<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="rfc2629.xslt" ?> <!-- generated by https://github.com/cabo/kramdown-rfc2629 version 1.2.11 --><!DOCTYPE rfc SYSTEM"rfc2629.dtd" [ ]> <?rfc toc="yes"?> <?rfc sortrefs="yes"?> <?rfc symrefs="yes"?>"rfc2629-xhtml.ent"> <rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft-ietf-cose-hash-sig-09"category="std">number="8778" category="std" consensus="true" obsoletes="" updates="" submissionType="IETF" xml:lang="en" tocInclude="true" sortRefs="true" symRefs="true" version="3"> <!-- xml2rfc v2v3 conversion 2.39.0 --> <front> <title abbrev="HSS/LMS HashSig with COSE">Use of the HSS/LMSHash-basedHash-Based Signature Algorithm with CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)</title> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8778"/> <author initials="R." surname="Housley" fullname="Russ Housley"> <organization abbrev="Vigil Security">Vigil Security, LLC</organization> <address> <postal> <street>516 Dranesville Road</street><city>Herndon, VA</city><city>Herndon</city> <region>VA</region> <code>20170</code><country>US</country><country>United States of America</country> </postal> <email>housley@vigilsec.com</email> </address> </author> <dateyear="2019" month="December" day="11"/>year="2020" month="April" /> <area>Security</area><keyword>Internet-Draft</keyword><abstract> <t>This document specifies the conventions for using the Hierarchical Signature System (HSS) / Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) hash-based signature algorithm with the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) syntax. The HSS/LMS algorithm is one form of hash-based digital signature; it is described in RFC 8554.</t> </abstract> </front> <middle> <section anchor="intro"title="Introduction">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Introduction</name> <t>This document specifies the conventions for using the Hierarchical Signature System (HSS) / Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) hash-based signature algorithm withwiththe CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) <xreftarget="RFC8152"/>target="RFC8152" format="default"/> syntax. The LMS system provides a one-time digital signature that is a variant of Merkle Tree Signatures (MTS). The HSS is built on top of the LMS system to efficiently scale for a largernumbersnumber of signatures. The HSS/LMS algorithm is one form of a hash-based digital signature, and it is described in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>.target="RFC8554" format="default"/>. The HSS/LMS signature algorithm can only be used for a fixed number of signing operations. The number of signing operations depends upon the size of the tree. The HSS/LMS signature algorithm uses small public keys, and it has low computational cost; however, the signatures are quite large. The HSS/LMS private key can be very small when the signer is willing to perform additional computation at signing time; alternatively, the private key can consume additional memory and provide a faster signing time. The HSS/LMS signatures <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> are currently defined to use exclusively SHA-256 <xreftarget="SHS"/>.</t>target="SHS" format="default"/>.</t> <section anchor="motivation"title="Motivation">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Motivation</name> <t>Recent advances in cryptanalysis <xreftarget="BH2013"/>target="BH2013" format="default"/> and progress in the development of quantum computers <xreftarget="NAS2019"/>target="NAS2019" format="default"/> pose a threat to widely deployed digital signature algorithms. As a result, there is a need to prepare for a day thatcryptosystemscryptosystems, such as RSA andDSADSA, that depend on discrete logarithm and factoring cannot be depended upon.</t> <t>If large-scale quantum computers are ever built, these computers will have more than a trivial number of quantum bits(qubits)(qubits), and they will be able to break many of the public-key cryptosystems currently in use. A post-quantum cryptosystem <xreftarget="PQC"/>target="PQC" format="default"/> is a system that is secure againstagainstsuch large-scale quantum computers.It is open to conjecture whenWhen it will be feasible to build suchcomputers;computers is open to conjecture; however, RSA <xreftarget="RFC8017"/>,target="RFC8017" format="default"/>, DSA <xreftarget="DSS"/>, ECDSAtarget="DSS" format="default"/>, Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) <xreftarget="DSS"/>,target="DSS" format="default"/>, andEdDSAEdwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA) <xreftarget="RFC8032"/>target="RFC8032" format="default"/> are all vulnerable if large-scale quantum computers come to pass.</t> <t>Since the HSS/LMS signature algorithm does not depend on the difficulty of discrete logarithm or factoring, the HSS/LMS signature algorithm is considered to be post-quantum secure. The use of HSS/LMS hash-based signatures to protect software update distribution will allow the deployment of future software that implements new cryptosystems. By deploying HSS/LMS today, authentication and integrity protection of the future software can be provided, even if advances break currentdigital signaturedigital-signature mechanisms.</t> </section> <section anchor="terms"title="Terminology"> <t>Thenumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Terminology</name> <t> The key words“MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”,"<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and“OPTIONAL”"<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are to be interpreted as described inBCP 14BCP 14 <xref target="RFC2119"/> <xref target="RFC8174"/> when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shownhere.</t>here. </t> </section> </section> <section anchor="overview"title="LMSnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>LMS Digital Signature AlgorithmOverview">Overview</name> <t>This specification makes use of the hash-based signature algorithm specified in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>,target="RFC8554" format="default"/>, which is the Leighton and Micali adaptation <xreftarget="LM"/>target="LM" format="default"/> of the original Lamport-Diffie-Winternitz-Merkle one-time signature system <xreftarget="M1979"/><xref target="M1987"/><xref target="M1989a"/><xref target="M1989b"/>.</t>target="M1979" format="default"/><xref target="M1987" format="default"/><xref target="M1989a" format="default"/><xref target="M1989b" format="default"/>.</t> <t>The hash-based signature algorithm has three major components:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[ o Hierarchical<ul spacing="normal"> <li>Hierarchical Signature System (HSS) -- seeSection 2.1; o Leighton-Micali<xref target="hss"/></li> <li>Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) -- seeSection 2.2; and o Leighton-Micali<xref target="lms"/></li> <li>Leighton-Micali One-time SignatureAlgorithm(LM-OTS)--Algorithm-- seeSection 2.3. ]]></artwork></figure><xref target="lmots"/></li> </ul> <t>As implied by the name, the hash-based signature algorithm depends on a collision-resistant hash function. The hash-based signature algorithm specified in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> currently makes use of the SHA-256 one-way hash function <xreftarget="SHS"/>,target="SHS" format="default"/>, but it also establishes an IANA registry to permit the registration of additional one-way hash functions in the future.</t> <section anchor="hss"title="Hierarchicalnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Hierarchical Signature System(HSS)">(HSS)</name> <t>The hash-based signature algorithm specified in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> uses a hierarchy of trees. TheHierarchicalN-time Hierarchical Signature System (HSS) allows subordinate trees to be generated when needed by the signer. Otherwise, generation of the entire tree might take weeks or longer.</t> <t>An HSSsignaturesignature, as specified in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/>, carries the number of signed public keys (Nspk), followed by that number of signed public keys, followed by the LMSsignaturesignature, as described in <xreftarget="lms"/>.target="lms" format="default"/>. The public key for thetop-mosttopmost LMS tree is the public key of the HSS system. The LMS private key in the parent tree signs the LMS public key in the child tree, and the LMS private key in the bottom-most tree signs the actual message. The signature over the public key and the signature over the actual message are LMSsignaturessignatures, as described in <xreftarget="lms"/>.</t>target="lms" format="default"/>.</t> <t>The elements of the HSS signature value for a stand-alone tree (a top tree with no children) can be summarized as:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ u32str(0) || lms_signature /* signature of message */]]></artwork></figure> <t>where,]]></artwork> <t>where the notation comes from <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>.</t>target="RFC8554" format="default"/>.</t> <t>The elements of the HSS signature value for a tree with Nspk signed public keys can be summarized as:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ u32str(Nspk) || signed_public_key[0] || signed_public_key[1] || ... signed_public_key[Nspk-2] || signed_public_key[Nspk-1] || lms_signature /* signature of message */]]></artwork></figure> <t>where, as]]></artwork> <t>As defined inSection 3.3 of<xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>,target="RFC8554" sectionFormat="of" section="3.3"/>, a signed_public_key is the lms_signature over the public key followed by the public key itself. Note that Nspk is the number of levels in the hierarchy of trees minus 1.</t> </section> <section anchor="lms"title="Leighton-Micalinumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Leighton-Micali Signature(LMS)">(LMS)</name> <t>Subordinate LMS trees are placed in thetheHSSstructurestructure, as discussed in <xreftarget="hss"/>.target="hss" format="default"/>. Each tree in the hash-based signature algorithm specified in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> uses the Leighton-Micali Signature (LMS) system. LMS systems have two parameters. The first parameter is the height of the tree, h, which is the number of levels in the tree minus one. The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> includes support for five values of this parameter:h=5; h=10; h=15; h=20;h=5, h=10, h=15, h=20, and h=25. Note that there are 2^h leaves in the tree. The second parameter is the number of bytes output by the hash function, m, which is the amount of data associated with each node in the tree. The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification supports onlySHA-256,SHA-256 with m=32. An IANA registry is defined so that other hash functions could be used in the future.</t> <t>The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification supports five tree sizes:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[ LMS_SHA256_M32_H5; LMS_SHA256_M32_H10; LMS_SHA256_M32_H15; LMS_SHA256_M32_H20; and LMS_SHA256_M32_H25. ]]></artwork></figure><ul spacing="normal"> <li>LMS_SHA256_M32_H5</li> <li>LMS_SHA256_M32_H10</li> <li>LMS_SHA256_M32_H15</li> <li>LMS_SHA256_M32_H20</li> <li>LMS_SHA256_M32_H25</li> </ul> <t>The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification establishes an IANA registry to permit the registration of additional hash functions and additional tree sizes in the future.</t> <t>The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification defines the value I as the private key identifier, and the same I value is used for all computations with the same LMS tree. The value I is also available in the public key. In addition, the <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification defines the valueT[i]T[r] as the m-byte string associated with the ith node in the LMS tree,whereand the nodes are indexed from 1 to 2^(h+1)-1. Thus, T[1] is the m-byte string associated with the root of the LMS tree.</t> <t>The LMS public key can be summarized as:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ u32str(lms_algorithm_type) || u32str(otstype) || I || T[1]]]></artwork></figure>]]></artwork> <t>As specified in <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>,target="RFC8554" format="default"/>, the LMS signature consists of fourelements: theelements:</t> <ul spacing="normal"> <li>the number of the leaf associated with the LM-OTSsignature, ansignature,</li> <li>an LM-OTSsignaturesignature, as described in <xreftarget="lmots"/>, a typecodetarget="lmots" format="default"/>,</li> <li>a type code indicating the particular LMS algorithm,and anand</li> <li>an array of values that is associated with the path through the tree from the leaf associated with the LM-OTS signature to theroot.root.</li> </ul> <t> The array of values contains the siblings of the nodes on the path from the leaf to the root but does not contain the nodes on the path itself. The array for a tree with height h will have h values. The first value is the sibling of the leaf, the next value is the sibling of the parent of the leaf, and so on up the path to the root.</t> <t>The four elements of the LMS signature value can be summarized as:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ u32str(q) || ots_signature || u32str(type) || path[0] || path[1] || ... || path[h-1]]]></artwork></figure>]]></artwork> </section> <section anchor="lmots"title="Leighton-Micali One-timenumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Leighton-Micali One-Time SignatureAlgorithm (LM-OTS)">(LM-OTS) Algorithm</name> <t>The hash-based signature algorithm depends on a one-time signature method. This specification makes use of the Leighton-Micali One-time SignatureAlgorithm(LM-OTS) Algorithm <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>.target="RFC8554" format="default"/>. An LM-OTS has five parameters:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[ n - The<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="6"> <dt>n:</dt> <dd>The number of bytes output by the hash function. For SHA-256 [SHS],n=32. H - An=32.</dd> <dt>H:</dt> <dd>A preimage-resistant hash function that accepts byte strings of anylength,length and returns an n-bytestring. w - Thestring.</dd> <dt>w:</dt> <dd>The width in bits of the Winternitz coefficients. [HASHSIG] supports four values for this parameter:w=1; w=2; w=4; and w=8. p - Thew=1, w=2, w=4, and w=8.</dd> <dt>p:</dt> <dd>The number of n-byte string elements that make up the LM-OTSsignature. ls - Thesignature.</dd> <dt>ls:</dt> <dd>The number of left-shift bits used in the checksum function, which is defined inSection 4.5 of [HASHSIG]. ]]></artwork></figure><xref target="RFC8554" sectionFormat="of" section="4.4"/>.</dd> </dl> <t>The values of p and ls are dependent on the choices of the parameters n and w, as described inAppendix B of<xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>.</t>target="RFC8554" sectionFormat="of" section="B"/>.</t> <t>The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification supports four LM-OTS variants:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[ LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W1; LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W2; LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W4; and LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W8. ]]></artwork></figure><ul spacing="normal"> <li>LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W1</li> <li>LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W2</li> <li>LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W4</li> <li>LMOTS_SHA256_N32_W8</li> </ul> <t>The <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> specification establishes an IANA registry to permit the registration of additional hash functions and additional parameter sets in the future.</t> <t>Signing involves the generation of C, which is an n-byte random value.</t> <t>The LM-OTS signature value can be summarized as the identifier of the LM-OTS variant, the random value, and a sequence of hash values (y[0] throughy[p-1])y[p-1]), as described inSection 4.5 of<xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>:</t> <figure><artwork><![CDATA[target="RFC8554" sectionFormat="of" section="4.5"/>:</t> <artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ u32str(otstype) || C || y[0] || ... || y[p-1]]]></artwork></figure>]]></artwork> </section> </section> <section anchor="algids"title="Hash-basednumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Hash-Based Signature AlgorithmIdentifiers">Identifiers</name> <t>The CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) <xreftarget="RFC8152"/>target="RFC8152" format="default"/> supports two signature algorithm schemes. This specification makes use of the signature with appendix scheme for hash-based signatures.</t> <t>The signature value is a large bytestringstring, as described in <xreftarget="overview"/>.target="overview" format="default"/>. The byte string is designed for easy parsing. The HSS, LMS, andLMOTSLM-OTS components of the signature value format include counters and type codes that indirectly provide all of the information that is needed to parse the byte string during signature validation.</t> <t>When using a COSE key for this algorithm, the following checks are made:</t><figure><artwork><![CDATA[ o The<ul spacing="normal"> <li>The 'kty' fieldMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be'HSS-LMS'. o If'HSS-LMS'.</li> <li>If the 'alg' field is present, itMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be'HSS-LMS'. o If'HSS-LMS'.</li> <li>If the 'key_ops' field is present, itMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> include 'sign' when creating a hash-basedsignature. o Ifsignature.</li> <li>If the 'key_ops' field is present, itMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> include 'verify' when verifying a hash-basedsignature. o Ifsignature.</li> <li>If the 'kid' field is present, itMAY<bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be used to identify the top of the HSS tree. In [HASHSIG], this identifier is called 'I', and it is the 16-byte identifier of the LMS public key for thetree. ]]></artwork></figure>tree.</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="seccons"title="Security Considerations">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Security Considerations</name> <t>TheSecuritysecurity considerations from <xreftarget="RFC8152"/>target="RFC8152" format="default"/> and <xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" format="default"/> are relevant to implementations of this specification.</t> <t>There are a number of security considerations that need to be taken into account by implementers of this specification.</t> <t>ImplementationsMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> protect the private keys. Compromise of the private keys may result in the ability to forge signatures. Along with the private key, the implementationMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> keep track of which leaf nodes in the tree have been used. Loss of integrity of this tracking data can cause a one-time key to be used more than once. As a result, when a private key and the tracking data are stored onnon- volatilenonvolatile media orstoredin a virtual machine environment, failed writes, virtual machine snapshotting or cloning, and other operational concerns must be considered to ensure confidentiality and integrity.</t> <t>When generating an LMS key pair, an implementationMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> generate each key pair independently of all other key pairs in the HSS tree.</t> <t>An implementationMUST<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> ensure thataan LM-OTS private key is used to generate a signature only onetime,time and ensure that it cannot be used for any other purpose.</t> <t>The generation of private keys relies on random numbers. The use of inadequatepseudo-randompseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) to generate these values can result in little or no security. An attacker may find it much easier to reproduce the PRNG environment that produced the keys, searching the resulting small set ofpossibilities,possibilities rather thanbrute forcebrute-force searching the whole key space. The generation of quality random numbers is difficult, and <xreftarget="RFC4086"/>target="RFC4086" format="default"/> offers important guidance in this area.</t> <t>The generation of hash-based signatures also depends on random numbers. While the consequences of an inadequatepseudo-random number generator (PRNG)PRNG to generate these values is much less severe than in the generation of private keys, the guidance in <xreftarget="RFC4086"/>target="RFC4086" format="default"/> remains important.</t> </section> <section anchor="opcons"title="Operational Considerations">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Operational Considerations</name> <t>The public key for the hash-based signature is the key at the root of Hierarchical Signature System (HSS). In the absence of a public key infrastructure <xreftarget="RFC5280"/>,target="RFC5280" format="default"/>, this public key is a trust anchor, and the number of signatures that can be generated is bounded by the size of the overall HSS set of trees. When all of the LM-OTS signatures have been used to produce a signature, then the establishment of a new trust anchor is required.</t> <t>To ensure that none of the tree nodes are used to generate more than one signature, the signer maintains state across different invocations of the signing algorithm.Section 12.2 of<xreftarget="HASHSIG"/>target="RFC8554" sectionFormat="of" section="9.2"/> offers some practical implementation approaches around this statefulness. In some of these approaches, nodes are sacrificed to ensure that none are used more than once. As a result, the total number of signatures that can be generated might be less than the overall HSS set of trees.</t> <t>A COSE Key Type Parameter for encoding the HSS/LMS private key and the state about which tree nodes have been used is deliberately not defined. It was not defined to avoid creating the ability to save the private key and state, generate one or more signatures, and then restore the private key and state. Such a restoration operation provides disastrous opportunities for tree node reuse.</t> </section> <section anchor="iana"title="IANA Considerations">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>IANA Considerations</name> <t>IANAis requested to addhas added entries for the HSS/LMS hash-basedsignaturessignature algorithm in the“COSE Algorithms”"COSE Algorithms" registry and added HSS/LMS hash-based signature public keys in the“COSE"COSE Key Types" registry and the "COSE KeyTypes” registry.</t>Type Parameters" registry. </t> <section anchor="cose-algorithms-registry-entry"title="COSEnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>COSE Algorithms RegistryEntry">Entry</name> <t>The new entry in the“COSE Algorithms”"COSE Algorithms" registry <xreftarget="IANA"/> has the following columns:</t> <figure><artwork><![CDATA[ Name: HSS-LMS Value: TBD1 (Value between -256 and 255 to be assigned by IANA, with a preferrence for -46) Description: HSS/LMStarget="IANA" format="default"/> appears as follows:</t> <dl newline="false" spacing="compact"> <dt>Name:</dt> <dd>HSS-LMS</dd> <dt>Value:</dt> <dd>-46</dd> <dt>Description:</dt> <dd>HSS/LMS hash-based digitalsignature Reference: This document (Number to be assigned by RFC Editor) Recommended: Yes ]]></artwork></figure>signature</dd> <dt>Reference:</dt> <dd>RFC 8778</dd> <dt>Recommended:</dt> <dd>Yes</dd> </dl> </section> <section anchor="cose-key-types-registry-entry"title="COSEnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>COSE Key Types RegistryEntry">Entry</name> <t>The new entry in the“COSE"COSE KeyTypes”Types" registry <xreftarget="IANA"/> has the following columns:</t> <figure><artwork><![CDATA[ Name: HSS-LMS Value: TBD2 (Value to be assigned by IANA) Description: Publictarget="IANA" format="default"/> appears as follows:</t> <dl newline="false" spacing="compact"> <dt>Name:</dt> <dd>HSS-LMS</dd> <dt>Value:</dt> <dd>5</dd> <dt>Description:</dt> <dd>Public key for HSS/LMS hash-based digitalsignature Reference: This document (Number to be assigned by RFC Editor) ]]></artwork></figure>signature</dd> <dt>Reference:</dt> <dd>RFC 8778</dd> </dl> </section> <section anchor="cose-key-type-parameters-registry-entry"title="COSEnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>COSE Key Type Parameters RegistryEntry">Entry</name> <t>The new entry in the“COSE"COSE Key TypeParameters”Parameters" registry <xreftarget="IANA"/> has the following columns:</t> <figure><artwork><![CDATA[ Key Type: TBD2 (Value to be assigned above by IANA) Name: pub Label: TBD3 (Value to be assigned by IANA) CBOR Type: bstr Description: Publictarget="IANA" format="default"/> appears as follows:</t> <dl newline="false" spacing="compact"> <dt>Key Type:</dt> <dd>5</dd> <dt>Name:</dt> <dd>pub</dd> <dt>Label:</dt> <dd>-1</dd> <dt>CBOR Type:</dt> <dd>bstr</dd> <dt>Description:</dt> <dd>Public key for HSS/LMS hash-based digitalsignature Reference: This document (Number to be assigned by RFC Editor) ]]></artwork></figure>signature</dd> <dt>Reference:</dt> <dd>RFC 8778</dd> </dl> </section> </section> </middle> <back><references title='Normative References'><displayreference target="RFC8554" to="HASHSIG"/> <references> <name>References</name> <references> <name>Normative References</name> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8554.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8152.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"/> <referenceanchor="HASHSIG" target="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8554.txt">anchor="SHS"> <front><title>Leighton-Micali Hash-Based Signatures</title> <author initials="D." surname="McGrew" fullname="David McGrew"> <organization>Cisco Systems</organization> </author> <author initials="M." surname="Curcio" fullname="Michael Curcio"> <organization>Cisco Systems</organization> </author> <author initials="S." surname="Fluhrer" fullname="Scott Fluhrer"> <organization>Cisco Systems</organization><title>Secure Hash Standard</title> <seriesInfo name="FIPS Publication" value="180-4"/> <author> <organization>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</organization> </author> <dateyear="2019" month="April"/>month="August" year="2015"/> </front> <seriesInfoname="RFC" value="8554"/>name="DOI" value="10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4"/> </reference> </references> <references> <name>Informative References</name> <referenceanchor="RFC2119" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119'>anchor="DSS" target="https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-4"> <front><title>Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels</title> <author initials='S.' surname='Bradner' fullname='S. Bradner'><organization /></author> <date year='1997' month='March' /> <abstract><t>In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion<title>Digital Signature Standard (DSS)</title> <author> <organization>National Institute of Standards andsuggestions for improvements.</t></abstract>Technology (NIST)</organization> </author> <date month="July" year="2013"/> </front> <seriesInfoname='BCP' value='14'/>name="FIPS Publication" value="186-4"/> <seriesInfoname='RFC' value='2119'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC2119'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8152" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8152'> <front> <title>CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)</title> <author initials='J.' surname='Schaad' fullname='J. Schaad'><organization /></author> <date year='2017' month='July' /> <abstract><t>Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format designed for small code size and small message size. There is a need for the ability to have basic security services defined for this data format. This document defines the CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE) protocol. This specification describes how to create and process signatures, message authentication codes, and encryption using CBOR for serialization. This specification additionally describes how to represent cryptographic keys using CBOR.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8152'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8152'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8174" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174'> <front> <title>Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words</title> <author initials='B.' surname='Leiba' fullname='B. Leiba'><organization /></author> <date year='2017' month='May' /> <abstract><t>RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='BCP' value='14'/> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8174'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8174'/> </reference> <reference anchor="SHS" > <front> <title>Secure Hash Standard</title> <author > <organization>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</organization> </author> <date year="2008"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="FIPS Publication" value="180-3"/> </reference> </references> <references title='Informative References'> <reference anchor="DSS" > <front> <title>Digital Signature Standard (DSS)</title> <author > <organization>National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)</organization> </author> <date year="2013"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="FIPS Publication" value="186-6"/> </reference> <reference anchor="IANA" target="https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose/cose.xhtml"> <front> <title>IANA Registry for CBOR Object Signing and Encryption (COSE)</title> <author > <organization></organization> </author> <date year="n.d."/> </front> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC4086" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4086'> <front> <title>Randomness Requirements for Security</title> <author initials='D.' surname='Eastlake 3rd' fullname='D. Eastlake 3rd'><organization /></author> <author initials='J.' surname='Schiller' fullname='J. Schiller'><organization /></author> <author initials='S.' surname='Crocker' fullname='S. Crocker'><organization /></author> <date year='2005' month='June' /> <abstract><t>Security systems are built on strong cryptographic algorithms that foil pattern analysis attempts. However, the security of these systems is dependent on generating secret quantities for passwords, cryptographic keys, and similar quantities. The use of pseudo-random processes to generate secret quantities can result in pseudo-security. A sophisticated attacker may find it easier to reproduce the environment that produced the secret quantities and to search the resulting small set of possibilities than to locate the quantities in the whole of the potential number space.</t><t>Choosing random quantities to foil a resourceful and motivated adversary is surprisingly difficult. This document points out many pitfalls in using poor entropy sources or traditional pseudo-random number generation techniques for generating such quantities. It recommends the use of truly random hardware techniques and shows that the existing hardware on many systems can be used for this purpose. It provides suggestions to ameliorate the problem when a hardware solution is not available, and it gives examples of how large such quantities need to be for some applications. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='BCP' value='106'/> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='4086'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC4086'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC5280" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280'> <front> <title>Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile</title> <author initials='D.' surname='Cooper' fullname='D. Cooper'><organization /></author> <author initials='S.' surname='Santesson' fullname='S. Santesson'><organization /></author> <author initials='S.' surname='Farrell' fullname='S. Farrell'><organization /></author> <author initials='S.' surname='Boeyen' fullname='S. Boeyen'><organization /></author> <author initials='R.' surname='Housley' fullname='R. Housley'><organization /></author> <author initials='W.' surname='Polk' fullname='W. Polk'><organization /></author> <date year='2008' month='May' /> <abstract><t>This memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices. [STANDARDS-TRACK]</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='5280'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC5280'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8017" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8017'> <front> <title>PKCS #1: RSA Cryptography Specifications Version 2.2</title> <author initials='K.' surname='Moriarty' fullname='K. Moriarty' role='editor'><organization /></author> <author initials='B.' surname='Kaliski' fullname='B. Kaliski'><organization /></author> <author initials='J.' surname='Jonsson' fullname='J. Jonsson'><organization /></author> <author initials='A.' surname='Rusch' fullname='A. Rusch'><organization /></author> <date year='2016' month='November' /> <abstract><t>This document provides recommendations for the implementation of public-key cryptography based on the RSA algorithm, covering cryptographic primitives, encryption schemes, signature schemes with appendix, and ASN.1 syntax for representing keys and for identifying the schemes.</t><t>This document represents a republication of PKCS #1 v2.2 from RSA Laboratories' Public-Key Cryptography Standards (PKCS) series. By publishing this RFC, change control is transferred to the IETF.</t><t>This document also obsoletes RFC 3447.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8017'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8017'/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8032" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8032'> <front> <title>Edwards-Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)</title> <author initials='S.' surname='Josefsson' fullname='S. Josefsson'><organization /></author> <author initials='I.' surname='Liusvaara' fullname='I. Liusvaara'><organization /></author> <date year='2017' month='January' /> <abstract><t>This document describes elliptic curve signature scheme Edwards-curve Digital Signature Algorithm (EdDSA). The algorithm is instantiated with recommended parameters for the edwards25519 and edwards448 curves. An example implementation and test vectors are provided.</t></abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8032'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8032'/>name="DOI" value="10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-4"/> </reference> <referenceanchor="RFC8610" target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610'>anchor="IANA" target="https://www.iana.org/assignments/cose"> <front><title>Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures</title> <author initials='H.' surname='Birkholz' fullname='H. Birkholz'><organization /></author> <author initials='C.' surname='Vigano' fullname='C. Vigano'><organization /></author> <author initials='C.' surname='Bormann' fullname='C. Bormann'><organization /></author> <date year='2019' month='June' /> <abstract><t>This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary<title>CBOR ObjectRepresentation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messagesSigning anddata formats that use CBOR or JSON.</t></abstract>Encryption (COSE)</title> <author> <organization>IANA</organization> </author> </front><seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8610'/> <seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8610'/></reference> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4086.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5280.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8017.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8032.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8610.xml"/> <reference anchor="BH2013" target="https://media.blackhat.com/us-13/us-13-Stamos-The-Factoring-Dead.pdf"> <front> <title>The Factoring Dead: Preparing for the Cryptopocalypse</title> <author initials="T." surname="Ptacek" fullname="Thomas Ptacek"> <organization>Matasano</organization> </author> <author initials="T." surname="Ritter" fullname="Tom Ritter"> <organization>iSEC Partners</organization> </author> <author initials="J." surname="Samuel" fullname="Javed Samuel"> <organization>iSEC Partners</organization> </author> <author initials="A." surname="Stamos" fullname="Alex Stamos"> <organization>Artemis Internet</organization> </author> <date year="2013" month="August"/> </front> </reference> <referenceanchor="LM" >anchor="LM"> <front> <title>Large provably fast and secure digital signature schemes from secure hash functions</title> <author initials="F." surname="Leighton" fullname="Frank T. Leighton"><organization></organization><organization/> </author> <author initials="S." surname="Micali" fullname="Silvio Micali"><organization></organization><organization/> </author> <date year="1995"month="July" day="11"/>month="July"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="U.S. Patent" value="5,432,852"/> </reference> <referenceanchor="M1979" >anchor="M1979"> <front> <title>Secrecy, Authentication, and Public Key Systems</title> <author initials="R." surname="Merkle" fullname="Ralph Merkle"><organization></organization><organization/> </author> <date month="June" year="1979"/> </front> <seriesInfoname="Stanford University Information Systems Laboratory Technicalname="Technical Report"value="1979-1"/>value="No. 1979-1"/> <refcontent>Information Systems Laboratory, Stanford University</refcontent> </reference> <referenceanchor="M1987" >anchor="M1987"> <front> <title>A Digital Signature Based on a Conventional Encryption Function</title> <author initials="R." surname="Merkle" fullname="Ralph Merkle"><organization></organization><organization/> </author> <date year="1988"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Lecture<refcontent>Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO '87 Proceedings</refcontent> <refcontent>Lecture Notes in ComputerScience" value="crypto87"/>Science, Volume 291</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1007/3-540-48184-2_32"/> </reference> <referenceanchor="M1989a" >anchor="M1989a"> <front> <title>A Certified Digital Signature</title> <author initials="R." surname="Merkle" fullname="Ralph Merkle"><organization></organization><organization/> </author> <date year="1990"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Lecture<refcontent>Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO '89 Proceedings</refcontent> <refcontent>Lecture Notes in ComputerScience" value="crypto89"/>Science, Volume 435</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1007/0-387-34805-0_21"/> </reference> <referenceanchor="M1989b" >anchor="M1989b"> <front> <title>One Way Hash Functions and DES</title> <author initials="R." surname="Merkle" fullname="Ralph Merkle"><organization></organization><organization/> </author> <date year="1990"/> </front><seriesInfo name="Lecture<refcontent>Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO '89 Proceedings</refcontent> <refcontent>Lecture Notes in ComputerScience" value="crypto89"/>Science, Volume 435</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1007/0-387-34805-0_40"/> </reference> <reference anchor="NAS2019" target="http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25196"> <front> <title>Quantum Computing: Progress and Prospects</title><author ><author> <organization>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine</organization> </author> <date year="2019"/> </front> <refcontent>The National Academies Press</refcontent> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17226/25196"/> </reference> <reference anchor="PQC" target="http://www.pqcrypto.org/www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9783540887010-c1.pdf"> <front> <title>Introduction to post-quantum cryptography</title> <author initials="D." surname="Bernstein" fullname="Daniel J. Bernstein"> <organization>Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago</organization> </author> <date year="2009"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.1007/978-3-540-88702-7_1"/> </reference> </references> </references> <section anchor="examples"title="Examples">numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Examples</name> <t>This appendix provides a non-normative example of a COSE full message signature and an example of a COSE_Sign1 message. This section is formatted according to the extended CBOR diagnostic format defined by <xreftarget="RFC8610"/>.</t>target="RFC8610" format="default"/>.</t> <t>The programs that were used to generate the examples can be found athttps://github.com/cose-wg/Examples.</t><eref target="https://github.com/cose-wg/Examples" brackets="angle"/>.</t> <section anchor="example-cose-full-message-signature"title="Examplenumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Example COSE Full MessageSignature">Signature</name> <t>This section provides an example of a COSE full message signature.</t><t>Size<t>The size of binary file is 2560 bytes.</t><t>{{{ RFC Editor: This example assumes that -46 will be assigned for the HSS-LMS algorithm. If another value is assigned, then the example needs to be regenerated. }}}</t> <figure><artwork><![CDATA[<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ 98( [ / protected / h'a10300' / { \ content type \ 3:0 } / , / unprotected / {}, / payload / 'This is the content.', / signatures / [ [ / protected / h'a101382d' / { \ alg \ 1:-46 \ HSS-LMS \ } / , / unprotected / { / kid / 4:'ItsBig' }, / signature / h'00000000000000010000000391291de76ce6e24d1e2a 9b60266519bc8ce889f814deb0fc00edd3129de3ab9b6bfa3bf47d007d844af7db74 9ea97215e82f456cbdd473812c6a042ae39539898752c89b60a276ec8a9feab900e2 5bdfe0ab8e773aa1c36ae214d67c65bb68630450a5db2c7c6403b77f6a9bf4d30a02 19db5cced884d7514f3cbd19220020bf3045b0e5c6955b32864f16f97da02f0cbfea 70458b07032e30b0342d75b8f3dc6871442e6384b10f559f5dc594a214924c48ccc3 37078665653fc740340428138b0fb5154f2f2cb291ad05ace7acae60031b2d09b2f4 17712d1c01e34b165af2e070f5a521a85a5fb3dd2a6288947bcbd5e2265d3670bd61 92eb2bf643964e2783d84aec343f8e3571e4fcf09cbeea94e80470aa7252d1c733a5 535907e66c7b9f0b88b159dc2a7370ee47f13e7e134d3d05e5f53fac640b784a9b0f 183fe14217325626f487cc8d8cb9eaf0abb174ee0b7076cf39c45037cefdf3f1e61b 5174581214c09870b72c39737ec4c46a96199b66cad2990bcbe5bb1abfde99107c7f 7289395bf2a433598ede0b1969f23db949afb5b4d33831dae6c641a6355f8f9bf16c dffc4bf86891b93a557c2152ac8a1de51c995344cc10cc4bc9ecfbb4e418bed0f334 af165339e6725dc4fc1e995521e1be8a566d59b57cd130903b42d07087d63646ef8f c1e9e9071bb67a123fdec3f37638cdaf0f4bf3084074069171c17885b9431ad908d3 6a6f8a826256d2aa34f8aa0731a357c060db8e80fefd61b1c323890e640633b98d17 5d4d6ebff800a71cfc864ec02837de9d0e079f0f400acafd56805cb273e631ba395d 23e86acf6eae63181a5afe1f0a361cbbd5fefeb7db0c95591ec3128e80dfbea9ca0f 89fc035d761c05d41e7a010892c42e8e2af62aa604f4e214c0bb08075481f9cc307a 555adf333b9424f209b89f161032e413b047ae5ab0aa15643bb4c643446d2c9829eb 256e7375ce9639047a24a44f4da446b7359556f3ab3484c56511c68a140dc0531f65 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2552 bytes.</t><t>{{{ RFC Editor: This example assumes that -46 will be assigned for the HSS-LMS algorithm. If another value is assigned, then the example needs to be regenerated. }}}</t> <figure><artwork><![CDATA[<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[ 18( [ / protected / h'a101382d' / { \ alg \ 1:-46 \ HSS-LMS \ } / , / unprotected / { / kid / 4:'ItsBig' }, / payload / 'This is the content.', / signature / h'00000000000000000000000391291de76ce6e24d1e2a9b60 266519bc8ce889f814deb0fc00edd3129de3ab9b9aa5b5ac783bdf0fe689f57fb204 f1992dbc1ce2484f316c74bce3f2094cfa8e96a4a9548cead0f78ee5d549510d1910 f647320448ae27ecce77249802a0c39c645bf8db08573af52c93d91fd0e217f245c7 52c176b81514eb6e3067e0fbb329225eaa88c7d21635e32ae84213f89018cb06f1b8 4e61eac348b690d7c6265c19f9d868952d99826aecd417b5279dd674cd951c306016 cfee4fee3bfcf5ee5a5ad08b5b4f53bc93995f26cfe7c0c1c5ba2574c1f2d8470993 e8bd47ef9b9cf309ef895226e92be60683459009611defbb9a43217956a0ab2959bb da0feca39de37e7c4a6cd8a5314d6b02b377406d5a5e589e91feaa9f2e4ec1682ba1 f633c7784499323e40da651f71d3c19e38c634d898b0c508324c0bfcf7c5f0a8c014 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81702108805dec60f2781272d2425a6ee29c66122d2c557867c1a5aed82131e06fc3 84ecf49017e1c9d6cf63b9f2285ccf890cbb9bbf796e0fd02101948b7ef663849367 7b33fd787d9d3fc2c7cc7babc21af8c748afb80cf86b45dc89f0b9c7959621e85b98 b542dc263db9255273bb9054a7f194748f28373ba123d73fc71fef43e7e2ac9a8000 8e85cf2f04aa433075dfc54c4de24a341ebf7cf1e6b383dbba85898fdc368017fd67 c153e7a991a3a3cee6dae4fbe2fe6f25a8df314140a8176c8e6fd0c6f042ca66eb6a bba9a2502bb6dfa52960ae86a942a673e4e45439594fefcd2974e20554d1dc70b8e0 34fd1787801343d5f6edc95ce0348c25727c771526e3fd4effb5f16e25a1ea3dcd82 82e778e91ae9b339a5013c77fd6ea2432704e293f5e82a24121c73900bea4b4ef14a 2adc1ab3c68224bae1de9c61a48b84e84c1b0e83701be3d988012a24fa40268c8d6e f1fd2818ae8e4b6f52f89beab6bfdd1ff1b7ecd573edff3703b800b5b2a206f451f1 bf2713b4ae9085bd7fe34ad4306a290e4cdb7817ee9ab7ccfb816d002b619f77d46d 7dd0f8eefe10f5c0f9723ffdb14ca75a185543770f41508b9983d5eed78225bc6e21 f876bfdd08fe8bc63e0cb253c7dfc67c330897c515244f3f631682f2141eba48ca86 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fullname="Ben Kaduk"/>, <contact fullname="Laurence Lundblade"/>, <contact fullname="John Mattsson"/>, <contact fullname="Jim Schaad"/>, and <contact fullname="Tony Putman"/> for their valuable review and insights. In addition, an extra special thank you toJim Schaad<contact fullname="Jim Schaad"/> for generating the examples in Appendix A.</t> </section> </back><!-- ##markdown-source: H4sIALMK8V0AA9Wde3McR3bl/89PUUFFLEkvANb7QcVELEVKFsekJAuUJxzj sSIrM4uoYaMb6uomhKHlz76/m1lV/QBAUdasw8sZgUB3VVbmfZx7zs1s8PT0 VG36zcI9jR78MLho1UWbCxd9fX7+5NXr8+hrPVyctnpwNjrv3y71Zrt20bPF 29W631xcRtd8jZ5/8e330bftX53Z+Iv65dtIL2305dKsb642/WoZPXr+7fmX jx8o3bZr9/7pwfDcMo7DNcquzFJfMhu71t3mtHeb7tSsBnd6ITMZ+rencaOs 3nBFGifNaZKeJokyvMCcbp5Gw8Yq1V+tn0ab9XbYpHHcxKnSa6efRufObJn3 jXrnbq5Xa/s0erncuPXSbU5fyNOUGjZM/Ee9WC2dH8Cpq/5p9OfNypxEw2q9 Wbtu4LubS/nmL0rp7eZitX6qolMV8adfDk+j78+ir1fbYeFu/GthNd9vh+Hg 5dX67dPoX/q3/WKe1kn06tVz/+ZkpsP3/VsDc3Cbp1GRlBGTXrrhfb9YuOj7 lbb+AsOVGJhl2dXyJPqXZ+HVlQ0Wq+Lx5+1yI/b64dz/7C51v3gaXYQZ/p/3 8uDBmTOzulRquVpf6k3/3rHQ6Otn51+fv/zHp/62KXJeuf7txWa1PH3dG73o Q9h8cRg2w4Owtslk/s/p+Pdkpxf6fW+j1+Yf1+56fsub9cXZ8cvehM/7wayi 85th4y6HewZlUhfaLaLn27XpV4fDvj47fvmThz03q80m+mqxvVi79eGo52e3 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