wdiff rfc8797.original rfc8797.txt

Network File System Version 4

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Lever
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8797 Oracle
Updates: 8166 (if approved) February 21, June 2020
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track
Expires: August 24, 2020

RDMA
ISSN: 2070-1721

Remote Direct Memory Access - Connection Manager (RDMA-CM) Private Data For RPC-Over-RDMA
for RPC-over-RDMA Version 1
draft-ietf-nfsv4-rpcrdma-cm-pvt-data-08

Abstract

This document specifies the format of Remote Direct Memory Access -
Connection Manager (RDMA-CM) Private Data exchanged between RPC-over-
RDMA version 1 peers as part of establishing a connection. The
addition of the private data Private Data payload specified in this document is an
optional extension that does not alter the RPC-over-RDMA version 1
protocol. This document updates RFC 8166.

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.

Information about the current status of six months this document, any errata,
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

This Internet-Draft will expire on August 24, 2020.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8797.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Advertised Transport Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Inline Threshold Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Remote Invalidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Private Data Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Using the R Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2. Send and Receive Size Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Interoperability Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Interoperability with RPC-over-RDMA Version 1
Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.2. Interoperability Amongst amongst RDMA Transports . . . . . . . . 8
6. Updating the Message Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8.1. Guidance for Designated Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1. Introduction

The RPC-over-RDMA version 1 transport protocol [RFC8166] enables
payload data transfer using Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) for
upper-layer protocols based on Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) (RPCs)
[RFC5531]. The terms "Remote Direct Memory Access" (RDMA) and
"Direct Data Placement" (DDP) are introduced in [RFC5040].

The two most immediate shortcomings of RPC-over-RDMA version 1 are:

o are as
follows:

1. Setting up an RDMA data transfer (via RDMA Read or Write) can be
costly. The small default size of messages transmitted using
RDMA Send forces the use of RDMA Read or Write operations even
for relatively small messages and data payloads.

The original specification of RPC-over-RDMA version 1 provided an
out-of-band protocol for passing inline threshold values between
connected peers [RFC5666]. However, [RFC8166] eliminated support
for this protocol protocol, making it unavailable for this purpose.

2. Unlike most other contemporary RDMA-enabled storage protocols,
there is no facility in RPC-over-RDMA version 1 that enables the
use of remote invalidation [RFC5042].

Each RPC-over-RDMA version 1 transport header Transport Header follows the External
Data Representation (XDR) [RFC4506] definition [RFC4506] specified in
[RFC8166]. However, RPC-over-RDMA version 1 has no means of
extending this definition in such a way that interoperability with
existing implementations is preserved. As a result, an out-of-band
mechanism is needed to help relieve these constraints for existing
RPC-over-RDMA version 1 implementations.

This document specifies a simple, non-XDR-based message format
designed to be passed between RPC-over-RDMA version 1 peers at the
time each RDMA transport connection is first established. The
mechanism assumes that the underlying RDMA transport has a private
data Private
Data field that is passed between peers at connection time, such as
is present in the iWARP Marker PDU Aligned Framing (MPA) protocol
(described in Section 7.1 of
[RFC5044]) [RFC5044] and extended in [RFC6581]) or
the InfiniBand Connection Manager [IBA].

To enable current RPC-over-RDMA version 1 implementations to
interoperate with implementations that support the private message format
described in this document, implementation of the private data
message Private Data
exchange is OPTIONAL. When the private data message Private Data has been successfully
exchanged, peers may choose to perform extended RDMA semantics.
However, the private message format this exchange does not alter the XDR definition specified in
[RFC8166].

The message format is intended to be further extensible within the
normal scope of such IETF work (see Section 6 for further details).
Section 8 of this document defines an IANA registry for this purpose.
In addition, interoperation between implementations of RPC-over-RDMA
version 1 that present this message format to peers and those that do
not recognize this message format is guaranteed.

2. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.

3. Advertised Transport Properties

3.1. Inline Threshold Size

Section 3.3.2 of [RFC8166] defines the term "inline threshold." threshold". An
inline threshold is the maximum number of bytes that can be
transmitted using one RDMA Send and one RDMA Receive. There are a
pair of inline thresholds for a connection: a client-to-server
threshold and a server-to-client threshold.

If an incoming RDMA message exceeds the size of a receiver's inline
threshold, the receive Receive operation fails and the RDMA provider
typically terminates the connection. To convey an RPC message larger
than the receiver's inline threshold without risking receive failure,
a sender must use explicit RDMA data transfer operations, which are
more expensive than an RDMA Send. See Sections 3.3 and 3.5 of
[RFC8166] for a complete discussion.

The default value of inline thresholds for RPC-over-RDMA version 1
connections is 1024 bytes (as defined in Section 3.3.3 of [RFC8166]).
This value is adequate for nearly all NFS version 3 procedures.

NFS version 4 COMPOUND operations [RFC7530] are larger on average
than NFS version 3 procedures [RFC1813], forcing clients to use
explicit RDMA operations for frequently-issued frequently issued requests such as
LOOKUP and GETATTR. The use of RPCSEC_GSS security also increases
the average size of RPC messages, due to the larger size of
RPCSEC_GSS credential material included in RPC headers [RFC7861].

If a sender and receiver could somehow agree on larger inline
thresholds, frequently-used frequently used RPC transactions avoid the cost of
explicit RDMA operations.

3.2. Remote Invalidation

After an RDMA data transfer operation completes, an RDMA consumer can
request that its peer's RDMA network interface card Network Interface Card (RNIC) invalidate
the Steering Tag (STag) associated with the data transfer [RFC5042].

An RDMA consumer requests remote invalidation by posting an RDMA Send
With
with Invalidate Work Request operation in place of an RDMA Send Work Request. operation. Each
RDMA Send With with Invalidate carries one STag to invalidate. The
receiver of an RDMA Send With with Invalidate performs the requested
invalidation and then reports that invalidation as part of the
completion of a waiting Receive Work Request. operation.

If both peers support remote invalidation, an RPC-over-RDMA responder
might use remote invalidation when replying to an RPC request that
provided chunks. Because one of the chunks has already been
invalidated, finalizing the results of the RPC is made simpler and
faster.

However, there are some important caveats which that contraindicate the
blanket use of remote invalidation:

* Remote invalidation is not supported by all RNICs.

* Not all RPC-over-RDMA responder implementations can generate RDMA
Send With with Invalidate Work Requests.

o operations.

* Not all RPC-over-RDMA requester implementations can recognize when
remote invalidation has occurred.

* On one connection in different RPC-over-RDMA transactions, or in a
single RPC-over-RDMA transaction, an RPC-over-RDMA requester can
expose a mixture of STags that may be invalidated remotely and
some that must not be. No indication is provided at the RDMA
layer as to which is which.

A responder therefore must not employ remote invalidation unless it
is aware of support for it in its own RDMA stack, and on the
requester. And, without altering the XDR structure of RPC-over-RDMA
version 1 messages, it is not possible to support remote invalidation
with requesters that mix STags include an STag that may and must not be invalidated
remotely in a single an RPC or with STags that may be invalidated. Likewise, it
is not possible to support remote invalidation with requesters that
mix RPCs with STags that may be invalidated with RPCs with STags that
must not be invalidated on the same connection.

There are some NFS/RDMA client implementations whose STags are always
safe to invalidate remotely. For such clients, indicating to the
responder that remote invalidation is always safe can enable such
invalidation without the need for additional protocol elements to be
defined.

4. Private Data Message Format

With an InfiniBand lower layer, for example, RDMA connection setup
uses a Connection Manager (CM) when establishing a Reliable
Connection [IBA]. When an RPC-over-RDMA version 1 transport
connection is established, the client (which actively establishes
connections) and the server (which passively accepts connections)
populate the CM Private Data field exchanged as part of CM connection
establishment.

The transport properties exchanged via this mechanism are fixed for
the life of the connection. Each new connection presents an
opportunity for a fresh exchange. An implementation of the extension
described in this document MUST be prepared for the settings to
change upon a reconnection.

For RPC-over-RDMA version 1, the CM Private Data field is formatted
as described in the following subsection. below. RPC clients and servers use the same format. If
the capacity of the Private Data field is too small to contain this
message format or the underlying RDMA transport is not managed by a Connection Manager,
CM, the CM Private Data field cannot be used on behalf of RPC-over-RDMA RPC-over-
RDMA version 1.

The first 8 eight octets of the CM Private Data field is are to be
formatted as follows:

0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Format Identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Version | Reserved |R| Send Size | Receive Size |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+

Format Identifier: This field contains a fixed 32-bit value that
identifies the content of the Private Data field as an RPC-over-
RDMA version 1 CM Private Data message. In RPC-over-RDMA
version 1 Private Data, the value of this field is always
0xf6ab0e18, in network byte order. The use of this field is
further expanded upon in Section 5.2.

Version: This 8-bit field contains a message format version number.
The value "1" in this field indicates that exactly eight octets
are present, that they appear in the order described in this
section, and that each has the meaning defined in this section.
Further considerations about the use of this field are discussed
in Section 6.

Reserved: This 7-bit field is unused. Senders MUST set these bits
to zero zero, and receivers MUST ignore their value.

R: This 1-bit field indicates that the sender supports remote
invalidation. The field is set and interpreted as described in
Section 4.1.

Send Size: This 8-bit field contains an encoded value corresponding
to the maximum number of bytes this peer is prepared to transmit
in a single RDMA Send on this connection. The value is encoded as
described in Section 4.2.

Receive Size: This 8-bit field contains an encoded value
corresponding to the maximum number of bytes this peer is prepared
to receive with a single RDMA Receive on this connection. The
value is encoded as described in Section 4.2.

4.1. Using the R Field

The R field indicates limited support for remote invalidate invalidation as
described in Section 3.2. When both connection peers have set this
bit flag in their CM Private Data, the responder MAY use RDMA Send
With
with Invalidate operations when transmitting RPC Replies. Each RDMA
Send With with Invalidate MUST invalidate an STag associated only with the XID
Transaction ID (XID) in the rdma_xid field of the RPC-over-RDMA
Transport Header it carries.

When either peer on a connection clears this flag, the responder MUST
use only RDMA Send when transmitting RPC Replies.

4.2. Send and Receive Size Values

Inline threshold sizes from 1024 to 262144 octets can be represented
in the Send Size and Receive Size fields. The inline threshold
values provide a pair of 1024-octet-aligned maximum message lengths
that guarantee that Send and Receive operations do not fail due to
length errors.

The minimum inline threshold for RPC-over-RDMA version 1 is 1024
octets (see Section 3.3.3 of [RFC8166]). The values in the Send Size
and Receive Size fields represent the unsigned number of additional
kilo-octets of length beyond the first 1024 octets. Thus, a sender
computes the encoded value by dividing its actual buffer size, in
octets, by 1024 and subtracting one from the result. A receiver
decodes an incoming Size value by performing the inverse set of
operations: it adds one to the encoded value and then multiplies that
result by 1024.

The client uses the smaller of its own send size and the server's
reported receive size as the client-to-server inline threshold. The
server uses the smaller of its own send size and the clients's client's
reported receive size as the server-to-client inline threshold.

5. Interoperability Considerations

The extension described in this document is designed to allow RPC-
over-RDMA version implementations that use CM Private Data to
interoperate fully with RPC-over-RDMA version 1 implementations that
do not exchange this information. Implementations that use this
extension must also interoperate fully with RDMA implementations that
use CM Private Data for other purposes. Realizing these goals
requires that implementations of this extension follow the practices
described in the rest of this section.

5.1. Interoperability with RPC-over-RDMA Version 1 Implementations

When a peer does not receive a CM Private Data message which that conforms
to Section 4, it needs to act as if the remote peer supports only the
default RPC-over-RDMA version 1 settings, as defined in [RFC8166].
In other words, the peer MUST behave as if a Private Data message was
received in which (1) bit 15 of the Flags field is zero, zero and (2) both
Size fields contain the value zero.

5.2. Interoperability Amongst amongst RDMA Transports

The Format Identifier field defined in Section 4 is provided to
enable implementations to distinguish RPC-over-RDMA version 1 the Private Data defined in
this document from private data Private Data inserted at other layers, such as the private
data inserted
additional Private Data defined by the iWARP MPAv2 enhancement protocol described in [RFC6581].
[RFC6581], and others.

As part of connection establishment, the received private data buffer containing the
received Private Data is searched for the Format Identifier word.
The offset of the Format Identifier is not restricted to any
alignment. If the RPC-over-RDMA version 1 CM Private Data Format
Identifier is not present, an RPC-
over-RDMA RPC-over-RDMA version 1 receiver MUST
behave as if no RPC-over-RDMA version 1 CM Private Data has been
provided.

Once the RPC-over-RDMA version 1 CM Private Data Format Identifier is
found, the receiver parses the subsequent octets as RPC-over-RDMA
version 1 CM Private Data. As additional assurance that the private
data content
is valid RPC-over-RDMA version 1 CM Private Data, the receiver should
check that the format version number field contains a valid and
recognized version number and the size of the private data content does not
overrun the length of the buffer.

6. Updating the Message Format

Although the message format described in this document provides the
ability for the client and server to exchange particular information
about the local RPC-over-RDMA implementation, it is possible that
there will be a future need to exchange additional properties. This
would make it necessary to extend or otherwise modify the format
described in this document.

Any modification faces the problem of interoperating properly with
implementations of RPC-over-RDMA version 1 that are unaware of the
existence of the new format. These include implementations that that do
not recognize the exchange of CM Private Data as well as those that
recognize only the format described in this document.

Given the message format described in this document, these
interoperability constraints could be met by the following sorts of
new message formats:

* A format which that uses a different value for the first four bytes of
the format, as provided for in the registry described in
Section 8.

* A format which that uses the same value for the Format Identifier field
and a value other than one (1) in the Version field.

Although it is possible to reorganize the last three of the
eight bytes in the existing format, extended formats are unlikely to
do so. New formats would take the form of extensions of the format
described in this document with added fields starting at byte eight
of the format or changes to the definition of bits in the Reserved
field.

7. Security Considerations

The reader is directed to the Security Considerations section of
[RFC8166] for background and further discussion.

The RPC-over-RDMA version 1 protocol framework depends on the
semantics of the Reliable Connected (RC) queue pair (QP) type, as
defined in Section 9.7.7 of [IBA]. The integrity of CM Private Data
and the authenticity of its source are ensured by the exclusive use
of RC queue pairs. QPs. Any attempt to interfere with or hijack data in transit
on an RC connection results in the RDMA provider terminating the
connection.

The Security Considerations section of [RFC5042] refers the reader to
further relevant discussion of generic RDMA transport security. That
document recommends IPsec as the default transport layer transport-layer security
solution. When deployed with iWARP, the Remote Direct Memory Access
Protocol (RDMAP) [RFC5040], DDP [RFC5041], and MPA [RFC5044], IPsec
establishes a protected channel before any iWARP operations are exchanged, thus exchanged;
thus, it protects the exchange of Private Data that occurs as each QP is established. Data. However, IPsec is
not available for InfiniBand or RoCE RDMA over Converged Ethernet (RoCE)
deployments. Those fabrics rely on physical security and cyclic
redundancy checks to protect network traffic.

Exchanging the information contained in the Private Message message format defined in
this document does not expose upper-layer payloads to an attacker.
Furthermore, the behavior changes that occur as a result of processing
exchanging the CM Private Data format described in the current document do not
introduce any new risk of exposure of upper-layer payload data.

Improperly setting one of the fields in a version 1 Private Message Data can
result in an increased risk of disconnection (i.e., self-imposed
Denial of Service). A similar risk can arise if non-RPC-over-RDMA CM
Private Data inadvertently contains the Format Identifier that
identifies this protocol's data structure. Additional checking of
incoming Private Data, as described in Section 5.2, can help reduce
this risk.

In addition to describing the structure of a new format version, any
document that extends the Private Data format described in the
current document must discuss security considerations of new data
items exchanged between connection peers. Such documents should also
explore the risks of erroneously identifying non-RPC-over-RDMA CM
Private Data as the new format.

8. IANA Considerations

In accordance with [RFC8126], the author requests that

IANA create a
new registry in has created the "RDMA-CM Private Data Identifiers" subregistry
within the "Remote Direct Data Placement" Protocol Category
Group. The new registry is to be called the "RDMA-CM Private Data
Identifier Registry". protocol category group.
This is a registry subregistry of 32-bit numbers that identify the upper-layer
protocol associated with data that appears in the application-specific application-
specific RDMA-CM Private Data area. The fields in this registry include: subregistry
include the following: Format Identifier, Format Length (in (format length, in
octets), Description, and Reference.

The initial contents of this registry are a single entry:

+---------------+--------+------------------------------+-----------+

Table 1: RDMA-CM New "RDMA-CM Private Data Identifier Identifiers" Registry

IANA is to assign subsequent new entries in this registry using the
Specification Required policy as defined in Section 4.6 of [RFC8126].

8.1. Guidance for Designated Experts

The Designated Expert (DE), appointed by the IESG, should ascertain
the existence of suitable documentation that defines the semantics
and format of the private data, Private Data, and verify that the document is
permanently and publicly available. Documentation produced outside
the IETF must not conflict with work that is active or already
published within the IETF. The new Reference field should contain a
reference to that documentation.

The Description field should contain the name of the upper-layer
protocol that generates and uses the private data. Private Data.

The DE should assign a new Format Identifier so that it does not
conflict with existing entries in this registry, registry and so that it is not
likely to be mistaken as part of the payload of other registered
formats.

The DE shall post the request to the nfsv4 WG NFSV4 Working Group mailing list
(or a successor to that list, if such a list exists), exists) for comment and
review. The DE shall approve or deny the request and publish notice
of the decision within 30 days.

9. References

9.1. Normative References

[IBA] InfiniBand Trade Association, "InfiniBand Architecture
Specification Volume 1", Release 1.3, March 2015.

Available from https://www.infinibandta.org/ 2015,
<https://www.infinibandta.org/>.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC4506] Eisler, M., Ed., "XDR: External Data Representation
Standard", STD 67, RFC 4506, DOI 10.17487/RFC4506, May
2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4506>.

[RFC5040] Recio, R., Metzler, B., Culley, P., Hilland, J., and D.
Garcia, "A Remote Direct Memory Access Protocol
Specification", RFC 5040, DOI 10.17487/RFC5040, October
2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5040>.

[RFC5042] Pinkerton, J. and E. Deleganes, "Direct Data Placement
Protocol (DDP) / Remote Direct Memory Access Protocol
(RDMAP) Security", RFC 5042, DOI 10.17487/RFC5042, October
2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5042>.

[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.

[RFC8166] Lever, C., Ed., Simpson, W., and T. Talpey, "Remote Direct
Memory Access Transport for Remote Procedure Call Version
1", RFC 8166, DOI 10.17487/RFC8166, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8166>.

[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

9.2. Informative References

[RFC1813] Callaghan, B., Pawlowski, B., and P. Staubach, "NFS
Version 3 Protocol Specification", RFC 1813,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1813, June 1995,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1813>.

[RFC5041] Shah, H., Pinkerton, J., Recio, R., and P. Culley, "Direct
Data Placement over Reliable Transports", RFC 5041,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5041, October 2007,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5041>.

[RFC5044] Culley, P., Elzur, U., Recio, R., Bailey, S., and J.
Carrier, "Marker PDU Aligned Framing for TCP
Specification", RFC 5044, DOI 10.17487/RFC5044, October
2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5044>.

[RFC5531] Thurlow, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol
Specification Version 2", RFC 5531, DOI 10.17487/RFC5531,
May 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5531>.

[RFC5666] Talpey, T. and B. Callaghan, "Remote Direct Memory Access
Transport for Remote Procedure Call", RFC 5666,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5666, January 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5666>.

[RFC6581] Kanevsky, A., Ed., Bestler, C., Ed., Sharp, R., and S.
Wise, "Enhanced Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA)
Connection Establishment", RFC 6581, DOI 10.17487/RFC6581,
April 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6581>.

[RFC7530] Haynes, T., Ed. and D. Noveck, Ed., "Network File System
(NFS) Version 4 Protocol", RFC 7530, DOI 10.17487/RFC7530,
March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7530>.

[RFC7861] Adamson, A. and N. Williams, "Remote Procedure Call (RPC)
Security Version 3", RFC 7861, DOI 10.17487/RFC7861,
November 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7861>.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Christoph Hellwig and Devesh Sharma for suggesting this
approach, and to Tom Talpey and Dave David Noveck for their expert
comments and review. The author also wishes to thank Bill Baker and
Greg Marsden for their support of this work. Also, thanks to expert
reviewers Sean Hefty and Dave Minturn.

Special thanks go to document shepherd Brian Pawlowski, Transport
Area Director Magnus Westerlund, NFSV4 Working Group Chairs David
Noveck and Spencer Shepler, and NFSV4 Working Group Secretary Thomas
Haynes.

Author's Address

Charles Lever
Oracle Corporation
United States of America

Email: chuck.lever@oracle.com