Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)                          S. Sorce
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8732                                      H. Kario
Updates: 4462 (if approved)                                              Red Hat, Inc.
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track                            Jul 22, 2019
Expires: January 23,                                  February 2020

                     GSS-API
ISSN: 2070-1721

  Generic Security Service Application Program Interface (GSS-API) Key
                          Exchange with SHA2
                  draft-ietf-curdle-gss-keyex-sha2-10 SHA-2

Abstract

   This document specifies additions and amendments to RFC4462. RFC 4462.  It
   defines a new key exchange method that uses SHA-2 for integrity and
   deprecates weak DH Diffie-Hellman (DH) groups.  The purpose of this
   specification is to modernize the cryptographic primitives used by GSS Key Exchanges.
   Generic Security Service (GSS) key exchanges.

Status of This Memo

   This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
   provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.

   This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
   (IETF).  Note that other groups may also distribute
   working documents as Internet-Drafts.  The list  It represents the consensus of current Internet-
   Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community.  It has
   received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
   Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG).  Further information on
   Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

   Information about the current status of six months this document, any errata,
   and how to provide feedback on it may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents obtained at any
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   This Internet-Draft will expire on January 23, 2020.
   https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8732.

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   document authors.  All rights reserved.

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Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   2.  Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   3.  Document Conventions  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   2
   4.  New Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange methods . . . . . . . . . . .   3 Methods
   5.  New Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange methods  . . .   4 Methods
     5.1.  Generic GSS-API Key Exchange with ECDH  . . . . . . . . .   4
     5.2.  ECDH Key Exchange Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
   6.  Deprecated Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   7.  IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   9
   8.  Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
     8.1.  New Finite Field DH mechanisms  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10 Mechanisms
     8.2.  New Elliptic Curve DH mechanisms  . . . . . . . . . . . .  10 Mechanisms
     8.3.  GSSAPI  GSS-API Delegation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
   9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.1.  Normative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11
     9.2.  Informative References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
   Authors' Addresses  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13

1.  Introduction

   SSH GSS-API Methods

   Secure Shell (SSH) Generic Security Service Application Program
   Interface (GSS-API) methods [RFC4462] allows allow the use of GSSAPI GSS-API
   [RFC2743] for authentication and key exchange in SSH.  It  [RFC4462]
   defines three exchange methods all based on DH groups and SHA-1.
   This document updates
   RFC4462 [RFC4462] with new methods intended to support
   environments that desire to use the SHA-2 cryptographic hash
   functions.

2.  Rationale

   Due to security concerns with SHA-1 [RFC6194] and with MODP modular
   exponentiation (MODP) groups with less than 2048 bits [NIST-SP-800-131Ar1]
   [NIST-SP-800-131Ar2], we propose the use of hashes based on SHA-2
   [RFC6234] with DH group14, group15, group16,
   group17 group17, and group18
   [RFC3526].  Additionally  Additionally, we add support for key exchange based on
   Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman Diffie-Hellman with the NIST P-256,
   P-384 P-384, and P-521 [SEC2v2]
   [SEC2v2], as well as the X25519 and X448 [RFC7748] curves.  Following
   the practice of [RFC8268] [RFC8268], only SHA-256 and SHA-512 hashes are used
   for DH groups.  For NIST curves curves, the same curve-to-
   hashing curve-to-hashing algorithm
   pairing used in [RFC5656] is adopted for consistency.

3.  Document Conventions

   The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
   "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
   BCP 14 RFC2119 [RFC2119] RFC8174 [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
   capitals, as shown here.

4.  New Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange methods Methods

   This document adopts the same naming convention defined in [RFC4462]
   to define families of methods that cover any GSS-API mechanism used
   with a specific Diffie-Hellman group and SHA-2 Hash hash combination.

       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | Key Exchange Method Name | Implementation Recommendations |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       +==========================+================================+
       | gss-group14-sha256-*     | SHOULD/RECOMMENDED             |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-group15-sha512-*     | MAY/OPTIONAL                   |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-group16-sha512-*     | SHOULD/RECOMMENDED             |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-group17-sha512-*     | MAY/OPTIONAL                   |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-group18-sha512-*     | MAY/OPTIONAL                   |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+

                    Table 1: New key exchange algorithms Key Exchange Algorithms

   Each key exchange method prefix is registered by this document.  The
   IESG is the change controller of all these key exchange methods; this
   does NOT imply that the IESG is considered to be in control of the
   corresponding GSS-API mechanism.

   Each method in any family of methods (Table 2) specifies GSS-API-
   authenticated Diffie-Hellman key exchanges as described in
   Section 2.1 of [RFC4462].  The method name for each method (Table 1)
   is the concatenation of the family name prefix with the Base64 base64
   encoding of the MD5 hash [RFC1321] of the ASN.1 DER encoding
   [ISO-IEC-8825-1] of the corresponding GSS-API mechanism's OID.
   Base64 encoding is described in Section 4 of [RFC4648].

   +---------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------+

     +---------------------+---------------+----------+--------------+
     | Family Name prefix Prefix  | Hash Function | Group    | Reference    |
   |                     | Function    |             |                 |
   +---------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------+
     +=====================+===============+==========+==============+
     | gss-group14-sha256- | SHA-256       | 2048-bit | Section 3 of |
     |                     |               | MODP     | [RFC3526]    |
     +---------------------+---------------+----------+--------------+
     | gss-group15-sha512- | SHA-512       | 3072-bit | Section 4 of |
     |                     |               | MODP     | [RFC3526]    |
     +---------------------+---------------+----------+--------------+
     | gss-group16-sha512- | SHA-512       | 4096-bit | Section 5 of |
     |                     |               | MODP     | [RFC3526]    |
     +---------------------+---------------+----------+--------------+
     | gss-group17-sha512- | SHA-512       | 6144-bit | Section 6 of |
     |                     |               | MODP     | [RFC3526]    |
     +---------------------+---------------+----------+--------------+
     | gss-group18-sha512- | SHA-512       | 8192-bit | Section 7 of |
     |                     |               | MODP     | [RFC3526]    |
   +---------------------+-------------+-------------+-----------------+
     +---------------------+---------------+----------+--------------+

                     Table 2: Family method references Method References

5.  New Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange methods Methods

   In [RFC5656] [RFC5656], new SSH key exchange algorithms based on Elliptic Curve
   Cryptography elliptic curve
   cryptography are introduced.  We reuse much of section Section 4 of [RFC5656]
   to define GSS-API-authenticated ECDH Key Exchanges. Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH)
   key exchanges.

   Additionally, we also utilize the curves defined in
   [I-D.ietf-curdle-ssh-curves] [RFC8731] to
   complement the three classic NIST-
   defined NIST-defined curves required by
   [RFC5656].

5.1.  Generic GSS-API Key Exchange with ECDH

   This section reuses much of the scheme defined in Section 2.1 of
   [RFC4462] and combines it with the scheme defined in Section 4 of
   [RFC5656]; in particular, all checks and verification steps
   prescribed in Section 4 of [RFC5656] apply here as well.

   Key-agreement

   The key-agreement schemes ECDHE-Curve25519 "ECDHE-Curve25519" and ECDHE-Curve448 "ECDHE-Curve448"
   perform the
   Diffie-Helman Diffie-Hellman protocol using the functions X25519 and
   X448, respectively.  Implementations MUST compute these functions
   using the algorithms described in [RFC7748].  When they do so,
   implementations MUST check whether the computed Diffie-Hellman shared
   secret is the all-zero value and abort if so, as described in
   Section 6 of [RFC7748].  Alternative implementations of these
   functions SHOULD abort when either the client or the server input
   forces the shared secret to one of a small set of values, as discussed
   described in Section Sections 6 and 7 of [RFC7748].

   This section defers to [RFC7546] as the source of information on GSS-
   API context establishment operations, Section 3 being the most
   relevant.  All Security Considerations security considerations described in [RFC7546] apply
   here
   here, too.

   The parties each generate an ephemeral key pair, according to
   Section 3.2.1 of [SEC1v2].  Keys are verified upon receipt by the
   parties according to Section 3.2.3.1 of [SEC1v2].

   For NIST Curves curves, the keys use the uncompressed point representation
   and MUST be converted using the algorithm in Section 2.3.4 of
   [SEC1v2].  If the conversion fails or the point is transmitted using
   the compressed representation, the key exchange MUST fail.

   A GSS Context context is established according to Section 4 of [RFC5656]; The the
   client initiates the establishment using GSS_Init_sec_context() GSS_Init_sec_context(), and
   the server responds to it using GSS_Accept_sec_context().  For the
   negotiation, the client MUST set mutual_req_flag and integ_req_flag
   to "true".  In addition, deleg_req_flag MAY be set to "true" to
   request access delegation, if requested by the user.  Since the key
   exchange process authenticates only the host, the setting of
   anon_req_flag is immaterial to this process.  If the client does not
   support the "gssapi-keyex" user authentication method described in
   Section 4 of [RFC4462], or does not intend to use that method in
   conjunction with the GSS-API context established during key exchange,
   then anon_req_flag SHOULD be set to "true".  Otherwise, this flag MAY
   be set to true "true" if the client wishes to hide its identity.  This key
   exchange process will exchange only a single message token once the
   context has been established, therefore established; therefore, the replay_det_req_flag and
   sequence_req_flag SHOULD be set to "false".

   The client MUST include its public key with the first message it
   sends to the server during this process; if the server receives more
   than one key or none at all, the key exchange MUST fail.

   During GSS Context establishment context establishment, multiple tokens may be exchanged by
   the client and the server.  When the GSS Context context is established
   (major_status is GSS_S_COMPLETE) GSS_S_COMPLETE), the parties check that mutual_state
   and integ_avail are both "true".  If not not, the key exchange MUST fail.

   Once a party receives the peer's public key key, it proceeds to compute a
   shared secret K.  For NIST Curves curves, the computation is done according
   to Section 3.3.1 of [SEC1v2] [SEC1v2], and the resulting value z is converted
   to the octet string K using the conversion defined in Section 2.3.5
   of [SEC1v2].  For curve25519 and curve448 curve448, the algorithms in
   Section 6 of [RFC7748] are used instead.

   To verify the integrity of the handshake, peers use the Hash Function hash function
   defined by the selected Key Exchange key exchange method to calculate H:

   H = hash(V_C || V_S || I_C || I_S || K_S || Q_C || Q_S || K).

   The server uses the GSS_GetMIC() call is used by the server with H as the payload and
   generates to
   generate a MIC. Message Integrity Code (MIC).  The GSS_VerifyMIC() call is
   used by the client to verify the MIC.

   If any GSS_Init_sec_context() or GSS_Accept_sec_context() returns a
   major_status other than GSS_S_COMPLETE or GSS_S_CONTINUE_NEEDED, or
   any other GSS-API call returns a major_status other than
   GSS_S_COMPLETE, the key exchange MUST fail.  The same recommendations
   expressed in Section 2.1 of [RFC4462] are followed with regards regard to
   error reporting.

   The following is an overview of the key exchange process:

       Client                                                Server
       ------                                                ------
         Generate
       Generates ephemeral key pair.
       Calls GSS_Init_sec_context().
       SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_INIT  --------------->

                                         Verify

                                              Verifies received key is valid. key.
   (Optional)                  <------------- SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_HOSTKEY

   (Loop)
   |                                 Calls GSS_Accept_sec_context().
   |                           <------------ SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_CONTINUE
   |   Calls GSS_Init_sec_context().
   |   SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_CONTINUE ------------>

                                     Calls GSS_Accept_sec_context().
                                          Generate
                                       Generates ephemeral key pair.
                                                Compute
                                             Computes shared secret.
                                                    Computes hash H.
                                        Calls GSS_GetMIC( H ) = MIC.
                               <------------ SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_COMPLETE

         Verify

       Verifies received key is valid.
         Compute key.
       Computes shared secret.
         Compute
       Computes hash = H H.
       Calls GSS_VerifyMIC( MIC, H ) ).

   This is implemented with the following messages:

   The client sends:

   byte        SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_INIT

   string      output_token (from GSS_Init_sec_context())

   string      Q_C, client's ephemeral public key octet string

   The server may respond with:

   byte        SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_HOSTKEY

   string      server public host key and certificates (K_S)

   The server sends:

   byte        SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_CONTINUE

   string      output_token (from GSS_Accept_sec_context())

   Each time the client receives the message described above, it makes
   another call to GSS_Init_sec_context().

   The client sends:

   byte        SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_CONTINUE

   string      output_token (from GSS_Init_sec_context())

   As the final message message, the server sends either: the following if an
   output_token is produced:

   byte        SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_COMPLETE

   string      Q_S, server's ephemeral public key octet string

   string      mic_token (MIC of H)

   boolean     TRUE

   string      output_token (from GSS_Accept_sec_context())

   Or the following if

   If no output_token is available: produced, the server sends:

   byte        SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_COMPLETE

   string      Q_S, server's ephemeral public key octet string

   string      mic_token (MIC of H)

   boolean     FALSE

   The hash H is computed as the HASH hash of the concatenation of the
   following:

   string      V_C, the client's version string (CR, NL excluded)

   string      V_S, server's version string (CR, NL excluded)

   string      I_C, payload of the client's SSH_MSG_KEXINIT

   string      I_S, payload of the server's SSH_MSG_KEXINIT

   string      K_S, server's public host key

   string      Q_C, client's ephemeral public key octet string

   string      Q_S, server's ephemeral public key octet string

   mpint       K, shared secret

   This value is called the exchange hash, "exchange hash", and it is used to
   authenticate the key exchange.  The exchange hash SHOULD be kept
   secret.  If no SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_HOSTKEY message has been sent by the
   server or received by the client, then the empty string is used in
   place of K_S when computing the exchange hash.

   Since this key exchange method does not require the host key to be
   used for any encryption operations, the SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_HOSTKEY
   message is OPTIONAL.  If the "null" host key algorithm described in
   Section 5 of [RFC4462] is used, this message MUST NOT be sent.

   If the client receives a an SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_CONTINUE message after a
   call to GSS_Init_sec_context() has returned a major_status code of
   GSS_S_COMPLETE, a protocol error has occurred occurred, and the key exchange
   MUST fail.

   If the client receives a an SSH_MSG_KEXGSS_COMPLETE message and a call
   to GSS_Init_sec_context() does not result in a major_status code of
   GSS_S_COMPLETE, a protocol error has occurred occurred, and the key exchange
   MUST fail.

5.2.  ECDH Key Exchange Methods

       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | Key Exchange Method Name | Implementation Recommendations |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       +==========================+================================+
       | gss-nistp256-sha256-*    | SHOULD/RECOMMENDED             |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-nistp384-sha384-*    | MAY/OPTIONAL                   |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-nistp521-sha512-*    | MAY/OPTIONAL                   |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-curve25519-sha256-*  | SHOULD/RECOMMENDED             |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-curve448-sha512-*    | MAY/OPTIONAL                   |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+

                     Table 3: New key exchange methods Key Exchange Methods

   Each key exchange method prefix is registered by this document.  The
   IESG is the change controller of all these key exchange methods; this
   does NOT imply that the IESG is considered to be in control of the
   corresponding GSS-API mechanism.

   Each method in any family of methods (Table 4) specifies GSS-API-
   authenticated Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman key exchanges as
   described in Section 5.1.  The method name for each method (Table 3)
   is the concatenation of the family method name with the Base64 base64
   encoding of the MD5 hash [RFC1321] of the ASN.1 DER encoding
   [ISO-IEC-8825-1] of the corresponding GSS-API mechanism's OID.
   Base64 encoding is described in Section 4 of [RFC4648].

   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+
   | Family Name prefix Prefix     | Hash     | Parameters /  | Definition    |
   |                        | Function | Function Name |               |
   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+
   +========================+==========+===============+===============+
   | gss-nistp256-sha256-   | SHA-256  | secp256r1     | Section 2.4.2       |
   |                        |          |               | 2.4.2 of      |
   |                        |          |               | [SEC2v2]      |
   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+
   | gss-nistp384-sha384-   | SHA-384  | secp384r1     | Section 2.5.1       |
   |                        |          |               | 2.5.1 of      |
   |                        |          |               | [SEC2v2]      |
   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+
   | gss-nistp521-sha512-   | SHA-512  | secp521r1     | Section 2.6.1       |
   |                        |          |               | 2.6.1 of      |
   |                        |          |               | [SEC2v2]      |
   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+
   | gss-curve25519-sha256- | SHA-256  | X22519        | Section 5     |
   |                        |          |               | of            |
   |                        |          |               | [RFC7748]     |
   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+
   | gss-curve448-sha512-   | SHA-512  | X448          | Section 5     |
   |                        |          |               | of            |
   |                        |          |               | [RFC7748]     |
   +------------------------+----------+---------------+---------------+

                     Table 4: Family method refences Method References

6.  Deprecated Algorithms

   Because they have small key lengths and are no longer strong in the
   face of brute-force attacks, the algorithms in the following table
   are considered deprecated and SHOULD NOT be used.

                           Deprecated Algorithms

       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | Key Exchange Method Name | Implementation Recommendations |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       +==========================+================================+
       | gss-group1-sha1-*        | SHOULD NOT                     |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-group14-sha1-*       | SHOULD NOT                     |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+
       | gss-gex-sha1-*           | SHOULD NOT                     |
       +--------------------------+--------------------------------+

                       Table 5: Deprecated Algorithms

7.  IANA Considerations

   This document augments the SSH Key Exchange Method Names key exchange message names that were
   defined in
   [RFC4462]. [RFC4462] (see and Section 6); IANA is requested to update has listed this
   document as reference for those entries in the SSH "SSH Protocol Parameters
   Parameters" [IANA-KEX-NAMES] registry.

   In addition, IANA has updated the registry with to include the following entries:

                 +--------------------------+------------+ SSH key
   exchange message names described in Sections 4 and 5.

                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | Key Exchange Method Name | Reference |
                 +--------------------------+------------+
                 +==========================+===========+
                 | gss-group1-sha1-*        | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-group14-sha1-*       | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-gex-sha1-*           | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-group14-sha256-*     | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-group15-sha512-*     | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-group16-sha512-*     | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-group17-sha512-*     | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-group18-sha512-*     | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-nistp256-sha256-*    | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-nistp384-sha384-*    | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-nistp521-sha512-*    | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-curve25519-sha256-*  | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+-----------+
                 | gss-curve448-sha512-*    | This draft RFC 8732  |
                 +--------------------------+------------+
                 +--------------------------+-----------+

                    Table 6: Additions/Changes to the
                    Key Exchange Method Names Registry

8.  Security Considerations

8.1.  New Finite Field DH mechanisms Mechanisms

   Except for the use of a different secure hash function and larger DH
   groups, no significant changes has have been made to the protocol
   described by [RFC4462]; therefore therefore, all the original Security
   Considerations security
   considerations apply.

8.2.  New Elliptic Curve DH mechanisms Mechanisms

   Although a new cryptographic primitive is used with these methods methods,
   the actual key exchange closely follows the key exchange defined in
   [RFC5656]; therefore therefore, all the original Security Considerations security considerations, as
   well as those expressed in [RFC5656] [RFC5656], apply.

8.3.  GSSAPI  GSS-API Delegation

   Some GSSAPI GSS-API mechanisms can act on a request to delegate credentials
   to the target host when the deleg_req_flag is set.  In this case,
   extra care must be taken to ensure that the acceptor being
   authenticated matches the target the user intended.  Some mechanism
   implementations (such as commonly used krb5 libraries) may use
   insecure DNS resolution to canonicalize the target name; in these
   cases
   cases, spoofing a DNS response that points to an attacker-controlled
   machine may result in the user silently delegating credentials to the
   attacker, who can then impersonate the user at will.

9.  References

9.1.  Normative References

   [I-D.ietf-curdle-ssh-curves]
              Adamantiadis, A., Josefsson, S., and M. Baushke, "Secure
              Shell (SSH) Key Exchange Method using Curve25519 and
              Curve448", draft-ietf-curdle-ssh-curves-08 (work in
              progress), June 2018.

   [RFC1321]  Rivest, R., "The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm", RFC 1321,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC1321, April 1992,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1321>.

   [RFC2119]  Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
              Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

   [RFC2743]  Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program
              Interface Version 2, Update 1", RFC 2743,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC2743, January 2000,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2743>.

   [RFC3526]  Kivinen, T. and M. Kojo, "More Modular Exponential (MODP)
              Diffie-Hellman groups for Internet Key Exchange (IKE)",
              RFC 3526, DOI 10.17487/RFC3526, May 2003,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3526>.

   [RFC4462]  Hutzelman, J., Salowey, J., Galbraith, J., and V. Welch,
              "Generic Security Service Application Program Interface
              (GSS-API) Authentication and Key Exchange for the Secure
              Shell (SSH) Protocol", RFC 4462, DOI 10.17487/RFC4462, May
              2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4462>.

   [RFC4648]  Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
              Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.

   [RFC5656]  Stebila, D. and J. Green, "Elliptic Curve Algorithm
              Integration in the Secure Shell Transport Layer",
              RFC 5656, DOI 10.17487/RFC5656, December 2009,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5656>.

   [RFC7546]  Kaduk, B., "Structure of the Generic Security Service
              (GSS) Negotiation Loop", RFC 7546, DOI 10.17487/RFC7546,
              May 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7546>.

   [RFC7748]  Langley, A., Hamburg, M., and S. Turner, "Elliptic Curves
              for Security", RFC 7748, DOI 10.17487/RFC7748, January
              2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7748>.

   [RFC8174]  Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
              2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
              May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

   [RFC8731]  Adamantiadis, A., Josefsson, S., and M. Baushke, "Secure
              Shell (SSH) Key Exchange Method Using Curve25519 and
              Curve448", RFC 8731, DOI 10.17487/RFC8731, February 2020,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8731>.

   [SEC1v2]   Certicom Research,   Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group, "SEC 1:
              Elliptic Curve Cryptography",
              Standards for Efficient Cryptography SEC 1, Version 2.0, May 2009.

   [SEC2v2]   Certicom Research,   Standards for Elliptic Cryptography Group, "SEC 2:
              Recommended Elliptic Curve Domain Parameters", Standards for Efficient
              Cryptography SEC 2,
              Version 2.0, January 2010.

9.2.  Informative References

   [IANA-KEX-NAMES]
              Internet Assigned Numbers Authority,
              IANA, "Secure Shell (SSH) Protocol Parameters: Key
              Exchange Method Names", June
              2005, <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/
              ssh-parameters.xhtml#ssh-parameters-16>.
              <https://www.iana.org/assignments/ssh-parameters/>.

   [ISO-IEC-8825-1]
              International Organization for Standardization /
              International Electrotechnical Commission, "ASN.1
              ITU-T, "Information technology -- ASN.1 encoding rules:
              Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
              Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
              (DER)", ISO/IEC 8825-1, 8825-1:2015, ITU-T Recommendation X.690,
              November 2015,
              <http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/
              c068345_ISO_IEC_8825-1_2015.zip>.

   [NIST-SP-800-131Ar1]

   [NIST-SP-800-131Ar2]
              National Institute of Standards and Technology,
              "Transitions: Recommendation for Transitioning
              "Transitioning of the Use of Cryptographic Algorithms and
              Key Lengths", DOI 10.6028/NIST.SP.800-131Ar2, NIST Special
              Publication 800-131A Revision 1, 2, November 2015,
              <http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/
              NIST.SP.800-131Ar1.pdf>.
              <https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/SpecialPublications/
              NIST.SP.800-131Ar2.pdf>.

   [RFC6194]  Polk, T., Chen, L., Turner, S., and P. Hoffman, "Security
              Considerations for the SHA-0 and SHA-1 Message-Digest
              Algorithms", RFC 6194, DOI 10.17487/RFC6194, March 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6194>.

   [RFC6234]  Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
              (SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
              DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.

   [RFC8268]  Baushke, M., "More Modular Exponentiation (MODP) Diffie-
              Hellman (DH) Key Exchange (KEX) Groups for Secure Shell
              (SSH)", RFC 8268, DOI 10.17487/RFC8268, December 2017,
              <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8268>.

Authors' Addresses

   Simo Sorce
   Red Hat, Inc.
   140 Broadway Broadway, 24th Floor
   New York, NY 10025
   USA
   United States of America

   Email: simo@redhat.com

   Hubert Kario
   Red Hat, Inc.
   Purkynova 115
   Brno
   612 00 Brno
   Czech Republic

   Email: hkario@redhat.com