wdiff rfc8939.alt-original rfc8939.txt

DetNet

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Varga, Ed.
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8939 J. Farkas
Intended status:
Category: Standards Track Ericsson
Expires: January 4, 2021
ISSN: 2070-1721 L. Berger
D. Fedyk
LabN Consulting, L.L.C.
S. Bryant
Futurewei Technologies
July 3,
November 2020

DetNet

Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Data Plane: IP
draft-ietf-detnet-ip-07

Abstract

This document specifies the DetNet Deterministic Networking (DetNet) data
plane operation for IP hosts and routers that provide DetNet service
to IP encapsulated IP-encapsulated data. No DetNet-specific encapsulation is defined
to support IP flows; instead instead, the existing IP IP-layer and higher layer higher-layer
protocol header information is used to support flow identification
and DetNet service delivery. This document builds on the DetNet Architecture
architecture (RFC 8655) and Data Plane Framework. data plane framework (RFC 8938).

Status of This Memo

This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.

Internet-Drafts are working documents an Internet Standards Track document.

This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
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Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for a maximum publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of six months RFC 7841.

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This Internet-Draft will expire on January 4, 2021.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8939.

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. Terms Used In in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Overview of the DetNet IP Data Plane Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. DetNet IP Data Plane Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1. End System Specific End-System-Specific Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. DetNet Domain-Specific Considerations . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.3. Forwarding Sub-Layer Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3.1. Class of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3.2. Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3.3. Path Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4. DetNet Flow Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5. Bidirectional Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5. DetNet IP Data Plane Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.1. DetNet IP Flow Identification Procedures . . . . . . . . 14
5.1.1. IP Header Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5.1.2. Other Protocol Header Information . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2. Forwarding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3. DetNet IP Traffic Treatment Procedures . . . . . . . . . 17
6. Management and Control Information Summary . . . . . . . . . 17
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
10. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11.1.
9.1. Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
11.2. References
9.2. Informative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 References
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

1. Introduction

Deterministic Networking (DetNet) is a service that can be offered by
a network to DetNet flows. DetNet provides these flows with
extremely low packet loss rates and assured maximum end-to-end
delivery latency. General background and concepts of DetNet can be
found in the DetNet Architecture architecture [RFC8655].

This document specifies the DetNet data plane operation for IP hosts
and routers that provide DetNet service to IP encapsulated IP-encapsulated data. No
DetNet-specific encapsulation is defined to support IP flows; instead
instead, the existing IP IP-layer and higher layer higher-layer protocol header
information is used to support flow identification and DetNet service
delivery. Common data plane procedures and control information for
all DetNet data planes can be found in [I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework]. [RFC8938].

The DetNet Architecture architecture models the DetNet related DetNet-related data plane
functions as two sub-layers: a service sub-layer and a forwarding
sub-layer. The service sub-layer is used to provide DetNet service
protection (e.g., by packet replication the Packet Replication Function (PRF) and packet elimination
functions) Packet
Elimination Function (PEF)) and reordering. The forwarding sub-layer
is used to provide congestion protection (low loss, assured latency,
and limited out-of-order delivery). The service sub-layer generally
requires additional header fields to provide its service; for example
example, see
[I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls]. [DetNet-MPLS]. Since no DetNet-specific fields are
added to support DetNet IP flows, only the forwarding sub-layer
functions are supported using the DetNet IP defined by this document.
Service protection can be provided on a per sub-net per-sub-network basis using
technologies such as MPLS [I-D.ietf-detnet-dp-sol-mpls] [DetNet-MPLS] and Ethernet Ethernet, as specified
in by
the IEEE 802.1 TSN (Time-Sensitive Networking) task group (referred
to in this document simply as IEEE802.1 TSN). "IEEE 802.1 TSN"). See
[IEEE802.1TSNTG].

This document provides an overview of the DetNet IP data plane in
Section 3, 3 and considerations that apply to providing DetNet services
via the DetNet IP data plane in Section 4. Section 5 provides the
procedures for hosts and routers that support IP-based DetNet
services. Section 6 summarizes the set of information that is needed
to identify an individual DetNet flow.

2. Terminology

2.1. Terms Used In in This Document

This document uses the terminology and concepts established in the
DetNet architecture [RFC8655], and it is assumed that the reader is assumed to be
familiar with that document and its terminology.

2.2. Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this document:

CoS Class of Service

DetNet Deterministic Networking

DN DetNet
DiffServ

Diffserv Differentiated Services

DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point

L2 Layer-2 Layer 2

L3 Layer-3 Layer 3

LSP Label-switched path Label Switched Path

MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching

PEF Packet Elimination Function

PREOF Packet Replication, Elimination Elimination, and Ordering Functions

PRF Packet Replication Function

QoS Quality of Service

TSN Time-Sensitive Networking, Networking. TSN is a Task Group task group of the
IEEE 802.1 Working Group.

2.3. Requirements Language

The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.

3. Overview of the DetNet IP Data Plane Overview

This document describes how IP is used by DetNet nodes, i.e., hosts
and routers, to identify DetNet flows and provide a DetNet service
using an IP data plane. From a data plane perspective, an end-to-end
IP model is followed. As mentioned above, existing IP IP-layer and higher
layer
higher-layer protocol header information is used to support flow
identification and DetNet service delivery. Common data plane
procedures and control information for all DetNet data planes can be
found in [I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework]. [RFC8938].

The DetNet IP data plane primarily uses 6-tuple based 6-tuple-based flow
identification, where "6-tuple" refers to information carried in IP
and higher IP-
layer and higher-layer protocol headers. The 6-tuple referred to in
this document is the same as that defined in [RFC3290]. Specifically
Specifically, the 6-tuple is destination address, source address, IP
protocol, source port, destination port, and differentiated services (DiffServ) code
point (DSCP). DSCP. General
background on the use of IP headers, headers and
5-tuples, 5-tuples to identify flows
and support Quality of Service (QoS) can be found in [RFC3670].
[RFC7657] also provides useful background on the delivery of DiffServ Diffserv
and "tuple" based tuple-based flow identification. Note that a 6-tuple is composed
of a 5-tuple plus the addition of a DSCP component.

For some of the protocols protocols, 5-tuples and 6-tuples cannot be used used,
because the port information is not available (e.g., ICMP, IPSec
ESP). IPsec, and
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)). This is also the case for
flow aggregates. In such cases, using fewer fields is appropriate, e.g.,
such as a 3-tuple (2 IP addresses, IP protocol) or even a 2-tuple
(all IP traffic between two IP addresses).

The DetNet IP data plane also allows for optional matching on the
IPv6 flow label Flow Label field, as defined in [RFC8200].

Non-DetNet and DetNet IP packets have the same protocol header format
on the wire. Generally Generally, the fields used in flow identification are
forwarded unmodified. However, standard modification of the DSCP
field [RFC2474] is not precluded.

DetNet flow aggregation may be enabled via the use of wildcards,
masks, lists, prefixes prefixes, and ranges. IP tunnels may also be used to
support flow aggregation. In these cases, it is expected that
DetNet-aware intermediate nodes will provide DetNet service on the
aggregate through resource allocation and congestion control
mechanisms.

The specific procedures that are required to be implemented by a
DetNet node supporting this document can be found in Section 5. The
DetNet controller plane, Controller Plane, as defined in [RFC8655], is responsible for
providing each node with the information needed to identify and
handle each DetNet flow.

DetNet IP Relay Relay DetNet IP
End System Node Node End System

|<--------------------- DetNet IP --------------------->|

Figure 1: A Simple DetNet (DN) Enabled DetNet-Enabled IP Network

Figure 1 illustrates a DetNet enabled DetNet-enabled IP network. The DetNet enabled DetNet-enabled
end systems originate IP encapsulated IP-encapsulated traffic that is identified
within the DetNet domain as DetNet flows based on IP header
information. Relay nodes understand the forwarding requirements of
the DetNet flow and ensure that node, interface interface, and sub-network
resources are allocated to ensure DetNet service requirements. The
dotted line around the Service component of the Relay Nodes indicates
that the transit routers are DetNet service aware but do not perform
any DetNet service sub-layer function, e.g., PREOF (Packet
Replication, Elimination and Ordering Function). PREOF.

| Note: The sub-network can represent a TSN, MPLS network network, or
| other network technology that can carry DetNet IP traffic.

IP Edge Edge IP
End System Node Node End System

+----------+ +.........+ +.........+ +----------+
| Appl. |<--:Svc Proxy:-- E2E Service---:Svc Proxy:-->| Appl. |
+----------+ +.........+ +.........+ +----------+
| IP |<--:IP : :Svc:---- IP flow ----:Svc: :IP :-->| IP |
+----------+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +---+ +----------+
|Forwarding| |Fwd| |Fwd| |Fwd| |Fwd| |Forwarding|
+--------.-+ +-.-+ +-.-+ +-.-+ +-.-+ +---.------+
: Link : \ ,-----. / / ,-----. \
+.......+ +----[ Sub Sub- ]----+ +--[ Sub Sub- ]--+
[Network] [Network]
[network] [network]
`-----' `-----'

|<--- IP --->| |<------ DetNet IP ------>| |<--- IP --->|

Figure 2: Non-DetNet-aware Non-DetNet-Aware IP end systems End Systems with DetNet IP Domain

Figure 2 illustrates a variant of Figure 1 where the end systems are
not DetNet aware. In this case, edge nodes sit at the boundary of
the DetNet domain and provide DetNet service proxies for the end
applications by initiating and terminating DetNet service for the
application's IP flows. The existing header information or an
approach such as described in Section 4.4 can be used to support
DetNet flow identification.

Note that Figure Figures 1 and Figure 2 can be collapsed, so IP DetNet End
Systems end systems
can communicate over a DetNet IP network with IP End Systems. end systems.

As non-DetNet and DetNet IP packets have the same protocol header
format on the wire, from a data plane perspective, the only
difference is that there is flow-associated DetNet information on
each DetNet node that defines the flow related flow-related characteristics and
required forwarding behavior. As shown above, edge nodes provide a
Service Proxy function that "associates" one or more IP flows with
the appropriate DetNet flow-specific information and ensures that the
flow receives the proper traffic treatment within the domain.

| Note: The operation of IEEE802.1 IEEE 802.1 TSN end systems over DetNet DetNet-
| enabled IP networks is not described in this document. TSN
| over MPLS is described in [I-D.ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-mpls]. [DetNet-TSN-over-MPLS].

4. DetNet IP Data Plane Considerations

This section provides considerations related to providing DetNet
service to flows which that are identified based on their header
information.

4.1. End System Specific End-System-Specific Considerations

Data-flows

Data flows requiring DetNet service are generated and terminated on
end systems. This document deals only with IP end systems. The
protocols used by an IP end system are specific to an application,
and end systems peer with other end systems. DetNet's use of 6-tuple
IP flow identification means that DetNet must be aware of not only
the format of the IP header, but also of the next protocol value
carried within an IP packet (see Section 5.1.1.3).

For DetNet unaware DetNet-unaware IP end systems systems, service-level proxy functions are
needed inside the DetNet domain.

When IP end systems are DetNet-aware, DetNet aware, no application-level or
service-level proxy functions are needed inside the DetNet domain.
End systems need to ensure that DetNet service requirements are met
when processing packets associated to a DetNet flow. When sending
packets, this means that packets are appropriately shaped on
transmission and receive appropriate traffic treatment on the
connected sub-network; see Section Sections 4.3.2 and Section 4.2 for more details.
When receiving packets, this means that there are appropriate local
node resources, e.g., buffers, to receive and process the packets of
that DetNet flow.

An important additional consideration for DetNet-aware end systems is
avoiding IP fragmentation. Full 6-tuple flow identification is not
possible on IP fragments fragments, as fragments don't include the transport
headers or their port information. As such, it is important that
applications and/or end-systems end systems use an IP packet size that will avoid
fragmentation within the network when sending DetNet flows. The
maximum size can be learned via path Path MTU discovery, [RFC1192] and
[RFC8201], Discovery [RFC1191]
[RFC8201] or via the controller plane. Controller Plane. Note that path Path MTU discovery Discovery
relies on ICMP, which may not follow the same path as an individual
DetNet flow.

In order to maximize reuse of existing mechanisms, DetNet-aware
applications and end systems SHOULD NOT mix DetNet and non-DetNet
traffic within a single 5-tuple.

4.2. DetNet Domain-Specific Considerations

As a general rule, DetNet IP domains need to be able to forward any
DetNet flow identified by the IP 6-tuple. Doing otherwise would
limit the number of 6-tuple flow ID combinations that could be used
by the end systems. From a practical standpoint standpoint, this means that all
nodes along the end-to-end path of DetNet flows need to agree on what
fields are used for flow identification. Possible consequences of
not having such an agreement include some flows interfering with
other flows, and the traffic treatment expected for a service not
being provided.

From a connection type perspective connection-type perspective, two scenarios are identified:

1. DN attached: the end system is directly connected to an edge
node, node
or the end system is behind a sub-network sub-network. (See ES1 and ES2 in figure below)
Figure 3.)

2. DN integrated: the end system is part of the DetNet domain. (See
ES3 in figure below) Figure 3.)

L3 (IP) end systems may use any of these connection types. A DetNet
domain allows communication between any end systems using the same
encapsulation format, independent of their connection type and DetNet
capability. DN attached DN-attached end systems have no knowledge about the
DetNet domain and its encapsulation format. See Figure 3 for L3 end
system connection examples.

____+----+
+----+ _____ / | ES3|
| ES1|____ / \__/ +----+___
+----+ \ / \
+ |
____ \ _/
+----+ __/ \ +__ DetNet IP domain /
| ES2|____/ L2/L3 |___/ \ __ __/
+----+ \_______/ \_______/ \___/

Figure 3: Connection types Types of L3 end systems End Systems

Within a DetNet domain, the DetNet-enabled IP Routers routers are
interconnected by links and sub-networks to support end-to-end
delivery of DetNet flows. From a DetNet architecture perspective,
these routers are DetNet relays, as they must be DetNet service
aware. Such routers identify DetNet flows based on the IP 6-tuple, 6-tuple
and ensure that the DetNet service required traffic treatment required by the DetNet service
is provided both on both the node and on any attached sub-network.

This solution provides DetNet functions end-to-end, end to end, but it does so on
a
per link per-link and sub-network per-sub-network basis. Congestion protection and protection, latency
control
control, and the resource allocation (queuing, policing, shaping) are
supported using the underlying link/sub-network specific link/sub-network-specific mechanisms.
However, service protection (packet replication (PRF and packet
elimination functions) PEF) is not provided end to end
at the DetNet layer end-to-
end. Instead layer. Instead, service protection can be provided on
a per underlying per-link (underlying L2 link link) and sub-network per-sub-network basis.

The DetNet Service Flow service flow is mapped to the link/sub-network specific link/sub-network-specific
resources using an underlying system-specific means. This implies
that each DetNet-aware node on the path looks into the forwarded
DetNet
Service Flow service flow packet and utilize e.g., utilizes, for example, a 6-tuple to
find out the required mapping within a node.

As noted earlier, service protection must be implemented within each
link/sub-network independently, using the domain specific domain-specific mechanisms.
This is due to the lack of unified end-to-end sequencing information
that could be used by the intermediate nodes. Therefore, service
protection (if enabled) cannot be provided end-to-end, end to end, only within
sub-networks. This is shown for a three sub-network scenario with three sub-networks
in Figure 4, where each sub-network can provide service protection
between its borders. "R" and "E" denote replication and elimination
points within the sub-network.

+---+ +---------E--------+ +-----+
+----+ | | | | | | | +----+
|src |----R E--------R +---+ E------R E------+ dst|
+----+ | | | | | | | +----+
+---+ +-----R------------+ +-----+

Figure 4: Replication and elimination Elimination in sub-networks Sub-networks for DetNet
IP
networks Networks

If end-to-end service protection is desired, it can be implemented, implemented --
for example, by the DetNet end systems using Layer-4 Layer 4 (L4) transport
protocols or application protocols. However, these protocols are out
of the scope of this document.

Note that not mixing DetNet and non-DetNet traffic within a single
5-tuple, as described above, enables simpler 5-tuple filters to be
used (or re-used) reused) at the edges of a DetNet network to prevent non-
congestion-responsive DetNet traffic from escaping the DetNet domain.

4.3. Forwarding Sub-Layer Considerations

4.3.1. Class of Service

Class of Service (CoS) for DetNet flows carried in IPv4 and IPv6 is
provided using the standard differentiated services (DSCP) DSCP field [RFC2474] and related
mechanisms.

One additional consideration for DetNet nodes which that support CoS
services is that they must ensure that the CoS service classes do not
impact the congestion protection and latency control mechanisms used
to provide DetNet QoS. This requirement is similar to the
requirement for MPLS LSRs Label Switching Routers (LSRs) that CoS LSPs
cannot impact the resources allocated to TE LSPs [RFC3473].

4.3.2. Quality of Service

Quality of Service (QoS) for DetNet service flows carried in IP must
be provided locally by the DetNet-aware hosts and routers supporting
DetNet flows. Such support leverages the underlying network layer
such as 802.1 TSN. The node-internal traffic control mechanisms used
to deliver QoS for IP encapsulated IP-encapsulated DetNet flows are outside the scope
of this document. From an encapsulation perspective, the combination
of the 6-tuple (the typical 5-tuple enhanced with the DSCP) and
optionally the flow label uniquely identifies a DetNet IP flow.

Packets that are identified as part of a DetNet IP flow but that have
not been the subject of a completed reservation can disrupt the QoS
offered to properly reserved DetNet flows by using resources
allocated to the reserved flows. Therefore, the network nodes of a
DetNet network MUST ensure that no DetNet allocated resources, DetNet-allocated resource, e.g.,
queue or shaper, is used by such flows. There are multiple methods
that may be used by an implementation to defend service delivery to
reserved DetNet flows, including but not limited to:

* Treating packets associated with an incomplete reservation as non-
DetNet traffic.

* Discarding packets associated with an incomplete reservation.

* Re-marking packets associated with an incomplete reservation. Re-
marking can be accomplished by changing the value of the DSCP
field to a value that results in the packet no longer matching any
other reserved DetNet IP flow.

4.3.3. Path Selection

While path selection algorithms and mechanisms are out of the scope
of the DetNet data plane definition, it is important to highlight the
implications of DetNet IP flow identification on path selection and
next hops. As mentioned above, the DetNet IP data plane identifies
flows using "6-tuple" 6-tuple header information as well as the optional (flow
label) header field. DetNet generally allows for both flow-
specific flow-specific
traffic treatment and flow-specific next-hops. next hops.

In non-DetNet IP forwarding, it is generally assumed that the same
series of next hops, i.e., the same path, will be used for a
particular 5-tuple or, in some cases, e.g., [RFC5120], cases (e.g., [RFC5120]), for a
particular 6-tuple. Using different next hops for different 5-tuples
does not take any special consideration for DetNet-aware
applications.

Care should be taken when using different next hops for the same
5-tuple. As discussed in [RFC7657], unexpected behavior can occur
when a single 5-tuple application flow experiences reordering due to
being split across multiple next hops. Understanding of the
application and transport protocol impact of using different next
hops for the same 5-tuple is required. Again, this only indirectly
impacts path selection for DetNet flows and this document only indirectly. document.

4.4. DetNet Flow Aggregation

As described in [I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework], [RFC8938], the ability to aggregate individual flows, flows
and their associated resource control, control into a larger aggregate is an
important technique for improving scaling by reducing the state per
hop. DetNet IP data plane aggregation can take place within a single
node, when that node maintains state about both the aggregated and
individual flows. It can also take place between nodes, where when one
node maintains state about only flow aggregates while the other node
maintains state on all or a portion of the component flows. In
either case, the management or control function that provisions the
aggregate flows must ensure that adequate resources are allocated and
configured to provide the combined service requirements of the
individual flows. As DetNet is concerned about latency and jitter,
more than just bandwidth needs to be considered.

From a single node perspective, the aggregation of IP flows impacts
DetNet IP data plane flow identification and resource allocation. As
discussed above, IP flow identification uses the IP "6-tuple" 6-tuple for flow
identification. DetNet IP flows can be aggregated using any of the
6-tuple fields and optionally also by the flow label. The use of
prefixes, wildcards, lists, and value ranges allows a DetNet node to
identify aggregate DetNet flows. From a resource allocation
perspective, DetNet nodes ought to provide service to an aggregate
rather than on a component flow basis.

It is the responsibility of the DetNet controller plane Controller Plane to properly
provision the use of these aggregation mechanisms. This includes
ensuring that aggregated flows have compatible (e.g., the same or
very similar) QoS and/or CoS characteristics, characteristics; see Section 4.3.2. It
also includes ensuring that per component-flow per-component-flow service requirements
are satisfied by the aggregate, aggregate; see Section 5.3.

The DetNet controller plane Controller Plane MUST ensure that non-congestion-
responsive DetNet traffic is not forwarded outside a DetNet domain.

4.5. Bidirectional Traffic

While the DetNet IP data plane must support bidirectional DetNet
flows, there are no special bidirectional features within the data
plane. The special case of co-routed bidirectional DetNet flows are is
solely represented at the management and control plane levels,
without specific support or knowledge within the DetNet data plane.
Fate sharing and associated or co-routed bidirectional flows can be
managed at the control level.

Control and management mechanisms need to support bidirectional
flows, but the specification of such mechanisms are is out of the scope
of this document. An example control plane solution for MPLS can be
found in [RFC7551].

5. DetNet IP Data Plane Procedures

This section provides DetNet IP data plane procedures. These
procedures have been divided into the following areas: flow
identification, forwarding forwarding, and traffic treatment. Flow
identification includes those procedures related to matching IP IP-layer
and
higher layer higher-layer protocol header information to DetNet flow (state)
information and service requirements. Flow identification is also
sometimes called Traffic classification; "traffic classification"; for example example, see
[RFC5777]. Forwarding includes those procedures related to next hop next-hop
selection and delivery. Traffic treatment includes those procedures
related to providing an identified flow with the required DetNet
service.

DetNet IP data plane establishment and operational procedures also
have requirements on the control and management systems for DetNet
flows
flows, and these are referred to in this section. Specifically Specifically, this
section identifies a number of information elements that require
support via the management and control interfaces supported by a
DetNet node. The specific mechanism used for such support is out of
the scope of this document. A summary of the requirements for
management
management- and control related control-related information is included. Conformance
language is not used in the summary summary, since it applies to future
mechanisms such as those that may be provided in YANG models
[I-D.ietf-detnet-yang].
[DetNet-YANG].

5.1. DetNet IP Flow Identification Procedures

IP-layer and higher layer higher-layer protocol header information is used to
identify DetNet flows. All DetNet implementations that support this
document MUST identify individual DetNet flows based on the set of
information identified in this section. Note that additional
requirements for flow identification
requirements, identification, e.g., to support other higher higher-
layer protocols, may be defined in the future.

The configuration and control information used to identify an
individual DetNet flow MUST be ordered by an implementation.
Implementations MUST support a fixed order when identifying flows, flows and
MUST identify a DetNet flow by the first set of matching flow
information.

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification when the implementation is acting as a DetNet end
systems,
system, a relay node, or as an edge node.

5.1.1. IP Header Information

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on IP header information. The IPv4 header is
defined in [RFC0791] [RFC0791], and the IPv6 is defined in [RFC8200].

5.1.1.1. Source Address Field

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on the Source Address field of an IP packet.
Implementations SHOULD support longest prefix matching for this field
(see [RFC1812] and [RFC7608].) [RFC7608]). Note that a prefix length of zero (0)
effectively means that the field is ignored.

5.1.1.2. Destination Address Field

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on the Destination Address field of an IP
packet. Implementations SHOULD support longest prefix matching for
this field (see [RFC1812] and [RFC7608].) [RFC7608]). Note that a prefix length
of zero (0) effectively means that the field is ignored.

| Note: Any IP address value is allowed, including an IP
| multicast destination address.

5.1.1.3. IPv4 Protocol and IPv6 Next Header Fields

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on the IPv4 Protocol field when processing IPv4
packets,
packets and the IPv6 Next Header Field field when processing IPv6 packets.
This includes the next protocol values defined in Section 5.1.2 and
any other value, including zero. Implementations SHOULD allow for
these fields to be ignored for a specific DetNet flow.

5.1.1.4. IPv4 Type of Service and IPv6 Traffic Class Fields

These fields are used to support Differentiated Services differentiated services [RFC2474]
[RFC2475]. Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on the DSCP field in the IPv4 Type of Service
field when processing IPv4 packets, packets and the DSCP field in the IPv6
Traffic Class Field field when processing IPv6 packets. Implementations
MUST support list-based matching of DSCP values, where the list is
composed of possible field values that are to be considered when
identifying a specific DetNet flow. Implementations SHOULD allow for
this field to be ignored for a specific DetNet flow.

5.1.1.5. IPv6 Flow Label Field

Implementations of this document SHOULD support identification of
DetNet flows based on the IPv6 Flow Label field. Implementations
that support matching based on this field MUST allow for it to be
ignored for a specific DetNet flow. When this field is used to
identify a specific DetNet flow, implementations MAY exclude the IPv6
Next Header field and next header information as part of DetNet flow
identification.

5.1.2. Other Protocol Header Information

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on header information identified in this
section. Support for TCP, UDP, ICMP ICMP, and IPsec flows is defined.
Future documents are expected to define support for other protocols.

5.1.2.1. TCP and UDP

DetNet flow identification for TCP [RFC0793] and UDP [RFC0768] is
achieved based on the Source and Destination Port fields carried in
each protocol's header. These fields share a common format and
common DetNet flow identification procedures.

The rules defined in this section only apply when the IPv4 Protocol
or IPv6 Next Header Field field contains the IANA defined IANA-defined value for UDP or
TCP.

5.1.2.1.1. Source Port Field

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on the Source Port field of a TCP or UDP packet.
Implementations MUST support flow identification based on a
particular value carried in the field, i.e., an exact value.
Implementations SHOULD support range-based port matching.
Implementation MUST also allow for the field to be ignored for a
specific DetNet flow.

5.1.2.1.2. Destination Port Field

Implementations of this document MUST support DetNet flow
identification based on the Destination Port field of a TCP or UDP
packet. Implementations MUST support flow identification based on a
particular value carried in the field, i.e., an exact value.
Implementations SHOULD support range-based port matching.
Implementation MUST also allow for the field to be ignored for a
specific DetNet flow.

5.1.2.2. ICMP

DetNet flow identification for ICMP [RFC0792] is achieved based on
the protocol number in the IP header. Note that ICMP type is not
included in the flow definition.

5.1.2.3. IPsec AH and ESP

IPsec Authentication Header (AH) [RFC4302] and Encapsulating Security
Payload (ESP) [RFC4303] share a common format for the Security
Parameters Index (SPI) field. Implementations MUST support flow
identification based on a particular value carried in the field,
i.e., an exact value. Implementation Implementations SHOULD also allow for the
field to be ignored for a specific DetNet flow.

The rules defined in this section only apply when the IPv4 Protocol
or IPv6 Next Header Field field contains the IANA defined IANA-defined value for AH or
ESP.

5.2. Forwarding Procedures

General requirements for IP nodes are defined in [RFC1122], [RFC1812]
[RFC1812], and [RFC8504], [RFC8504] and are not modified by this document. The
typical next-hop selection process is impacted by DetNet.
Specifically, implementations of this document SHALL use management
and control information to select the one or more outgoing interfaces
and next hops to be used for a packet associated with a DetNet flow.
Specific management and control information will be defined in future
documents, e.g., [I-D.ietf-detnet-yang]. [DetNet-YANG].

The use of multiple paths or links, e.g., ECMP, to support a single
DetNet flow is NOT RECOMMENDED. ECMP MAY be used for non-DetNet
flows within a DetNet domain.

The above implies that management and control functions will be
defined to support this requirement, e.g., see
[I-D.ietf-detnet-yang]. [DetNet-YANG].

5.3. DetNet IP Traffic Treatment Procedures

Implementations of this document must ensure that a DetNet flow
receives the traffic treatment that is provisioned for it via
configuration or the controller plane, Controller Plane, e.g., via
[I-D.ietf-detnet-yang]. [DetNet-YANG].
General information on DetNet service can be found in [I-D.ietf-detnet-flow-information-model].
[DetNet-Flow-Info]. Typical mechanisms used to provide different
treatment to different flows
includes include the allocation of system
resources (such as queues and buffers) and provisioning of related
parameters (such as shaping, shaping and policing). Support can also be
provided via an underlying network technology such as MPLS [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls]
[DetNet-IP-over-MPLS] or IEEE802.1 IEEE 802.1 TSN [I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn]. [DetNet-IP-over-TSN]. Other
mechanisms than the ones used in the TSN case are outside the scope
of this document.

6. Management and Control Information Summary

The following summarizes the set of information that is needed to
identify individual and aggregated DetNet flows:

* IPv4 and IPv6 source address Source Address field.

* IPv4 and IPv6 source address prefix length, where a zero (0) value
effectively means that the address Source Address field is ignored.

* IPv4 and IPv6 destination address Destination Address field.

* IPv4 and IPv6 destination address prefix length, where a zero (0)
value effectively means that the address Destination Address field is
ignored.

* IPv4 protocol Protocol field. A limited set of values is allowed, and the
ability to ignore this field is desirable.

* IPv6 next header Next Header field. A limited set of values is allowed, and
the ability to ignore this field is desirable.

* For the IPv4 Type of Service and IPv6 Traffic Class Fields:

* fields:

- Whether or not the DSCP field is used in flow identification.
Use of the DSCP field for flow identification is optional.

- If the DSCP field is used to identify a flow, then the flow
identification information (for that flow) includes a list of
DSCPs used by that flow.

* IPv6 flow label Flow Label field. This field can be optionally used for
matching. When used, this field can be used instead of matching
against the Next Header field.

* TCP and UDP Source Port. Support for both exact and wildcard
matching is required. Port ranges can optionally be used.

* TCP and UDP Destination Port. Support for both exact and wildcard
matching is required. Port ranges can optionally be used.

* IPsec Header SPI field. Exact matching is required. Support for
wildcard matching is recommended.

* For end systems, an optional maximum IP packet size that should be
used for that outgoing DetNet IP flow.

This information MUST be provisioned per DetNet flow via
configuration, e.g., via the controller Controller Plane or the management
plane.

An implementation MUST support ordering of the set of information
information
used to identify an individual DetNet flow. This can, for example,
be used to provide a DetNet service for a specific UDP flow, with
unique Source and Destination Port field values, while providing a
different service for the aggregate of all other flows with that same
UDP Destination Port value.

It is the responsibility of the DetNet controller plane Controller Plane to properly
provision both flow identification information and the flow specific flow-specific
resources needed to provided provide the traffic treatment needed to meet each
flow's service requirements. This applies for aggregated and
individual flows.

7. Security Considerations

Detailed security considerations for DetNet are cataloged in
[I-D.ietf-detnet-security],
[DetNet-Security], and more general security considerations are
described in [RFC8655]. This section considers exclusively considers security
considerations which that are specific to the DetNet IP data plane.

Security aspects which that are unique to DetNet are those whose aim is to
provide the specific quality of service QoS aspects of DetNet, which are primarily to
deliver data flows with extremely low packet loss rates and bounded
end-to-end delivery latency. Achieving such loss rates and bounded
latency may not be possible in the face of a highly capable
adversary, such as the one envisioned by the Internet Threat Model of
BCP 72 [RFC3552] that can arbitrarily drop or delay any or all
traffic. In order to present meaningful security considerations, we
consider a somewhat weaker attacker who does not control the physical
links of the DetNet domain, domain but may have the ability to control a
network node within the boundary of the DetNet domain.

The primary consideration for the DetNet data plane is to maintain
integrity of data and delivery of the associated DetNet service
traversing the DetNet network. Since no DetNet-specific fields are
available in the DetNet IP data plane, the integrity and
confidentiality of application flows can be protected through
whatever means are provided by the underlying technology. For
example, encryption may be used, such as that provided by IPSec IPsec
[RFC4301] for IP flows and/or by an underlying sub-net sub-network using MACSec
MACsec [IEEE802.1AE-2018] for IP over Ethernet (Layer-2) (Layer 2) flows.

From a data plane perspective perspective, this document does not add or modify
any header information.

At the management and control level level, DetNet flows are identified on a
per-flow basis, which may provide controller plane Controller Plane attackers with
additional information about the data flows (when compared to
controller planes
Controller Planes that do not include per-flow identification). This
is an inherent property of DetNet which that has security implications that
should be considered when determining if DetNet is a suitable
technology for any given use case.

To provide uninterrupted availability of the DetNet service,
provisions can be made against DOS DoS attacks and delay attacks. To
protect against DOS DoS attacks, excess traffic due to malicious or
malfunctioning devices can be prevented or mitigated, mitigated -- for example example,
through the use of existing mechanism mechanisms such as policing and shaping
applied at the input of a DetNet domain or within an edge IEEE802.1 IEEE 802.1
TSN domain. To prevent DetNet packets from being delayed by an
entity external to a DetNet domain, DetNet technology definition definitions can
allow for the mitigation of Man-In-The-Middle attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks -- for example example,
through the use of authentication and authorization of devices within
the DetNet domain.

8. IANA Considerations

This document does not require an action from IANA.

11. has no IANA actions.

9. References

11.1.

9.1. Normative references

[I-D.ietf-detnet-data-plane-framework]
Varga, B., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A., and S.
Bryant, "DetNet Data Plane Framework", draft-ietf-detnet-
data-plane-framework-06 (work in progress), May 2020. References

[RFC0768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.

[RFC0791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.

[RFC0792] Postel, J., "Internet Control Message Protocol", STD 5,
RFC 792, DOI 10.17487/RFC0792, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc792>.

[RFC0793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.

[RFC1812] Baker, F., Ed., "Requirements for IP Version 4 Routers",
RFC 1812, DOI 10.17487/RFC1812, June 1995,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1812>.

[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.

[RFC2474] Nichols, K., Blake, S., Baker, F., and D. Black,
"Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS
Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers", RFC 2474,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2474, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2474>.

[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.

[RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4302, December 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4302>.

[RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)",
RFC 4303, DOI 10.17487/RFC4303, December 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4303>.

[RFC7608] Boucadair, M., Petrescu, A., and F. Baker, "IPv6 Prefix
Length Recommendation for Forwarding", BCP 198, RFC 7608,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7608, July 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7608>.

[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.

[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.

[RFC8655] Finn, N., Thubert, P., Varga, B., and J. Farkas,
"Deterministic Networking Architecture", RFC 8655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8655, October 2019,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8655>.

11.2. Informative references

[I-D.ietf-detnet-dp-sol-mpls]
Korhonen, J. and B.

[RFC8938] Varga, "DetNet MPLS B., Ed., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A., and S.
Bryant, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Data Plane
Encapsulation", draft-ietf-detnet-dp-sol-mpls-02 (work in
progress), March 2019.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-flow-information-model]
Framework", RFC 8938, DOI 10.17487/RFC8938, November 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8938>.

9.2. Informative References

[DetNet-Flow-Info]
Varga, B., Farkas, J., Cummings, R., Jiang, Y., and D.
Fedyk, "DetNet Flow Information Model", draft-ietf-detnet-
flow-information-model-10 (work Work in progress), May 2020.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls] Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-detnet-flow-information-model-
11, 21 October 2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-
ietf-detnet-flow-information-model-11>.

[DetNet-IP-over-MPLS]
Varga, B., Ed., Berger, L., Fedyk, D., Bryant, S., and J.
Korhonen, "DetNet Data Plane: IP over MPLS", draft-ietf-
detnet-ip-over-mpls-06 (work Work in progress), May 2020.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn]
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls-
09, 11 October 2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-
ietf-detnet-ip-over-mpls-09>.

[DetNet-IP-over-TSN]
Varga, B., Ed., Farkas, J., Malis, A., and S. Bryant,
"DetNet Data Plane: IP over IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive
Networking (TSN)", draft-ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn-03 (work Work in
progress), June 2020.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-mpls] Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-detnet-ip-over-tsn-04, 2 November 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-detnet-ip-over-
tsn-04>.

[DetNet-MPLS]
Varga, B., Ed., Farkas, J., Berger, L., Malis, A., Bryant,
S., and J. Korhonen, "DetNet Data Plane: MPLS", draft-ietf-
detnet-mpls-07 (work Work in progress), June 2020.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-security]
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-detnet-mpls-13, 11
October 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-detnet-mpls-13>.

[DetNet-Security]
Grossman, E., Ed., Mizrahi, T. T., and E. Grossman, A. Hacker,
"Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Security
Considerations", draft-ietf-detnet-
security-10 (work Work in progress), May 2020.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-mpls] Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
ietf-detnet-security-12, 2 October 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-detnet-security-
12>.

[DetNet-TSN-over-MPLS]
Varga, B., Ed., Farkas, J., Malis, A., Bryant, S., and D.
Fedyk, "DetNet Data Plane: IEEE 802.1 Time Sensitive
Networking over MPLS", draft-ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-
mpls-03 (work Work in progress), June 2020.

[I-D.ietf-detnet-yang] Progress, Internet-Draft,
draft-ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-over-mpls-04, 2 November 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-detnet-tsn-vpn-
over-mpls-04>.

[DetNet-YANG]
Geng, X., Chen, M., Ryoo, Y., Li, Z., Fedyk, D., Rahman, R., and D.
Fedyk,
Z. Li, "Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Configuration
YANG Model", draft-ietf-detnet-yang-06 (work Work in progress),
June 2020. Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-
detnet-yang-09, 16 November 2020,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-detnet-yang-09>.

[IEEE802.1AE-2018]
IEEE Standards Association,
IEEE, "IEEE Std 802.1AE-2018 MAC
Security (MACsec)", Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks-Media Access Control (MAC) Security", IEEE
802.1AE-2018, DOI 10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8585421, December
2018, <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8585421>.

[IEEE802.1TSNTG]
IEEE, "Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) Task Group",
<https://1.ieee802.org/tsn/>.

[RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.

[RFC1192] Kahin, B., "Commercialization of the Internet summary
report",

[RFC1191] Mogul, J. and S. Deering, "Path MTU discovery", RFC 1192, 1191,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1192, 10.17487/RFC1191, November 1990,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1192>.
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1191>.

[RFC2475] Blake, S., Black, D., Carlson, M., Davies, E., Wang, Z.,
and W. Weiss, "An Architecture for Differentiated
Services", RFC 2475, DOI 10.17487/RFC2475, December 1998,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2475>.

[RFC3290] Bernet, Y., Blake, S., Grossman, D., and A. Smith, "An
Informal Management Model for Diffserv Routers", RFC 3290,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3290, May 2002,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3290>.

[RFC3473] Berger, L., Ed., "Generalized Multi-Protocol Label
Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource ReserVation Protocol-
Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions", RFC 3473,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3473, January 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3473>.

[RFC3552] Rescorla, E. and B. Korver, "Guidelines for Writing RFC
Text on Security Considerations", BCP 72, RFC 3552,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3552, July 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3552>.

[RFC3670] Moore, B., Durham, D., Strassner, J., Westerinen, A., and
W. Weiss, "Information Model for Describing Network Device
QoS Datapath Mechanisms", RFC 3670, DOI 10.17487/RFC3670,
January 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3670>.

[RFC5120] Przygienda, T., Shen, N., and N. Sheth, "M-ISIS: Multi
Topology (MT) Routing in Intermediate System to
Intermediate Systems (IS-ISs)", RFC 5120,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5120, February 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5120>.

[RFC5777] Korhonen, J., Tschofenig, H., Arumaithurai, M., Jones, M.,
Ed., and A. Lior, "Traffic Classification and Quality of
Service (QoS) Attributes for Diameter", RFC 5777,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5777, February 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5777>.

[RFC7551] Zhang, F., Ed., Jing, R., and R. Gandhi, Ed., "RSVP-TE
Extensions for Associated Bidirectional Label Switched
Paths (LSPs)", RFC 7551, DOI 10.17487/RFC7551, May 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7551>.

[RFC7657] Black, D., Ed. and P. Jones, "Differentiated Services
(Diffserv) and Real-Time Communication", RFC 7657,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7657, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7657>.

[RFC8201] McCann, J., Deering, S., Mogul, J., and R. Hinden, Ed.,
"Path MTU Discovery for IP version 6", STD 87, RFC 8201,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8201, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8201>.

[RFC8504] Chown, T., Loughney, J., and T. Winters, "IPv6 Node
Requirements", BCP 220, RFC 8504, DOI 10.17487/RFC8504,
January 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8504>.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Pat Thaler, Norman Finn, Loa Anderson, Andersson,
David Black, Rodney Cummings, Ethan Grossman, Tal Mizrahi, David
Mozes, Craig Gunther, George Swallow, Yuanlong Jiang Jiang, and Carlos
J. Bernardos for their various contributions to this work. David
Black served as technical advisor to the DetNet working group during
the development of this document and provided many valuable comments.
IESG comments were provided by Murray Kucherawy, Roman Danyliw,
Alvaro Retana, Benjamin Kaduk, Rob Wilton, and Erik Érik Vyncke.

10.

Contributors

RFC7322 limits the number of authors listed on the front page of a
draft to a maximum of 5.

The editor of this document wishes to thank and acknowledge the follow authors for contributing text
following people who contributed substantially to the content of this draft.
document and should be considered coauthors:

Jouni Korhonen

Email: jouni.nospam@gmail.com

Andrew G. Malis
Malis Consulting

Email: agmalis@gmail.com

Authors' Addresses

Balazs

Balázs Varga (editor)
Ericsson
Budapest
Magyar Tudosok krt. 11.
Budapest
1117
Hungary

Email: balazs.a.varga@ericsson.com
Janos

János Farkas
Ericsson
Budapest
Magyar Tudosok krt. 11.
Budapest
1117
Hungary

Email: janos.farkas@ericsson.com

Lou Berger
LabN Consulting, L.L.C.

Email: lberger@labn.net

Don Fedyk
LabN Consulting, L.L.C.

Email: dfedyk@labn.net

Stewart Bryant
Futurewei Technologies

Email: stewart.bryant@gmail.com sb@stewartbryant.com