NetWork Communications
Internet Research Group (NWCRG) Task Force (IRTF) N. Kuhn, Ed.
Internet-Draft
Request for Comments: 8975 CNES
Intended status:
Category: Informational E. Lochin, Ed.
Expires: May 3, 2021
ISSN: 2070-1721 ENAC
October 30, 2020
January 2021
Network coding Coding for satellite systems
draft-irtf-nwcrg-network-coding-satellites-15 Satellite Systems
Abstract
This document is one a product of the Coding for Efficient Network
Communications Research Group (NWCRG). It conforms to the directions
found in the NWCRG taxonomy. taxonomy (RFC 8406).
The objective is to contribute to a larger deployment of network
coding Network
Coding techniques in and above the network layer in satellite
communication systems. The This document also identifies open research
issues related to the deployment of network coding Network Coding in satellite
communication systems.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is submitted in full conformance with a product of the
provisions Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of BCP 78 Internet-related research
and BCP 79.
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deployment. This RFC represents the consensus of the Coding for
Efficient Network Communications Research Group of the Internet Engineering
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This Internet-Draft will expire on May 3, 2021.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8975.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. A Note on the Topology of Satellite Networks Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Use-cases Use Cases for Improving SATCOM System Performance Using Network
Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. Two-way Two-Way Relay Channel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. Reliable Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Hybrid Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.4. LAN Packet Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.5. Varying Channel Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.6. Improving Gateway Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4. Research Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1. Joint-use Joint Use of Network Coding and Congestion Control in
SATCOM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2. Efficient Use of Satellite Resources . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3. Interaction with Virtualized Satellite Gateways and
Terminals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4. Delay/Disruption Tolerant Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN) . . . . . . . 10
5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.
8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10.
9. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1. Introduction
This document is one a product of and represents the collaborative work
and consensus of the Coding for Efficient Network Communications
Research Group (NWCRG); while it is not an IETF product and not a
standard
standard, it intends is intended to inform the SATellite COMmunication
(SATCOM) and Internet research communities about recent developments
in Network Coding. A glossary is included in Section 6 to clarify
the terminology use used throughout the document.
As will be shown in this document, the implementation of network
coding Network
Coding techniques above the network layer, at application or
transport layers (as described in [RFC1122]), offers an opportunity
for improving the end-to-end performance of SATCOM systems. While
physical-
Physical- and link-layer coding error protection is usually enough to
provide Quasi-Error Free transmission quasi-error-free transmission, thus minimizing packet loss, loss.
However, when residual errors at those layers cause packet losses,
retransmissions add significant delays (in particular particular, in
geostationary systems with over 0.7 second round-trip delays). Hence
Hence, the use of network coding Network Coding at the upper layers can improve the
quality of service in SATCOM subnetworks and eventually favorably
impact the experience of end users.
While there is an active research community working on network coding Network Coding
techniques above the network layer in general and in SATCOM in
particular, not much of this work has been deployed in commercial
systems. In this context, this document identifies opportunities for
further usage of network coding Network Coding in commercial SATCOM networks.
The notation used in this document is based on the NWCRG taxonomy
[RFC8406]:
o
* Channel and link error correcting error-correcting codes are considered part of the
error protection for the PHYsical (PHY) layer error protection and are out of the
scope of this document.
o
* Forward Erasure Correction (FEC) (also called Application-Level
FEC) "Application-Level
FEC") operates above the link layer and targets packet loss packet-loss
recovery.
o
* This document considers only coding (or coding techniques or
coding schemes) that use uses a linear combination of packets and
excludes packets; it
excludes, for example example, content coding (e.g., to compress a video
flow) or other non-linear operation. operations.
2. A Note on the Topology of Satellite Networks Topology
There are multiple SATCOM systems, for example example, broadcast TV, point point-
to
point communication or IoT point-communication, and Internet of Things (IoT) monitoring.
Therefore, depending on the purpose of the system, the associated
ground segment architecture will be different. This section focuses
on a satellite system that follows the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) standards
to provide broadband Internet access via ground-based gateways [ETSIEN2014].
[ETSI-EN-2020]. One must note that the overall data capacity of one
satellite may be higher than the capacity that one single gateway
supports. Hence, there are usually multiple gateways for one unique
satellite platform.
In this context, Figure 1 shows an example of a multi-gateway multigateway
satellite system, where BBFRAME stands for Base-Band FRAME, "Base-Band FRAME", PLFRAME
for Physical "Physical Layer FRAME FRAME", and PEP for Performance "Performance Enhancing Proxy.
Proxy". More information on a generic SATCOM ground segment
architecture for bidirectional Internet access can be found in [SAT2017].
[SAT2017] or in DVB standard documents.
+--------------------------+
| application servers |
| (data, coding, multicast)|
+--------------------------+
| ... |
-----------------------------------
| | | | | |
+--------------------+ +--------------------+
+---------------------+ +---------------------+
| network function | | network function |
|(firewall, PEP, etc)| etc.)| |(firewall, PEP, etc)|
+--------------------+ +--------------------+ etc.)|
+---------------------+ +---------------------+
| ... | IP packets | ... |
---
+------------------+ +------------------+ |
| access gateway | | access gateway | |
+------------------+ +------------------+ |
| BBFRAME | | gateway
+------------------+ +------------------+ |
| physical gateway | | physical gateway | |
+------------------+ +------------------+ |
---
| PLFRAME |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| outdoor unit | | outdoor unit |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| satellite link |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| outdoor unit | | outdoor unit |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| sat terminals | | sat terminals |
+------------------+ +------------------+
| | | |
+----------+ | +----------+ |
|end user 1| | |end user 3| |
+----------+ | +----------+ |
+----------+ +----------+
|end user 2| |end user 4|
+----------+ +----------+
Figure 1: Data plane functions Data-Plane Functions in a generic satellite multi-gateway
system. More details can be found in DVB standard documents. Generic Satellite
Multigateway System
3. Use-cases Use Cases for Improving SATCOM System Performance Using Network
Coding
This section details use-cases use cases where network coding Network Coding techniques could
improve SATCOM system performance.
3.1. Two-way Two-Way Relay Channel Mode
This use-case use case considers two-way communication between end-users, end users
through a satellite link link, as seen in Figure 2.
Satellite terminal A sends a packet flow A A, and satellite terminal B
sends a packet flow B B, to a coding server. The coding server then
sends a combination of both flows instead of each individual flows. flow.
This results in non-negligible capacity savings that savings, which has been
demonstrated in the past [ASMS2010]. In the example, a dedicated
coding server is introduced (note that its location could be
different based on deployment use-case). use case). The network coding Network Coding
operations could also be done at the satellite level, although this
would require a lot of computational resources on-board onboard and may not be
supported by today's satellites.
-X}- : traffic from satellite terminal X to the server
={X+Y= : traffic from X and Y combined sent from
the server to terminals X and Y
+-----------+ +-----+
|Sat term A |--A}-+ | |
+-----------+ | | | +---------+ +------+
^^ +--| |--A}--| |--A}--|Coding|
|| | SAT |--B}--| Gateway |--B}--|Server|
===={A+B=========| |={A+B=| |={A+B=| |
|| | | +---------+ +------+
vv +--| |
+-----------+ | | |
|Sat term B |--B}-+ | |
+-----------+ +-----+
Figure 2: Network Architecture for Two-way Two-Way Relay Channel using NC Using
Network Coding
3.2. Reliable Multicast
The use of multicast servers is one way to better utilize satellite
broadcast capabilities. As one example example, satellite-based multicast is
proposed in the SHINE ESA Secure Hybrid In Network caching Environment (SHINE)
project
[I-D.vazquez-nfvrg-netcod-function-virtualization] of the European Space Agency (ESA) [NETCOD-FUNCTION-VIRT]
[SHINE]. This
use-case use case considers adding redundancy to a multicast
flow depending on what has been received by different end-users, end users,
resulting in non-
negligible non-negligible savings of the scarce SATCOM resources.
This scenario is shown in Figure 3.
-Li}- : packet indicating the loss of packet i of a multicast flow M
={M== : multicast flow including the missing packets
+-----------+ +-----+
|Terminal A |-Li}-+ | |
+-----------+ | | | +---------+ +------+
^^ +-| |-Li}--| | |Multi |
|| | SAT |-Lj}--| Gateway |--|Cast |
===={M==========| |={M===| | |Server|
|| | | +---------+ +------+
vv +-| |
+-----------+ | | |
|Terminal B |-Lj}-+ | |
+-----------+ +-----+
Figure 3: Network Architecture for a Reliable Multicast using NC Using
Network Coding
A multicast flow (M) is forwarded to both satellite terminals A and
B. However packet M is composed of packets Nk (not shown in Figure 3). Packet Ni
(respectively Nj) gets lost at terminal A (respectively B), and
terminal A (respectively B) returns a negative acknowledgment Li
(respectively Lj), indicating that the packet is missing. Using
coding, either the access gateway or the multicast server can include
a repair packet (rather than the individual Ni and Nj packets) in the
multicast flow to let both terminals recover from losses.
This could also be achieved by using other multicast or broadcast
systems, such as NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) [RFC5740] or
File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport (FLUTE) [RFC6726]. Both
NORM and FLUTE are limited to block coding; neither of them support supports
more flexible sliding window encoding schemes that allow decoding
before receiving the whole block block, which is an added delay benefit
[RFC8406][RFC8681].
[RFC8406] [RFC8681].
3.3. Hybrid Access
This use-case use case considers improving multiple path multiple-path communications with
network coding
Network Coding at the transport layer (see Figure 4, where DSL stands
for Digital "Digital Subscriber Line, Line", LTE for Long "Long Term Evolution Evolution", and SAT
for
SATellite). "SATellite"). This use-case use case is inspired by the Broadband Access
via Integrated Terrestrial Satellite Systems (BATS) project and has
been published as an ETSI Technical Report [ETSITR2017]. [ETSI-TR-2017].
To cope with packet loss (due to either end-user mobility or
physical-layer residual errors), network coding Network Coding can be introduced.
Depending on the protocol, network coding Network Coding could be applied at each of the
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) and at (CPE), the concentrator concentrator, or both. Apart
from coping with packet losses, loss, other gains from benefits of this approach include
a better tolerance to for out-of-order packet delivery delivery, which
occur occurs
when exploited links exhibit high asymmetry in terms of Round-
Trip Round-Trip
Time (RTT). Depending on the ground architecture
[I-D.chin-nfvrg-cloud-5g-core-structure-yang] [5G-CORE-YANG]
[SAT2017], some ground equipment might be hosting both SATCOM and
cellular network functionality.
-{}- : bidirectional link
+---+ +--------------+
+-{}-|SAT|-{}-|BACKBONE |
+----+ +---+ | +---+ |+------------+|
|End |-{}-|CPE|-{}-| ||CONCENTRATOR||
|User| +---+ | +---+ |+------------+| +-----------+
+----+ |-{}-|DSL|-{}-| |-{}-|Application|
| +---+ | | |Server |
| | | +-----------+
| +---+ | |
+-{}-|LTE|-{}-+--------------+
+---+
Figure 4: Network Architecture for a Hybrid Access Using Network Coding
3.4. LAN Packet Losses
This use-case use case considers using network coding Network Coding in the scenario where a
lossy WIFI WiFi link is used to connect to the SATCOM network. When
encrypted end-to-end applications based on UDP are used, a
Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP) cannot operate hence operate; hence, other
mechanism
mechanisms need to be used. The WIFI WiFi packet losses will result in an
end-to-end retransmission that will harm the end-user quality of the end
user's experience and poorly utilize SATCOM bottleneck resource resources for non-
revenue generating traffic.
traffic that does not generate revenue. In this use-case, use case, adding network coding
Network Coding techniques will prevent the end-to-end retransmission
from occurring since the packet losses would probably be recovered.
The architecture is shown in Figure 5.
-{}- : bidirectional link
-''- : Wi-Fi WiFi link
C : where network coding Network Coding techniques could be introduced
+----+ +--------+ +---+ +-------+ +-------+ +--------+
|End | |Sat. | |SAT| |Phy | |Access | |Network |
|user|-''-|Terminal|-{}-| |-{}-|Gateway|-{}-|Gateway|-{}-|Function|
+----+ +--------+ +---+ +-------+ +-------+ +--------+
C C C C
Figure 5: Network Architecture for dealing Dealing with LAN Losses
3.5. Varying Channel Conditions
This use-case use case considers the usage of network coding Network Coding to cope with sub
second
subsecond physical channel condition changes where the physical-layer
mechanisms (Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM)) may not adapt the
modulation and error-correction coding in time: time; the residual errors
lead to higher layer higher-layer packet losses that can be recovered with network
coding. Network
Coding. This use-case use case is mostly relevant when mobile users are
considered or when the satellite frequency band introduces quick
changes in channel condition (Q/V bands, Ka band, etc.). Depending
on the use-case use case (e.g., bands with very high frequency bands, frequency, mobile users),
the relevance of adding network coding Network Coding is different.
The system architecture is shown in Figure 6.
-{}- : bidirectional link
C : where network coding Network Coding techniques could be introduced
+---------+ +---+ +--------+ +-------+ +--------+
|Satellite| |SAT| |Physical| |Access | |Network |
|Terminal |-{}-| |-{}-|Gateway |-{}-|Gateway|-{}-|Function|
+---------+ +---+ +--------+ +-------+ +--------+
C C C C
Figure 6: Network Architecture for dealing Dealing with Varying Link
Characteristics
3.6. Improving Gateway Handover
This use-case use case considers the recovery of packets that may be lost
during gateway handover. Whether for off-loading a given equipment
or because the transmission quality differs from gateway to gateway,
switching the transmission gateway may be beneficial. However,
packet losses can occur if the gateways are not properly synchronized
or if the algorithm used to trigger gateway handover is not properly
tuned. During these critical phases, network coding Network Coding can be added to
improve the reliability of the transmission and allow a seamless
gateway handover.
Figure 7 illustrates this use-case. use case.
-{}- : bidirectional link
! : management interface
C : where network coding Network Coding techniques could be introduced
C C
+--------+ +-------+ +--------+
|Physical| |Access | |Network |
+-{}-|gateway |-{}-|gateway|-{}-|function|
| +--------+ +-------+ +--------+
| ! !
+---------+ +---+ +---------------+
|Satellite| |SAT| | Control plane Control-plane |
|Terminal |-{}-| | | manager |
+---------+ +---+ +---------------+
| ! !
| +--------+ +-------+ +--------+
+-{}-|Physical|-{}-|Access |-{}-|Network |
|gateway | |gateway| |function|
+--------+ +-------+ +--------+
C C
Figure 7: Network Architecture for dealing Dealing with Gateway Handover
4. Research Challenges
This section proposes a few potential approaches to introduce introducing and use
network coding
using Network Coding in SATCOM systems.
4.1. Joint-use Joint Use of Network Coding and Congestion Control in SATCOM
Systems
Many SATCOM systems typically use Performance Enhancing Proxy (PEP)
RFC 3135
[RFC3135]. PEPs usually split end-to-end connections and forward
transport or application layer application-layer packets to the satellite baseband
gateway. PEPs contribute to mitigate mitigating congestion in a SATCOM
systems system
by limiting the impact of long delays on Internet protocols. A PEP
mechanism could also include network coding Network Coding operation and thus
support the use-cases use cases that have been discussed in the Section 3 of this
document.
Deploying network coding Network Coding in the PEP could be relevant and be independent
from the specifics of a SATCOM link. This however This, however, leads to
research questions dealing with the potential interaction between
network coding
Network Coding and congestion control. This is discussed in
[I-D.irtf-nwcrg-coding-and-congestion].
[NWCRG-CODING].
4.2. Efficient Use of Satellite Resources
There is a recurrent trade-off in SATCOM systems: how much overhead
from redundant reliability packets can be introduced to guarantee a
better end-user QoE Quality of Experience (QoE) while optimizing capacity
usage? At which layer should this supplementary redundancy should be added?
This problem has been tackled in the past by the deployment of
physical-layer error-correction codes, but there remains questions remain on
adapting the coding overhead and added delay for, e.g., the quickly
varying channel conditions use-case use case where ACM may not be reacting
quickly enough enough, as was discussed in Section 3.5. The A higher layer with network coding
Network Coding does not react more quickly than the physical layer,
but it may operate over a packet-based time window that is larger
than the physical one.
4.3. Interaction with Virtualized Satellite Gateways and Terminals
In the emerging virtualized network infrastructure, network coding Network Coding
could be easily deployed as Virtual Network Functions (VNF). (VNFs). The
next generation of SATCOM ground segments will rely on a virtualized
environment to integrate to with terrestrial networks. This trend
towards Network Function Virtualization (NFV) is also central to 5G
and next
generation next-generation cellular networks, making this research
applicable to other deployment scenarios
[I-D.chin-nfvrg-cloud-5g-core-structure-yang]. [5G-CORE-YANG]. As one
example, the
network coding Network Coding VNF deployment in a virtualized environment
has been presented in [I-D.vazquez-nfvrg-netcod-function-virtualization]. [NETCOD-FUNCTION-VIRT].
A research challenge would be the optimization of the NFV service
function chaining, considering a virtualized infrastructure and other
SATCOM specific
SATCOM-specific functions, in order to guarantee efficient radio-link
usage and provide easy-to-deploy SATCOM services. Moreover, another
challenge related to a virtualized SATCOM equipment is the management
of limited buffered capacities in large gateways.
4.4. Delay/Disruption Tolerant Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking (DTN)
Communications among deep-space platforms and terrestrial gateways
can be a challenge. Reliable end-to-end (E2E) communications over
such paths must cope with very long delays and frequent link
disruptions; indeed, E2E connectivity may only be available
intermittently, if at all. Delay/Disruption Tolerant Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking
(DTN) [RFC4838] is a solution to enable reliable internetworking
space communications where both neither standard ad-hoc ad hoc routing and nor E2E
Internet protocols cannot can be used. Moreover, DTN can also be seen as an
alternative solution to transfer data between a central PEP and a
remote PEP.
Network Coding enables E2E reliable communications over a DTN with
potential adaptive re-encoding, as proposed in [THAI15]. Here, the
use-cases
use case proposed in Section 3.5 would encourage the usage of
network coding Network
Coding within the DTN stack to improve utilization of the physical
channel
utilization and minimize the effects of the E2E transmission delays. In
this context, the use of packet erasure coding techniques inside a
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) architecture
has been specified in [CCSDS-131.5-O-1]. One research challenge
remains on
remains: how such network coding Network Coding can be integrated in the IETF DTN
stack.
5. Conclusion
This document introduces some wide-scale network coding Network Coding technique
opportunities in satellite telecommunications systems.
Even though this document focuses on satellite systems, it is worth
pointing out that some scenarios proposed here may be relevant to
other wireless telecommunication systems. As one example, the
generic architecture proposed in Figure 1 may be mapped onto cellular
networks as follows: the 'network function' block gathers some of the
functions of the Evolved Packet Core subsystem, while the 'access
gateway' and 'physical gateway' blocks gather the same type of
functions as the Universal Mobile Terrestrial Radio Access Network.
This mapping extends the opportunities identified in this document document,
since they may also be relevant for cellular networks.
6. Glossary
The glossary of this memo extends the glossary definitions of the taxonomy
document [RFC8406] as follows:
o ACM :
ACM: Adaptive Coding and Modulation;
o Modulation
BBFRAME: Base-Band FRAME - -- satellite communication layer Layer 2
encapsulation work works as follows: (1) each layer Layer 3 packet
is encapsulated with a Generic Stream Encapsulation (GSE)
mechanism, (2) GSE packets are gathered to create
BBFRAMEs, (3) BBFRAMEs contain information related to how
they have to be modulated modulated, and (4) BBFRAMEs are forwarded
to the physical-layer;
o physical layer.
COM: COMmunication
CPE: Customer Premises Equipment;
o COM: COMmunication;
o Equipment
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line;
o Line
DTN: Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking;
o Delay/Disruption-Tolerant Networking
DVB: Digital Video Broadcasting;
o Broadcasting
E2E: End-to-end;
o End-to-End
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standards Institute;
o Institute
FEC: Forward Erasure Correction;
o Correction
FLUTE: File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport [RFC6726];
o [RFC6726]
IntraF: Intra-Flow Coding;
o Coding
InterF: Inter-Flow Coding;
o Coding
IoT: Internet of Things;
o Things
LTE: Long Term Evolution;
o Evolution
MPC: Multi-Path Coding;
o Coding
NC: Network Coding;
o Coding
NFV: Network Function Virtualization - -- concept of running
software-defined network functions;
o functions
NORM: NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast [RFC5740];
o [RFC5740]
PEP: Performance Enhancing Proxy [RFC3135] - -- a typical PEP
for satellite communications include includes compression, caching and
caching, TCP ACK
spoofing spoofing, and specific congestion congestion-
control tuning;
o tuning.
PLFRAME: Physical Layer FRAME - -- modulated version of a BBFRAME
with additional information (e.g., related to synchronization);
o
synchronization)
QEF: Quasi-Error-Free;
o Quasi-Error-Free
QoE: Quality-of-Experience;
o Quality of Experience
QoS: Quality-of-Service;
o Quality of Service
RTT: Round-Trip Time;
o Time
SAT: SATellite;
o SATellite
SATCOM: generic Generic term related to all kinds of SATellite SATellite-
COMmunication systems;
o systems
SPC: Single-Path Coding;
o Coding
VNF: Virtual Network Function - -- implementation of a network
function using software.
7. Acknowledgements
Many thanks to John Border, Stuart Card, Tomaso de Cola, Vincent
Roca, Lloyd Wood and Marie-Jose Montpetit for their help in writing
this document.
8. IANA Considerations
This memo includes document has no request to IANA.
9. IANA actions.
8. Security Considerations
Security considerations are inherent to any access network, and in
particular SATCOM systems. Such as it is done in As with cellular networks, over-the-air
data can be encrypted using e.g. [ETSITS2011]. using, e.g., the algorithms in [ETSI-TS-2011].
Because the operator may not enable this [SSP-2020], the applications
should apply cryptographic protection. The use of FEC or Network
Coding in SATCOM comes with risks (e.g., a single corrupted redundant
packet may propagate to several flows when they are protected
together in an
Inter-Flow interflow coding approach, approach; see section Section 3). While this
document does not further elaborate on this, the security
considerations discussed in [RFC6363] apply.
10.
9. Informative References
[ASMS2010]
De Cola, T.
[5G-CORE-YANG]
Chen, C. and et. al., A. Pan, "Yang Data Model for Cloud Native 5G
Core structure", Work in Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
chin-nfvrg-cloud-5g-core-structure-yang-00, 28 December
2017, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-chin-nfvrg-cloud-
5g-core-structure-yang-00>.
[ASMS2010] "Demonstration at opening session of ASMS 2010", 5th
Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems (ASMS) Conference , Conference,
2010.
[CCSDS-131.5-O-1]
The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems,
"Erasure correcting codes Correcting Codes for use Use in near-earth Near-Earth and deep-
space communications", CCSDS Deep-
Space Communications", Experimental
specification Specification
CCSDS 131.5-0-1, November 2014.
[ETSIEN2014]
[ETSI-EN-2020]
ETSI, "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Second Generation
DVB Interactive Satellite System (DVB-RCS2); Part 2: Lower
Layers for Satellite standard", ETSI EN 301 545-2, 2014.
[ETSITR2017] 545-2 V1.3.1,
July 2020.
[ETSI-TR-2017]
ETSI, "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Multi-link Multi-
link routing scheme in hybrid access network with
heterogeneous links", ETSI TR 103 351, 351 V1.1.1, July 2017.
[ETSITS2011]
[ETSI-TS-2011]
ETSI, "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB);Content (DVB); Content
Protection and Copy Management (DVB-CPCM);Part (DVB-CPCM); Part 5: CPCM
Security Toolbox", ETSI TS 102 825-5, 825-5 V1.2.1, February
2011.
[I-D.chin-nfvrg-cloud-5g-core-structure-yang]
Chen, C.
[NETCOD-FUNCTION-VIRT]
Vazquez-Castro, M., Do-Duy, T., Romano, S. P., and Z. Pan, "Yang Data Model for Cloud Native 5G
Core structure", draft-chin-nfvrg-cloud-5g-core-structure-
yang-00 (work A. M.
Tulino, "Network Coding Function Virtualization", Work in progress), December 2017.
[I-D.irtf-nwcrg-coding-and-congestion]
Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-vazquez-nfvrg-netcod-
function-virtualization-02, 16 November 2017,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-vazquez-nfvrg-netcod-
function-virtualization-02>.
[NWCRG-CODING]
Kuhn, N., Lochin, E., Michel, F., and M. Welzl, "Coding
and congestion control in transport", draft-irtf-nwcrg-
coding-and-congestion-03 (work Work in progress), July 2020.
[I-D.vazquez-nfvrg-netcod-function-virtualization]
Vazquez-Castro, M., Do-Duy, T., Romano, S., and A. Tulino,
"Network Coding Function Virtualization", draft-vazquez-
nfvrg-netcod-function-virtualization-02 (work in
progress), November 2017. Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-irtf-nwcrg-coding-and-congestion-04,
30 October 2020, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-irtf-
nwcrg-coding-and-congestion-04>.
[RFC1122] Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -
Communication Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122,
DOI 10.17487/RFC1122, October 1989,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1122>.
[RFC3135] Border, J., Kojo, M., Griner, J., Montenegro, G., and Z.
Shelby, "Performance Enhancing Proxies Intended to
Mitigate Link-Related Degradations", RFC 3135,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3135, June 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3135>.
[RFC4838] Cerf, V., Burleigh, S., Hooke, A., Torgerson, L., Durst,
R., Scott, K., Fall, K., and H. Weiss, "Delay-Tolerant
Networking Architecture", RFC 4838, DOI 10.17487/RFC4838,
April 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4838>.
[RFC5740] Adamson, B., Bormann, C., Handley, M., and J. Macker,
"NACK-Oriented Reliable Multicast (NORM) Transport
Protocol", RFC 5740, DOI 10.17487/RFC5740, November 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5740>.
[RFC6363] Watson, M., Begen, A., and V. Roca, "Forward Error
Correction (FEC) Framework", RFC 6363,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6363, October 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6363>.
[RFC6726] Paila, T., Walsh, R., Luby, M., Roca, V., and R. Lehtonen,
"FLUTE - File Delivery over Unidirectional Transport",
RFC 6726, DOI 10.17487/RFC6726, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6726>.
[RFC8406] Adamson, B., Adjih, C., Bilbao, J., Firoiu, V., Fitzek,
F., Ghanem, S., Lochin, E., Masucci, A., Montpetit, M-J.,
Pedersen, M., Peralta, G., Roca, V., Ed., Saxena, P., and
S. Sivakumar, "Taxonomy of Coding Techniques for Efficient
Network Communications", RFC 8406, DOI 10.17487/RFC8406,
June 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8406>.
[RFC8681] Roca, V. and B. Teibi, "Sliding Window Random Linear Code
(RLC) Forward Erasure Correction (FEC) Schemes for
FECFRAME", RFC 8681, DOI 10.17487/RFC8681, January 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8681>.
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Hybrid In Network caching Environment (SHINE) ESA project", ESA project ,
2017 on-going. Environment", International
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<https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8530996>.
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Pavur (et al.), Pavur, J., Moser, D., Strohmeier, M., Lenders, V., and I.
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<https://doi.org/10.1109/SP40000.2020.00056>.
[THAI15] Thai, T., Chaganti, V., Lochin, E., Lacan, J., Dubois, E.,
and P. Gelard, "Enabling E2E reliable communications with
adaptive re-encoding over delay tolerant networks",
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DOI 10.1109/ICC.2015.7248441, June 2015. 2015,
<https://doi.org/10.1109/ICC.2015.7248441>.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to John Border, Stuart Card, Tomaso de Cola, Marie-Jose
Montpetit, Vincent Roca, and Lloyd Wood for their help in writing
this document.
Authors' Addresses
Nicolas Kuhn (editor)
CNES
18 avenue Edouard Belin
Toulouse
31400 Toulouse
France
Email: nicolas.kuhn@cnes.fr
Emmanuel Lochin (editor)
ENAC
7 avenue Edouard Belin
Toulouse
31400 Toulouse
France
Email: emmanuel.lochin@enac.fr