<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE rfc SYSTEM "rfc2629-xhtml.ent">
<rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" submissionType="IETF"
category="std" consensus="yes" number="8845" obsoletes="" updates=""
xml:lang="en" sortRefs="true" symRefs="true" tocInclude="true"
version="3" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft-ietf-clue-framework-25">
<!-- xml2rfc v2v3 conversion 2.45.2 -->
<front>
<title abbrev="CLUE Framework">Framework for Telepresence Multi-Streams</title>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8845"/>
<author fullname="Mark Duckworth" initials="M." role="editor" surname="Duckworth">
<organization/>
<address>
<postal>
<city></city><region></region><code></code>
<country></country>
</postal>
<email>mrducky73@outlook.com</email>
</address>
</author>
<author fullname="Andrew Pepperell" initials="A." surname="Pepperell">
<organization>Acano</organization>
<address>
<postal>
<city>Uxbridge</city>
<country>United Kingdom</country>
</postal>
<email>apeppere@gmail.com</email>
</address>
</author>
<author fullname="Stephan Wenger" initials="S." surname="Wenger">
<organization abbrev="Tencent">Tencent</organization>
<address>
<postal>
<street>2747 Park Blvd.</street>
<city>Palo Alto</city><region>CA</region><code>94306</code>
<country>United States of America</country>
</postal>
<email>stewe@stewe.org</email>
</address>
</author>
<date month="January" year="2021"/>
<area>ART</area>
<workgroup>CLUE</workgroup>
<keyword>Telepresence</keyword>
<keyword>Conferencing</keyword>
<keyword>Video-Conferencing</keyword>
<keyword>MCU</keyword>
<abstract>
<t>
This document defines a framework for a protocol to enable devices
in a telepresence conference to interoperate. The protocol enables
communication of information about multiple media streams so a
sending system and receiving system can make reasonable decisions
about transmitting, selecting, and rendering the media streams.
This protocol is used in addition to SIP signaling and Session Description Protocol (SDP)
negotiation for setting up a telepresence session.</t>
</abstract>
</front>
<middle>
<section anchor="s-1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Introduction</name>
<t>
Current telepresence systems, though based on open standards such
as RTP <xref target="RFC3550" format="default"/> and SIP <xref target="RFC3261" format="default"/>, cannot easily interoperate with
each other. A major factor limiting the interoperability of
telepresence systems is the lack of a standardized way to describe
and negotiate the use of multiple audio and video streams
comprising the media flows. This document provides a framework for
protocols to enable interoperability by handling multiple streams
in a standardized way. The framework is intended to support the
use cases described in "Use Cases for Telepresence Multistreams"
<xref target="RFC7205" format="default"/> and to meet the requirements in "Requirements for
Telepresence Multistreams" <xref target="RFC7262" format="default"/>. This includes cases using
multiple media streams that are not necessarily telepresence.</t>
<t>
The basic session setup for the use cases is based on SIP <xref target="RFC3261" format="default"/>
and SDP offer/answer <xref target="RFC3264" format="default"/>. In addition to basic SIP & SDP
offer/answer, signaling that is ControLling mUltiple streams for
tElepresence (CLUE) specific is required to exchange the
information describing the multiple Media Streams. The motivation
for this framework, an overview of the signaling, and the information
required to be exchanged are described in subsequent sections of
this document. Companion documents describe the signaling details
<xref target="RFC8848" format="default"/>, the data model <xref target="RFC8846" format="default"/>, and the protocol <xref target="RFC8847" format="default"/>.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Requirements Language</name>
<t>
The key words "<bcp14>MUST</bcp14>", "<bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>REQUIRED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHALL
NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14>", "<bcp14>SHOULD NOT</bcp14>", "<bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14>", "<bcp14>NOT RECOMMENDED</bcp14>",
"<bcp14>MAY</bcp14>", and "<bcp14>OPTIONAL</bcp14>" in this document are to be interpreted as
described in BCP 14 <xref target="RFC2119" format="default"/> <xref target="RFC8174" format="default"/>
when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.
</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Definitions</name>
<t>
The terms defined below are used throughout this document and
in companion documents. Capitalization is used in order to easily identify a defined term.</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
<dt>Advertisement:</dt>
<dd>A CLUE message a Media Provider sends to a Media
Consumer describing specific aspects of the content of the Media
and any restrictions it has in terms of being able to provide
certain Streams simultaneously.</dd>
<dt>Audio Capture (AC):</dt>
<dd>Media Capture for audio. Denoted as "ACn" in the
examples in this document.</dd>
<dt>Capture:</dt>
<dd>Same as Media Capture.</dd>
<dt>Capture Device:</dt>
<dd>A device that converts physical input, such as
audio, video, or text, into an electrical signal, in most cases to
be fed into a Media encoder.</dd>
<dt>Capture Encoding:</dt>
<dd>A specific Encoding of a Media Capture, to be
sent by a Media Provider to a Media Consumer via RTP.</dd>
<dt>Capture Scene:</dt>
<dd>A structure representing a spatial region captured
by one or more Capture Devices, each capturing Media representing a
portion of the region. The spatial region represented by a Capture
Scene may correspond to a real region in physical space, such as a
room. A Capture Scene includes attributes and one or more Capture
Scene Views, with each view including one or more Media Captures.</dd>
<dt>Capture Scene View (CSV):</dt>
<dd>A list of Media Captures of the same
Media type that together form one way to represent the entire
Capture Scene.</dd>
<dt>CLUE:</dt>
<dd>CLUE is an
acronym for "ControLling mUltiple streams for tElepresence", which is
the name of the IETF working group in which this document and certain
companion documents have been developed. Often, CLUE-* refers to
something that has been designed by the CLUE working group; for
example, this document may be called the CLUE-framework document
herein and elsewhere.</dd>
<dt>CLUE-capable device:</dt>
<dd>A device that supports the CLUE data channel
<xref target="RFC8850" format="default"/>, the CLUE protocol <xref target="RFC8847" format="default"/> and the principles of CLUE negotiation; it also seeks CLUE-enabled calls.</dd>
<dt>CLUE-enabled call:</dt>
<dd>A call in which two CLUE-capable devices have
successfully negotiated support for a CLUE data channel in SDP
<xref target="RFC4566" format="default"/>. A CLUE-enabled call is not necessarily immediately able
to send CLUE-controlled Media; negotiation of the data channel and
of the CLUE protocol must complete first. Calls between two CLUE-capable devices that have not yet successfully completed
negotiation of support for the CLUE data channel in SDP are not
considered CLUE-enabled.</dd>
<dt>Conference:</dt>
<dd>Used as defined in "A Framework for
Conferencing within the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)" <xref target="RFC4353" format="default"/>.</dd>
<dt>Configure Message:</dt>
<dd>A CLUE message a Media Consumer sends to a Media
Provider specifying which content and Media Streams it wants to
receive, based on the information in a corresponding Advertisement
message.</dd>
<dt>Consumer:</dt>
<dd>Short for Media Consumer.</dd>
<dt>Encoding:</dt>
<dd>Short for Individual Encoding.</dd>
<dt>Encoding Group:</dt>
<dd>A set of Encoding parameters representing a total
Media Encoding capability to be subdivided across potentially
multiple Individual Encodings.</dd>
<dt>Endpoint:</dt>
<dd>A CLUE-capable device that is the logical point of final
termination through receiving, decoding and Rendering, and/or
initiation through capturing, encoding, and sending of Media
Streams. An Endpoint consists of one or more physical devices
that source and sink Media Streams, and exactly one <xref target="RFC4353" format="default"/>
Participant (which, in turn, includes exactly one SIP User Agent).
Endpoints can be anything from multiscreen/multicamera rooms to
handheld devices.</dd>
<dt>Global View:</dt>
<dd>A set of references to one or more CSVs
of the same Media type that are defined within Scenes of the same
Advertisement. A Global View is a suggestion from the Provider to
the Consumer for one set of CSVs that provide a useful
representation of all the Scenes in the Advertisement.</dd>
<dt>Global View List:</dt>
<dd>A list of Global Views included in an
Advertisement. A Global View List may include Global Views of
different Media types.</dd>
<dt>Individual Encoding:</dt>
<dd>a set of parameters representing a way to
encode a Media Capture to become a Capture Encoding.</dd>
<dt>Multipoint Control Unit (MCU):</dt>
<dd>a CLUE-capable device that connects
two or more Endpoints into one single multimedia
Conference <xref target="RFC7667" format="default"/>. An MCU includes a Mixer like that described in <xref target="RFC4353" format="default"/>,
without the requirement of <xref target="RFC4353" format="default"/> to send Media to each
participant.</dd>
<dt>Media:</dt>
<dd>Any data that, after suitable encoding, can be conveyed over
RTP, including audio, video, or timed text.</dd>
<dt>Media Capture (MC):</dt>
<dd>A source of Media, such as from one or more Capture
Devices or constructed from other Media Streams.</dd>
<dt>Media Consumer:</dt>
<dd>A CLUE-capable device that intends to receive
Capture Encodings.</dd>
<dt>Media Provider:</dt>
<dd>A CLUE-capable device that intends to send Capture
Encodings.</dd>
<dt>Multiple Content Capture (MCC):</dt>
<dd>A Capture that mixes and/or
switches other Captures of a single type (for example, all audio or all
video). Particular Media Captures may or may not be present in the
resultant Capture Encoding, depending on time or space. Denoted as
"MCCn" in the example cases in this document.</dd>
<dt>Plane of Interest:</dt>
<dd>The spatial plane within a Scene containing the
most-relevant subject matter.</dd>
<dt>Provider:</dt>
<dd>Same as a Media Provider.</dd>
<dt>Render:</dt>
<dd>The process of generating a representation from Media, such
as displayed motion video or sound emitted from loudspeakers.</dd>
<dt>Scene:</dt>
<dd>Same as a Capture Scene.</dd>
<dt>Simultaneous Transmission Set:</dt>
<dd>A set of Media Captures that can be
transmitted simultaneously from a Media Provider.</dd>
<dt>Single Media Capture:</dt>
<dd>A Capture that contains Media from a single
source Capture Device, e.g., an Audio Capture from a single
microphone or a Video Capture from a single camera.</dd>
<dt>Spatial Relation:</dt>
<dd>The arrangement of two objects in space, in
contrast to relation in time or other relationships.</dd>
<dt>Stream:</dt>
<dd>A Capture Encoding sent from a Media Provider to a Media
Consumer via RTP <xref target="RFC3550" format="default"/>.</dd>
<dt>Stream Characteristics:</dt>
<dd>The Media Stream attributes commonly used
in non-CLUE SIP/SDP environments (such as Media codec, bitrate,
resolution, profile/level, etc.) as well as CLUE-specific
attributes, such as the Capture ID or a spatial location.</dd>
<dt>Video Capture (VC):</dt>
<dd>Media Capture for video. Denoted as VCn in the
example cases in this document.</dd>
<dt>Video Composite:</dt>
<dd>A single image that is formed, normally by an RTP
mixer inside an MCU, by combining visual elements from separate
sources.</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section anchor="s-4" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Overview and Motivation</name>
<t>
This section provides an overview of the functional elements
defined in this document to represent a telepresence or
multistream system. The motivations for the framework described
in this document are also provided.</t>
<t>
Two key concepts introduced in this document are the terms "Media Provider" and "Media Consumer". A Media Provider represents the
entity that sends the Media and a Media Consumer represents the
entity that receives the Media. A Media Provider provides Media in
the form of RTP packets; a Media Consumer consumes those RTP
packets. Media Providers and Media Consumers can reside in
Endpoints or in Multipoint Control Units (MCUs). A Media Provider
in an Endpoint is usually associated with the generation of Media
for Media Captures; these Media Captures are typically sourced
from cameras, microphones, and the like. Similarly, the Media
Consumer in an Endpoint is usually associated with renderers, such
as screens and loudspeakers. In MCUs, Media Providers and
Consumers can have the form of outputs and inputs, respectively,
of RTP mixers, RTP translators, and similar devices. Typically,
telepresence devices, such as Endpoints and MCUs, would perform as
both Media Providers and Media Consumers, the former being
concerned with those devices' transmitted Media and the latter
with those devices' received Media. In a few circumstances, a
CLUE-capable device includes only Consumer or Provider
functionality, such as recorder-type Consumers or webcam-type
Providers.</t>
<t>
The motivations for the framework outlined in this document
include the following:</t>
<ol spacing="normal" type="(%d)">
<li>Endpoints in telepresence systems typically have multiple Media
Capture and Media Render devices, e.g., multiple cameras and
screens. While previous system designs were able to set up calls
that would capture Media using all cameras and display Media on all
screens, for example, there was no mechanism that could associate
these Media Captures with each other in space and time, in a cross-vendor interoperable way.</li>
<li>The mere fact that there are multiple Media Capture and Media Render
devices, each of which may be configurable in aspects such as zoom,
leads to the difficulty that a variable number of such devices can
be used to capture different aspects of a region. The Capture
Scene concept allows for the description of multiple setups for
those multiple Media Capture devices that could represent sensible
operation points of the physical Capture Devices in a room, chosen
by the operator. A Consumer can pick and choose from those
configurations based on its rendering abilities and then inform the
Provider about its choices. Details are provided in <xref target="s-7" format="default"/>.</li>
<li>In some cases, physical limitations or other reasons disallow
the concurrent use of a device in more than one setup. For
example, the center camera in a typical three-camera conference
room can set its zoom objective to capture either the middle
few seats only or all seats of a room, but not both concurrently. The
Simultaneous Transmission Set concept allows a Provider to signal
such limitations. Simultaneous Transmission Sets are part of the
Capture Scene description and are discussed in <xref target="s-8" format="default"/>.</li>
<li>Often, the devices in a room do not have the computational
complexity or connectivity to deal with multiple Encoding options
simultaneously, even if each of these options is sensible in
certain scenarios, and even if the simultaneous transmission is
also sensible (i.e., in case of multicast Media distribution to
multiple Endpoints). Such constraints can be expressed by the
Provider using the Encoding Group concept, which is described in <xref target="s-9" format="default"/>.</li>
<li>Due to the potentially large number of RTP Streams required for
a Multimedia Conference involving potentially many Endpoints, each
of which can have many Media Captures and Media renderers, it has
become common to multiplex multiple RTP Streams onto the same
transport address, so as to avoid using the port number as a
multiplexing point and the associated shortcomings such as
NAT/firewall traversal. The large number of possible permutations
of sensible options a Media Provider can make available to a Media
Consumer makes a mechanism desirable that allows it to narrow down
the number of possible options that a SIP offer/answer exchange has
to consider. Such information is made available using protocol
mechanisms specified in this document and companion documents.
The
Media Provider and Media Consumer may use information in CLUE
messages to reduce the complexity of SIP offer/answer messages.
Also, there are aspects of the control of both Endpoints and MCUs
that dynamically change during the progress of a call, such as
audio-level-based screen switching, layout changes, and so on,
which need to be conveyed. Note that these control aspects are
complementary to those specified in traditional SIP-based
conference management, such as Binary Floor Control Protocol (BFCP). An exemplary call flow can be
found in <xref target="s-5" format="default"/>.</li>
</ol>
<t>
Finally, all this information needs to be conveyed, and the notion
of support for it needs to be established. This is done by the
negotiation of a "CLUE channel", a data channel negotiated early
during the initiation of a call. An Endpoint or MCU that rejects
the establishment of this data channel, by definition, does not
support CLUE-based mechanisms, whereas an Endpoint or MCU that
accepts it is indicating support for CLUE as specified in this
document and its companion documents.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-5" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Description of the Framework/Model</name>
<t>
The CLUE framework specifies how multiple Media Streams are to be
handled in a telepresence Conference.</t>
<t>
A Media Provider (transmitting Endpoint or MCU) describes specific
aspects of the content of the Media and the Media Stream Encodings
it can send in an Advertisement; and the Media Consumer responds to
the Media Provider by specifying which content and Media Streams it
wants to receive in a Configure message. The Provider then
transmits the asked-for content in the specified Streams.</t>
<t>
This Advertisement and Configure typically occur during call
initiation, after CLUE has been enabled in a call, but they <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> also
happen at any time throughout the call, whenever there is a change
in what the Consumer wants to receive or (perhaps less common) what the
Provider can send.</t>
<t>
An Endpoint or MCU typically acts as both Provider and Consumer at
the same time, sending Advertisements and sending Configurations in
response to receiving Advertisements. (It is possible to be just
one or the other.)</t>
<t>
The data model <xref target="RFC8846" format="default"/> is based around two
main concepts: a Capture and an Encoding. A Media Capture,
such as of type audio or video, has attributes to describe the
content a Provider can send. Media Captures are described in terms
of CLUE-defined attributes, such as Spatial Relationships and
purpose of the Capture. Providers tell Consumers which Media
Captures they can provide, described in terms of the Media Capture
attributes.</t>
<t>
A Provider organizes its Media Captures into one or more Capture
Scenes, each representing a spatial region, such as a room. A
Consumer chooses which Media Captures it wants to receive from the
Capture Scenes.</t>
<t>
In addition, the Provider can send the Consumer a description of
the Individual Encodings it can send in terms of identifiers that
relate to items in SDP <xref target="RFC4566" format="default"/>.</t>
<t>
The Provider can also specify constraints on its ability to provide
Media, and a sensible design choice for a Consumer is to take these
into account when choosing the content and Capture Encodings it
requests in the later offer/answer exchange. Some constraints are
due to the physical limitations of device; for example, a camera
may not be able to provide zoom and non-zoom views simultaneously.
Other constraints are system based, such as maximum bandwidth.</t>
<t>
The following diagram illustrates the information contained in an
Advertisement.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-advertisement-structure">
<name>Advertisement Structure</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
...................................................................
. Provider Advertisement +--------------------+ .
. | Simultaneous Sets | .
. +------------------------+ +--------------------+ .
. | Capture Scene N | +--------------------+ .
. +-+----------------------+ | | Global View List | .
. | Capture Scene 2 | | +--------------------+ .
. +-+----------------------+ | | +----------------------+ .
. | Capture Scene 1 | | | | Encoding Group N | .
. | +---------------+ | | | +-+--------------------+ | .
. | | Attributes | | | | | Encoding Group 2 | | .
. | +---------------+ | | | +-+--------------------+ | | .
. | | | | | Encoding Group 1 | | | .
. | +----------------+ | | | | parameters | | | .
. | | V i e w s | | | | | bandwidth | | | .
. | | +---------+ | | | | | +-------------------+| | | .
. | | |Attribute| | | | | | | V i d e o || | | .
. | | +---------+ | | | | | | E n c o d i n g s || | | .
. | | | | | | | | Encoding 1 || | | .
. | | View 1 | | | | | | || | | .
. | | (list of MCs) | | |-+ | +-------------------+| | | .
. | +----|-|--|------+ |-+ | | | | .
. +---------|-|--|---------+ | +-------------------+| | | .
. | | | | | A u d i o || | | .
. | | | | | E n c o d i n g s || | | .
. v | | | | Encoding 1 || | | .
. +---------|--|--------+ | | || | | .
. | Media Capture N |------>| +-------------------+| | | .
. +-+---------v--|------+ | | | | | .
. | Media Capture 2 | | | | |-+ .
. +-+--------------v----+ |-------->| | | .
. | Media Capture 1 | | | | |-+ .
. | +----------------+ |---------->| | .
. | | Attributes | | |_+ +----------------------+ .
. | +----------------+ |_+ .
. +---------------------+ .
. .
...................................................................
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t><xref target="ref-basic-information-flow" format="default"/> illustrates the call flow used by a simple system (two Endpoints) in compliance with this document. A very brief outline of the call flow is described in the text that follows.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-basic-information-flow">
<name>Basic Information Flow</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
+-----------+ +-----------+
| Endpoint1 | | Endpoint2 |
+----+------+ +-----+-----+
| INVITE (BASIC SDP+CLUECHANNEL) |
|--------------------------------->|
| 200 0K (BASIC SDP+CLUECHANNEL)|
|<---------------------------------|
| ACK |
|--------------------------------->|
| |
|<################################>|
| BASIC MEDIA SESSION |
|<################################>|
| |
| CONNECT (CLUE CTRL CHANNEL) |
|=================================>|
| ... |
|<================================>|
| CLUE CTRL CHANNEL ESTABLISHED |
|<================================>|
| |
| ADVERTISEMENT 1 |
|*********************************>|
| ADVERTISEMENT 2 |
|<*********************************|
| |
| CONFIGURE 1 |
|<*********************************|
| CONFIGURE 2 |
|*********************************>|
| |
| REINVITE (UPDATED SDP) |
|--------------------------------->|
| 200 0K (UPDATED SDP)|
|<---------------------------------|
| ACK |
|--------------------------------->|
| |
|<################################>|
| UPDATED MEDIA SESSION |
|<################################>|
| |
v v
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>
An initial offer/answer exchange establishes a basic Media session,
for example, audio-only, and a CLUE channel between two Endpoints.
With the establishment of that channel, the Endpoints have
consented to use the CLUE protocol mechanisms and, therefore, <bcp14>MUST</bcp14>
adhere to the CLUE protocol suite as outlined herein.</t>
<t>
Over this CLUE channel, the Provider in each Endpoint conveys its
characteristics and capabilities by sending an Advertisement as
specified herein. The Advertisement is typically not sufficient to
set up all Media. The Consumer in the Endpoint receives the
information provided by the Provider and can use it for several
purposes. It uses it, along with information from an offer/answer
exchange, to construct a CLUE Configure message to tell the
Provider what the Consumer wishes to receive. Also, the Consumer
may use the information provided to tailor the SDP it is going to
send during any following SIP offer/answer exchange, and its
reaction to SDP it receives in that step. It is often a sensible
implementation choice to do so. Spatial relationships associated
with the Media can be included in the Advertisement, and it is
often sensible for the Media Consumer to take those spatial
relationships into account when tailoring the SDP. The Consumer
can also limit the number of Encodings it must set up resources to
receive, and not waste resources on unwanted Encodings, because it
has the Provider's Advertisement information ahead of time to
determine what it really wants to receive. The Consumer can also
use the Advertisement information for local rendering decisions.</t>
<t>
This initial CLUE exchange is followed by an SDP offer/answer
exchange that not only establishes those aspects of the Media that
have not been "negotiated" over CLUE, but also has the effect of
setting up the Media transmission itself, involving potentially
security exchanges, Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE), and whatnot. This step is considered "plain vanilla
SIP".</t>
<t>
During the lifetime of a call, further exchanges <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> occur over the
CLUE channel. In some cases, those further exchanges lead to a
modified system behavior of Provider or Consumer (or both) without
any other protocol activity such as further offer/answer exchanges.
For example, a Configure Message requesting that the Provider place a
different Capture source into a Capture Encoding, signaled over the
CLUE channel, ought not to lead to heavy-handed mechanisms like SIP
re-invites. In other cases, however, after the CLUE negotiation, an
additional offer/answer exchange becomes necessary. For example,
if both sides decide to upgrade the call from one screen to a
multi-screen call, and more bandwidth is required for the additional
video channels compared to what was previously negotiated using
offer/answer, a new offer/answer exchange is required.</t>
<t>
One aspect of the protocol outlined herein, and specified in more
detail in companion documents, is that it makes available to the
Consumer information regarding the Provider's capabilities to
deliver Media and attributes related to that Media such as their
Spatial Relationship. The operation of the renderer inside the
Consumer is unspecified in that it can choose to ignore some
information provided by the Provider and/or not Render Media
Streams available from the Provider (although the Consumer follows
the CLUE protocol and, therefore, gracefully receives and responds
to the Provider's information using a Configure operation).</t>
<t>
A CLUE-capable device interoperates with a device that does not
support CLUE. The CLUE-capable device can determine, by the result
of the initial offer/answer exchange, if the other device supports
and wishes to use CLUE. The specific mechanism for this is
described in <xref target="RFC8848" format="default"/>. If the other device does
not use CLUE, then the CLUE-capable device falls back to behavior
that does not require CLUE.</t>
<t>
As for the Media, Provider and Consumer have an end-to-end
communication relationship with respect to (RTP-transported) Media;
and the mechanisms described herein and in companion documents do
not change the aspects of setting up those RTP flows and sessions.
In other words, the RTP Media sessions conform to the negotiated
SDP whether or not CLUE is used.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-6" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Spatial Relationships</name>
<t>
In order for a Consumer to perform a proper rendering, it is often
necessary (or at least helpful) for the Consumer to have received
spatial information about the Streams it is receiving. CLUE
defines a coordinate system that allows Media Providers to describe
the Spatial Relationships of their Media Captures to enable proper
scaling and spatially sensible rendering of their Streams. The
coordinate system is based on a few principles:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>Each Capture Scene has a distinct coordinate system, unrelated
to the coordinate systems of other Scenes.</li>
<li>Simple systems that do not have multiple Media Captures to
associate spatially need not use the coordinate model, although
it can still be useful to provide an Area of Capture.</li>
<li>
<t>Coordinates can either be in real, physical units (millimeters),
have an unknown scale, or have no physical scale. Systems that
know their physical dimensions (for example, professionally
installed Telepresence room systems) <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> provide those real-world measurements to enable the best user experience for
advanced receiving systems that can utilize this information.
Systems that don't know specific physical dimensions but still
know relative distances <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> use "Unknown Scale". "No Scale" is
intended to be used only where Media Captures from different
devices (with potentially different scales) will be forwarded
alongside one another (e.g., in the case of an MCU).
</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>"Millimeters" means the scale is in millimeters.</li>
<li>"Unknown Scale" means the scale is not necessarily in millimeters, but
the scale is the same for every Capture in the Capture Scene.</li>
<li>"No Scale" means the scale could be different for each
Capture -- an MCU Provider that advertises two adjacent
Captures and picks sources (which can change quickly) from
different Endpoints might use this value; the scale could be
different and changing for each Capture. But the areas of
capture still represent a Spatial Relation between Captures.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>The coordinate system is right-handed Cartesian X, Y, Z with the
origin at a spatial location of the Provider's choosing. The
Provider <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> use the same coordinate system with the same scale
and origin for all coordinates within the same Capture Scene.</li>
</ul>
<t>The direction of increasing coordinate values is as follows:
X increases from left to right, from the point of view of an
observer at the front of the room looking toward the back;
Y increases from the front of the room to the back of the room;
Z increases from low to high (i.e., floor to ceiling).</t>
<t>
Cameras in a Scene typically point in the direction of increasing
Y, from front to back. But there could be multiple cameras
pointing in different directions. If the physical space does not
have a well-defined front and back, the Provider chooses any
direction for X, Y, and Z consistent with right-handed
coordinates.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Media Captures and Capture Scenes</name>
<t>
This section describes how Providers can describe the content of
Media to Consumers.</t>
<section anchor="s-7.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Media Captures</name>
<t>
Media Captures are the fundamental representations of Streams that
a device can transmit. What a Media Capture actually represents is
flexible:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>It can represent the immediate output of a physical source (e.g.,
camera, microphone) or 'synthetic' source (e.g., laptop computer, DVD player).</li>
<li>It can represent the output of an audio mixer or video composer.</li>
<li>It can represent a concept such as 'the loudest speaker'.</li>
<li>It can represent a conceptual position such as 'the leftmost
Stream'.</li>
</ul>
<t>
To identify and distinguish between multiple Capture instances,
Captures have a unique identity. For instance, VC1, VC2, AC1, and
AC2 (where VC1 and VC2 refer to two different Video Captures and
AC1 and AC2 refer to two different Audio Captures).</t>
<t>Some key points about Media Captures:
</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>A Media Capture is of a single Media type (e.g., audio or
video).</li>
<li>A Media Capture is defined in a Capture Scene and is given an
Advertisement unique identity. The identity may be referenced
outside the Capture Scene that defines it through an MCC.</li>
<li>A Media Capture may be associated with one or more CSVs.</li>
<li>A Media Capture has exactly one set of spatial information.</li>
<li>A Media Capture can be the source of at most one Capture
Encoding.</li>
</ul>
<t>
Each Media Capture can be associated with attributes to describe
what it represents.</t>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Media Capture Attributes</name>
<t>
Media Capture attributes describe information about the Captures.
A Provider can use the Media Capture attributes to describe the
Captures for the benefit of the Consumer of the Advertisement
message. All these attributes are optional. Media Capture
attributes include:
</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>Spatial information, such as Point of Capture, Point on Line
of Capture, and Area of Capture, (all of which, in combination,
define the capture field of, for example, a camera).</li>
<li>Other descriptive information to help the Consumer choose
between Captures (e.g., description, presentation, view,
priority, language, person information, and type).</li>
</ul>
<t>
The subsections below define the Capture attributes.</t>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Point of Capture</name>
<t>
The Point of Capture attribute is a field with a single Cartesian
(X, Y, Z) point value that describes the spatial location of the
capturing device (such as camera). For an Audio Capture with
multiple microphones, the Point of Capture defines the nominal midpoint of the microphones.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Point on Line of Capture</name>
<t>
The Point on Line of Capture attribute is a field with a single
Cartesian (X, Y, Z) point value that describes a position in space
of a second point on the axis of the capturing device, toward the
direction it is pointing; the first point being the Point of
Capture (see above).</t>
<t>
Together, the Point of Capture and Point on Line of Capture define
the direction and axis of the capturing device, for example, the
optical axis of a camera or the axis of a microphone. The Media
Consumer can use this information to adjust how it Renders the
received Media if it so chooses.</t>
<t>
For an Audio Capture, the Media Consumer can use this information
along with the Audio Capture Sensitivity Pattern to define a three-dimensional volume of capture where sounds can be expected to be
picked up by the microphone providing this specific Audio Capture.
If the Consumer wants to associate an Audio Capture with a Video
Capture, it can compare this volume with the Area of Capture for
video Media to provide a check on whether the Audio Capture is
indeed spatially associated with the Video Capture. For example, a
video Area of Capture that fails to intersect at all with the audio
volume of capture, or is at such a long radial distance from the
microphone Point of Capture that the audio level would be very low,
would be inappropriate.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Area of Capture</name>
<t>
The Area of Capture is a field with a set of four (X, Y, Z) points
as a value that describes the spatial location of what is being
"captured". This attribute applies only to Video Captures, not
other types of Media. By comparing the Area of Capture for
different Video Captures within the same Capture Scene, a Consumer
can determine the Spatial Relationships between them and Render
them correctly.</t>
<t>
The four points <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be co-planar, forming a quadrilateral, which
defines the Plane of Interest for the particular Media Capture.</t>
<t>
If the Area of Capture is not specified, it means the Video Capture
might be spatially related to other Captures in the same Scene, but
there is no detailed information on the relationship. For a switched
Capture that switches between different sections within a larger
area, the Area of Capture <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> use coordinates for the larger
potential area.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.4" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Mobility of Capture</name>
<t>
The Mobility of Capture attribute indicates whether or not the
Point of Capture, Point on Line of Capture, and Area of Capture
values stay the same over time, or are expected to change
(potentially frequently). Possible values are static, dynamic, and
highly dynamic.</t>
<t>
An example for "dynamic" is a camera mounted on a stand that is
occasionally hand-carried and placed at different positions in
order to provide the best angle to capture a work task. A camera
worn by a person who moves around the room is an example for
"highly dynamic". In either case, the effect is that the Point of Capture,
Capture Axis, and Area of Capture change with time.</t>
<t>
The Point of Capture of a static Capture <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> move for the life of
the CLUE session. The Point of Capture of dynamic Captures is
categorized by a change in position followed by a reasonable period
of stability -- in the order of magnitude of minutes. Highly
dynamic Captures are categorized by a Point of Capture that is
constantly moving. If the Area of Capture, Point of Capture, and
Point on Line of Capture attributes are included with dynamic or highly
dynamic Captures, they indicate spatial information at the time of
the Advertisement.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.5" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Audio Capture Sensitivity Pattern</name>
<t>
The Audio Capture Sensitivity Pattern attribute applies only to
Audio Captures. This attribute gives information about the nominal
sensitivity pattern of the microphone that is the source of the
Capture. Possible values include patterns such as omni, shotgun,
cardioid, and hyper-cardioid.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.6" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Description</name>
<t>
The Description attribute is a human-readable description (which
could be in multiple languages) of the Capture.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.7" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Presentation</name>
<t>
The Presentation attribute indicates that the Capture originates
from a presentation device, that is, one that provides supplementary
information to a Conference through slides, video, still images,
data, etc. Where more information is known about the Capture, it <bcp14>MAY</bcp14>
be expanded hierarchically to indicate the different types of
presentation Media, e.g., presentation.slides, presentation.image,
etc.</t>
<t>
Note: It is expected that a number of keywords will be defined that
provide more detail on the type of presentation. Refer to <xref target="RFC8846" format="default"/> for how to extend the model.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.8" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>View</name>
<t>
The View attribute is a field with enumerated values, indicating
what type of view the Capture relates to. The Consumer can use
this information to help choose which Media Captures it wishes to
receive. Possible values are as follows:</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="12">
<dt>Room:</dt>
<dd>Captures the entire Scene
</dd>
<dt>Table:</dt>
<dd>Captures the conference table with seated people
</dd>
<dt>Individual:</dt>
<dd>Captures an individual person</dd>
<dt>Lectern:</dt>
<dd>Captures the region of the lectern including the
presenter, for example, in a classroom-style conference room
</dd>
<dt>Audience:</dt>
<dd>Captures a region showing the audience in a classroom-style conference room
</dd>
</dl>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.9" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Language</name>
<t>
The Language attribute indicates one or more languages used in the
content of the Media Capture. Captures <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be offered in different
languages in case of multilingual and/or accessible Conferences. A
Consumer can use this attribute to differentiate between them and
pick the appropriate one.</t>
<t>
Note that the Language attribute is defined and meaningful both for
Audio and Video Captures. In case of Audio Captures, the meaning
is obvious. For a Video Capture, "Language" could, for example, be
sign interpretation or text.</t>
<t>
The Language attribute is coded per <xref target="RFC5646" format="default"/>.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.10" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Person Information</name>
<t>
The Person Information attribute allows a Provider to provide
specific information regarding the people in a Capture (regardless
of whether or not the Capture has a Presentation attribute). The
Provider may gather the information automatically or manually from
a variety of sources; however, the xCard <xref target="RFC6351" format="default"/> format is used to
convey the information. This allows various information, such as
Identification information (<xref section="6.2" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6350" format="default"/>), Communication
Information (<xref section="6.4" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6350" format="default"/>), and Organizational information
(<xref section="6.6" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6350" format="default"/>), to be communicated. A Consumer may then
automatically (i.e., via a policy) or manually select Captures
based on information about who is in a Capture. It also allows a
Consumer to Render information regarding the people participating
in the Conference or to use it for further processing.</t>
<t>
The Provider may supply a minimal set of information or a larger
set of information. However, it <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be compliant to <xref target="RFC6350" format="default"/> and
supply a "VERSION" and "FN" property. A Provider may supply
multiple xCards per Capture of any KIND (<xref section="6.1.4" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC6350" format="default"/>).</t>
<t>
In order to keep CLUE messages compact, the Provider <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> use a
URI to point to any LOGO, PHOTO, or SOUND contained in the xCard
rather than transmitting the LOGO, PHOTO, or SOUND data in a CLUE
message.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.11" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Person Type</name>
<t>
The Person Type attribute indicates the type of people contained in
the Capture with respect to the meeting agenda (regardless of
whether or not the Capture has a Presentation attribute). As a
Capture may include multiple people, the attribute may contain
multiple values. However, values <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> be repeated within the
attribute.</t>
<t>
An Advertiser associates the person type with an individual Capture
when it knows that a particular type is in the Capture. If an
Advertiser cannot link a particular type with some certainty to a
Capture, then it is not included. On reception of a
Capture with a Person Type attribute, a Consumer knows with some certainty that
the Capture contains that person type. The Capture may contain
other person types, but the Advertiser has not been able to
determine that this is the case.</t>
<t>The types of Captured people include:
</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="15">
<dt>Chair:</dt>
<dd>the person responsible for running the meeting
according to the agenda.</dd>
<dt>Vice-Chair:</dt>
<dd>the person responsible for assisting the chair in
running the meeting.</dd>
<dt>Minute Taker:</dt>
<dd>the person responsible for recording the
minutes of the meeting.</dd>
<dt>Attendee:</dt>
<dd>the person has no particular responsibilities with
respect to running the meeting.</dd>
<dt>Observer:</dt>
<dd>an Attendee without the right to influence the
discussion.</dd>
<dt>Presenter:</dt>
<dd>the person scheduled on the agenda to make a
presentation in the meeting. Note: This is not related to any
"active speaker" functionality.</dd>
<dt>Translator:</dt>
<dd>the person providing some form of translation
or commentary in the meeting.</dd>
<dt>Timekeeper:</dt>
<dd>the person responsible for maintaining the
meeting schedule.</dd>
</dl>
<t>
Furthermore, the Person Type attribute may contain one or more
strings allowing the Provider to indicate custom meeting-specific
types.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.12" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Priority</name>
<t>
The Priority attribute indicates a relative priority between
different Media Captures. The Provider sets this priority, and the
Consumer <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> use the priority to help decide which Captures it
wishes to receive.</t>
<t>
The Priority attribute is an integer that indicates a relative
priority between Captures. For example, it is possible to assign a
priority between two presentation Captures that would allow a
remote Endpoint to determine which presentation is more important.
Priority is assigned at the individual Capture level. It represents
the Provider's view of the relative priority between Captures with
a priority. The same priority number <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be used across multiple
Captures. It indicates that they are equally important. If no priority
is assigned, no assumptions regarding relative importance of the
Capture can be assumed.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.13" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Embedded Text</name>
<t>
The Embedded Text attribute indicates that a Capture provides
embedded textual information. For example, the Video Capture may
contain speech-to-text information composed with the video image.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.1.1.14" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Related To</name>
<t>
The Related To attribute indicates the Capture contains additional
complementary information related to another Capture. The value
indicates the identity of the other Capture to which this Capture
is providing additional information.</t>
<t>
For example, a Conference can utilize translators or facilitators
that provide an additional audio Stream (i.e., a translation or
description or commentary of the Conference). Where multiple
Captures are available, it may be advantageous for a Consumer to
select a complementary Capture instead of or in addition to a
Capture it relates to.</t>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Multiple Content Capture</name>
<t>
The MCC indicates that one or more Single Media Captures are
multiplexed (temporally and/or spatially) or mixed in one Media
Capture. Only one Capture type (i.e., audio, video, etc.) is
allowed in each MCC instance. The MCC may contain a reference to
the Single Media Captures (which may have their own attributes) as
well as attributes associated with the MCC itself. An MCC may also
contain other MCCs. The MCC <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> reference Captures from within the
Capture Scene that defines it or from other Capture Scenes. No
ordering is implied by the order that Captures appear within an MCC.
An MCC <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> contain no references to other Captures to indicate that
the MCC contains content from multiple sources, but no information
regarding those sources is given. MCCs either contain the
referenced Captures and no others or have no referenced Captures
and, therefore, may contain any Capture.</t>
<t>
One or more MCCs may also be specified in a CSV. This allows an
Advertiser to indicate that several MCC Captures are used to
represent a Capture Scene. <xref target="ref-advertisement-sent-to-endpoint-f-two-encodings" format="default"/> provides an example of this
case.</t>
<t>
As outlined in <xref target="s-7.1" format="default"/>, each instance of the MCC has its own
Capture identity, i.e., MCC1. It allows all the individual Captures
contained in the MCC to be referenced by a single MCC identity.</t>
<t>The example below shows the use of a Multiple Content Capture:</t>
<table anchor="ref-multiple-content-capture-concept" align="center">
<name>Multiple Content Capture Concept</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">{MC attributes}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left">{MC attributes}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC3</td>
<td align="left">{MC attributes}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC1(VC1,VC2,VC3)</td>
<td align="left">{MC and MCC attributes}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
This indicates that MCC1 is a single Capture that contains the
Captures VC1, VC2, and VC3, according to any MCC1 attributes.</t>
<section anchor="s-7.2.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>MCC Attributes</name>
<t>
Media Capture attributes may be associated with the MCC instance
and the Single Media Captures that the MCC references. A Provider
should avoid providing conflicting attribute values between the MCC
and Single Media Captures. Where there is conflict the attributes
of the MCC, a Provider should override any that may be present in the individual
Captures.</t>
<t>
A Provider <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> include as much or as little of the original source
Capture information as it requires.</t>
<t>
There are MCC-specific attributes that <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> only be used with
Multiple Content Captures. These are described in the sections
below. The attributes described in <xref target="s-7.1.1" format="default"/> <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> also be used
with MCCs.</t>
<t>
The spatial-related attributes of an MCC indicate its Area of
Capture and Point of Capture within the Scene, just like any other
Media Capture. The spatial information does not imply anything
about how other Captures are composed within an MCC.</t>
<t>For example: a virtual Scene could be constructed for the MCC
Capture with two Video Captures with a MaxCaptures attribute set
to 2 and an Area of Capture attribute provided with an overall
area. Each of the individual Captures could then also include an
Area of Capture attribute with a subset of the overall area.
The Consumer would then know how each Capture is related to others
within the Scene, but not the relative position of the individual
Captures within the composed Capture.
</t>
<table anchor="table_2">
<name>Example of MCC and Single Media Capture Attributes</name>
<thead>
<tr><th align="left">Capture Scene #1</th><th/></tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>VC1</td>
<td align="right">
<ul empty="true" spacing="compact">
<li>AreaofCapture=(0,0,0)(9,0,0)</li>
<li>(0,0,9)(9,0,9)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC2</td>
<td align="right">
<ul empty="true" spacing="compact">
<li>AreaofCapture=(10,0,0)(19,0,0)</li>
<li>(10,0,9)(19,0,9)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC1(VC1,VC2)</td>
<td align="right">
<ul empty="true" spacing="compact">
<li>MaxCaptures=2</li>
<li>AreaofCapture=(0,0,0)(19,0,0)</li>
<li>(0,0,9)(19,0,9)</li>
</ul>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(MCC1)</td>
<td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
The subsections below describe the MCC-only attributes.</t>
<section anchor="s-7.2.1.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>MaxCapture: Maximum Number of Captures within an MCC</name>
<t>
The MaxCaptures attribute indicates the maximum
number of individual Captures that may appear in a Capture Encoding
at a time. The actual number at any given time can be less than or
equal to this maximum. It may be used to derive how the Single
Media Captures within the MCC are composed/switched with regard
to space and time.</t>
<t>
A Provider can indicate that the number of Captures in an MCC
Capture Encoding is equal ("=") to the MaxCaptures value or that
there may be any number of Captures up to and including ("<=") the
MaxCaptures value. This allows a Provider to distinguish between an
MCC that purely represents a composition of sources and an MCC
that represents switched sources or switched and composed sources.</t>
<t>
MaxCaptures may be set to one so that only content related to one
of the sources is shown in the MCC Capture Encoding at a time, or
it may be set to any value up to the total number of Source Media
Captures in the MCC.</t>
<t>
The bullets below describe how the setting of MaxCaptures versus the
number of Captures in the MCC affects how sources appear in a
Capture Encoding:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>A switched case occurs when
MaxCaptures is set to <= 1 and the number of Captures in
the MCC is greater than 1 (or not specified) in the MCC. Zero
or one Captures may be switched into the Capture Encoding. Note:
zero is allowed because of the "<=".</li>
<li>A switched case occurs when MaxCaptures is set to = 1 and
the number of Captures in the MCC is greater than 1 (or not
specified) in the MCC. Only one Capture source is contained in
a Capture Encoding at a time.</li>
<li>A switched and composed case occurs when MaxCaptures is set
to <= N (with N > 1) and the number of Captures in the
MCC is greater than N (or not specified). The Capture Encoding
may contain purely switched sources (i.e., <=2 allows for one
source on its own), or it may contain composed and switched
sources (i.e., a composition of two sources switched between the
sources).</li>
<li>A switched and composed case occurs when MaxCaptures is set
to = N (with N > 1) and the number of Captures in the MCC
is greater than N (or not specified). The Capture Encoding
contains composed and switched sources (i.e., a composition of
N sources switched between the sources). It is not possible to
have a single source.</li>
<li>A switched and composed case occurs when MaxCaptures is set
<= to the number of Captures in the MCC. The Capture
Encoding may contain Media switched between any number (up to
the MaxCaptures) of composed sources.</li>
<li>A composed case occurs when MaxCaptures is set = to the number of Captures in the
MCC. All the sources are composed into
a single Capture Encoding.</li>
</ul>
<t>
If this attribute is not set, then as a default, it is assumed that all
source Media Capture content can appear concurrently in the Capture
Encoding associated with the MCC.</t>
<t>
For example, the use of MaxCaptures equal to 1 on an MCC with three
Video Captures, VC1, VC2, and VC3, would indicate that the Advertiser
in the Capture Encoding would switch between VC1, VC2, and VC3 as
there may be only a maximum of one Capture at a time.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.2.1.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Policy</name>
<t>
The Policy MCC attribute indicates the criteria that the Provider
uses to determine when and/or where Media content appears in the
Capture Encoding related to the MCC.</t>
<t>
The attribute is in the form of a token that indicates the policy
and an index representing an instance of the policy. The same
index value can be used for multiple MCCs.</t>
<t>
The tokens are as follows:
</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
<dt>SoundLevel:</dt>
<dd>This indicates that the content of the MCC is
determined by a sound-level-detection algorithm. The loudest
(active) speaker (or a previous speaker, depending on the index
value) is contained in the MCC.</dd>
<dt>RoundRobin:</dt>
<dd>This indicates that the content of the MCC is
determined by a time-based algorithm. For example, the Provider
provides content from a particular source for a period of time and
then provides content from another source, and so on.</dd>
</dl>
<t>
An index is used to represent an instance in the policy setting. An
index of 0 represents the most current instance of the policy, i.e.,
the active speaker, 1 represents the previous instance, i.e., the
previous active speaker, and so on.</t>
<t>
The following example shows a case where the Provider provides two
Media Streams, one showing the active speaker and a second Stream
showing the previous speaker.</t>
<table anchor="ref-example-policy-mcc-attribute-usage" align="center">
<name>Example Policy MCC Attribute Usage</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC1(VC1,VC2)</td>
<td align="left">Policy=SoundLevel:0<br/>
MaxCaptures=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC2(VC1,VC2)</td>
<td align="left">Policy=SoundLevel:1<br/>
MaxCaptures=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC1,MCC2)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.2.1.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>SynchronizationID: Synchronization Identity</name>
<t>
The SynchronizationID MCC attribute indicates how the
individual Captures in multiple MCC Captures are synchronized. To
indicate that the Capture Encodings associated with MCCs contain
Captures from the same source at the same time, a Provider should
set the same SynchronizationID on each of the concerned
MCCs. It is the Provider that determines what the source for the
Captures is, so a Provider can choose how to group together Single
Media Captures into a combined "source" for the purpose of
switching them together to keep them synchronized according to the
SynchronizationID attribute. For example, when the Provider is in
an MCU, it may determine that each separate CLUE Endpoint is a
remote source of Media. The SynchronizationID may be used
across Media types, i.e., to synchronize audio- and video-related
MCCs.</t>
<t>
Without this attribute it is assumed that multiple MCCs may provide
content from different sources at any particular point in time.</t>
<t>For example:
</t>
<table anchor="table_4">
<name>Example SynchronizationID MCC Attribute Usage</name>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #1</th> <th/></tr>
<tr><td>VC1</td> <td>Description=Left</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC2</td> <td>Description=Center</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC3</td> <td>Description=Right</td></tr>
<tr><td>AC1</td> <td>Description=Room</td></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC1,VC2,VC3)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC1)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #2</th> <th/></tr>
<tr><td>VC4</td> <td>Description=Left</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC5</td> <td>Description=Center</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC6</td> <td>Description=Right</td></tr>
<tr><td>AC2</td> <td>Description=Room</td></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC4,VC5,VC6)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC2)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #3</th> <th/></tr>
<tr><td>VC7</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>AC3</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #4</th> <th/></tr>
<tr><td>VC8</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>AC4</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #5</th> <th/></tr>
<tr><td>MCC1(VC1,VC4,VC7)</td> <td>SynchronizationID=1<br/>MaxCaptures=1</td></tr>
<tr><td>MCC2(VC2,VC5,VC8)</td> <td>SynchronizationID=1<br/>MaxCaptures=1</td></tr>
<tr><td>MCC3(VC3,VC6)</td> <td>MaxCaptures=1</td></tr>
<tr><td>MCC4(AC1,AC2,AC3,AC4)</td> <td>SynchronizationID=1<br/>MaxCaptures=1</td></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(MCC1,MCC2,MCC3)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(MCC4)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
The above Advertisement would indicate that MCC1, MCC2, MCC3, and
MCC4 make up a Capture Scene. There would be four Capture
Encodings (one for each MCC). Because MCC1 and MCC2 have the same
SynchronizationID, each Encoding from MCC1 and MCC2, respectively,
would together have content from only Capture Scene 1 or only
Capture Scene 2 or the combination of VC7 and VC8 at a particular
point in time. In this case, the Provider has decided the sources
to be synchronized are Scene #1, Scene #2, and Scene #3 and #4
together. The Encoding from MCC3 would not be synchronized with
MCC1 or MCC2. As MCC4 also has the same SynchronizationID
as MCC1 and MCC2, the content of the audio Encoding will be
synchronized with the video content.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.2.1.4" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Allow Subset Choice</name>
<t>
The Allow Subset Choice MCC attribute is a boolean value,
indicating whether or not the Provider allows the Consumer to
choose a specific subset of the Captures referenced by the MCC.
If this attribute is true, and the MCC references other Captures,
then the Consumer <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> select (in a Configure message) a specific
subset of those Captures to be included in the MCC, and the
Provider <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> then include only that subset. If this attribute is
false, or the MCC does not reference other Captures, then the
Consumer <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> select a subset.</t>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Capture Scene</name>
<t>
In order for a Provider's individual Captures to be used
effectively by a Consumer, the Provider organizes the Captures into
one or more Capture Scenes, with the structure and contents of
these Capture Scenes being sent from the Provider to the Consumer
in the Advertisement.</t>
<t>
A Capture Scene is a structure representing a spatial region
containing one or more Capture Devices, each capturing Media
representing a portion of the region. A Capture Scene includes one
or more Capture Scene Views (CSVs), with each CSV including one or
more Media Captures of the same Media type. There can also be
Media Captures that are not included in a CSV. A
Capture Scene represents, for example, the video image of a group
of people seated next to each other, along with the sound of their
voices, which could be represented by some number of VCs and ACs in
the CSVs. An MCU can also describe in Capture
Scenes what it constructs from Media Streams it receives.</t>
<t>
A Provider <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> advertise one or more Capture Scenes. What
constitutes an entire Capture Scene is up to the Provider. A
simple Provider might typically use one Capture Scene for
participant Media (live video from the room cameras) and another
Capture Scene for a computer-generated presentation. In more-complex systems, the use of additional Capture Scenes is also
sensible. For example, a classroom may advertise two Capture
Scenes involving live video: one including only the camera
capturing the instructor (and associated audio) the other
including camera(s) capturing students (and associated audio).</t>
<t>
A Capture Scene <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> (and typically will) include more than one type
of Media. For example, a Capture Scene can include several CSVs
for Video Captures and several CSVs for
Audio Captures. A particular Capture <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be included in more than
one CSV.</t>
<t>
A Provider <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> express Spatial Relationships between Captures that
are included in the same Capture Scene. However, there is no
Spatial Relationship between Media Captures from different Capture
Scenes. In other words, Capture Scenes each use their own spatial
measurement system as outlined in <xref target="s-6" format="default"/>.</t>
<t>
A Provider arranges Captures in a Capture Scene to help the
Consumer choose which Captures it wants to Render. The CSVs
in a Capture Scene are different alternatives the
Provider is suggesting for representing the Capture Scene. Each
CSV is given an advertisement-unique identity. The
order of CSVs within a Capture Scene has no
significance. The Media Consumer can choose to receive all Media
Captures from one CSV for each Media type (e.g.,
audio and video), or it can pick and choose Media Captures
regardless of how the Provider arranges them in CSVs.
Different CSVs of the same Media type are
not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives. Also note that
the presence of multiple CSVs (with potentially
multiple Encoding options in each view) in a given Capture Scene
does not necessarily imply that a Provider is able to serve all the
associated Media simultaneously (although the construction of such
an over-rich Capture Scene is probably not sensible in many cases).
What a Provider can send simultaneously is determined through the
Simultaneous Transmission Set mechanism, described in <xref target="s-8" format="default"/>.</t>
<t>
Captures within the same CSV <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be of the same
Media type -- it is not possible to mix audio and Video Captures in
the same CSV, for instance. The Provider <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be
capable of encoding and sending all Captures (that have an Encoding
Group) in a single CSV simultaneously. The order of
Captures within a CSV has no significance. A
Consumer can decide to receive all the Captures in a single CSV,
but a Consumer could also decide to receive just a
subset of those Captures. A Consumer can also decide to receive
Captures from different CSVs, all subject to the
constraints set by Simultaneous Transmission Sets, as discussed in
<xref target="s-8" format="default"/>.</t>
<t>
When a Provider advertises a Capture Scene with multiple CSVs, it
is essentially signaling that there are multiple representations of
the same Capture Scene available. In some cases, these multiple
views would be used simultaneously (for instance, a "video view" and
an "audio view"). In some cases, the views would conceptually be
alternatives (for instance, a view consisting of three Video
Captures covering the whole room versus a view consisting of just a
single Video Capture covering only the center of a room). In this
latter example, one sensible choice for a Consumer would be to
indicate (through its Configure and possibly through an additional
offer/answer exchange) the Captures of that CSV that
most closely matched the Consumer's number of display devices or
screen layout.</t>
<t>
The following is an example of four potential CSVs for
an Endpoint-style Provider:</t>
<ol spacing="normal" type="1">
<li>(VC0, VC1, VC2) - left, center, and right camera Video Captures</li>
<li>(MCC3) - Video Capture associated with loudest room segment</li>
<li>(VC4) - Video Capture zoomed out view of all people in the room</li>
<li>(AC0) - main audio</li>
</ol>
<t>
The first view in this Capture Scene example is a list of Video
Captures that have a Spatial Relationship to each other.
Determination of the order of these Captures (VC0, VC1, and VC2) for
rendering purposes is accomplished through use of their Area of
Capture attributes. The second view (MCC3) and the third view
(VC4) are alternative representations of the same room's video,
which might be better suited to some Consumers' rendering
capabilities. The inclusion of the Audio Capture in the same
Capture Scene indicates that AC0 is associated with all of those
Video Captures, meaning it comes from the same spatial region.
Therefore, if audio were to be Rendered at all, this audio would be
the correct choice, irrespective of which Video Captures were
chosen.</t>
<section anchor="s-7.3.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Capture Scene Attributes</name>
<t>
Capture Scene attributes can be applied to Capture Scenes as well
as to individual Media Captures. Attributes specified at this
level apply to all constituent Captures. Capture Scene attributes
include the following:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>Human-readable description of the Capture Scene, which could
be in multiple languages;</li>
<li>xCard Scene information</li>
<li>Scale information ("Millimeters", "Unknown Scale", "No Scale"), as
described in <xref target="s-6" format="default"/>.</li>
</ul>
<section anchor="s-7.3.1.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Scene Information</name>
<t>
The Scene Information attribute provides information regarding the
Capture Scene rather than individual participants. The Provider
may gather the information automatically or manually from a
variety of sources. The Scene Information attribute allows a
Provider to indicate information such as organizational or
geographic information allowing a Consumer to determine which
Capture Scenes are of interest in order to then perform Capture
selection. It also allows a Consumer to Render information
regarding the Scene or to use it for further processing.</t>
<t>
As per <xref target="s-7.1.1.10" format="default"/>, the xCard format is used to convey this
information and the Provider may supply a minimal set of
information or a larger set of information.</t>
<t>
In order to keep CLUE messages compact the Provider <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> use a
URI to point to any LOGO, PHOTO, or SOUND contained in the xCard
rather than transmitting the LOGO, PHOTO, or SOUND data in a CLUE
message.</t>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.3.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Capture Scene View Attributes</name>
<t>
A Capture Scene can include one or more CSVs in
addition to the Capture-Scene-wide attributes described above.
CSV attributes apply to the CSV as a
whole, i.e., to all Captures that are part of the CSV.
</t>
<t>CSV attributes include the following:
</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>A human-readable description (which could be in multiple
languages) of the CSV.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-7.4" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Global View List</name>
<t>
An Advertisement can include an optional Global View list. Each
item in this list is a Global View. The Provider can include
multiple Global Views, to allow a Consumer to choose sets of
Captures appropriate to its capabilities or application. The
choice of how to make these suggestions in the Global View list
for what represents all the Scenes for which the Provider can send
Media is up to the Provider. This is very similar to how each CSV
represents a particular Scene.</t>
<t>
As an example, suppose an Advertisement has three Scenes, and each
Scene has three CSVs, ranging from one to three Video Captures in
each CSV. The Provider is advertising a total of nine Video
Captures across three Scenes. The Provider can use the Global
View list to suggest alternatives for Consumers that can't receive
all nine Video Captures as separate Media Streams. For
accommodating a Consumer that wants to receive three Video
Captures, a Provider might suggest a Global View containing just a
single CSV with three Captures and nothing from the other two
Scenes. Or a Provider might suggest a Global View containing
three different CSVs, one from each Scene, with a single Video
Capture in each.</t>
<t>Some additional rules:
</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>The ordering of Global Views in the Global View list is
insignificant.</li>
<li>The ordering of CSVs within each Global View is
insignificant.</li>
<li>A particular CSV may be used in multiple Global Views.</li>
<li>The Provider must be capable of encoding and sending all
Captures within the CSVs of a given Global View
simultaneously.</li>
</ul>
<t>
The following figure shows an example of the structure of Global
Views in a Global View List.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-global-view-list-structure">
<name>Global View List Structure</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
........................................................
. Advertisement .
. .
. +--------------+ +-------------------------+ .
. |Scene 1 | |Global View List | .
. | | | | .
. | CSV1 (v)<----------------- Global View (CSV 1) | .
. | <-------. | | .
. | | *--------- Global View (CSV 1,5) | .
. | CSV2 (v) | | | | .
. | | | | | .
. | CSV3 (v)<---------*------- Global View (CSV 3,5) | .
. | | | | | | .
. | CSV4 (a)<----------------- Global View (CSV 4) | .
. | <-----------. | | .
. +--------------+ | | *----- Global View (CSV 4,6) | .
. | | | | | .
. +--------------+ | | | +-------------------------+ .
. |Scene 2 | | | | .
. | | | | | .
. | CSV5 (v)<-------' | | .
. | <---------' | .
. | | | (v) = video .
. | CSV6 (a)<-----------' (a) = audio .
. | | .
. +--------------+ .
`......................................................'
]]></artwork>
</figure>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-8" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Simultaneous Transmission Set Constraints</name>
<t>
In many practical cases, a Provider has constraints or limitations
on its ability to send Captures simultaneously. One type of
limitation is caused by the physical limitations of capture
mechanisms; these constraints are represented by a Simultaneous
Transmission Set. The second type of limitation reflects the
encoding resources available, such as bandwidth or video encoding
throughput (macroblocks/second). This type of constraint is
captured by Individual Encodings and Encoding Groups, discussed
below.</t>
<t>
Some Endpoints or MCUs can send multiple Captures simultaneously;
however, sometimes there are constraints that limit which Captures
can be sent simultaneously with other Captures. A device may not
be able to be used in different ways at the same time. Provider
Advertisements are made so that the Consumer can choose one of
several possible mutually exclusive usages of the device. This
type of constraint is expressed in a Simultaneous Transmission Set,
which lists all the Captures of a particular Media type (e.g.,
audio, video, or text) that can be sent at the same time. There are
different Simultaneous Transmission Sets for each Media type in the
Advertisement. This is easier to show in an example.</t>
<t>
Consider the example of a room system where there are three cameras,
each of which can send a separate Capture covering two people
each: VC0, VC1, and VC2. The middle camera can also zoom out (using an
optical zoom lens) and show all six people, VC3. But the middle
camera cannot be used in both modes at the same time; it has to
either show the space where two participants sit or the whole six
seats, but not both at the same time. As a result, VC1 and VC3
cannot be sent simultaneously.</t>
<t>
Simultaneous Transmission Sets are expressed as sets of the Media
Captures that the Provider could transmit at the same time (though,
in some cases, it is not intuitive to do so). If a Multiple
Content Capture is included in a Simultaneous Transmission Set, it
indicates that the Capture Encoding associated with it could be
transmitted as the same time as the other Captures within the
Simultaneous Transmission Set. It does not imply that the Single
Media Captures contained in the Multiple Content Capture could all
be transmitted at the same time.</t>
<t>
In this example, the two Simultaneous Transmission Sets are shown in
<xref target="ref-two-simultaneous-transmission-sets" format="default"/>. If a Provider advertises one or more mutually exclusive
Simultaneous Transmission Sets, then, for each Media type, the
Consumer <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> ensure that it chooses Media Captures that lie wholly
within one of those Simultaneous Transmission Sets.</t>
<table anchor="ref-two-simultaneous-transmission-sets" align="center">
<name>Two Simultaneous Transmission Sets</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Simultaneous Sets</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">{VC0, VC1, VC2}</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">{VC0, VC3, VC2}</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
A Provider OPTIONALLY can include the Simultaneous Transmission
Sets in its Advertisement. These constraints apply across all the
Capture Scenes in the Advertisement. It is a syntax-conformance
requirement that the Simultaneous Transmission Sets <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> allow all
the Media Captures in any particular CSV to be used
simultaneously. Similarly, the Simultaneous Transmission Sets <bcp14>MUST</bcp14>
reflect the simultaneity expressed by any Global View.</t>
<t>
For shorthand convenience, a Provider <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> describe a Simultaneous
Transmission Set in terms of CSVs and Capture
Scenes. If a CSV is included in a Simultaneous
Transmission Set, then all Media Captures in the CSV
are included in the Simultaneous Transmission Set. If a Capture
Scene is included in a Simultaneous Transmission Set, then all its
CSVs (of the corresponding Media type) are included
in the Simultaneous Transmission Set. The end result reduces to a
set of Media Captures, of a particular Media type, in either case.</t>
<t>
If an Advertisement does not include Simultaneous Transmission
Sets, then the Provider <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be able to simultaneously provide all
the Captures from any one CSV of each Media type from each Capture
Scene. Likewise, if there are no Simultaneous Transmission Sets
and there is a Global View list, then the Provider <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be able to
simultaneously provide all the Captures from any particular Global
View (of each Media type) from the Global View list.</t>
<t>
If an Advertisement includes multiple CSVs in a
Capture Scene, then the Consumer <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> choose one CSV
for each Media type, or it <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> choose individual Captures based on the
Simultaneous Transmission Sets.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-9" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Encodings</name>
<t>
Individual Encodings and Encoding Groups are CLUE's mechanisms
allowing a Provider to signal its limitations for sending Captures,
or combinations of Captures, to a Consumer. Consumers can map the
Captures they want to receive onto the Encodings, with the Encoding
parameters they want. As for the relationship between the CLUE-specified mechanisms based on Encodings and the SIP offer/answer
exchange, please refer to <xref target="s-5" format="default"/>.</t>
<section anchor="s-9.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Individual Encodings</name>
<t>
An Individual Encoding represents a way to encode a Media Capture
as a Capture Encoding, to be sent as an encoded Media Stream from
the Provider to the Consumer. An Individual Encoding has a set of
parameters characterizing how the Media is encoded.</t>
<t>
Different Media types have different parameters, and different
encoding algorithms may have different parameters. An Individual
Encoding can be assigned to at most one Capture Encoding at any
given time.</t>
<t>
Individual Encoding parameters are represented in SDP
<xref target="RFC4566" format="default"/>,
not in CLUE messages. For example, for a video Encoding using
H.26x compression technologies, this can include parameters such
as follows:
</t>
<ul spacing="compact">
<li>Maximum bandwidth;</li>
<li>Maximum picture size in pixels;</li>
<li>Maximum number of pixels to be processed per second;</li>
</ul>
<t>
The bandwidth parameter is the only one that specifically relates
to a CLUE Advertisement, as it can be further constrained by the
maximum group bandwidth in an Encoding Group.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-9.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Encoding Group</name>
<t>
An Encoding Group includes a set of one or more Individual
Encodings, and parameters that apply to the group as a whole. By
grouping multiple Individual Encodings together, an Encoding Group
describes additional constraints on bandwidth for the group. A
single Encoding Group <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> refer to Encodings for different Media
types.</t>
<t>The Encoding Group data structure contains:
</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>Maximum bitrate for all Encodings in the group combined;</li>
<li>A list of identifiers for the Individual Encodings belonging to the group.</li>
</ul>
<t>
When the Individual Encodings in a group are instantiated into
Capture Encodings, each Capture Encoding has a bitrate that <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be
less than or equal to the max bitrate for the particular Individual
Encoding. The "maximum bitrate for all Encodings in the group"
parameter gives the additional restriction that the sum of all the
individual Capture Encoding bitrates <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be less than or equal to
this group value.</t>
<t>
The following diagram illustrates one example of the structure of a
Media Provider's Encoding Groups and their contents.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-encoding-group-structure">
<name>Encoding Group Structure</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
,-------------------------------------------------.
| Media Provider |
| |
| ,--------------------------------------. |
| | ,--------------------------------------. |
| | | ,--------------------------------------. |
| | | | Encoding Group | |
| | | | ,-----------. | |
| | | | | | ,---------. | |
| | | | | | | | ,---------.| |
| | | | | Encoding1 | |Encoding2| |Encoding3|| |
| `.| | | | | | `---------'| |
| `.| `-----------' `---------' | |
| `--------------------------------------' |
`-------------------------------------------------'
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>A Provider advertises one or more Encoding Groups. Each Encoding
Group includes one or more Individual Encodings. Each Individual
Encoding can represent a different way of encoding Media. For
example, one Individual Encoding may be 1080p60 video, another could
be 720p30, with a third being 352x288p30, all in, for example, H.264
format.</t>
<t>While a typical three-codec/display system might have one Encoding
Group per "codec box" (physical codec, connected to one camera and
one screen), there are many possibilities for the number of
Encoding Groups a Provider may be able to offer and for the
Encoding values in each Encoding Group.</t>
<t>
There is no requirement for all Encodings within an Encoding Group
to be instantiated at the same time.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-9.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Associating Captures with Encoding Groups</name>
<t>
Each Media Capture, including MCCs, <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be associated with one
Encoding Group. To be eligible for configuration, a Media Capture
<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be associated with one Encoding Group, which is used to
instantiate that Capture into a Capture Encoding. When an MCC is
configured, all the Media Captures referenced by the MCC will appear
in the Capture Encoding according to the attributes of the chosen
Encoding of the MCC. This allows an Advertiser to specify Encoding
attributes associated with the Media Captures without the need to
provide an individual Capture Encoding for each of the inputs.</t>
<t>
If an Encoding Group is assigned to a Media Capture referenced by
the MCC, it indicates that this Capture may also have an individual
Capture Encoding.</t>
<t>For example:
</t>
<table anchor="ref-example-usage-of-encoding-with-mcc-and-source-captures" align="center">
<name>Example Usage of Encoding with MCC and Source Captures</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> </th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">EncodeGroupID=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC1(VC1,VC2)</td>
<td align="left">EncodeGroupID=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
This would indicate that VC1 may be sent as its own Capture
Encoding from EncodeGroupID=1 or that it may be sent as part of a
Capture Encoding from EncodeGroupID=2 along with VC2.</t>
<t>
More than one Capture <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> use the same Encoding Group.</t>
<t>
The maximum number of Capture Encodings that can result from a
particular Encoding Group constraint is equal to the number of
Individual Encodings in the group. The actual number of Capture
Encodings used at any time <bcp14>MAY</bcp14> be less than this maximum. Any of
the Captures that use a particular Encoding Group can be encoded
according to any of the Individual Encodings in the group.</t>
<t>
It is a protocol conformance requirement that the Encoding Groups
<bcp14>MUST</bcp14> allow all the Captures in a particular CSV to
be used simultaneously.</t>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-10" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Consumer's Choice of Streams to Receive from the Provider</name>
<t>
After receiving the Provider's Advertisement message (which includes
Media Captures and associated constraints), the Consumer composes
its reply to the Provider in the form of a Configure message. The
Consumer is free to use the information in the Advertisement as it
chooses, but there are a few obviously sensible design choices,
which are outlined below.</t>
<t>
If multiple Providers connect to the same Consumer (i.e., in an
MCU-less multiparty call), it is the responsibility of the Consumer
to compose Configures for each Provider that both fulfill each
Provider's constraints as expressed in the Advertisement, as well
as its own capabilities.</t>
<t>
In an MCU-based multiparty call, the MCU can logically terminate
the Advertisement/Configure negotiation in that it can hide the
characteristics of the receiving Endpoint and rely on its own
capabilities (transcoding/transrating/etc.) to create Media Streams
that can be decoded at the Endpoint Consumers. The timing of an
MCU's sending of Advertisements (for its outgoing ports) and
Configures (for its incoming ports, in response to Advertisements
received there) is up to the MCU and is implementation dependent.</t>
<t>
As a general outline, a Consumer can choose, based on the
Advertisement it has received, which Captures it wishes to receive,
and which Individual Encodings it wants the Provider to use to
encode the Captures.</t>
<t>
On receipt of an Advertisement with an MCC, the Consumer treats the
MCC as per other non-MCC Captures with the following differences:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>The Consumer would understand that the MCC is a Capture that
includes the referenced individual Captures (or any Captures, if
none are referenced) and that these individual Captures are
delivered as part of the MCC's Capture Encoding.</li>
<li>The Consumer may utilize any of the attributes associated with
the referenced individual Captures and any Capture Scene attributes
from where the individual Captures were defined to choose Captures
and for Rendering decisions.</li>
<li>If the MCC attribute Allow Subset Choice is true, then the
Consumer may or may not choose to receive all the indicated
Captures. It can choose to receive a subset of Captures indicated
by the MCC.</li>
</ul>
<t>For example, if the Consumer receives:
</t>
<ul empty="true" spacing="normal">
<li>MCC1(VC1,VC2,VC3){attributes}</li>
</ul>
<t>
A Consumer could choose all the Captures within an MCC; however, if
the Consumer determines that it doesn't want VC3, it can return
MCC1(VC1,VC2). If it wants all the individual Captures, then it
returns only the MCC identity (i.e., MCC1). If the MCC in the
Advertisement does not reference any individual Captures, or the
Allow Subset Choice attribute is false, then the Consumer cannot
choose what is included in the MCC: it is up to the Provider to
decide.</t>
<t>
A Configure Message includes a list of Capture Encodings. These
are the Capture Encodings the Consumer wishes to receive from the
Provider. Each Capture Encoding refers to one Media Capture and
one Individual Encoding.</t>
<t>
For each Capture the Consumer wants to receive, it configures one
of the Encodings in that Capture's Encoding Group. The Consumer
does this by telling the Provider, in its Configure Message, which
Encoding to use for each chosen Capture. Upon receipt of this
Configure from the Consumer, common knowledge is established
between Provider and Consumer regarding sensible choices for the
Media Streams. The setup of the actual Media channels, at least in
the simplest case, is left to a following offer/answer exchange.
Optimized implementations may speed up the reaction to the
offer/answer exchange by reserving the resources at the time of
finalization of the CLUE handshake.</t>
<t>
CLUE Advertisements and Configure Messages don't necessarily
require a new SDP offer/answer for every CLUE message
exchange. But the resulting Encodings sent via RTP must conform to
the most-recent SDP offer/answer result.</t>
<t>
In order to meaningfully create and send an initial Configure, the
Consumer needs to have received at least one Advertisement, and an
SDP offer defining the Individual Encodings, from the Provider.</t>
<t>
In addition, the Consumer can send a Configure at any time during
the call. The Configure <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be valid according to the most
recently received Advertisement. The Consumer can send a Configure
either in response to a new Advertisement from the Provider or on
its own, for example, because of a local change in conditions
(people leaving the room, connectivity changes, multipoint related
considerations).</t>
<t>
When choosing which Media Streams to receive from the Provider, and
the encoding characteristics of those Media Streams, the Consumer
advantageously takes several things into account: its local
preference, simultaneity restrictions, and encoding limits.</t>
<section anchor="s-10.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Local Preference</name>
<t>
A variety of local factors influence the Consumer's choice of
Media Streams to be received from the Provider:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>If the Consumer is an Endpoint, it is likely that it would
choose, where possible, to receive Video and Audio Captures that
match the number of display devices and audio system it has.</li>
<li>If the Consumer is an MCU, it may choose to receive loudest
speaker Streams (in order to perform its own Media composition)
and avoid pre-composed Video Captures.</li>
<li>User choice (for instance, selection of a new layout) may result
in a different set of Captures, or different Encoding
characteristics, being required by the Consumer.</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section anchor="s-10.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Physical Simultaneity Restrictions</name>
<t>
Often there are physical simultaneity constraints of the Provider
that affect the Provider's ability to simultaneously send all of
the Captures the Consumer would wish to receive. For instance, an
MCU, when connected to a multi-camera room system, might prefer to
receive both individual video Streams of the people present in the
room and an overall view of the room from a single camera. Some
Endpoint systems might be able to provide both of these sets of
Streams simultaneously, whereas others might not (if the overall
room view were produced by changing the optical zoom level on the
center camera, for instance).</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-10.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Encoding and Encoding Group Limits</name>
<t>
Each of the Provider's Encoding Groups has limits on bandwidth,
and the constituent potential Encodings have limits on the
bandwidth, computational complexity, video frame rate, and
resolution that can be provided. When choosing the Captures to be
received from a Provider, a Consumer device <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> ensure that the
Encoding characteristics requested for each individual Capture
fits within the capability of the Encoding it is being configured
to use, as well as ensuring that the combined Encoding
characteristics for Captures fit within the capabilities of their
associated Encoding Groups. In some cases, this could cause an
otherwise "preferred" choice of Capture Encodings to be passed
over in favor of different Capture Encodings -- for instance, if a
set of three Captures could only be provided at a low resolution
then a three screen device could switch to favoring a single,
higher quality, Capture Encoding.</t>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-11" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Extensibility</name>
<t>
One important characteristics of the Framework is its
extensibility. The standard for interoperability and handling
multiple Streams must be future-proof. The framework itself is
inherently extensible through expanding the data model types. For
example:</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>Adding more types of Media, such as telemetry, can done by
defining additional types of Captures in addition to audio and
video.</li>
<li>Adding new functionalities, such as 3-D Video Captures, may
require additional attributes describing the Captures.</li>
</ul>
<t>
The infrastructure is designed to be extended rather than
requiring new infrastructure elements. Extension comes through
adding to defined types.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Examples - Using the Framework (Informative)</name>
<t>
This section gives some examples, first from the point of view of
the Provider, then the Consumer, then some multipoint scenarios.</t>
<section anchor="s-12.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Provider Behavior</name>
<t>
This section shows some examples in more detail of how a Provider
can use the framework to represent a typical case for telepresence
rooms. First, an Endpoint is illustrated, then an MCU case is
shown.</t>
<section anchor="s-12.1.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Three-Screen Endpoint Provider</name>
<t>
Consider an Endpoint with the following description:</t>
<t>
Three cameras, three displays, and a six-person table</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>Each camera can provide one Capture for each 1/3-section of the
table.</li>
<li>A single Capture representing the active speaker can be provided
(voice-activity-based camera selection to a given encoder input
port implemented locally in the Endpoint).</li>
<li>A single Capture representing the active speaker with the other
two Captures shown picture in picture (PiP) within the Stream can
be provided (again, implemented inside the Endpoint).</li>
<li>A Capture showing a zoomed out view of all six seats in the room
can be provided.</li>
</ul>
<t>
The Video and Audio Captures for this Endpoint can be described as
follows.</t>
<t>
Video Captures:
</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="6">
<dt>VC0</dt>
<dd>(the left camera Stream), Encoding Group=EG0, view=table</dd>
<dt>VC1</dt>
<dd>(the center camera Stream), Encoding Group=EG1, view=table</dd>
<dt>VC2</dt>
<dd>(the right camera Stream), Encoding Group=EG2, view=table</dd>
<dt>MCC3</dt>
<dd>(the loudest panel Stream), Encoding Group=EG1, view=table, MaxCaptures=1, policy=SoundLevel</dd>
<dt>MCC4</dt>
<dd>(the loudest panel Stream with PiPs), Encoding Group=EG1, view=room, MaxCaptures=3, policy=SoundLevel</dd>
<dt>VC5</dt>
<dd>(the zoomed out view of all people in the room), Encoding Group=EG1, view=room</dd>
<dt>VC6</dt>
<dd>(presentation Stream), Encoding Group=EG1, presentation</dd>
</dl>
<t>
The following diagram is a top view of the room with three cameras, three
displays, and six seats. Each camera captures two people. The six
seats are not all in a straight line.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-room-layout-top-view">
<name>Room Layout Top View</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
,-. d
( )`--.__ +---+
`-' / `--.__ | |
,-. | `-.._ |_-+Camera 2 (VC2)
( ).' <--(AC1)-+-''`+-+
`-' |_...---'' | |
,-.c+-..__ +---+
( )| ``--..__ | |
`-' | ``+-..|_-+Camera 1 (VC1)
,-. | <--(AC2)..--'|+-+ ^
( )| __..--' | | |
`-'b|..--' +---+ |X
,-. |``---..___ | | |
( )\ ```--..._|_-+Camera 0 (VC0) |
`-' \ <--(AC0) ..-''`-+ |
,-. \ __.--'' | | <----------+
( ) |..-'' +---+ Y
`-' a (0,0,0) origin is under Camera 1
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>
The two points labeled 'b' and 'c' are intended to be at the midpoint
between the seating positions, and where the fields of view of the
cameras intersect.</t>
<t>
The Plane of Interest for VC0 is a vertical plane that intersects
points 'a' and 'b'.</t>
<t>
The Plane of Interest for VC1 intersects points 'b' and 'c'. The
plane of interest for VC2 intersects points 'c' and 'd'.</t>
<t>
This example uses an area scale of millimeters.</t>
<t>Areas of capture:</t>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
bottom left bottom right top left top right
VC0 (-2011,2850,0) (-673,3000,0) (-2011,2850,757) (-673,3000,757)
VC1 ( -673,3000,0) ( 673,3000,0) ( -673,3000,757) ( 673,3000,757)
VC2 ( 673,3000,0) (2011,2850,0) ( 673,3000,757) (2011,3000,757)
MCC3(-2011,2850,0) (2011,2850,0) (-2011,2850,757) (2011,3000,757)
MCC4(-2011,2850,0) (2011,2850,0) (-2011,2850,757) (2011,3000,757)
VC5 (-2011,2850,0) (2011,2850,0) (-2011,2850,757) (2011,3000,757)
VC6 none
]]></artwork>
<t>Points of capture:</t>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt="">
VC0 (-1678,0,800)
VC1 (0,0,800)
VC2 (1678,0,800)
MCC3 none
MCC4 none
VC5 (0,0,800)
VC6 none
</artwork>
<t>
In this example, the right edge of the VC0 area lines up with the
left edge of the VC1 area. It doesn't have to be this way. There
could be a gap or an overlap. One additional thing to note for
this example is the distance from 'a' to 'b' is equal to the distance
from 'b' to 'c' and the distance from 'c' to 'd'. All these distances are
1346 mm. This is the planar width of each Area of Capture for VC0,
VC1, and VC2.</t>
<t>
Note the text in parentheses (e.g., "the left camera Stream") is
not explicitly part of the model, it is just explanatory text for
this example, and it is not included in the model with the Media
Captures and attributes. Also, MCC4 doesn't say anything about
how a Capture is composed, so the Media Consumer can't tell based
on this Capture that MCC4 is composed of a "loudest panel with PiPs".</t>
<t>
Audio Captures:</t>
<t>
Three ceiling microphones are located between the cameras and the
table, at the same height as the cameras. The microphones point
down at an angle toward the seating positions.</t>
<ul spacing="normal">
<li>AC0 (left), Encoding Group=EG3</li>
<li>AC1 (right), Encoding Group=EG3</li>
<li>AC2 (center), Encoding Group=EG3</li>
<li>AC3 being a simple pre-mixed audio Stream from the room (mono),
Encoding Group=EG3</li>
<li>AC4 audio Stream associated with the presentation video (mono)
Encoding Group=EG3, presentation</li>
</ul>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
Point of Capture: Point on Line of Capture:
AC0 (-1342,2000,800) (-1342,2925,379)
AC1 ( 1342,2000,800) ( 1342,2925,379)
AC2 ( 0,2000,800) ( 0,3000,379)
AC3 ( 0,2000,800) ( 0,3000,379)
AC4 none
]]></artwork>
<t>The physical simultaneity information is:
</t>
<ul empty="true" spacing="normal">
<li>Simultaneous Transmission Set #1 {VC0, VC1, VC2, MCC3, MCC4,
VC6}</li>
<li>Simultaneous Transmission Set #2 {VC0, VC2, VC5, VC6}</li>
</ul>
<t>
This constraint indicates that it is not possible to use all the VCs at
the same time. VC5 cannot be used at the same time as VC1 or MCC3
or MCC4. Also, using every member in the set simultaneously may
not make sense -- for example, MCC3 (loudest) and MCC4 (loudest with
PiP). In addition, there are Encoding constraints that make
choosing all of the VCs in a set impossible. VC1, MCC3, MCC4,
VC5, and VC6 all use EG1 and EG1 has only three ENCs. This constraint
shows up in the Encoding Groups, not in the Simultaneous
Transmission Sets.</t>
<t>
In this example, there are no restrictions on which Audio Captures
can be sent simultaneously.</t>
<t>
Encoding Groups:</t>
<t>
This example has three Encoding Groups associated with the Video
Captures. Each group can have three Encodings, but with each
potential Encoding having a progressively lower specification. In
this example, 1080p60 transmission is possible (as ENC0 has a
maxPps value compatible with that). Significantly, as up to three
Encodings are available per group, it is possible to transmit some
Video Captures simultaneously that are not in the same view in the
Capture Scene, for example, VC1 and MCC3 at the same time. The
information below about Encodings is a summary of what would be
conveyed in SDP, not directly in the CLUE Advertisement.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-example-encoding-groups-for-video">
<name>Example Encoding Groups for Video</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
encodeGroupID=EG0, maxGroupBandwidth=6000000
encodeID=ENC0, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088, maxFrameRate=60,
maxPps=124416000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=ENC1, maxWidth=1280, maxHeight=720, maxFrameRate=30,
maxPps=27648000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=ENC2, maxWidth=960, maxHeight=544, maxFrameRate=30,
maxPps=15552000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeGroupID=EG1 maxGroupBandwidth=6000000
encodeID=ENC3, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088, maxFrameRate=60,
maxPps=124416000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=ENC4, maxWidth=1280, maxHeight=720, maxFrameRate=30,
maxPps=27648000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=ENC5, maxWidth=960, maxHeight=544, maxFrameRate=30,
maxPps=15552000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeGroupID=EG2 maxGroupBandwidth=6000000
encodeID=ENC6, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088, maxFrameRate=60,
maxPps=124416000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=ENC7, maxWidth=1280, maxHeight=720, maxFrameRate=30,
maxPps=27648000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=ENC8, maxWidth=960, maxHeight=544, maxFrameRate=30,
maxPps=15552000, maxBandwidth=4000000
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>
For audio, there are five potential Encodings available, so all
five Audio Captures can be encoded at the same time.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-example-encoding-group-for-audio">
<name>Example Encoding Group for Audio</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
encodeGroupID=EG3, maxGroupBandwidth=320000
encodeID=ENC9, maxBandwidth=64000
encodeID=ENC10, maxBandwidth=64000
encodeID=ENC11, maxBandwidth=64000
encodeID=ENC12, maxBandwidth=64000
encodeID=ENC13, maxBandwidth=64000
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>
Capture Scenes:</t>
<t>
The following table represents the Capture Scenes for this
Provider. Recall that a Capture Scene is composed of alternative
CSVs covering the same spatial region. Capture
Scene #1 is for the main people Captures, and Capture Scene #2 is
for presentation.</t>
<t>Each row in the table is a separate CSV.</t>
<table align="center">
<name>Example CSVs</name>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC0, VC1, VC2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC0, AC1, AC2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC3</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #2</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC6</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
Different Capture Scenes are distinct from each other and do not
overlap. A Consumer can choose a view from each Capture Scene. In
this case, the three Captures, VC0, VC1, and VC2, are one way of
representing the video from the Endpoint. These three Captures
should appear adjacent to each other. Alternatively, another
way of representing the Capture Scene is with the Capture MCC3,
which automatically shows the person who is talking; this is the same for
the MCC4 and VC5 alternatives.</t>
<t>
As in the video case, the different views of audio in Capture
Scene #1 represent the "same thing", in that one way to receive
the audio is with the three Audio Captures (AC0, AC1, and AC2), and
another way is with the mixed AC3. The Media Consumer can choose
an audio CSV it is capable of receiving.</t>
<t>
The spatial ordering is understood by the Media Capture attribute's
Area of Capture, Point of Capture, and Point on Line of Capture.</t>
<t>
A Media Consumer would likely want to choose a CSV
to receive, partially based on how many Streams it can simultaneously
receive. A Consumer that can receive three video Streams would
probably prefer to receive the first view of Capture Scene #1
(VC0, VC1, and VC2) and not receive the other views. A Consumer that
can receive only one video Stream would probably choose one of the
other views.</t>
<t>
If the Consumer can receive a presentation Stream too, it would
also choose to receive the only view from Capture Scene #2 (VC6).</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.1.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Encoding Group Example</name>
<t>
This is an example of an Encoding Group to illustrate how it can
express dependencies between Encodings. The information below
about Encodings is a summary of what would be conveyed in SDP, not
directly in the CLUE Advertisement.</t>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
encodeGroupID=EG0 maxGroupBandwidth=6000000
encodeID=VIDENC0, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088,
maxFrameRate=60, maxPps=62208000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=VIDENC1, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088,
maxFrameRate=60, maxPps=62208000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=AUDENC0, maxBandwidth=96000
encodeID=AUDENC1, maxBandwidth=96000
encodeID=AUDENC2, maxBandwidth=96000
]]></artwork>
<t>
Here, the Encoding Group is EG0. Although the Encoding Group is
capable of transmitting up to 6 Mbit/s, no individual video
Encoding can exceed 4 Mbit/s.</t>
<t>
This Encoding Group also allows up to three audio Encodings, AUDENC<0-2>. It is not required that audio and video Encodings reside
within the same Encoding Group, but if so, then the group's overall
maxBandwidth value is a limit on the sum of all audio and video
Encodings configured by the Consumer. A system that does not wish
or need to combine bandwidth limitations in this way should
instead use separate Encoding Groups for audio and video in order
for the bandwidth limitations on audio and video to not interact.</t>
<t>
Audio and video can be expressed in separate Encoding Groups, as
in this illustration.</t>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
encodeGroupID=EG0 maxGroupBandwidth=6000000
encodeID=VIDENC0, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088,
maxFrameRate=60, maxPps=62208000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeID=VIDENC1, maxWidth=1920, maxHeight=1088,
maxFrameRate=60, maxPps=62208000, maxBandwidth=4000000
encodeGroupID=EG1 maxGroupBandwidth=500000
encodeID=AUDENC0, maxBandwidth=96000
encodeID=AUDENC1, maxBandwidth=96000
encodeID=AUDENC2, maxBandwidth=96000
]]></artwork>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.1.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>The MCU Case</name>
<t>
This section shows how an MCU might express its Capture Scenes,
intending to offer different choices for Consumers that can handle
different numbers of Streams. Each MCC is for video. A single
Audio Capture is provided for all single and multi-screen
configurations that can be associated (e.g., lip-synced) with any
combination of Video Captures (the MCCs) at the Consumer.</t>
<table anchor="ref-mcu-main-capture-scenes" align="center">
<name>MCU Main Capture Scenes</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"/>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC</td>
<td align="left">for a one-screen Consumer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC1, MCC2</td>
<td align="left">for a two-screen Consumer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC3, MCC4, MCC5</td>
<td align="left">for a three-screen Consumer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">MCC6, MCC7, MCC8, MCC9</td>
<td align="left">for a four-screen Consumer</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC0</td>
<td align="left">AC representing all participants</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC0)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC1,MCC2)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC3,MCC4,MCC5)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(MCC6,MCC7,MCC8,MCC9)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(AC0)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
If/when a presentation Stream becomes active within the Conference,
the MCU might re-advertise the available Media as:</t>
<table anchor="ref-mcu-presentation-capture-scene" align="center">
<name>MCU Presentation Capture Scene</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left">Capture Scene #2</th>
<th align="left">Note</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC10</td>
<td align="left">Video Capture for presentation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC1</td>
<td align="left">Presentation audio to accompany VC10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC10)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(AC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Media Consumer Behavior</name>
<t>
This section gives an example of how a Media Consumer might behave
when deciding how to request Streams from the three-screen
Endpoint described in the previous section.</t>
<t>
The receive side of a call needs to balance its requirements
(based on number of screens and speakers), its decoding capabilities,
available bandwidth, and the Provider's capabilities in order
to optimally configure the Provider's Streams. Typically, it would
want to receive and decode Media from each Capture Scene
advertised by the Provider.</t>
<t>
A sane, basic, algorithm might be for the Consumer to go through
each CSV in turn and find the collection of Video
Captures that best matches the number of screens it has (this
might include consideration of screens dedicated to presentation
video display rather than "people" video) and then decide between
alternative views in the video Capture Scenes based either on
hard-coded preferences or on user choice. Once this choice has been
made, the Consumer would then decide how to configure the
Provider's Encoding Groups in order to make best use of the
available network bandwidth and its own decoding capabilities.</t>
<section anchor="s-12.2.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>One-Screen Media Consumer</name>
<t>
MCC3, MCC4, and VC5 are all different views by themselves, not
grouped together in a single view; so, the receiving device should
choose between one of those. The choice would come down to
whether to see the greatest number of participants simultaneously
at roughly equal precedence (VC5), a switched view of just the
loudest region (MCC3), or a switched view with PiPs (MCC4). An
Endpoint device with a small amount of knowledge of these
differences could offer a dynamic choice of these options, in-call, to the user.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.2.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Two-Screen Media Consumer Configuring the Example</name>
<t>
Mixing systems with an even number of screens, "2n", and those
with "2n+1" cameras (and vice versa) is always likely to be the
problematic case. In this instance, the behavior is likely to be
determined by whether a "two-screen" system is really a "two-decoder"
system, i.e., whether only one received Stream can be displayed
per screen or whether more than two Streams can be received and
spread across the available screen area. To enumerate three possible
behaviors here for the two-screen system when it learns that the far
end is "ideally" expressed via three Capture Streams:</t>
<ol spacing="normal" type="1">
<li>Fall back to receiving just a single Stream (MCC3, MCC4, or VC5
as per the one-screen Consumer case above) and either leave one
screen blank or use it for presentation if/when a
presentation becomes active.</li>
<li>Receive three Streams (VC0, VC1, and VC2) and display across two
screens (either with each Capture being scaled to 2/3 of a
screen and the center Capture being split across two screens), or,
as would be necessary if there were large bezels on the
screens, with each Stream being scaled to 1/2 the screen width
and height and there being a fourth "blank" panel. This fourth panel
could potentially be used for any presentation that became
active during the call.</li>
<li>Receive three Streams, decode all three, and use control information
indicating which was the most active to switch between showing
the left and center Streams (one per screen) and the center and
right Streams.</li>
</ol>
<t>
For an Endpoint capable of all three methods of working described
above, again it might be appropriate to offer the user the choice
of display mode.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.2.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Three-Screen Media Consumer Configuring the Example</name>
<t>
This is the most straightforward case: the Media Consumer would
look to identify a set of Streams to receive that best matched its
available screens; so, the VC0 plus VC1 plus VC2 should match
optimally. The spatial ordering would give sufficient information
for the correct Video Capture to be shown on the correct screen.
The Consumer would need to divide a single Encoding
Group's capability by 3 either to determine what resolution and frame
rate to configure the Provider with or to configure the individual
Video Captures' Encoding Groups with what makes most sense (taking
into account the receive side decode capabilities, overall call
bandwidth, the resolution of the screens plus any user preferences
such as motion vs. sharpness).</t>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Multipoint Conference Utilizing Multiple Content Captures</name>
<t>
The use of MCCs allows the MCU to construct outgoing Advertisements
describing complex Media switching and composition scenarios. The
following sections provide several examples.</t>
<t>
Note: in the examples the identities of the CLUE elements (e.g.,
Captures, Capture Scene) in the incoming Advertisements overlap.
This is because there is no coordination between the Endpoints.
The MCU is responsible for making these unique in the outgoing
Advertisement.</t>
<section anchor="s-12.3.1" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Single Media Captures and MCC in the Same Advertisement</name>
<t>
Four Endpoints are involved in a Conference where CLUE is used. An
MCU acts as a middlebox between the Endpoints with a CLUE channel
between each Endpoint and the MCU. The MCU receives the following
Advertisements.</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-from-endpoint-a" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received from Endpoint A</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=AustralianConfRoom</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">Description=Audience<br/>EncodeGroupID=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-from-endpoint-b" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received from Endpoint B</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=ChinaConfRoom</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">Description=Speaker<br/>EncodeGroupID=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left">Description=Audience<br/>EncodeGroupID=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC1, VC2)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t keepWithPrevious="true">Note: Endpoint B indicates that it sends two Streams.</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-from-endpoint-c" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received from Endpoint C</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=USAConfRoom</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">Description=Audience<br/>EncodeGroupID=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
If the MCU wanted to provide a Multiple Content Captures containing
a round-robin switched view of the audience from the three Endpoints
and the speaker, it could construct the following Advertisement:</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-sent-to-endpoint-f-one-encoding">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint F - One Encoding</name>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #1</th> <th>Description=AustralianConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC1</td> <td>Description=Audience</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(VC1)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #2</th> <th>Description=ChinaConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC2</td> <td>Description=Speaker</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC3</td> <td>Description=Audience</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(VC2, VC3)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #3</th> <th>Description=USAConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC4</td> <td>Description=Audience</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(VC4)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #4</th> <th/></tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC1(VC1,VC2,VC3,VC4)</td>
<td>Policy=RoundRobin:1<br/>
MaxCaptures=1<br/>
EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(MCC1)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
Alternatively, if the MCU wanted to provide the speaker as one Media
Stream and the audiences as another, it could assign an Encoding
Group to VC2 in Capture Scene 2 and provide a CSV in Capture Scene
#4 as per the example below.</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-sent-to-endpoint-f-two-encodings">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint F - Two Encodings</name>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=AustralianConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC1</td> <td>Description=Audience</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC1)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #2</th> <th>Description=ChinaConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC2</td> <td>Description=Speaker
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC3</td> <td>Description=Audience</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC2, VC3)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #3</th> <th>Description=USAConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC4</td> <td>Description=Audience</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC4)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #4</th> <th/>
</tr>
<tr><td>MCC1(VC1,VC3,VC4)</td> <td>Policy=RoundRobin:1
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
<br/>AllowSubset=True</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>MCC2(VC2)</td> <td>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>CSV2(MCC1,MCC2)</td> <td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
Therefore, a Consumer could choose whether or not to have a separate
speaker-related Stream and could choose which Endpoints to see. If
it wanted the second Stream but not the Australian conference room,
it could indicate the following Captures in the Configure message:</t>
<table anchor="table_15">
<name>MCU Case: Consumer Response</name>
<tbody>
<tr><td>MCC1(VC3,VC4)</td> <td>Encoding</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC2</td> <td>Encoding</td></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.3.2" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Several MCCs in the Same Advertisement</name>
<t>
Multiple MCCs can be used where multiple Streams are used to carry
Media from multiple Endpoints. For example:</t>
<t>
A Conference has three Endpoints D, E, and F. Each Endpoint has
three Video Captures covering the left, middle, and right regions of
each conference room. The MCU receives the following
Advertisements from D and E.</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-from-endpoint-d" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received from Endpoint D</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=AustralianConfRoom</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">CaptureArea=Left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"/>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left">CaptureArea=Center</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"/>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC3</td>
<td align="left">CaptureArea=Right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"/>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC1,VC2,VC3)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-from-endpoint-e" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received from Endpoint E</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=ChinaConfRoom</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">CaptureArea=Left</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"/>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left">CaptureArea=Center</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"/>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC3</td>
<td align="left">CaptureArea=Right</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"/>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV(VC1,VC2,VC3)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
The MCU wants to offer Endpoint F three Capture Encodings. Each
Capture Encoding would contain all the Captures from either
Endpoint D or Endpoint E, depending on the active speaker.
The MCU sends the following Advertisement:</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-sent-to-endpoint-f">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint F</name>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #1</th><th>Description=AustralianConfRoom</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC1</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>VC2</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>VC3</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC1,VC2,VC3)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #2</th> <th>Description=ChinaConfRoom</th></tr>
<tr><td>VC4</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>VC5</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>VC6</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC4,VC5,VC6)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #3</th> <th/></tr>
<tr><td>MCC1(VC1,VC4)</td> <td>CaptureArea=Left
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>MCC2(VC2,VC5)</td> <td>CaptureArea=Center
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>MCC3(VC3,VC6)</td> <td>CaptureArea=Right
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>CSV(MCC1,MCC2,MCC3)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.3.3" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Heterogeneous Conference with Switching and Composition</name>
<t>
Consider a Conference between Endpoints with the following
characteristics:</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
<dt>Endpoint A -</dt>
<dd>4 screens, 3 cameras</dd>
<dt>Endpoint B -</dt>
<dd>3 screens, 3 cameras</dd>
<dt>Endpoint C -</dt>
<dd>3 screens, 3 cameras</dd>
<dt>Endpoint D -</dt>
<dd>3 screens, 3 cameras</dd>
<dt>Endpoint E -</dt>
<dd>1 screen, 1 camera</dd>
<dt>Endpoint F -</dt>
<dd>2 screens, 1 camera</dd>
<dt>Endpoint G -</dt>
<dd>1 screen, 1 camera</dd>
</dl>
<t>
This example focuses on what the user in one of the three-camera
multi-screen Endpoints sees. Call this person User A, at Endpoint
A. There are four large display screens at Endpoint A. Whenever
somebody at another site is speaking, all the Video Captures from
that Endpoint are shown on the large screens. If the talker is at
a three-camera site, then the video from those three cameras fills three of
the screens. If the person speaking is at a single-camera site, then video
from that camera fills one of the screens, while the other screens
show video from other single-camera Endpoints.</t>
<t>
User A hears audio from the four loudest talkers.</t>
<t>
User A can also see video from other Endpoints, in addition to the
current person speaking, although much smaller in size. Endpoint A has four
screens, so one of those screens shows up to nine other Media Captures
in a tiled fashion. When video from a three-camera Endpoint appears in
the tiled area, video from all three cameras appears together across
the screen with correct Spatial Relationship among those three images.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-endpoint-a-4-screen-display">
<name>Endpoint A - Four-Screen Display</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
+---+---+---+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+---+---+---+ | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
+---+---+---+ | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
+---+---+---+ +-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>
User B at Endpoint B sees a similar arrangement, except there are
only three screens, so the nine other Media Captures are spread out across
the bottom of the three displays, in a PiP format.
When video from a three-camera Endpoint appears in the PiP area, video
from all three cameras appears together across one screen with
correct Spatial Relationship.</t>
<figure anchor="ref-endpoint-b-3-screen-display-with-pips">
<name>Endpoint B - Three-Screen Display with PiPs</name>
<artwork name="" type="" align="left" alt=""><![CDATA[
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| +-+ +-+ +-+ | | +-+ +-+ +-+ | | +-+ +-+ +-+ |
| +-+ +-+ +-+ | | +-+ +-+ +-+ | | +-+ +-+ +-+ |
+-------------+ +-------------+ +-------------+
]]></artwork>
</figure>
<t>
When somebody at a different Endpoint becomes the current speaker,
then User A and User B both see the video from the new person speaking
appear on their large screen area, while the previous speaker takes
one of the smaller tiled or PiP areas. The person who is the
current speaker doesn't see themselves; they see the previous speaker
in their large screen area.</t>
<t>
One of the points of this example is that Endpoints A and B each
want to receive three Capture Encodings for their large display areas,
and nine Encodings for their smaller areas. A and B are be able to
each send the same Configure message to the MCU, and each receive
the same conceptual Media Captures from the MCU. The differences
are in how they are Rendered and are purely a local matter at A and
B.</t>
<t>The Advertisements for such a scenario are described below.
</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-at-the-mcu-from-endpoints-a-to-d" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received at the MCU from Endpoints A to D</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=Endpoint x</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC2</td>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC3</td>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC1</td>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV1(VC1, VC2, VC3)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV2(AC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-at-the-mcu-from-endpoints-e-to-g" align="center">
<name>Advertisement Received at the MCU from Endpoints E to G</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th align="left"> Capture Scene #1</th>
<th align="left"> Description=Endpoint y</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="left">VC1</td>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">AC1</td>
<td align="left">EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV1(VC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left">CSV2(AC1)</td>
<td align="left"/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
Rather than considering what is displayed, CLUE concentrates more
on what the MCU sends. The MCU doesn't know anything about the
number of screens an Endpoint has.</t>
<t>
As Endpoints A to D each advertise that three Captures make up a
Capture Scene, the MCU offers these in a "site switching" mode.
That is, there are three Multiple Content Captures (and
Capture Encodings) each switching between Endpoints. The MCU
switches in the applicable Media into the Stream based on voice
activity. Endpoint A will not see a Capture from itself.</t>
<t>
Using the MCC concept, the MCU would send the following
Advertisement to Endpoint A:</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-sent-to-endpoint-a-source-part">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint A - Source Part</name>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #1</th><th>Description=Endpoint B</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC4</td> <td>CaptureArea=Left</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC5</td> <td>CaptureArea=Center</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC6</td> <td>CaptureArea=Right</td></tr>
<tr><td>AC1</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC4,VC5,VC6)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC1)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #2</th><th>Description=Endpoint C</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC7</td> <td>CaptureArea=Left</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC8</td> <td>CaptureArea=Center</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC9</td> <td>CaptureArea=Right</td></tr>
<tr><td>AC2</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC7,VC8,VC9)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC2)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #3</th><th>Description=Endpoint D</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC10</td> <td>CaptureArea=Left</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC11</td> <td>CaptureArea=Center</td></tr>
<tr><td>VC12</td> <td>CaptureArea=Right</td></tr>
<tr><td>AC3</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC10,VC11,VC12)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC3)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #4</th><th>Description=Endpoint E</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC13</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>AC4</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC13)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC4)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #5</th><th>Description=Endpoint F</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC14</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>AC5</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC14)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC5)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #6</th><th>Description=Endpoint G</th>
</tr>
<tr><td>VC15</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>AC6</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(VC15)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV(AC6)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
The above part of the Advertisement presents information about the
sources to the MCC. The information is effectively the same as the
received Advertisements, except that there are no Capture Encodings
associated with them and the identities have been renumbered.</t>
<t>
In addition to the source Capture information, the MCU advertises
site switching of Endpoints B to G in three Streams.</t>
<table anchor="table_22">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint A - Switching Parts</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #7</th><th>Description=Output3streammix</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>MCC1(VC4,VC7,VC10,&zwsp;VC13)</td> <td>CaptureArea=Left
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC2(VC5,VC8,VC11,&zwsp;VC14)</td> <td>CaptureArea=Center
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC3(VC6,VC9,VC12,&zwsp;VC15)</td> <td>CaptureArea=Right
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC4() (for audio)</td> <td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC5() (for audio)</td> <td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:1
<br/>EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC6() (for audio)</td> <td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:2
<br/>EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC7() (for audio)</td> <td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:3
<br/>EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(MCC1,MCC2,MCC3)</td> <td/></tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(MCC4,MCC5,MCC6,&zwsp;MCC7)</td> <td/></tr>
</tbody></table>
<t>
The above part describes the three main switched Streams that relate to
site switching. MaxCaptures=1 indicates that only one Capture from
the MCC is sent at a particular time. SynchronizationID=1 indicates
that the source sending is synchronized. The Provider can choose to
group together VC13, VC14, and VC15 for the purpose of switching
according to the SynchronizationID. Therefore, when the Provider
switches one of them into an MCC, it can also switch the others
even though they are not part of the same Capture Scene.</t>
<t>
All the audio for the Conference is included in Scene #7.
There isn't necessarily a one-to-one relation between any Audio
Capture and Video Capture in this Scene. Typically, a change in
the loudest talker will cause the MCU to switch the audio Streams more
quickly than switching video Streams.</t>
<t>
The MCU can also supply nine Media Streams showing the active and
previous eight speakers. It includes the following in the
Advertisement:</t>
<table anchor="table_23">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint A - 9 Switched Parts</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #8</th><th>Description=Output9stream</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="right">MCC8(VC4,VC5,VC6,VC7,
<br/>VC8,VC9,VC10,VC11,
<br/>VC12,VC13,VC14,VC15)</td>
<td>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr><tr>
<td align="right">MCC9(VC4,VC5,VC6,VC7,
<br/>VC8,VC9,VC10,VC11,
<br/>VC12,VC13,VC14,VC15)
</td>
<td>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:1
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr><tr>
<th align="center">to</th><th align="center">to</th>
</tr><tr>
<td align="right">MCC16(VC4,VC5,VC6,VC7,
<br/>VC8,VC9,VC10,VC11,
<br/>VC12,VC13,VC14,VC15)</td>
<td>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:8
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr><tr>
<td align="right">CSV(MCC8,MCC9,MCC10,
<br/>MCC11,MCC12,MCC13,
<br/>MCC14,MCC15,MCC16)</td>
<td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
The above part indicates that there are nine Capture Encodings. Each
of the Capture Encodings may contain any Captures from any source
site with a maximum of one Capture at a time. Which Capture is
present is determined by the policy. The MCCs in this Scene do not
have any spatial attributes.</t>
<t>
Note: The Provider alternatively could provide each of the MCCs
above in its own Capture Scene.</t>
<t>
If the MCU wanted to provide a composed Capture Encoding containing
all of the nine Captures, it could advertise in addition:</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-sent-to-endpoint-a-9-composed-part">
<name>Advertisement Sent to Endpoint A - 9 Composed Parts</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #9</th><th>Description=NineTiles</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td align="right">MCC13(MCC8,MCC9,MCC10,<br/>
MCC11,MCC12,MCC13,<br/>
MCC14,MCC15,MCC16)</td>
<td>MaxCaptures=9<br/>
EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV(MCC13)</td><td/>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
As MaxCaptures is 9, it indicates that the Capture Encoding contains
information from nine sources at a time.</t>
<t>
The Advertisement to Endpoint B is identical to the above, other
than the fact that Captures from Endpoint A would be added and the Captures
from Endpoint B would be removed. Whether the Captures are Rendered
on a four-screen display or a three-screen display is up to the
Consumer to determine. The Consumer wants to place Video Captures
from the same original source Endpoint together, in the correct
spatial order, but the MCCs do not have spatial attributes. So, the
Consumer needs to associate incoming Media packets with the
original individual Captures in the Advertisement (such as VC4,
VC5, and VC6) in order to know the spatial information it needs for
correct placement on the screens. The Provider can use the RTCP
CaptureId source description (SDES) item and associated RTP header extension, as
described in <xref target="RFC8849" format="default"/>, to convey this
information to the Consumer.</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-12.3.4" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Heterogeneous Conference with Voice-Activated Switching</name>
<t>
This example illustrates how multipoint "voice-activated switching"
behavior can be realized, with an Endpoint making its own decision
about which of its outgoing video Streams is considered the "active talker" from that Endpoint. Then, an MCU can decide which is the
active talker among the whole Conference.</t>
<t>
Consider a Conference between Endpoints with the following
characteristics:</t>
<dl newline="false" spacing="normal">
<dt>Endpoint A -</dt>
<dd>3 screens, 3 cameras</dd>
<dt>Endpoint B -</dt>
<dd>3 screens, 3 cameras</dd>
<dt>Endpoint C -</dt>
<dd>1 screen, 1 camera</dd>
</dl>
<t>
This example focuses on what the user at Endpoint C sees. The
user would like to see the Video Capture of the current talker,
without composing it with any other Video Capture. In this
example, Endpoint C is capable of receiving only a single video
Stream. The following tables describe Advertisements from Endpoints A and B
to the MCU, and from the MCU to Endpoint C, that can be used to accomplish
this.</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-received-at-the-mcu-from-endpoints-a-and-b">
<name>Advertisement Received at the MCU from Endpoints A and B</name>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Capture Scene #1</th><th>Description=Endpoint x</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>VC1</td> <td>CaptureArea=Left
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC2</td> <td>CaptureArea=Center
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>VC3</td> <td>CaptureArea=Right
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC1(VC1,VC2,VC3)</td> <td>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>AC1</td> <td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>EncodingGroup=2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV1(VC1, VC2, VC3)</td><td/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV2(MCC1)</td><td/>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>CSV3(AC1)</td><td/>
</tr></tbody>
</table>
<t>
Endpoints A and B are advertising each individual Video Capture,
and also a switched Capture MCC1 that switches between the other
three based on who is the active talker. These Endpoints do not
advertise distinct Audio Captures associated with each individual
Video Capture, so it would be impossible for the MCU (as a Media
Consumer) to make its own determination of which Video Capture is
the active talker based just on information in the audio Streams.</t>
<table anchor="ref-advertisement-sent-from-the-mcu-to-c">
<name>Advertisement Sent from the MCU to Endpoint C</name>
<thead>
<tr><th>Capture Scene #1</th><th>Description=conference</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>MCC1()</td>
<td>CaptureArea=Left
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC2()</td><td>CaptureArea=Center
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC3()</td><td>CaptureArea=Right
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>SynchronizationID=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC4()</td><td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=1
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC5() (for audio)</td><td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:0
<br/>EncodingGroup=2
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>MCC6() (for audio)</td><td>CaptureArea=whole Scene
<br/>MaxCaptures=1
<br/>Policy=SoundLevel:1
<br/>EncodingGroup=2
</td>
</tr>
<tr><td>CSV1(MCC1,MCC2,MCC3)</td><td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV2(MCC4)</td><td/></tr>
<tr><td>CSV3(MCC5,MCC6)</td><td/></tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<t>
The MCU advertises one Scene, with four video MCCs. Three of them
in CSV1 give a left, center, and right view of the Conference, with
site switching. MCC4 provides a single Video Capture
representing a view of the whole Conference. The MCU intends for
MCC4 to be switched between all the other original source
Captures. In this example, Advertisement of the MCU is not giving all
the information about all the other Endpoints' Scenes and which of
those Captures are included in the MCCs. The MCU could include all
that if it wants to give the Consumers more
information, but it is not necessary for this example scenario.</t>
<t>
The Provider advertises MCC5 and MCC6 for audio. Both are
switched Captures, with different SoundLevel policies indicating
they are the top two dominant talkers. The Provider advertises
CSV3 with both MCCs, suggesting the Consumer should use both if it
can.</t>
<t>
Endpoint C, in its Configure Message to the MCU, requests to
receive MCC4 for video and MCC5 and MCC6 for audio. In order for
the MCU to get the information it needs to construct MCC4, it has
to send Configure Messages to Endpoints A and B asking to receive MCC1 from
each of them, along with their AC1 audio. Now the MCU can use
audio energy information from the two incoming audio Streams from
Endpoints A and B to determine which of those alternatives is the current
talker. Based on that, the MCU uses either MCC1 from A or MCC1
from B as the source of MCC4 to send to Endpoint C.</t>
</section>
</section>
</section>
<section anchor="s-14" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>IANA Considerations</name>
<t>
This document has no IANA actions.
</t>
</section>
<section anchor="s-15" numbered="true" toc="default">
<name>Security Considerations</name>
<t>
There are several potential attacks related to telepresence,
specifically the protocols used by CLUE. This is the case due to
conferencing sessions, the natural involvement of multiple
Endpoints, and the many, often user-invoked, capabilities provided
by the systems.</t>
<t>
An MCU involved in a CLUE session can experience many of the same
attacks as a conferencing system such as the one enabled by
the Conference
Information Data Model for Centralized Conferencing (XCON) framework <xref target="RFC5239" format="default"/>. Examples of attacks include the
following: an Endpoint attempting to listen to sessions in which
it is not authorized to participate, an Endpoint attempting to
disconnect or mute other users, and theft of service by an
Endpoint in attempting to create telepresence sessions it is not
allowed to create. Thus, it is <bcp14>RECOMMENDED</bcp14> that an MCU
implementing the protocols necessary to support CLUE follow the
security recommendations specified in the conference control
protocol documents.
In the case of CLUE, SIP is the conferencing
protocol, thus the security considerations in <xref target="RFC4579" format="default"/> <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be
followed. Other security issues related to MCUs are discussed in
the XCON framework <xref target="RFC5239" format="default"/>. The use of xCard with potentially
sensitive information provides another reason to implement
recommendations in <xref section="11" sectionFormat="of" target="RFC5239" format="default"/>.</t>
<t>
One primary security concern, surrounding the CLUE framework
introduced in this document, involves securing the actual
protocols and the associated authorization mechanisms. These
concerns apply to Endpoint-to-Endpoint sessions as well as
sessions involving multiple Endpoints and MCUs. <xref target="ref-basic-information-flow" format="default"/> in
<xref target="s-5" format="default"/> provides a basic flow of information exchange for CLUE
and the protocols involved.</t>
<t>
As described in <xref target="s-5" format="default"/>, CLUE uses SIP/SDP to
establish the session prior to exchanging any CLUE-specific
information. Thus, the security mechanisms recommended for SIP
<xref target="RFC3261" format="default"/>, including user authentication and
authorization, <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be supported. In addition, the Media <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be
secured. Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) / Secure Real-time
Transport Protocol (SRTP) <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be supported and <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> be used unless the
Media, which is based on RTP, is secured by other means (see <xref target="RFC7201" format="default"/> <xref target="RFC7202" format="default"/>). Media security is
also discussed in <xref target="RFC8848" format="default"/> and <xref target="RFC8849" format="default"/>. Note that SIP call setup is done before any
CLUE-specific information is available, so the authentication and
authorization are based on the SIP mechanisms. The entity that will
be authenticated may use the Endpoint identity or the Endpoint user
identity; this is an application issue and not a CLUE-specific
issue.</t>
<t>
A separate data channel is established to transport the CLUE
protocol messages. The contents of the CLUE protocol messages are
based on information introduced in this document. The CLUE data
model <xref target="RFC8846" format="default"/> defines, through an XML
schema, the syntax to be used. One type of information that could
possibly introduce privacy concerns is the xCard information, as
described in <xref target="s-7.1.1.10" format="default"/>. The decision about which xCard
information to send in the CLUE channel is an application policy
for point-to-point and multipoint calls based on the authenticated
identity that can be the Endpoint identity or the user of the
Endpoint. For example, the telepresence multipoint application can
authenticate a user before starting a CLUE exchange with the
telepresence system and have a policy per user.</t>
<t>
In addition, the (text) description field in the Media Capture
attribute (<xref target="s-7.1.1.6" format="default"/>) could possibly reveal sensitive
information or specific identities. The same would be true for the
descriptions in the Capture Scene (<xref target="s-7.3.1" format="default"/>) and CSV
(<xref target="s-7.3.2" format="default"/>) attributes. An implementation <bcp14>SHOULD</bcp14> give users
control over what sensitive information is sent in an
Advertisement. One other important consideration for the
information in the xCard as well as the description field in the
Media Capture and CSV attributes is that while the
Endpoints involved in the session have been authenticated, there
are no assurance that the information in the xCard or description
fields is authentic. Thus, this information <bcp14>MUST NOT</bcp14> be used to
make any authorization decisions.</t>
<t>
While other information in the CLUE protocol messages does not
reveal specific identities, it can reveal characteristics and
capabilities of the Endpoints. That information could possibly
uniquely identify specific Endpoints. It might also be possible
for an attacker to manipulate the information and disrupt the CLUE
sessions. It would also be possible to mount a DoS attack on the
CLUE Endpoints if a malicious agent has access to the data
channel. Thus, it <bcp14>MUST</bcp14> be possible for the Endpoints to establish
a channel that is secure against both message recovery and
message modification. Further details on this are provided in the
CLUE data channel solution document <xref target="RFC8850" format="default"/>.</t>
<t>
There are also security issues associated with the authorization
to perform actions at the CLUE Endpoints to invoke specific
capabilities (e.g., rearranging screens, sharing content, etc.).
However, the policies and security associated with these actions
are outside the scope of this document and the overall CLUE
solution.</t>
</section>
</middle>
<back>
<references>
<name>References</name>
<references>
<name>Normative References</name>
<!--&I-D.ietf-clue-datachannel; is 8850 -->
<reference anchor="RFC8850" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8850">
<front>
<title>Controlling Multiple Streams for Telepresence (CLUE) Protocol Data Channel</title>
<author initials="C." surname="Holmberg" fullname="Christer Holmberg">
<organization/>
</author>
<date month="January" year="2021"/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8850"/>
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8850"/>
</reference>
<!--&I-D.ietf-clue-data-model-schema; is 8846-->
<reference anchor="RFC8846" target="http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8846">
<front>
<title>An XML Schema for the Controlling Multiple Streams for Telepresence (CLUE) Data Model</title>
<author initials="R" surname="Presta" fullname="Roberta Presta">
<organization/>
</author>
<author initials="S P." surname="Romano" fullname="Simon Romano">
<organization/>
</author>
<date month="January" year="2021"/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8846"/>
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8846"/>
</reference>
<!--&I-D.ietf-clue-protocol; is 8847 -->
<reference anchor='RFC8847' target='https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8847'>
<front>
<title>Protocol for Controlling Multiple Streams for Telepresence (CLUE)</title>
<author initials='R' surname='Presta' fullname='Roberta Presta'>
<organization />
</author>
<author initials='S P.' surname='Romano' fullname='Simon Pietro Romano'>
<organization />
</author>
<date month='January' year='2021' />
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8847" />
<seriesInfo name='DOI' value='10.17487/RFC8847' />
</reference>
<!--&I-D.ietf-clue-signaling; is 8848 -->
<reference anchor="RFC8848"
target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8848">
<front>
<title>Session Signaling for Controlling Multiple Streams for
Telepresence (CLUE)</title>
<author initials="R" surname="Hanton" fullname="Robert Hanton">
<organization/>
</author>
<author initials="P" surname="Kyzivat" fullname="Paul Kyzivat">
<organization/>
</author>
<author initials="L" surname="Xiao" fullname="Lennard Xiao">
<organization/>
</author>
<author initials="C" surname="Groves" fullname="Christian Groves">
<organization/>
</author>
<date month="January" year="2021"/>
</front>
<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8848"/>
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8848"/>
</reference>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.2119.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3261.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3264.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.3550.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4566.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4579.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5239.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.5646.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6350.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.6351.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8174.xml"/>
</references>
<references>
<name>Informative References</name>
<!-- &I-D.ietf-clue-rtp-mapping; is 8849 -->
<reference anchor='RFC8849' target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8849">
<front>
<title>Mapping RTP Streams to Controlling Multiple Streams for Telepresence
(CLUE) Media Captures</title>
<author initials='R' surname='Even' fullname='Roni Even'>
<organization />
</author>
<author initials='J' surname='Lennox' fullname='Jonathan Lennox'>
<organization />
</author>
<date month='January' year='2021' />
</front>
<seriesInfo name='RFC' value='8849' />
<seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8849"/>
</reference>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.4353.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7667.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7201.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7202.xml"/>
<xi:include
href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7205.xml"/>
<xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.7262.xml"/>
</references>
</references>
<section anchor="acks" numbered="false" toc="default">
<name>Acknowledgements</name>
<t>
<contact fullname="Allyn Romanow"/> and <contact fullname="Brian Baldino"/> were
authors of early draft versions.
<contact fullname="Mark Gorzynski"/> also contributed much to the initial approach.
Many others also contributed,
including <contact fullname="Christian Groves"/>,
<contact fullname="Jonathan Lennox"/>,
<contact fullname="Paul Kyzivat"/>,
<contact fullname="Rob Hanton"/>,
<contact fullname="Roni Even"/>,
<contact fullname="Christer Holmberg"/>,
<contact fullname="Stephen Botzko"/>,
<contact fullname="Mary Barnes"/>,
<contact fullname="John Leslie"/>, and
<contact fullname="Paul Coverdale"/>.</t>
</section>
</back>
</rfc>