client and
the Mtrace2 endpoints (destinations), it may be possible to
prevent forged responses from "off path" nodes attached to any
Mtrace2 transit LAN by devising a scheme to encrypt the critical
portions of an Mtrace2 message between each valid sender/receiver
pair at each hop to be used for multicast/mtrace multicast/Mtrace2 transit. The
use of encryption protection between nodes is, however, out of the
scope of this document.

11.

10. References

11.1.

10.1. Normative References

[1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate
requirement levels", Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997. 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[2] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 8200, July 2017.

[3] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
Architecture", RFC 4291, DOI 10.17487/RFC4291, February 2006.
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4291>.

[3] Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, B., and H. Sandick,
"Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", RFC 4605, DOI 10.17487/RFC4605,
August 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4605>.

[4] Cotton, Handley, M., Leiba, B., Kouvelas, I., Speakman, T., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", L. Vicisano,
"Bidirectional Protocol Independent Multicast (BIDIR-
PIM)", RFC 8126,
June 2017. 5015, DOI 10.17487/RFC5015, October 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5015>.

[5] Fenner, B., Handley, M., Holbrook, H., Kouvelas, I.,
Parekh, R., Zhang, Z., and L. Zheng, "Protocol Independent
Multicast - Sparse Mode (PIM-SM): Protocol Specification
(Revised)", STD 83, RFC 7761, DOI 10.17487/RFC7761, March 2016.
2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7761>.

[6] Handley, Cotton, M., Kouvelas, I., Speakman, T., Leiba, B., and L. Vicisano,
"Bidirectional Protocol Independent Multicast (BIDIR-
PIM)", T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 5015, October 2007. 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

[7] Fenner, B., He, H., Haberman, Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

[8] Deering, S. and H. Sandick, R. Hinden, "Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) / Multicast
Listener Discovery (MLD)-Based Multicast Forwarding
("IGMP/MLD Proxying")", Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 4605, August 2006.

11.2. 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

10.2. Informative References

[8]

[9] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group
MIB", RFC 2863, DOI 10.17487/RFC2863, June 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2863>.

[10] Cain, B., Deering, S., Kouvelas, I., Fenner, B., and A.
Thyagarajan, "Internet Group Management Protocol, Version
3", RFC 3376, DOI 10.17487/RFC3376, October 2002.

[9] Bumgardner, G., "Automatic Multicast Tunneling", RFC 7450,
February 2015.

[10] Rosen, E. 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3376>.

[11] Adams, A., Nicholas, J., and R. Aggarwal, "Multicast in MPLS/BGP IP
VPNs", W. Siadak, "Protocol
Independent Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM): Protocol
Specification (Revised)", RFC 6513, February 2012.

[11] 3973, DOI 10.17487/RFC3973,
January 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3973>.

[12] Draves, R. and D. Thaler, "Default Router Preferences and
More-Specific Routes", RFC 4191, DOI 10.17487/RFC4191,
November 2005.

[12] McCloghrie, K. and F. Kastenholz, "The Interfaces Group
MIB", RFC 2863, June 2000. 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4191>.

[13] McWalter, D., Thaler, D., and A. Kessler, "IP Multicast
MIB", RFC 5132, December 2007.

[14] Gill, V., Heasley, J., Meyer, D., Savola, P., Ed., and C.
Pignataro, "The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism
(GTSM)", RFC 5082, DOI 10.17487/RFC5082, October 2007. 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5082>.

[14] McWalter, D., Thaler, D., and A. Kessler, "IP Multicast
MIB", RFC 5132, DOI 10.17487/RFC5132, December 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5132>.

[15] Adams, A., Nicholas, J., Rosen, E., Ed. and W. Siadak, "Protocol
Independent R. Aggarwal, Ed., "Multicast in MPLS/
BGP IP VPNs", RFC 6513, DOI 10.17487/RFC6513, February
2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6513>.

[16] Bumgardner, G., "Automatic Multicast - Dense Mode (PIM-DM): Protocol
Specification (Revised)", Tunneling", RFC 3973, January 2005.

10. 7450,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7450, February 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7450>.

Acknowledgements

This specification started largely as a transcription of Van
Jacobson's slides from the 30th IETF, IETF meeting and the implementation
in mrouted 3.3 by Ajit Thyagarajan. Van's original slides credit
Steve Casner, Steve Deering, Dino Farinacci Farinacci, and Deb Agrawal. The
original multicast traceroute client, mtrace (version 1), has been
implemented by Ajit Thyagarajan, Steve Casner Casner, and Bill Fenner. The
idea of the
"S" S bit to allow statistics for a source subnet is due to
Tom Pusateri.

For the Mtrace version 2 specification, the authors would like to
give special thanks to Tatsuya Jinmei, Bill Fenner, and Steve Casner.
Also, extensive comments were received from David L. Black, Ronald
Bonica, Yiqun Cai, Liu Hui, Bharat Joshi, Robert Kebler, John
Kristoff, Mankamana Mishra, Heidi Ou, Eric Rescorla, Pekka Savola,
Shinsuke Suzuki, Dave Thaler, Achmad Husni Thamrin, Stig Venaas, Cao
Wei, and the Mboned working group MBONED Working Group members.

Authors' Addresses

Hitoshi Asaeda
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology
4-2-1 Nukui-Kitamachi
Koganei, Tokyo 184-8795
Japan

Email: asaeda@nict.go.jp
Kerry Meyer
Dell EMC
176 South Street
Hopkinton, MA 01748
United States

Email: kerry.meyer@me.com

WeeSan Lee (editor)

Email: weesan@weesan.com