IS-IS for IP Internets
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) L. Ginsberg
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8706 P. Wells
Obsoletes: 5306 (if approved) Cisco Systems, Inc.
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track September 19, 2019
Expires: March 22, February 2020
ISSN: 2070-1721
Restart Signaling for IS-IS
draft-ietf-lsr-isis-rfc5306bis-09
Abstract
This document describes a mechanism for a restarting router to signal
to its neighbors that it is restarting, allowing them to reestablish
their adjacencies without cycling through the down state, DOWN state while still
correctly initiating database synchronization.
This document additionally describes a mechanism for a router to
signal its neighbors that it is preparing to initiate a restart while
maintaining forwarding plane forwarding-plane state. This allows the neighbors to
maintain their adjacencies until the router has restarted, restarted but also
allows the neighbors to bring the adjacencies down in the event of
other topology changes.
This document additionally describes a mechanism for a restarting
router to determine when it has achieved Link State Protocol Data
Unit (LSP) database synchronization with its neighbors and a
mechanism to optimize LSP database synchronization, synchronization while minimizing
transient routing disruption when a router starts.
This document obsoletes RFC 5306.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on March 22, 2020.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8706.
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Table of Contents
1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Requirements Language
3. Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Restart TLV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.1. Use of RR and RA Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2.2. Use of the SA Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2.3. Use of PR and PA Bits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3. Adjacency (Re)Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3.1. Adjacency Reacquisition during Restart . . . . . . . 11
3.3.2. Adjacency Acquisition during Start . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3.3. Multiple Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4. Database Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4.1. LSP Generation and Flooding and SPF Computation . . . 16
4. State Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1. Running Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2. Restarting Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3. Starting Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7. Manageability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
8. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
9. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Appendix A. Summary of Changes from RFC 5306 . . . . . . . . . . 25
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1. Overview
The Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) routing
protocol [RFC1195] [ISO10589] is a link state intra-domain routing
protocol. Normally, when an IS-IS router is restarted, temporary
disruption of routing occurs due to events in both the restarting
router and the neighbors of the restarting router.
The router that has been restarted computes its own routes before
achieving database synchronization with its neighbors. The results
of this computation are likely to be non-convergent with the routes
computed by other routers in the area/domain.
Neighbors of the restarting router detect the restart event and cycle
their adjacencies with the restarting router through the down DOWN state.
The cycling of the adjacency state causes the neighbors to regenerate
their LSPs describing the adjacency concerned. This in turn causes a
temporary disruption of routes passing through the restarting router.
In certain scenarios, the temporary disruption of the routes is
highly undesirable. This document describes mechanisms to avoid or
minimize the disruption due to both of these causes.
When an adjacency is reinitialized as a result of a neighbor
restarting, a router does three things:
1. It causes its own LSP(s) to be regenerated, thus triggering SPF
Shortest Path First (SPF) runs throughout the area (or in the
case of Level 2, throughout the domain).
2. It sets SRMflags on its own LSP database on the adjacency
concerned.
3. In the case of a Point-to-Point link, it transmits a complete set
of Complete Sequence Number PDUs (CSNPs), over the adjacency.
In the case of a restarting router process, the first of these is
highly undesirable, but the second is essential in order to ensure
synchronization of the LSP database.
The third action above minimizes the number of LSPs that must be
exchanged and, if made reliable, provides a means of determining when
the LSP databases of the neighboring routers have been synchronized.
This is desirable whether or not the router is being restarted (so
that the overload bit can be cleared in the router's own LSP, for
example).
This document describes a mechanism for a restarting router to signal
to its neighbors that it is restarting. The mechanism further allows
the neighbors to reestablish their adjacencies with the restarting
router without cycling through the down state, DOWN state while still correctly
initiating database synchronization.
This document additionally describes a mechanism for a restarting
router to determine when it has achieved LSP database synchronization
with its neighbors and a mechanism to optimize LSP database
synchronization and minimize transient routing disruption when a
router starts.
It is assumed that the three-way handshake [RFC5303] is being used on
Point-to-Point circuits.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
If the control and forwarding functions in a router can be maintained
independently, it is possible for the forwarding function state to be
maintained across a resumption of control function operations. This
functionality is assumed when the terms "restart/restarting" are used
in this document.
The terms "start/starting" are used to refer to a router in which the
control function has either commenced operations for the first time
or has resumed operations, but the forwarding functions have not been
maintained in a prior state.
The terms "(re)start/(re)starting" are used when the text is
applicable to both a "starting" and a "restarting" router.
The terms "normal IIH" or "IIH normal" refer to IS-IS Hellos (IIHs)
in which the Restart TLV (defined later in this document) has no
flags set.
2.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Approach
3.1. Timers
Three additional timers, T1, timers (T1, T2, and T3, T3) are required to support the
mechanisms defined in this document. Timers T1 and T2 are used both
by a restarting router and a starting router. Timer T3 is used only
by a restarting router.
NOTE: These timers are NOT applicable to a router which that is preparing
to do a planned restart.
An instance of the timer T1 is maintained per interface, interface and indicates
the time after which an unacknowledged (re)start attempt will be
repeated. A typical value is 3 seconds.
An instance of the timer T2 is maintained for each LSP database
(LSPDB) present in the system. For example, for a Level 1/2 system,
there will be an instance of the timer T2 for Level 1 and an instance
for Level 2. This is the maximum time that the system will wait for
LSPDB synchronization. A typical value is 60 seconds.
A single instance of the timer T3 is maintained for the entire
system. It indicates the time after which the router will declare
that it has failed to achieve database synchronization (by setting
the overload bit in its own LSP). This is initialized to 65535
seconds,
seconds but is set to the minimum of the remaining times of received
IIHs containing a restart Restart TLV with the Restart Acknowledgement (RA)
set and an indication that the neighbor has an adjacency in the "UP" UP
state to the restarting router. (See item a in Section 3.2.1a.) 3.2.1.)
3.2. Restart TLV
A new TLV is defined to be included in IIH PDUs. The TLV includes
flags that are used to convey information during a (re)start. The
absence of this TLV indicates that the sender supports none of the
functionality defined in this document. Therefore, if a router
supports any of the functionality defined in this document it MUST
include this TLV in all transmitted IIHs.
Type
Type:
211
Length:
Number of octets in the Value field (1 to (3 + ID Length))
Value
Value:
No. of octets
+-----------------------+
| Flags | 1
+-----------------------+
| Remaining Time | 2
+-----------------------+
| Restarting Neighbor ID| ID Length
+-----------------------+
Flags (1 octet)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
|Reserved|PA|PR|SA|RA|RR|
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
RR - Restart Request
RA - Restart Acknowledgement
SA - Suppress adjacency advertisement
PR - Restart is planned
PA - Planned restart acknowledgement
Remaining Time (2 octets)
Remaining holding time Holding Time (in seconds).
Required when the RA, PR, or PA bit is set. Otherwise Otherwise, this
field SHOULD be omitted when sent and MUST be ignored when
received.
Restarting Neighbor System ID (ID Length octets)
The System ID of the neighbor to which an RA/PA refers.
Required when the RA or PA bit is set. Otherwise Otherwise, this field
SHOULD be omitted when sent and MUST be ignored when received.
Note: Very early draft versions of the restart functionality
did not include the Restarting Neighbor System ID in the TLV.
RFC 5306 allowed for the possibility of interoperating with
legacy implementations by stating that a router that is
expecting an RA on a LAN circuit should assume that the
acknowledgement is directed at the local system if the TLV is
received with RA set and Restarting Neighbor System ID is not
present. It is an implementation choice whether to continue to
accept (on a LAN) a TLV with RA set and Restarting Neighbor
System ID absent. Note that the omission of the Restarting
Neighbor System ID only introduces ambiguity in the case where
there are multiple systems on a LAN simultaneously performing
restart.
The RR and SA flags may both be set in the TLV under the conditions
described in Section 3.3.2. All other combinations where multiple
flags are set are invalid and MUST NOT be transmitted. Received TLVs
which
that have invalid flag combinations set MUST be ignored.
3.2.1. Use of RR and RA Bits
The RR bit is used by a (re)starting router to signal to its
neighbors that a (re)start is in progress, that an existing adjacency
SHOULD be maintained even under circumstances when the normal
operation of the adjacency state machine would require the adjacency
to be reinitialized, to request a set of CSNPs, and to request
setting of the SRMflags.
The RA bit is sent by the neighbor of a (re)starting router to
acknowledge the receipt of a restart Restart TLV with the RR bit set.
When the neighbor of a (re)starting router receives an IIH with the
restart
Restart TLV having the RR bit set, if there exists on this interface
an adjacency in the UP state "UP" with the same System ID, and ID and, in the case
of a LAN circuit, with the same source LAN address, then, then irrespective
of the other contents of the "Intermediate System Neighbors" option
(LAN circuits) or the "Point-to-Point Three-Way Adjacency" option
(Point-to-Point circuits):
a. the state of the adjacency is not changed. If this is the first
IIH with the RR bit set that this system has received associated
with this adjacency, then the adjacency is marked as being in
"Restart mode" and the adjacency holding time Holding Time is refreshed --
otherwise, the holding time Holding Time is not refreshed. The "remaining
time" Remaining Time
transmitted according to (b) below MUST reflect the actual time
after which the adjacency will now expire. Receipt of an IIH
with the RR bit reset will clear the "Restart mode" state. This
procedure allows the restarting router to cause the neighbor to
maintain the adjacency long enough for restart to successfully
complete,
complete while also preventing repetitive restarts from
maintaining an adjacency indefinitely. Whether or not an
adjacency is marked as being in "Restart mode" has no effect on
adjacency state transitions.
b. immediately (i.e., without waiting for any currently running
timer interval to expire, expire but with a small random delay of a few
tens of milliseconds on LANs to avoid "storms") transmit over the
corresponding interface an IIH including the restart Restart TLV with the
RR bit clear and the RA bit set, in the case of Point-to-Point
adjacencies having updated the "Point-to-Point Three-Way
Adjacency" option to reflect any new values received from the
(re)starting router. (This allows a restarting router to quickly
acquire the correct information to place in its hellos.) The
"Remaining Time"
Remaining Time MUST be set to the current time (in seconds)
before the holding timer on this adjacency is due to expire. If
the corresponding interface is a LAN interface, then the
Restarting Neighbor System ID SHOULD be set to the System ID of
the router from which the IIH with the RR bit set was received.
This is required to correctly associate the acknowledgement and
holding time
Holding Time in the case where multiple systems on a LAN restart
at approximately the same time. This IIH SHOULD be transmitted
before any LSPs or SNPs are transmitted as a result of the
receipt of the original IIH.
c. if the corresponding interface is a Point-to-Point interface, or
if the receiving router has the highest LnRouterPriority (with
the highest source MAC (Media Media Access Control) Control (MAC) address breaking
ties) among those routers to which the receiving router has an
adjacency in the UP state "UP" on this interface whose IIHs contain
the
restart Restart TLV, excluding adjacencies to all routers which that are
considered in "Restart mode" (note the actual DIS Designated
Intermediate System (DIS) is NOT changed by this process),
initiate the transmission over the corresponding interface of a
complete set of CSNPs, and set SRMflags on the corresponding
interface for all LSPs in the local LSP database.
Otherwise (i.e., if there was no adjacency in the "UP" UP state to the
System ID in question), process the IIH as normal by reinitializing
the adjacency and setting the RA bit in the returned IIH.
3.2.2. Use of the SA Bit
The SA bit is used by a starting router to request that its neighbor
suppress advertisement of the adjacency to the starting router in the
neighbor's LSPs.
A router that is starting has no maintained forwarding function
state. This may or may not be the first time the router has started.
If this is not the first time the router has started, copies of LSPs
generated by this router in its previous incarnation may exist in the
LSP databases of other routers in the network. These copies are
likely to appear "newer" than LSPs initially generated by the
starting router due to the reinitialization of LSP fragment sequence
numbers by the starting router. This may cause temporary blackholes
to occur until the normal operation of the update process causes the
starting router to regenerate and flood copies of its own LSPs with
higher sequence numbers. The temporary blackholes can be avoided if
the starting router's neighbors suppress advertising an adjacency to
the starting router until the starting router has been able to
propagate newer versions of LSPs generated by previous incarnations.
When a router receives an IIH with the restart Restart TLV having the SA bit
set, if there exists on this interface an adjacency in the UP state "UP"
with the same System ID, and ID and, in the case of a LAN circuit, with the
same source LAN address, then the router MUST suppress advertisement
of the adjacency to the neighbor in its own LSPs. Until an IIH with
the SA bit clear has been received, the neighbor advertisement MUST
continue to be suppressed. If the adjacency transitions to the "UP" UP
state, the new adjacency MUST NOT be advertised until an IIH with the
SA bit clear has been received.
Note that a router that suppresses advertisement of an adjacency MUST
NOT use this adjacency when performing its SPF calculation. In
particular, if an implementation follows the example guidelines
presented in [ISO10589], Annex C.2.5, Step 0:b) "pre-load TENT with
the local adjacency database", the suppressed adjacency MUST NOT be
loaded into TENT.
3.2.3. Use of PR and PA Bits
The PR bit is used by a router which that is planning to initiate a restart
to signal to its neighbors that it will be restarting. The router
sending an IIH with PR bit set SHOULD set the "remaining time" Remaining Time to a
value greater than the expected control plane control-plane restart time. The PR
bit SHOULD remain set in IIHs until the restart is initiated.
The PA bit is sent by the neighbor of a router planning to restart to
acknowledge receipt of a restart Restart TLV with the PR bit set.
When the neighbor of a router planning a restart receives an IIH with
the restart Restart TLV having the PR bit set, if there exists on this
interface an adjacency in the UP state "UP" with the same System ID, and ID and,
in the case of a LAN circuit, with the same source LAN address, then:
a. if this is the first IIH with the PR bit set that this system has
received associated with this adjacency, then the adjacency is
marked as being in "Planned Planned Restart state" State and the adjacency
holding time
Holding Time is refreshed -- otherwise, the holding time Holding Time is not
refreshed. The holding time Holding Time SHOULD be set to the "remaining
time" Remaining Time
specified in the received IIH with PR set. The "remaining
time" Remaining Time
transmitted according to (b) below MUST reflect the actual time
after which the adjacency will now expire. Receipt of an IIH
with the PR bit reset will clear the "Planned Planned Restart state" State and
cause the receiving router to set the adjacency hold time Holding Time to
the locally configured value. This procedure allows the router
planning a restart to cause the neighbor to maintain the
adjacency long enough for restart to successfully complete.
Whether or not an adjacency is marked as being in "Planned Planned Restart state"
State has no effect on adjacency state transitions.
b. immediately (i.e., without waiting for any currently running
timer interval to expire, but with a small random delay of a few
tens of milliseconds on LANs to avoid "storms") transmit over the
corresponding interface an IIH including the restart Restart TLV with the
PR bit clear and the PA bit set. The "Remaining Time" Remaining Time MUST be set
to the current time (in seconds) before the holding timer on this
adjacency is due to expire. If the corresponding interface is a
LAN interface, then the Restarting Neighbor System ID SHOULD be
set to the System ID of the router from which the IIH with the PR
bit set was received. This is required to correctly associate
the acknowledgement and holding time Holding Time in the case where multiple
systems on a LAN are planning a restart at approximately the same
time.
NOTE: Receipt of an IIH with PA bit set indicates to the router
planning a restart that the neighbor is aware of the planned restart
and - -- in the absence of topology changes as described below - -- will
maintain the adjacency for the "remaining time" Remaining Time included in the IIH
with PA set.
By definition, a restarting router maintains forwarding state across
the control plane control-plane restart (see Section 2). But while a control plane control-plane
restart is in progress progress, it is expected that the restarting router
will be unable to respond to topology changes. It is therefore
useful to signal a planned restart so that the neighbors of the
restarting router can determine whether it is safe to maintain the
adjacency if other topology changes occur prior to the completion of
the restart.
Signalling Signaling a planned restart in the absence of
maintained forwarding
plane forwarding-plane state is likely to lead to significant
traffic loss and MUST NOT be done.
Neighbors of the router which has that have signaled planned restart SHOULD
maintain the adjacency in a planned restart state Planned Restart State until it receives
an IIH with the RR bit set, it receives an IIH with both PR and RR
bits clear, or the adjacency holding time Holding Time expires - -- whichever occurs
first. Neighbors which that choose not to follow the recommended behavior
need to consider the impact on traffic delivery of not using the
restarting router for forwarding traffic during the restart period.
While the adjacency is in planned restart state Planned Restart State, some or all of the
following actions MAY be taken:
a. if If additional topology changes occur, the adjacency which that is in
planned restart state
Planned Restart State MAY be brought down even though the hold
time Holding
Time has not yet expired. Given that the neighbor which that has
signaled a planned restart is not expected to update its
forwarding plane in response to signalling signaling of the topology changes
(since it is restarting) traffic which that transits that node is at
risk of being improperly forwarded. On a LAN circuit, if the
router in planned restart state Planned Restart State is the DIS at any supported
level, the adjacency(ies) adjacency or adjacencies SHOULD be brought down
whenever any LSP update is either generated or received, received so as to
trigger a new DIS election. Failure to do so will compromise the
reliability of the Update Process update process on that circuit. What other
criteria are used to determine what topology changes will trigger
bringing the adjacency down is a local implementation decision.
b. if If a BFD Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) [RFC5880] session Session
to the neighbor which that signals a planned restart is in the UP state
and subsequently goes DOWN, down, the event MAY be ignored since it is
possible this is an expected side effect of the restart. Use of
the Control Plane Control-Plane Independent state as signalled signaled in BFD control
packets SHOULD be considered in the decision to ignore a BFD
Session DOWN event.
c. on On a Point-to-Point circuit, transmission of LSPs, CSNPs, and
PSNPs
Partial Sequence Number PDU (PSNPs) MAY be suppressed. It is
expected that the PDUs will not be received.
Use of the PR bit provides a means to safely support restart periods
which
that are significantly longer than standard holdtimes. Holding Times.
3.3. Adjacency (Re)Acquisition
Adjacency (re)acquisition is the first step in (re)initialization.
Restarting and starting routers will make use of the RR bit in the
restart
Restart TLV, though each will use it at different stages of the
(re)start procedure.
3.3.1. Adjacency Reacquisition during Restart
The restarting router explicitly notifies its neighbor that the
adjacency is being reacquired, and hence reacquired and, hence, that it SHOULD NOT
reinitialize the adjacency. This is achieved by setting the RR bit
in the restart Restart TLV. When the neighbor of a restarting router
receives an IIH with the restart Restart TLV having the RR bit set, if there
exists on this interface an adjacency in the UP state "UP" with the same
System ID, and ID and, in the case of a LAN circuit, with the same source LAN
address, then the procedures described in Section 3.2.1 are followed.
A router that does not support the restart capability will ignore the
restart
Restart TLV and reinitialize the adjacency as normal, returning an
IIH without the restart Restart TLV.
On restarting, a router initializes the timer T3, starts the timer T2
for each LSPDB, and for each interface (and in the case of a LAN
circuit, for each level) starts the timer T1 and transmits an IIH
containing the restart Restart TLV with the RR bit set.
On a Point-to-Point circuit, the restarting router SHOULD set the
"Adjacency Three-Way State" to "Init", because the receipt of the
acknowledging IIH (with RA set) MUST cause the adjacency to enter the
"UP"
UP state immediately.
On a LAN circuit, the LAN-ID assigned to the circuit SHOULD be the
same as that used prior to the restart. In particular, for any
circuits for which the restarting router was previously DIS, the use
of a different LAN-ID would necessitate the generation of a new set
of pseudonode LSPs, LSPs and corresponding changes in all the LSPs
referencing them from other routers on the LAN. By preserving the
LAN-ID across the restart, this churn can be prevented. To enable a
restarting router to learn the LAN-ID used prior to restart, the LAN-
ID specified in an IIH with RR set MUST be ignored.
Transmission of "normal IIHs" is inhibited until the conditions
described below are met (in order to avoid causing an unnecessary
adjacency initialization). Upon expiry of the timer T1, it is
restarted and the IIH is retransmitted as above.
When a restarting router receives an IIH a local adjacency is
established as usual, and if the IIH contains a restart Restart TLV with the
RA bit set (and on LAN circuits with a Restart Neighbor System ID
that matches that of the local system), the receipt of the
acknowledgement over that interface is noted. When the RA bit is set
and the state of the remote adjacency is "UP", UP, then the timer T3 is set
to the minimum of its current value and the value of the
"Remaining Time" Remaining
Time field in the received IIH.
On a Point-to-Point link, receipt of an IIH not containing the
restart
Restart TLV is also treated as an acknowledgement, since it indicates
that the neighbor is not restart capable. However, since no CSNP is
guaranteed to be received over this interface, the timer T1 is
cancelled
canceled immediately without waiting for a complete set of CSNPs.
Synchronization may therefore be deemed complete even though there
are some LSPs which that are held (only) by this neighbor (see
Section 3.4). In this case, we also want to be certain that the
neighbor will reinitialize the adjacency in order to guarantee that
the SRMflags have been set on its database, thus ensuring eventual
LSPDB synchronization. This is guaranteed to happen except in the
case where the Adjacency Three-Way State in the received IIH is "UP" UP
and the Neighbor Extended Local Circuit ID matches the extended local
circuit Extended Local
Circuit ID assigned by the restarting router. In this case, the
restarting router MUST force the adjacency to reinitialize by setting
the local Adjacency Three-Way State to "DOWN" DOWN and sending a normal IIH.
In the case of a LAN interface, receipt of an IIH not containing the
restart
Restart TLV is unremarkable since synchronization can still occur so
long as at least one of the non-restarting neighboring routers on the
LAN supports restart. Therefore, T1 continues to run in this case.
If none of the neighbors on the LAN are restart capable, T1 will
eventually expire after the locally defined number of retries.
In the case of a Point-to-Point circuit, the "LocalCircuitID" LocalCircuitID and
"Extended
Extended Local Circuit ID" ID information contained in the IIH can be
used immediately to generate an IIH containing the correct three-way
handshake information. The presence of "Neighbor Neighbor Extended Local
Circuit ID" ID information that does not match the value currently in use
by the local system is ignored (since the IIH may have been
transmitted before the neighbor had received the new value from the
restarting router), but the adjacency remains in the initializing
state until the correct information is received.
In the case of a LAN circuit, the source neighbor information (e.g.,
SNPAAddress) is recorded and used for adjacency establishment and
maintenance as normal.
When BOTH a complete set of CSNPs (for each active level, in the case
of a Point-to-Point circuit) and an acknowledgement have been
received over the interface, the timer T1 is cancelled. canceled.
Once the timer T1 has been cancelled, canceled, subsequent IIHs are transmitted
according to the normal algorithms, algorithms but including the restart Restart TLV with
both RR and RA clear.
If a LAN contains a mixture of systems, only some of which support
the new algorithm, database synchronization is still guaranteed, but
the "old" systems will have reinitialized their adjacencies.
If an interface is active, active but does not have any neighboring router
reachable over that interface, the timer T1 would never be cancelled, canceled,
and according to Section 3.4.1.1, the SPF would never be run.
Therefore, timer T1 is cancelled canceled after some predetermined number of
expirations (which MAY be 1).
3.3.2. Adjacency Acquisition during Start
The starting router wants to ensure that in the event that a
neighboring router has an adjacency to the starting router in the
"UP" UP
state (from a previous incarnation of the starting router), this
adjacency is reinitialized. The starting router also wants
neighboring routers to suppress advertisement of an adjacency to the
starting router until LSP database synchronization is achieved. This
is achieved by sending IIHs with the RR bit clear and the SA bit set
in the restart Restart TLV. The RR bit remains clear and the SA bit remains
set in subsequent transmissions of IIHs until the adjacency has
reached the "UP" UP state and the initial T1 timer interval (see below)
has expired.
Receipt of an IIH with the RR bit clear will result in the
neighboring router utilizing normal operation of the adjacency state
machine. This will ensure that any old adjacency on the neighboring
router will be reinitialized.
Upon receipt of an IIH with the SA bit set, the behavior described in
Section 3.2.2 is followed.
Upon starting, a router starts timer T2 for each LSPDB.
For each interface (and in the case of a LAN circuit, for each
level), when an adjacency reaches the "UP" UP state, the starting router
starts a timer T1 and transmits an IIH containing the restart TLV
with the RR bit clear and SA bit set. Upon expiry of the timer T1,
it is restarted and the IIH is retransmitted with both RR and SA bits
set (only the RR bit has changed state from earlier IIHs).
Upon receipt of an IIH with the RR bit set (regardless of whether or
not the SA bit is set), the behavior described in Section 3.2.1 is
followed.
When an IIH is received by the starting router and the IIH contains a
restart
Restart TLV with the RA bit set (and on LAN circuits with a Restart
Neighbor System ID that matches that of the local system), the
receipt of the acknowledgement over that interface is noted.
On a Point-to-Point link, receipt of an IIH not containing the
restart
Restart TLV is also treated as an acknowledgement, since it indicates
that the neighbor is not restart capable. Since the neighbor will
have reinitialized the adjacency, this guarantees that SRMflags have
been set on its database, thus ensuring eventual LSPDB
synchronization. However, since no CSNP is guaranteed to be received
over this interface, the timer T1 is cancelled canceled immediately without
waiting for a complete set of CSNPs. Synchronization may therefore
be deemed complete even though there are some LSPs that are held
(only) by this neighbor (see Section 3.4).
In the case of a LAN interface, receipt of an IIH not containing the
restart
Restart TLV is unremarkable since synchronization can still occur so
long as at least one of the non-restarting neighboring routers on the
LAN supports restart. Therefore, T1 continues to run in this case.
If none of the neighbors on the LAN are restart capable, T1 will
eventually expire after the locally defined number of retries. The
usual operation of the update process will ensure that
synchronization is eventually achieved.
When BOTH a complete set of CSNPs (for each active level, in the case
of a Point-to-Point circuit) and an acknowledgement have been
received over the interface, the timer T1 is cancelled. canceled. Subsequent
IIHs sent by the starting router have the RR and RA bits clear and
the SA bit set in the restart Restart TLV.
Timer T1 is cancelled canceled after some predetermined number of expirations
(which MAY be 1).
When the T2 timer(s) are cancelled canceled or expire, transmission of "normal
IIHs" will begin.
3.3.3. Multiple Levels
A router that is operating as both a Level 1 and a Level 2 router on
a particular interface MUST perform the above operations for each
level.
On a LAN interface, it MUST send and receive both Level 1 and Level 2
IIHs and perform the CSNP synchronizations independently for each
level.
On a Point-to-Point interface, only a single IIH (indicating support
for both levels) is required, but it MUST perform the CSNP
synchronizations independently for each level.
3.4. Database Synchronization
When a router is started or restarted, it can expect to receive a
complete set of CSNPs over each interface. The arrival of the
CSNP(s) is now guaranteed, since an IIH with the RR bit set will be
retransmitted until the CSNP(s) are correctly received.
The CSNPs describe the set of LSPs that are currently held by each
neighbor. Synchronization will be complete when all these LSPs have
been received.
When (re)starting, a router starts an instance of timer T2 for each
LSPDB
LSPDB, as described in Section 3.3.1 or Section 3.3.2. In addition
to normal processing of the CSNPs, the set of LSPIDs contained in the
first complete set of CSNPs received over each interface is recorded,
together with their remaining lifetime. In the case of a LAN
interface, a complete set of CSNPs MUST consist of CSNPs received
from neighbors that are not restarting. If there are multiple
interfaces on the (re)starting router, the recorded set of LSPIDs is
the union of those received over each interface. LSPs with a
remaining lifetime of zero are NOT so recorded.
As LSPs are received (by the normal operation of the update process)
over any interface, the corresponding LSPID entry is removed (it is
also removed if an LSP arrives before the CSNP containing the
reference). When an LSPID has been held in the list for its
indicated remaining lifetime, it is removed from the list. When the
list of LSPIDs is empty and the timer T1 has been cancelled canceled for all
the interfaces that have an adjacency at this level, the timer T2 is
cancelled.
canceled.
At this point, the local database is guaranteed to contain all the
LSP(s) (either the same sequence number or a more recent sequence
number) that were present in the neighbors' databases at the time of
(re)starting. LSPs that arrived in a neighbor's database after the
time of (re)starting may or may not be present, but the normal
operation of the update process will guarantee that they will
eventually be received. At this point, the local database is deemed
to be "synchronized".
Since LSPs mentioned in the CSNP(s) with a zero remaining lifetime
are not recorded, recorded and those with a short remaining lifetime are
deleted from the list when the lifetime expires, cancellation of the
timer T2 will not be prevented by waiting for an LSP that will never
arrive.
3.4.1. LSP Generation and Flooding and SPF Computation
The operation of a router starting, as opposed to restarting, is
somewhat different. These two cases are dealt with separately below.
3.4.1.1. Restarting
In order to avoid causing unnecessary routing churn in other routers,
it is highly desirable that the router's own LSPs generated by the
restarting system are the same as those previously present in the
network (assuming no other changes have taken place). It is
important therefore not to regenerate and flood the LSPs until all
the adjacencies have been re-established reestablished and any information required
for propagation into the local LSPs is fully available. Ideally, the
information is loaded into the LSPs in a deterministic way, such that
the same information occurs in the same place in the same LSP (and
hence the LSPs are identical to their previous versions). If this
can be achieved, the new versions may not even cause SPF to be run in
other systems. However, provided the same information is included in
the set of LSPs (albeit in a different order, and possibly different
LSPs), the result of running the SPF will be the same and will not
cause churn to the forwarding tables.
In the case of a restarting router, none of the router's own LSPs are
transmitted, nor are the router's own forwarding tables updated while
the timer T3 is running.
Redistribution of inter-level information MUST be regenerated before
this router's LSP is flooded to other nodes. Therefore, the Level-n
non-pseudonode LSP(s) MUST NOT be flooded until the other level's T2
timer has expired and its SPF has been run. This ensures that any
inter-level information that is to be propagated can be included in
the Level-n LSP(s).
During this period, if one of the router's own (including
pseudonodes) LSPs is received, which the local router does not
currently have in its own database, it is NOT purged. Under normal
operation, such an LSP would be purged, since the LSP clearly should
not be present in the global LSP database. However, in the present
circumstances, this would be highly undesirable, because it could
cause premature removal of a router's own LSP -- and hence churn in
remote routers. Even if the local system has one or more of the
router's own LSPs (which it has generated, generated but not yet transmitted),
it is still not valid to compare the received LSP against this set,
since it may be that as a result of propagation between Level 1 and
Level 2 (or vice versa), a further router's own LSP will need to be
generated when the LSP databases have synchronized.
During this period, a restarting router SHOULD send CSNPs as it
normally would. Information about the router's own LSPs MAY be
included, but if it is included included, it MUST be based on LSPs that have
been received, not on versions that have been generated (but not yet
transmitted). This restriction is necessary to prevent premature
removal of an LSP from the global LSP database.
When the timer T2 expires or is cancelled canceled, indicating that
synchronization for that level is complete, the SPF for that level is
run in order to derive any information that is required to be
propagated to another level, but the forwarding tables are not yet
updated.
Once the other level's SPF has run and any inter-level propagation
has been resolved, the router's own LSPs can be generated and
flooded. Any own LSPs that were previously ignored, but that are not
part of the current set of own LSPs (including pseudonodes), MUST
then be purged. Note that it is possible that a Designated Router
change may have taken place, and consequently place and, consequently, the router SHOULD
purge those pseudonode LSPs that it previously owned, owned but that are now
no longer part of its set of pseudonode LSPs.
When all the T2 timers have expired or been cancelled, canceled, the timer T3 is cancelled
canceled, and the local forwarding tables are updated.
If the timer T3 expires before all the T2 timers have expired or been
cancelled,
canceled, this indicates that the synchronization process is taking
longer than the minimum holding time Holding Time of the neighbors. The router's
own LSP(s) for levels that have not yet completed their first SPF
computation are then flooded with the overload bit set to indicate
that the router's LSPDB is not yet synchronized (and therefore other
routers MUST NOT compute routes through this router). Normal
operation of the update process resumes, and the local forwarding
tables are updated. In order to prevent the neighbor's adjacencies
from expiring, IIHs with the normal interface value for the holding
time Holding
Time are transmitted over all interfaces with neither RR nor RA set
in the restart Restart TLV. This will cause the neighbors to refresh their
adjacencies. The router's own LSP(s) will continue to have the
overload bit set until timer T2 has expired or been cancelled. canceled.
3.4.1.2. Starting
In the case of a starting router, as soon as each adjacency is
established, and before any CSNP exchanges, the router's own zeroth
LSP is transmitted with the overload bit set. This prevents other
routers from computing routes through the router until it has
reliably acquired the complete set of LSPs. The overload bit remains
set in subsequent transmissions of the zeroth LSP (such as will occur
if a previous copy of the router's own zeroth LSP is still present in
the network) while any timer T2 is running.
When all the T2 timers have been cancelled, canceled, the router's own LSP(s)
MAY be regenerated with the overload bit clear (assuming the router
is not in fact overloaded, and there is no other reason, such as
incomplete BGP convergence, to keep the overload bit set) and flooded
as normal.
Other LSPs owned by this router (including pseudonodes) are generated
and flooded as normal, irrespective of the timer T2. The SPF is also
run as normal and the Routing Information Base (RIB) and Forwarding
Information Base (FIB) updated as routes become available.
To avoid the possible formation of temporary blackholes, the starting
router sets the SA bit in the restart Restart TLV (as described in
Section 3.3.2) in all IIHs that it sends.
When all T2 timers have been cancelled, canceled, the starting router MUST
transmit IIHs with the SA bit clear.
4. State Tables
This section presents state tables that summarize the behaviors
described in this document. Other behaviors, in particular adjacency
state transitions and LSP database update operation, operations, are NOT
included in the state tables except where this document modifies the
behaviors described in [ISO10589] and [RFC5303].
The states named in the columns of the tables below are a mixture of
states that are specific to a single adjacency (ADJ suppressed, ADJ
Seen RA, ADJ Seen CSNP) and states that are indicative of the state
of the protocol instance (Running, Restarting, Starting, SPF Wait).
Three state tables are presented from the point of view of a running
router, a restarting router, and a starting router.
4.1. Running Router
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| Event | Running | ADJ |
| | | suppressed
============================================================== |
+========+===========================================+==============+
| RX PR | Set Planned Restart State | | state.
| | Update hold time Holding Time | |
| | Send PA |
-------------+----------------------+------------------------- |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| RX PR clr | Clear Planned |
and RR clr | Restart State | | Restore holdtime to
| clr | Restore Holding Time to local value |
-------------+----------------------+------------------------- |
| and RR | | |
| clr | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| RX RR | Maintain ADJ State | |
| | Send RA | | Set SRM,send CSNP
| | Set SRM, send CSNP (Note 1) | |
| | Update Hold Holding Time, | |
| | set Restart Mode |
| (Note 2) |
-------------+----------------------+------------------------- |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| RX RR clr | Clr Restart mode |
-------------+----------------------+------------------------- |
| clr | | |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| RX SA | Suppress IS neighbor |
| TLV in LSP(s) | |
| | Goto ADJ Suppressed |
-------------+----------------------+------------------------- |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
| RX SA | | Unsuppress |
| clr | |Unsuppress | IS neighbor |
| | | TLV in |
| | | LSP(s) | |Goto
| | | Goto Running |
+--------+-------------------------------------------+--------------+
Table 1: Running
============================================================== Router
Note 1: CSNPs are sent by routers in accordance with item c in
Section 3.2.1c 3.2.1
Note 2: If Restart Mode clear
4.2. Restarting Router
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| Event | Restarting | ADJ Seen | ADJ Seen | SPF Wait |
| | | Seen RA | Seen | |
| | | | CSNP |
=================================================================== |
+==========+=================+=========+=========+==================+
| Restart | Send PR | | | |
| planned | | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| Planned | Send PR clr | | | |
| restart | | | | |
| canceled | | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| RX PA | Proceed with | | | |
| | planned restart | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| Router | Send IIH/RR | | | |
| restarts | ADJ Init | | | |
| | Start T1,T2,T3 T1, T2, | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
| | T3 | | | |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| RX RR | Send RA | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| RX RA | Adjust T3 | | Cancel T1 | |
| | Goto ADJ Seen | | T1 | |
| | RA | | Adjust | |
| | | | T3 |
----------- +--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| RX CSNP set| | Goto ADJ Seen CSNP | Cancel | | |
| set | CSNP | T1 | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| RX IIH w/o | Cancel T1 (Point- | | | |
| w/o | (Point-to-point | | | |
| Restart TLV| to-point | only) | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
| TLV | | | | |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| T1 expires | Send IIH/RR |Send IIH/RR|Send IIH/RR| | Send | Send | |
| expires | Restart T1 | IIH/RR | IIH/RR | |
| | | Restart T1| | Restart T1|
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ | |
| | | T1 | T1 | |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| T1 expires | Send IIH/ IIH/normal | Send IIH/ | Send | |
| expires | | IIH/ | IIH/ | |
| nth time | normal | normal | normal |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| T2 expires | Trigger SPF | | | |
| expires | Goto SPF Wait | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| T3 expires | Set overload | | | |
| expires | bit | | | |
| | Flood local | | | |
| | LSPs | | | |
| | Update fwd | | | |
| | plane | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| LSP DB Sync| | Cancel T2, T2 and | | | |
| Sync | T3 | | | |
| | Trigger SPF | | | |
| | Goto SPF wait | | |
------------+--------------------+-----------+-----------+------------ |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
| All SPF | | | | Clear overload |
| done | | | | overload bit |
| | | | | Update fwd |
| | | | | plane |
| | | | | Flood local |
| | | | | LSPs |
| | | | | Goto Running
====================================================================== |
+----------+-----------------+---------+---------+------------------+
Table 2: Restarting Router
4.3. Starting Router
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| Event | Starting | ADJ Seen RA| | ADJ Seen |
| | | RA | CSNP
============================================================= |
+=============+===========================+============+============+
| Router | Send IIH/SA | | |
| starts | Start T1,T2 T1 and T2 | | |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
|
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- RX RR | Send RA | |
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| RX RA | Goto ADJ Seen RA | | Cancel T1
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| RX CSNP Set | Goto ADJ Seen CSNP| CSNP | Cancel T1 |
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| RX IIH w no | Cancel T1 (Point-to- | |
no Restart | (Point-to-Point |
| Restart TLV | Point only) | |
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| ADJ UP | Start T1 | | |
| | Send local LSPs with | | | with overload bit|
| | overload bit set | |
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| T1 expires | Send IIH/RR |Send IIH/RR and SA | Send IIH/RR IIH/ | Send IIH/ |
| and SA | Restart T1 | RR and SA | RR and SA |
| | | Restart T1 |Restart T1 | Restart T1
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| T1 expires | Send IIH/SA |Send IIH/SA | Send IIH/SA IIH/ | Send IIH/ |
| nth time | | SA | SA |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
|
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- T2 expires | Clear overload bit| bit | | |
| | Send IIH normal | | |
| | Goto Running | |
-------------+-------------------+------------+--------------- |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
| LSP DB Sync | Cancel T2 | | |
| | Clear overload bit| bit | | |
| | Send IIH normal | |
============================================================== |
+-------------+---------------------------+------------+------------+
Table 3: Starting Router
5. IANA Considerations
This document defines the following IS-IS TLV that is listed in the
IS-IS
"IS-IS TLV codepoint registry: Codepoints" registry.
+------+-------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
| Type | Description | IIH | LSP | SNP | Purge
---- ------------------------------ --- --- --- ----- |
+======+=============+=====+=====+=====+=======+
| 211 | Restart TLV | y | n | n | n |
+------+-------------+-----+-----+-----+-------+
Table 4
IANA is requested to update has updated the entry in registry to point to this document.
6. Security Considerations
Any new security issues raised by the procedures in this document
depend upon the ability of an attacker to inject a false but
apparently valid IIH, the ease/difficulty of which has not been
altered.
If the RR bit is set in a false IIH, neighbors who receive such an
IIH will continue to maintain an existing adjacency in the "UP" UP state
and may (re)send a complete set of CSNPs. While the latter action is
wasteful, neither action causes any disruption in correct protocol
operation.
If the RA bit is set in a false IIH, a (re)starting router that
receives such an IIH may falsely believe that there is a neighbor on
the corresponding interface that supports the procedures described in
this document. In the absence of receipt of a complete set of CSNPs
on that interface, this could delay the completion of (re)start
procedures by requiring the timer T1 to time out the locally defined
maximum number of retries. This behavior is the same as would occur
on a LAN where none of the (re)starting router's neighbors support
the procedures in this document and is covered in Sections 3.3.1 and
3.3.2.
If the SA bit is set in a false IIH, this could cause suppression of
the advertisement of an IS neighbor, which could either continue for
an indefinite period or occur intermittently with the result being a
possible loss of reachability to some destinations in the network
and/or increased frequency of LSP flooding and SPF calculation.
If the PR bit is set in a false IIH, neighbors who receive such an
IIH could modify the holding time Holding Time of an existing adjacency
inappropriately. In the event of topology changes, the neighbor
might also choose to not flood the topology updates and/or bring the
adjacency down in the false belief that the forwarding plane of the
router identified as the source of the false IIH is not currently
processing announced topology changes. This would result in
unnecessary forwarding disruption.
If the PA bit is set in a false IIH, a router that receives such an
IIH may falsely believe that the neighbor on the corresponding
interface supports the planned restart procedures defined in this
document. If such a router is planning to restart restart, it might then
proceed to initiate a restart in the false expectation that the
neighbor has updated its holding time Holding Time as requested. This may result
in the neighbor bringing down the adjacency while the receiving
router is restarting, causing unnecessary disruption to forwarding.
The possibility of IS-IS PDU spoofing can be reduced by the use of
authentication
authentication, as described in [RFC1195] and [ISO10589], and
especially by the use of cryptographic authentication authentication, as described
in [RFC5304] and [RFC5310].
7. Manageability Considerations
These extensions that have been designed, developed, and deployed for
many years do not have any new impact on management and operation of
the IS-IS protocol via this standardization process.
8.
9. Normative References
[ISO10589] International Organization for Standardization,
"Intermediate system
"Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems -- Intermediate
System to Intermediate system System intra-domain routeing
information exchange protocol for use in conjunction with
the protocol for providing the connectionless-mode Network Service network
service (ISO 8473)", ISO/
IEC ISO/IEC 10589:2002, Second Edition, Nov
November 2002.
[RFC1195] Callon, R., "Use of OSI IS-IS for routing in TCP/IP and
dual environments", RFC 1195, DOI 10.17487/RFC1195,
December 1990, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1195>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC5303] Katz, D., Saluja, R., and D. Eastlake 3rd, "Three-Way
Handshake for IS-IS Point-to-Point Adjacencies", RFC 5303,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5303, October 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5303>.
[RFC5304] Li, T. and R. Atkinson, "IS-IS Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 5304, DOI 10.17487/RFC5304, October
2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5304>.
[RFC5310] Bhatia, M., Manral, V., Li, T., Atkinson, R., White, R.,
and M. Fanto, "IS-IS Generic Cryptographic
Authentication", RFC 5310, DOI 10.17487/RFC5310, February
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5310>.
[RFC5880] Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding Detection
(BFD)", RFC 5880, DOI 10.17487/RFC5880, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
Appendix A. Summary of Changes from RFC 5306
This document extends RFC 5306 by introducing support for signalling signaling
the neighbors of a restarting router that a planned restart is about
to occur. This allows the neighbors to be aware of the state of the
restarting router so that appropriate action may be taken if other
topology changes occur while the planned restart is in progress.
Since the forwarding plane of the restarting router is maintained
based upon the pre-restart state of the network, additional topology
changes introduce the possibility that traffic may be lost if paths
via the restarting router continue to be used while the restart is in
progress.
In support of this new functionality functionality, two new flags have been
introduced:
PR - Restart is planned
PA - Planned restart acknowledgement
No changes to the post restart post-restart exchange between the restarting router
and its neighbors have been introduced.
Acknowledgements
For RFC 5306 5306, the authors acknowledged contributions made by Jeff
Parker, Radia Perlman, Mark Schaefer, Naiming Shen, Nischal Sheth,
Russ White, and Rena Yang.
The authors of this updated version document acknowledge the contribution of
Mike Shand, co-auther coauthor of RFC 5306.
Authors' Addresses
Les Ginsberg
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: ginsberg@cisco.com
Paul Wells
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Email: pauwells@cisco.com