<?xmlversion="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE rfc SYSTEM "rfc2629-xhtml.ent"> <?rfc toc="yes"?> <!-- You want a table of contents --> <?rfc symrefs="yes"?> <!-- Use symbolic labels for references --> <?rfc sortrefs="yes"?> <!-- This sorts the references --> <?rfc iprnotified="no" ?> <!-- Change to "yes" if someone has disclosed IPR for the draft --> <?rfc compact="yes"?> <!-- This defines the specific filename and version number of your draft (and inserts the appropriate IETF boilerplate -->version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?> <rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" version="3" category="info" consensus="true" docName="draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-10" indexInclude="true" ipr="trust200902"obsoletes="" updates=""number="8991" prepTime="2021-05-20T22:42:20" scripts="Common,Latin" sortRefs="true" submissionType="IETF"xml:lang="en" tocInclude="true"symRefs="true"sortRefs="true" version="3"> <!-- xml2rfc v2v3 conversion 2.44.0 -->tocDepth="3" tocInclude="true" xml:lang="en"> <link href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-10" rel="prev"/> <link href="https://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8991" rel="alternate"/> <link href="urn:issn:2070-1721" rel="alternate"/> <front> <title abbrev="GRASPAPI">GenericAPI">GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol Application Program Interface (GRASP API)</title> <seriesInfoname="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-10"/>name="RFC" value="8991" stream="IETF"/> <author fullname="Brian E. Carpenter"initials="B. E."initials="B." surname="Carpenter"> <organization abbrev="Univ. ofAuckland"/>Auckland" showOnFrontPage="true"/> <address> <postal><street>School<extaddr>School of ComputerScience</street> <street>UniversityScience</extaddr> <extaddr>University ofAuckland</street>Auckland</extaddr> <street>PB 92019</street> <city>Auckland</city> <region/> <code>1142</code> <country>New Zealand</country> </postal> <email>brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com</email> </address> </author> <author fullname="Bing Liu" initials="B." role="editor" surname="Liu"><organization>Huawei<organization showOnFrontPage="true">Huawei Technologies</organization> <address> <postal><street>Q14,<extaddr>Q14, HuaweiCampus</street>Campus</extaddr> <street>No.156 Beiqing Road</street> <city>Hai-Dian District, Beijing</city> <code>100095</code><country>P.R. China</country><country>China</country> </postal> <email>leo.liubing@huawei.com</email> </address> </author> <author fullname="Wendong Wang" initials="W."surname="Wang "> <organization>BUPTsurname="Wang"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">BUPT University</organization> <address> <postal><street>Beijing<extaddr>Beijing University of Posts &Telecom.</street>Telecom.</extaddr> <street>No.10 Xitucheng Road</street> <city>Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100876</city><country>P.R. China</country><country>China</country> </postal> <email>wdwang@bupt.edu.cn</email> </address> </author> <author fullname="Xiangyang Gong" initials="X." surname="Gong"><organization>BUPT<organization showOnFrontPage="true">BUPT University</organization> <address> <postal><street>Beijing<extaddr>Beijing University of Posts &Telecom.</street>Telecom.</extaddr> <street>No.10 Xitucheng Road</street> <city>Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100876</city><country>P.R. China</country><country>China</country> </postal> <email>xygong@bupt.edu.cn</email> </address> </author><!----><date month="05" year="2021"/><abstract> <t>This<area>Operations and Management</area> <workgroup>ANIMA</workgroup> <abstract pn="section-abstract"> <t indent="0" pn="section-abstract-1">This document is a conceptual outline of anapplication programming interfaceApplication Programming Interface (API) for theGenericGeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP). Such an API is needed for Autonomic Service Agents(ASA)(ASAs) calling the GRASP protocol module to exchangeautonomic networkAutonomic Network messages with other ASAs. Since GRASP is designed to support asynchronous operations, the API will need to be adapted according to the support for asynchronicity in various programming languages and operating systems.</t> </abstract> <boilerplate> <section anchor="status-of-memo" numbered="false" removeInRFC="false" toc="exclude" pn="section-boilerplate.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-status-of-this-memo">Status of This Memo</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-boilerplate.1-1"> This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. </t> <t indent="0" pn="section-boilerplate.1-2"> This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841. </t> <t indent="0" pn="section-boilerplate.1-3"> Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at <eref target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8991" brackets="none"/>. </t> </section> <section anchor="copyright" numbered="false" removeInRFC="false" toc="exclude" pn="section-boilerplate.2"> <name slugifiedName="name-copyright-notice">Copyright Notice</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-boilerplate.2-1"> Copyright (c) 2021 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. </t> <t indent="0" pn="section-boilerplate.2-2"> This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (<eref target="https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info" brackets="none"/>) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. </t> </section> </boilerplate> <toc> <section anchor="toc" numbered="false" removeInRFC="false" toc="exclude" pn="section-toc.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-table-of-contents">Table of Contents</name> <ul bare="true" empty="true" indent="2" spacing="compact" pn="section-toc.1-1"> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.1"> <t indent="0" keepWithNext="true" pn="section-toc.1-1.1.1"><xref derivedContent="1" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-1"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-introduction">Introduction</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.1"><xref derivedContent="2" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-grasp-api-for-asa">GRASP API for ASA</xref></t> <ul bare="true" empty="true" indent="2" spacing="compact" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2"> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.1"> <t indent="0" keepWithNext="true" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.1.1"><xref derivedContent="2.1" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.1"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-design-assumptions">Design Assumptions</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.1"><xref derivedContent="2.2" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.2"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-asynchronous-operations">Asynchronous Operations</xref></t> <ul bare="true" empty="true" indent="2" spacing="compact" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2"> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.1"> <t indent="0" keepWithNext="true" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.1.1"><xref derivedContent="2.2.1" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.2.1"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-alternative-asynchronous-me"> Alternative Asynchronous Mechanisms</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.2.1"><xref derivedContent="2.2.2" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.2.2"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-multiple-negotiation-scenar">Multiple Negotiation Scenario</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.3.1"><xref derivedContent="2.2.3" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.2.3"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-overlapping-sessions-and-op">Overlapping Sessions and Operations</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.2.2.4.1"><xref derivedContent="2.2.4" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.2.4"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-session-termination">Session Termination</xref></t> </li> </ul> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-api-definition">API Definition</xref></t> <ul bare="true" empty="true" indent="2" spacing="compact" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2"> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.1.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.1" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.1"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-overview-of-functions">Overview of Functions</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.2.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.2" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.2"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-parameters-and-data-structu">Parameters and Data Structures</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.3.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.3" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.3"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-registration">Registration</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.4.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.4" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.4"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-discovery">Discovery</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.5"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.5.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.5" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.5"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-negotiation">Negotiation</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.6"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.6.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.6" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.6"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-synchronization-and-floodin">Synchronization and Flooding</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.7"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.2.2.3.2.7.1"><xref derivedContent="2.3.7" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-2.3.7"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-invalid-message-function">Invalid Message Function</xref></t> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.3.1"><xref derivedContent="3" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-3"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-security-considerations">Security Considerations</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.4.1"><xref derivedContent="4" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-4"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-iana-considerations">IANA Considerations</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.5"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.5.1"><xref derivedContent="5" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-5"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-references">References</xref></t> <ul bare="true" empty="true" indent="2" spacing="compact" pn="section-toc.1-1.5.2"> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.5.2.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.5.2.1.1"><xref derivedContent="5.1" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-5.1"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-normative-references">Normative References</xref></t> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.5.2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.5.2.2.1"><xref derivedContent="5.2" format="counter" sectionFormat="of" target="section-5.2"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-informative-references">Informative References</xref></t> </li> </ul> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.6"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.6.1"><xref derivedContent="Appendix A" format="default" sectionFormat="of" target="section-appendix.a"/>. <xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-error-codes">Error Codes</xref></t> <ul bare="true" empty="true" indent="2" spacing="compact" pn="section-toc.1-1.6.2"> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.6.2.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.6.2.1.1"><xref derivedContent="" format="none" sectionFormat="of" target="section-a.1"/><xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</xref></t> </li> </ul> </li> <li pn="section-toc.1-1.7"> <t indent="0" pn="section-toc.1-1.7.1"><xref derivedContent="" format="none" sectionFormat="of" target="section-appendix.b"/><xref derivedContent="" format="title" sectionFormat="of" target="name-authors-addresses">Authors' Addresses</xref></t> </li> </ul> </section> </toc> </front> <middle> <section anchor="intro" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Introduction</name> <t>Astoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-1"> <name slugifiedName="name-introduction">Introduction</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-1-1">As defined in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model"/>,target="RFC8993" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8993"/>, the Autonomic Service Agent (ASA) is the atomic entity of an autonomic function, and it is instantiated on autonomic nodes. These nodes are members of a secure Autonomic Control Plane (ACP) such as defined by <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane"/>.</t> <t>Whentarget="RFC8994" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8994"/>.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-1-2">When ASAs communicate with each other, they should use theGenericGeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP) <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.target="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>. GRASP relies on the message confidentiality and integrity provided by theACP, with theACP; a consequence of this is that all nodes in a givenautonomic networkAutonomic Network share the same trust boundary, i.e., the boundary of the ACP. Nodes that have not successfully joined the ACP cannot send,receivereceive, or intercept GRASP messages via theACP,ACP and cannot usurp ACP addresses. An ASA runs in an ACP node and therefore benefits from the node's security properties when transmitting over the ACP, i.e., message integrity, messageconfidentialityconfidentiality, and the fact that unauthorized nodes cannot join the ACP. All ASAs within a givenautonomic networkAutonomic Network therefore trust each other's messages. For these reasons, the API defined in this document has no explicit security features. </t><t>An<t indent="0" pn="section-1-3">An important feature of GRASP is the concept of a GRASP objective. This is a data structure encoded, like all GRASP messages, inCBOR <xref target="RFC8949"/>.Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) <xref target="RFC8949" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8949"/>. Its main contents are a name and a value, explained at more length in the'Terminology'Terminology section of <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.target="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>. When an objective is passed from one ASA to another using GRASP, its value is either conveyed in one direction (by a process of synchronization orflooding),flooding) or negotiated bilaterally. The semantics of the value are opaque to GRASP and therefore to the API. Each objective must be accurately specified in a dedicated specification, as discussed inthe 'Objective Options' section of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>."Objective Options" (<xref target="RFC8990" section="2.10" sectionFormat="of" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.10" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>). In particular, the specification will define the syntax and semantics of the value of the objective, whether and how it supports a negotiation process, whether it supports adry rundry-run mode, and any other details needed for interoperability. The use of CBOR, withCDDL <xref target="RFC8610"/>Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) <xref target="RFC8610" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8610"/> as the data definition language, allows the value to be passed between ASAs regardless of the programming languages in use. Data storage and consistency during negotiation are the responsibility of the ASAs involved. Additionally, GRASP needs to cache the latest values of objectives that are received by flooding.</t><t>As <xref target="sw"/><t indent="0" pn="section-1-4">As <xref target="sw" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Figure 1"/> shows, a GRASP implementation could contain several sub-layers. The bottom layer is the GRASP base protocol module, which is only responsible for sending and receiving GRASP messages and maintaining shared data structures. Above that is the basic API described in this document. The upper layer contains some extended API functions based upon the GRASP basic protocol. For example, <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp-distribution"/>target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp-distribution" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="GRASP-DISTRIB"/> describes a possible extended function.</t> <figureanchor="sw"> <name>Software layout</name>anchor="sw" align="left" suppress-title="false" pn="figure-1"> <name slugifiedName="name-software-layout">Software Layout</name> <artwork align="center" name="" type=""alt=""><![CDATA[alt="" pn="section-1-5.1"> +--------------+ +--------------+ | ASAs | | ASAs | +--------------+ +--------------+ | | | | +------------------+ | | | GRASP Extended | | | | Function API | | | +------------------+ | | | | +------------------------------------------+ | Basic GRASP API Library | +------------------------------------------+ | IPC or system call | +------------------------------------------+ | GRASP Core | | (functions, data structures, daemon(s)) | +------------------------------------------+]]></artwork></artwork> </figure><t>Multiple<t indent="0" pn="section-1-6">Multiple ASAs in a single node will share the same instance of GRASP, much as multiple applications share a single TCP/IP stack. This aspect is hidden from individual ASAs by theAPI,API and is not further discussed here.</t><t>It<t indent="0" pn="section-1-7">It is desirable that ASAscanbe designed as portable user-space programs using a system-independent API. In many implementations, the GRASP code will therefore be split between user space and kernel space. In user space, library functions provide the API and communicate directly with ASAs. In kernelspace isspace, a daemon, or a set of sub-services,providingprovides GRASP core functions that are independent of specific ASAs, such as multicast handling and relaying, and common datastructuresstructures, such as the discovery cache. The GRASP API library would need to communicate with the GRASP core via aninter-processinterprocess communication (IPC) or a system call mechanism. The details of this are system-dependent. </t><t>Both<t indent="0" pn="section-1-8">Both the GRASP library and the extended function modules should be available to the ASAs. However, since the extended functions are expected to be added in an incremental manner, they will be the subject of future documents. This document only describes the basic GRASP API.</t><t>The<t indent="0" pn="section-1-9">The functions provided by the API do not map one-to-one onto GRASP messages. Rather, they are intended to offer convenient support for message sequences (such as a discovery request followed by responses from severalpeers,peers or a negotiation request followed by various possible responses). This choice was made to assist ASA programmers in writing code based on their application requirements rather than needing to understand protocol details.</t><t>Note that a simple autonomic node might contain very few ASAs in<t indent="0" pn="section-1-10"> In addition to containing the autonomic infrastructure components described in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra"/>target="RFC8994" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8994"/> and <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane"/>.target="RFC8995" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8995"/>, a simple autonomic node might contain very few ASAs. Such a node might directly integrate a GRASP protocol stack in its code and therefore not require this API to be installed. However, the programmer wouldthenneed a deeper understanding of the GRASP protocol than what is needed to use the API.</t><t>This<t indent="0" pn="section-1-11">This document gives a conceptual outline of the API. It is not a formal specification for any particular programming language or operating system, and it is expected that details will be clarified in individual implementations.</t> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>GRASPtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2"> <name slugifiedName="name-grasp-api-for-asa">GRASP API for ASA</name> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Designtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-design-assumptions">Design Assumptions</name><t>The assumption of this document is<t indent="0" pn="section-2.1-1">The design assumes that anAutonomic Service Agent (ASA)ASA needs to call a separate GRASP implementation. The latter handles protocol details (security, sending and listening for GRASP messages, waiting, caching discovery results, negotiation looping, sending and receivingsychronizationsynchronization data, etc.) but understands nothing about individual GRASP objectives(Section 2.10 of(see <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>).target="RFC8990" sectionFormat="of" section="2.10" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.10" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>). The semantics of objectives are unknown to the GRASP protocol and are handled only by the ASAs. Thus, this is an abstract API for use by ASAs. Individual language bindings should be defined in separate documents.</t><t>Different<t indent="0" pn="section-2.1-2">Different ASAs maymake different use ofutilize GRASPfeatures, such as:features differently, by using GRASP for: </t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li>Use GRASP only for discovery purposes.</li> <li>Use GRASP negotiationspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.1-3"> <li pn="section-2.1-3.1">discovery purposes only.</li> <li pn="section-2.1-3.2">negotiation but only as an initiator (client).</li><li>Use GRASP negotiation<li pn="section-2.1-3.3">negotiation but only as a responder.</li><li>Use GRASP negotiation<li pn="section-2.1-3.4">negotiation as an initiator or responder.</li><li>Use GRASP synchronization<li pn="section-2.1-3.5">synchronization but only as an initiator (recipient).</li><li>Use GRASP synchronization<li pn="section-2.1-3.6">synchronization but only as a responder and/or flooder.</li><li>Use GRASP synchronization<li pn="section-2.1-3.7">synchronization as an initiator,responderresponder, and/or flooder.</li> </ul><t><t indent="0" pn="section-2.1-4"> The API also assumes that one ASA may support multiple objectives. Nothing prevents an ASA from supporting some objectives for synchronization and others for negotiation. </t><t>The<t indent="0" pn="section-2.1-5">The API design assumes that the operating system and programming language provide a mechanism for simultaneous asynchronous operations. This is discussed in detail in <xreftarget="asynchop"/>.</t> <t>Atarget="asynchop" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.2"/>.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.1-6">A few items are out of scope in this version, since practical experience is required before including them:</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li>Authorizationspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.1-7"> <li pn="section-2.1-7.1">Authorization of ASAs is not defined as part of GRASP and is a subject for future study.</li><li>User-supplied<li pn="section-2.1-7.2">User-supplied explicit locators for an objective are not supported. The GRASP core will supply the locator, using the IP address of the node concerned.</li><li>The Rapid<li pn="section-2.1-7.3">The rapid mode of GRASP(Section 2.5.4 of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>)(<xref target="RFC8990" sectionFormat="of" section="2.5.4" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.5.4" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>) is not supported.</li> </ul> </section> <section anchor="asynchop" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Asynchronoustoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.2"> <name slugifiedName="name-asynchronous-operations">Asynchronous Operations</name><t>GRASP<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2-1">GRASP depends on asynchronous operations and wait states, and some of its messages are not idempotent, meaning that repeating a message may cause repeated changes of state in the recipient ASA. Many ASAs will need to support several concurrent operations; forexampleexample, an ASA might need to negotiate one objective with a peer while discovering and synchronizing a different objective with a different peer. Alternatively, an ASAwhichthat acts as a resource manager might need to run simultaneous negotiations for a given objective with multiple different peers. Such an ASA will probably need to support uninterruptible atomic changes to its internal data structures, using a mechanism provided by the operating system and programming language in use.</t> <section anchor="asynchmech" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>toc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.2.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-alternative-asynchronous-me"> Alternative Asynchronous Mechanisms</name><t>Thus, some<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.1-1">Some ASAs need to support asynchronousoperations, and thereforeoperations; therefore, the GRASP core must do so. Depending on both the operating system and the programming language in use, there are various techniques for such parallel operations, three of which we consider here:multi-threading,multithreading, an event loop structure using polling, and an event loop structure using callback functions.</t> <ol spacing="normal"type="1"> <li>In multi-threading,type="1" indent="adaptive" start="1" pn="section-2.2.1-2"> <li pn="section-2.2.1-2.1" derivedCounter="1.">In multithreading, the operating system and language will provide the necessary support for asynchronous operations, including creation of new threads, context switching between threads, queues, locks, and implicit wait states. In this case, API calls can be treated as simple synchronous function calls within their own thread, even if the function includes wait states,blockingblocking, and queueing. Concurrent operations will each run in their own threads. For example, the discover() call may not return until discovery results have arrived or a timeout has occurred. If the ASA has other work to do, the discover() call must be in a thread of its own.</li><li>In<li pn="section-2.2.1-2.2" derivedCounter="2.">In an event loop implementation with polling, blocking calls are not acceptable.ThereforeTherefore, all calls must be non-blocking, and the main loop could support multiple GRASP sessions in parallel by repeatedly polling each one for a change of state. To facilitate this, the API implementation would provide non-blocking versions of all the functions that otherwise involve blocking and queueing. In these calls, a 'noReply' code will be returned by each call instead of blocking, until such time as the event for which it is waiting (or a failure) has occurred. Thus, for example, discover() would return 'noReply' instead of waiting until discovery has succeeded or timed out. The discover() call would be repeated in every cycle of the main loop until it completes. Effectively, it becomes a polling call.</li><li>It<li pn="section-2.2.1-2.3" derivedCounter="3.">It was noted earlier that some GRASP messages are not idempotent; inparticularparticular, this applies to each step in a negotiation session--- sending the same message twice might produce unintended side effects. This is not affected by event loop polling: repeating a call after a 'noReply' does not repeat a message; it simply checks whether a reply has been received.</li><li>In<li pn="section-2.2.1-2.4" derivedCounter="4.">In an event loop implementation with callbacks, the ASA programmer would provide a callback function for each asynchronous operation. This would be called asynchronously when a reply is received or a failure such as a timeout occurs.</li> </ol> </section> <section anchor="multineg" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Multipletoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.2.2"> <name slugifiedName="name-multiple-negotiation-scenar">Multiple Negotiation Scenario</name><t>The<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.2-1">The design of GRASP allows the following scenario. Consider an ASA "A" that acts as a resource allocator for some objective. An ASA "B" launches a negotiation with "A" to obtain or release a quantity of the resource. While thisnegotatitionnegotiation is under way, "B" chooses to launch a second simultaneous negotiation with "A" for a different quantity of the same resource. "A" must therefore conduct two separate negotiation sessions at the same time with the samepeer,peer and must not mix them up.</t><t>Note<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.2-2">Note that ASAs could be designed to avoid such a scenario,i.e.i.e., restricted to exactly one negotiation session at a time for a given objective, but this would be a voluntary restriction not required by the GRASP protocol. Infact it is an assumption offact, GRASP assumes that any ASA managing a resource may need to conduct multiple parallel negotiations, possibly with the same peer. Communication patterns could be very complex, with a group of ASAs overlapping negotiations among themselves, as described in <xreftarget="I-D.ciavaglia-anima-coordination"/>.target="I-D.ciavaglia-anima-coordination" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="ANIMA-COORD"/>. Therefore, the API design allows for such scenarios.</t><t>In<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.2-3">In the callback model, for the scenario just described, the ASAs "A" and "B" will each provide two instances of the callback function, one for each session. For this reason, each ASA must be able to distinguish the two sessions, and the peer's IP address is not sufficient for this. It is also not safe to rely on transport port numbers for this, since future variants of GRASP might use shared ports rather than a separate port per session.HenceHence, the GRASP design includes asession identifier.Session ID. Thus, when necessary, a session handle (see the next section) is used in the API to distinguish simultaneous GRASP sessions from each other, so that any number of sessions may proceed asynchronously in parallel.</t> </section> <section anchor="overlap" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Overlappingtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.2.3"> <name slugifiedName="name-overlapping-sessions-and-op">Overlapping Sessions and Operations</name><t>A<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.3-1">A GRASP session consists of a finite sequence of messages (for discovery, synchronization, or negotiation) between two ASAs. It is uniquely identified on the wire by apseudo-random session identifierpseudorandom Session ID plus the IP address of the initiator of the session. Further details are given inthe section 'Session Identifier' of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.</t> <t>On"Session Identifier (Session ID)" (<xref target="RFC8990" section="2.7" sectionFormat="of" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.7" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>).</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.3-2">On the first call in a new GRASP session, the API returns a 'session_handle' handle that uniquely identifies the session within the API, so that multiple overlapping sessions can be distinguished. A likely implementation is to form the handle from the underlying GRASP Session ID and IP address. This handle must be used in all subsequent calls for the same session. Also see <xreftarget="sessn"/>.</t> <t>Antarget="sessn" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.2.8"/>.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.3-3">An additional mechanism that might increase efficiency for polling implementations is to add a general call, say notify(), which would check the status of all outstanding operations for the calling ASA and return the session_handle values for all sessions that have changed state. This would eliminate the need for repeated calls to the individual functions returning a 'noReply'. This call is not described below as the details are likely to beimplementation-specific.</t> <t>Animplementation specific.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.3-4">An implication of the above for all GRASP implementations is that the GRASP core must keep state for each GRASP operation in progress, most likely keyed by the GRASP Session ID and the GRASP source address of the session initiator. Even in a threaded implementation, the GRASP core will need such state internally. The session_handle parameter exposes this aspect of the implementation.</t> </section> <section anchor="termin" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Sessiontoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.2.4"> <name slugifiedName="name-session-termination">Session Termination</name><t>GRASP<t indent="0" pn="section-2.2.4-1">GRASP sessions may terminate for numerous reasons. A session ends when discovery succeeds or times out,whennegotiation succeeds or fails,whena synchronization result is delivered,whenthe other end fails to respond before a timeout expires,whena loop count expires, orwhena network socket error occurs. Note that a timeout at one end of a session might result in a timeout or a socket error at the other end, since GRASP does not send error messages in this case. In all cases, the API will return an appropriate code to the caller, which should then release any reserved resources. After failure cases, the GRASP specification recommends an exponential backoff before retrying.</t> </section> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>API definition</name>toc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3"> <name slugifiedName="name-api-definition">API Definition</name> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Overviewtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-overview-of-functions">Overview of Functions</name><t>The<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.1-1">The functions provided by the API fall into several groups:</t><ul> <li>Registration.<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.1-2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.1-2.1">Registration:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.1-2.2"> These functions allow an ASA to register itself with the GRASPcore,core and allow a registered ASA to register the GRASP objectives that it willmanipulate.</li> <li>Discovery.manipulate.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.1-2.3">Discovery:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.1-2.4"> This function allows an ASA that needs to initiate negotiation or synchronization of a particular objective to discover a peer willing torespond.</li> <li>Negotiation.respond.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.1-2.5">Negotiation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.1-2.6"> These functions allow an ASA to act as an initiator (requester) or responder (listener) for a GRASP negotiation session. After initiation, negotiation is a symmetric process, so most of the functions can be used by eitherparty.</li> <li>Synchronization.party.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.1-2.7">Synchronization:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.1-2.8"> These functions allow an ASA totoact as an initiator (requester) or responder (listener and data source) for a GRASP synchronizationsession.</li> <li>Flooding.session.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.1-2.9">Flooding:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.1-2.10"> These functions allow an ASA to send and receive an objective that is flooded to all nodes of theACP.</li> </ul> <t>SomeACP.</dd> </dl> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.1-3">Some example logic flows for a resource management ASA are given in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines"/>,target="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="ASA-GUIDE"/>, which may be of help in understanding the following descriptions. The next section describes parameters and data structures used in multiple API calls. The following sections describe various groups of function APIs. Those APIs that do not list asynchronous mechanisms are implicitly synchronous in theirbehaviour.</t>behavior.</t> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Parameterstoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2"> <name slugifiedName="name-parameters-and-data-structu">Parameters anddata structures</name>Data Structures</name> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Integers</name> <t>Intoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-integers">Integers</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.1-1">In this API, integers are assumed to be32 bit32-bit unsigned integers (uint32_t) unless otherwise indicated.</t> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Errorcode</name> <t>Alltoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.2"> <name slugifiedName="name-errorcode">Errorcode</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.2-1">All functions in the API have an unsigned 'errorcode' integer as their return value (the first return value in languages that allow multiple return values). An errorcode of zero indicates success. Any other value indicates failure of some kind. The first three errorcodes have special importance: </t><ol<dl newline="false" spacing="normal"type="1"> <li>Declined:indent="3" pn="section-2.3.2.2-2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.2-2.1">1 - Declined:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.2-2.2"> used to indicate that the other end has sent a GRASP Negotiation End message (M_END) with a Decline option(O_DECLINE).</li> <li>No reply:(O_DECLINE).</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.2-2.3">2 - No reply:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.2-2.4"> used in non-blocking calls to indicate that the other end has sent no reply so far (see <xreftarget="asynchop"/>).</li> <li>Unspecified error:target="asynchop" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.2"/>).</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.2-2.5">3 - Unspecified error:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.2-2.6"> used when no more specific errorcode applies.</li> </ol> <t><xref target="ErrAppx"/>codes apply.</dd> </dl> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.2-3"><xref target="ErrAppx" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Appendix A"/> gives a full list of currently suggested error codes, based on implementation experience. While there is no absolute requirement for all implementations to use the same error codes, this is highly recommended for portability of applications.</t> </section> <section anchor="tout" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Timeout</name> <t>Wherevertoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.3"> <name slugifiedName="name-timeout">Timeout</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.3-1">Whenever a 'timeout' parameter appears, it is an unsigned integer expressed in milliseconds.Except for the discover() function, ifIf it is zero, the GRASP default timeout(GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT,(GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT; see <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>)target="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>) will apply. An exception is the discover() function, which has a different interpretation of a zero timeout. If no response is received before the timeout expires, the call will fail unless otherwise noted.</t> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Objective</name> <t>Antoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.4"> <name slugifiedName="name-objective">Objective</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.4-1">An 'objective' parameter is a data structure with the following components: </t><ul spacing="normal"> <li>name<dl newline="false" spacing="normal" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.2.4-2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.1">name (UTF-8string) - thestring):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.2">The objective'sname</li> <li>negname</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.3">neg (Booleanflag) - Trueflag):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.4">True if objective supports negotiation (defaultFalse)</li> <li>synchFalse)</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.5">synch (Booleanflag) - Trueflag):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.6">True if objective supports synchronization (defaultFalse)</li> <li> <t>dryFalse)</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.7">dry (Booleanflag) - Trueflag):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.1">True if objective supports dry-run negotiation (defaultFalse) </t> <ul spacing="normal"> <!-- <li>Note 1: All objectives are assumed to support discovery, so there is no Boolean for that.</li> --> <li>Note 1: OnlyFalse)</t> <dl newline="false" spacing="compact" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2.1">Note 1:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2.2">Only one of 'synch' or 'neg' may beTrue.</li> <li>Note 2: 'dry'True.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2.3">Note 2:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2.4">'dry' must not be True unless 'neg' is alsoTrue.</li> <li>Note 3:True.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2.5">Note 3:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.8.2.6"> In some programminglanguageslanguages, the preferred implementation may be to represent the Boolean flags as bits in a single byte, which is how they are encoded in GRASP messages. In otherlanguageslanguages, an enumeration might bepreferable.</li> </ul> </li> <li>loop_countpreferable.</dd> </dl> </dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.9">loop_count (unsigned integer,uint8_t) - Limituint8_t):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.10">Limit on negotiationstepssteps, etc. (defaultGRASP_DEF_LOOPCT,GRASP_DEF_LOOPCT; see <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>)target="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>). The 'loop_count' is set to a suitable value by the initiator of a negotiation, to prevent indefinite loops. It is also used to limit the propagation of discovery and floodmessages.</li> <li> <t>value - amessages.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.11">value:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.12"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.12.1">A specific data structure expressing the value of the objective. The format is language dependent, with the constraint that it can be validly represented in CBOR <xreftarget="RFC8949"/>. </t> <t>Antarget="RFC8949" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8949"/>.</t> <ul spacing="normal" empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.12.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.12.2.1">An important advantage of CBOR is that the value of an objective can be completely opaque to the GRASP core yet pass transparently through it to and from the ASA. Although the GRASP core must validate the format and syntax of GRASP messages, it cannot validate the value of an objective; all it can do is detect malformed CBOR. The handling of decoding errors depends on the CBOR library in use, but a corresponding error code ('CBORfail') is defined in the API and will be returned to the ASA if a faulty message can be assigned to a current GRASP session. However, it is the responsibility of each ASA to validate the value of a received objective, as discussed inSection 5.3 of<xreftarget="RFC8949"/>.target="RFC8949" sectionFormat="of" section="5.3" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8949#section-5.3" derivedContent="RFC8949"/>. If the programming language in use is suitably object-oriented, the GRASP API may deserialize the value and present it to the ASA as an object. If not, it will be presented as a CBOR data item. In all cases, the syntax and semantics of the objective value are the responsibility of theASA.</t> <t> AASA.</li> <li pn="section-2.3.2.4-2.12.2.2">A requirement for all language mappings and all API implementations is that, regardless of what other options exist for a language-specific representation of the value, there is always an option to use a raw CBOR data item as the value. The API will then wrap this with CBOR Tag 24 as an encoded CBOR data item for transmission via GRASP, and unwrap it after reception. By this means, ASAs will be able to communicate regardless of programming language.</t></li> </ul><t>The</dd> </dl> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.4-3">The 'name' and 'value' fields are of variable length. GRASP does not set a maximum length for these fields, but only for the total length of a GRASP message. Implementations might impose length limits.</t><t><t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.4-4"> An example data structure definition for an objective in the C language, using at least the C99 version, and assuming the use of a particular CBOR library <xreftarget="libcbor"/>,target="libcbor" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="libcbor"/>, is: </t><artwork align="center" name="" type="" alt=""><![CDATA[<sourcecode type="c" markers="false" pn="section-2.3.2.4-5"> typedef struct { unsigned char *name; uint8_t flags; // flag bits as defined by GRASP uint8_t loop_count; uint32_t value_size; // size of value in bytes cbor_mutable_data cbor_value; // CBOR bytestring (libcbor/cbor/data.h) } objective;]]></artwork> <t></sourcecode> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.4-6"> An example data structure definition for an objective in the Python language (version 3.4 or later) is: </t><artwork align="center" name="" type="" alt=""><![CDATA[<sourcecode type="python" markers="false" pn="section-2.3.2.4-7"> class objective: """A GRASP objective""" def __init__(self, name): self.name = name #Unique name (string) self.negotiate = False #True ifobjective supportsnegotiation supported self.dryrun = False #True ifobjective supportsdry-runneg.supported self.synch = False #True ifobjective supports synchsynchronization supported self.loop_count = GRASP_DEF_LOOPCT # Default starting value self.value = None #Place holder; anyvalidPython object]]></artwork></sourcecode> </section> <section anchor="asaL" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>ASA_locator</name> <t>An 'ASA_locator'toc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.5"> <name slugifiedName="name-asa_locator">asa_locator</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.5-1">An 'asa_locator' parameter is a data structure with the following contents: </t><ul spacing="normal"> <li>locator - The<dl spacing="normal" indent="3" newline="false" pn="section-2.3.2.5-2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.1">locator:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.2">The actual locator, either an IP address or an ASCIIstring.</li> <li>ifi (unsigned integer) - Thestring.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.3">ifi (unsigned integer):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.4">The interface identifier index via which this was discovered (of limited use to mostASAs).</li> <li>expireASAs).</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.5">expire (system dependenttype) - Thetype):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.6">The time on the local system clock when this locator will expire from thecache</li> <li><t>Thecache.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.7">The followingcovercovers all locator types currently supported byGRASP:</t> <ul><li>is_ipaddressGRASP:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.8"> <ul bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.8.1"> <li pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.8.1.1">is_ipaddress (Boolean) - True if the locator is an IPaddress</li> <li>is_fqdnaddress.</li> <li pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.8.1.2">is_fqdn (Boolean) - True if the locator isan FQDN</li> <li>is_uria Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN).</li> <li pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.8.1.3">is_uri (Boolean) - True if the locator is aURI</li> <li>TheseURI.</li> </ul> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.8.2">These options are mutually exclusive. Depending on the programming language, they could be represented as a bit pattern or anenumeration.</li></ul></li> <li>diverted (Boolean) - Trueenumeration.</t> </dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.9">diverted (Boolean):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.10">True if the locator was discovered via a Divertoption</li> <li>protocol (unsigned integer) - Applicableoption.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.11">protocol (unsigned integer):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.12">Applicable transport protocol (IPPROTO_TCP or IPPROTO_UDP). These constants are defined in the CDDL specification of GRASP <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.</li> <li>port (unsigned integer) - Applicabletarget="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.13">port (unsigned integer):</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.5-2.14">Applicable portnumber</li> </ul> <t>Thenumber.</dd> </dl> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.5-3">The 'locator' field is of variable length in the case of an FQDN or a URI. GRASP does not set a maximum length for this field, but only for the total length of a GRASP message. Implementations might impose length limits.</t><t>It<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.5-4">It should be noted that when one ASA discovers theASA_locatorasa_locator of another, there is no explicit authentication mechanism. In accordance with the trust model provided by the secure ACP, ASAs are presumed to provide correct locators in response to discovery. Seethe section 'Locator Options' of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>"Locator Options" (<xref target="RFC8990" section="2.9.5" sectionFormat="of" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.9.5" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>) for further details.</t> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Tagged_objective</name> <t>Atoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.6"> <name slugifiedName="name-tagged_objective">Tagged_objective</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.6-1">A 'tagged_objective' parameter is a data structure with the following contents: </t><ul spacing="normal"> <li>objective - An objective</li> <li>locator - The ASA_locator<dl spacing="normal" indent="3" newline="false" pn="section-2.3.2.6-2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.6-2.1">objective:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.6-2.2">An objective.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.2.6-2.3">locator:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.2.6-2.4">The asa_locator associated with the objective, or a nullvalue.</li> </ul>value.</dd> </dl> </section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Asa_handle</name> <t>Althoughtoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.7"> <name slugifiedName="name-asa_handle">asa_handle</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.7-1">Although an authentication and authorization scheme for ASAs has not been defined, the API provides a very simple hook for such a scheme. When an ASA starts up, it registers itself with the GRASP core, which provides it with an opaque handle that, although not cryptographically protected, would be difficult for a third party to predict. The ASA must present this handle in future calls. This mechanism will prevent some elementary errors or trivial attacks such as an ASA manipulating an objective it has not registered to use.</t><t>Thus,<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.7-2">Thus, in most calls, an 'asa_handle' parameter is required. It is generated when an ASA first registers with GRASP, and the ASA must then store the asa_handle and use it in every subsequent GRASP call. Any call in which an invalid handle is presented will fail. It is an up to 32-bit opaque value (forexampleexample, represented as a uint32_t, depending on the language). Since it is only used locally, and not in GRASP messages, it is only required to be unique within the local GRASP instance. It is valid until the ASA terminates. It should be unpredictable; a possible implementation is to use the same mechanism that GRASP uses to generate SessionIdentifiersIDs (see <xreftarget="sessn"/>).</t>target="sessn" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.2.8"/>).</t> </section> <section anchor="sessn" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Session_handletoc="exclude" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.2.8"> <name slugifiedName="name-session_handle-and-callback">Session_handle and Callbacks</name><t>In<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.8-1">In some calls, a 'session_handle' parameter is required. This is an opaque data structure as far as the ASA is concerned, used to identify calls to the API as belonging to a specific GRASP session (see <xreftarget="overlap"/>).target="overlap" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.2.3"/>). It will be provided as a parameter in callback functions. As well as distinguishing calls from different sessions, it also allows GRASP to detect and ignore calls from non-existent or timed-out sessions. </t><t>In<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.8-2">In an event loop implementation, callback functions (<xreftarget="asynchmech"/>)target="asynchmech" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.2.1"/>) may be supported for all API functions that involve waiting for a remote operation: </t> <ul empty="true"spacing="normal"> <li>discover()spacing="normal" bare="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.2.8-3"> <li pn="section-2.3.2.8-3.1">discover() whose callback would be discovery_received().</li><li>request_negotiate()<li pn="section-2.3.2.8-3.2">request_negotiate() whose callback would be negotiate_step_received().</li><li>negotiate_step()<li pn="section-2.3.2.8-3.3">negotiate_step() whose callback would be negotiate_step_received().</li><li>listen_negotiate()<li pn="section-2.3.2.8-3.4">listen_negotiate() whose callback would be negotiate_step_received().</li><li>synchronize()<li pn="section-2.3.2.8-3.5">synchronize() whose callback would be synchronization_received().</li> </ul><t>Further<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.2.8-4">Further details of callbacks areimplementation-dependent.</t>implementation dependent.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="regi" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Registration</name> <t>Thesetoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.3"> <name slugifiedName="name-registration">Registration</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-1">These functions are used to register an ASA, and the objectives that it modifies, with the GRASP module. In the absence of an authorization model, these functions are verysimplesimple, but they will avoid multiple ASAs choosing the samename,name and will prevent multiple ASAs manipulating the same objective. If an authorization model is added to GRASP, these API calls would need to be modified accordingly.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>register_asa()</t> <t>Allspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.3-2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.1">register_asa()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.2">All ASAs must use this call before issuing any other API calls.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.1.1">Input parameter:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>name<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.1.2.1">name of the ASA (UTF-8string)</dd> </dl>string)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.2.2.2">asa_handle (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This initialises<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.1.3.3">This initializes the state in the GRASP module for the calling entity (the ASA). In the case of success, an 'asa_handle' isreturnedreturned, which the ASA must present in all subsequent calls. In the case of failure, the ASA has not been authorized and cannot operate. The 'asa_handle' value is undefined.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>deregister_asa()</t><li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.1">deregister_asa()</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>name<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.1.2.2">name of the ASA (UTF-8string)</dd> </dl>string)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.3">This removes all state in the GRASP module for the calling entity (theASA),ASA) and deregisters any objectives it has registered. Note that these actions must also happen automatically if an ASA exits.</li><li>Note -<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.2.2.4">Note -- the ASA nameisis, strictlyspeakingspeaking, redundant in thiscall,call but is present to detect and reject erroneous deregistrations.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>register_objective()</t> <t>ASAs<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.1">register_objective()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.2">ASAs must use this call for any objective whose value they need to transmit by negotiation,synchronizationsynchronization, or flooding.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>ttl<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2.3">ttl (unsigned integer--- defaultGRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT)</dd> <dt/> <dd>discoverableGRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2.4">discoverable (Boolean--- defaultFalse)</dd> <dt/> <dd>overlapFalse)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2.5">overlap (Boolean--- defaultFalse)</dd> <dt/> <dd>localFalse)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.1.2.6">local (Boolean--- defaultFalse)</dd> </dl>False)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.3">This registers an objective that this ASA may modify and transmit to other ASAs by flooding or negotiation. It is not necessary to register an objective that is only received by GRASP synchronization or flooding. The 'objective' becomes a candidate for discovery. However, discovery responses should not be enabled until the ASA calls listen_negotiate() or listen_synchronize(), showing that it is able to act as a responder. The ASA may negotiate the objective or send synchronization or flood data. Registration is not needed for "read-only" operations, i.e., the ASA only wants to receive synchronization or flooded data for the objective concerned. </li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.4">The 'ttl' parameter is the valid lifetime (time to live) in milliseconds of any discovery response generated for this objective. The default value should be the GRASP default timeout(GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT,(GRASP_DEF_TIMEOUT; see <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>).</li> <li>Iftarget="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>).</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.5">If the parameter 'discoverable' is True, the objective is immediately discoverable. This is intended for objectives that are only defined for GRASPdiscovery,discovery andwhichthat do not support negotiation or synchronization.</li><li>If<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.6">If the parameter 'overlap' is True, more than one ASA may register this objective in the same GRASP instance. This is of value for life cycle management of ASAs <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines"/>target="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="ASA-GUIDE"/> and must be used consistently for a given objective (always True or always False).</li><li>If<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.7">If the parameter 'local' is True, discovery must return a link-local address. This feature is for objectives that must be restricted to the local link.</li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.3.3.8">This call may be repeated for multiple objectives.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>deregister_objective()</t><li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.1">deregister_objective()</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.3-2.4.2.3">The 'objective' must have been registered by the calling ASA; if not, this call fails. Otherwise, it removes all state in the GRASP module for the given objective.</li> </ul> </li> </ul><!-- End of registration functions --></section> <section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Discovery</name>toc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.4"> <name slugifiedName="name-discovery">Discovery</name> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>discover()</t> <t>Thisspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.4-1"> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.1">discover()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.2">This function may be used by any ASA to discover peers handling a given objective.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>timeout (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>minimum_TTL<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1.2.3">timeout (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.1.2.4">minimum_TTL (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.2.1">Return values:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>locator_list (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.2.2.2">locator_list (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.3">This returns a list of discovered'ASA_locator's'asa_locators' for the given objective. An empty list means that no locators were discovered within the timeout. Note that this structure includes all the fields described in <xreftarget="asaL"/>.target="asaL" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.2.5"/>. </li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.4">The parameter 'minimum_TTL' must be greater than or equal to zero. Any locally cached locators for the objective whose remaining time to live in milliseconds is less than or equal to 'minimum_TTL' are deleted first.ThusThus, 'minimum_TTL' = 0 will flush all entries. Note that this will not affect sessions already in progress using the deleted locators.</li><li>If<li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.5">If the parameter 'timeout' is zero, any remaining locally cached locators for the objective are returnedimmediatelyimmediately, and no other action is taken. (Thus, a call with 'minimum_TTL' and 'timeout' both equal to zero is pointless.)</li><li>If<li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.6">If the parameter 'timeout' is greater than zero, GRASP discovery is performed, and all results obtained before the timeout in milliseconds expires are returned. If no results are obtained, an empty list is returned after the timeout. That is not an error condition. GRASP discovery is not a deterministic process. If there are multiple nodes handling an objective, none,somesome, or all of them will be discovered before the timeout expires.</li><li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: This<li pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7.2.2">This should be called in a separate thread if asynchronous operation isrequired.</li> <li>Eventrequired.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Animplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.4-1.1.3.7.2.4">An additional in/out 'session_handle' parameter is used. If the 'errorcode' parameter has the value 2 ('noReply'), no response has been received so far. The 'session_handle' parameter must be presented in subsequent calls. A callback may be used in the case of a non-zerotimeout.</li></ul></li>timeout.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section><!-- End of discovery functions --><section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Negotiation</name> <t>Sincetoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.5"> <name slugifiedName="name-negotiation">Negotiation</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-1">Since the negotiation mechanism is different from a typical client/server exchange, <xreftarget="negfig"/>target="negfig" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Figure 2"/> illustrates the sequence of calls and GRASP messages in a negotiation. Note that after the first protocol exchange, the process is symmetrical, with negotiating steps strictly alternating between the two sides. Either side can end the negotiation. Also, the side that is due to respond next can insert a delay at any time, to extend the other side's timeout. This would be used, for example, if an ASA needed to negotiate with a third party before continuing with the current negotiation.</t><t>The<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-2">The loop count embedded in the objective that is the subject of negotiation isinitialisedinitialized by the ASA that starts anegotiation,negotiation and is then decremented by the GRASP core at each step, prior to sending each M_NEGOTIATE message. If it reaches zero, the negotiation willfailfail, and each side will receive an error code.</t> <figureanchor="negfig"> <name>Negotiation sequence</name>anchor="negfig" align="left" suppress-title="false" pn="figure-2"> <name slugifiedName="name-negotiation-sequence">Negotiation Sequence</name> <artwork align="center" name="" type=""alt=""><![CDATA[alt="" pn="section-2.3.5-3.1"> Initiator Responder --------- --------- listen_negotiate() \ Await request request_negotiate() M_REQ_NEG->-> negotiate_step() \ Open session,<-<- M_NEGOTIATE / start negotiation negotiate_step() M_NEGOTIATE->-> negotiate_step() \ Continue<-<- M_NEGOTIATE / negotiation ... negotiate_wait() \ Insert M_WAIT->-> / delay negotiate_step() M_NEGOTIATE->-> negotiate_step() \ Continue<-<- M_NEGOTIATE / negotiation negotiate_step() M_NEGOTIATE->-> end_negotiate() \ End<-<- M_END / negotiation \ Process results]]></artwork></artwork> </figure><t>As<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-4">As the negotiation proceeds, each side will update the value of the objective in accordance with its particular semantics, defined in the specification of the objective. Although many objectives will have values that can be ordered, so that negotiation can be a simple bidding process,thisit is not a requirement.</t><t>Failure<t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-5">Failure to agree, a timeout, or loop count exhaustion may all end a negotiation session, but none of these casesis aare protocolfailure.</t>failures.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>request_negotiate()</t> <t>Thisspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.1">request_negotiate()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.2">This function is used by any ASA to initiate negotiation of a GRASP objective as a requester (client).</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>peer (ASA_locator)</dd> <dt/> <dd>timeout<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1.2.3">peer (asa_locator)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.1.2.4">timeout (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2.1">Return values:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>session_handle<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2.2.2">session_handle (structure) (undefined unlesssuccessful)</dd> <dt/> <dd>proffered_objectivesuccessful)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2.2.3">proffered_objective (structure) (undefined unlesssuccessful)</dd> <dt/> <dd>reasonsuccessful)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.2.2.4">reason (string) (empty unless negotiationdeclined)</dd> </dl>declined)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.3">This function opens a negotiation session between two ASAs. Note that GRASP currently does not supportmulti-partymultiparty negotiation, which would need to be added as an extended function.</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.4">The 'objective' parameter must include the requested value, and its loop count should be set to a suitable starting value by the ASA. If not, the GRASP default will apply.</li><li>Note<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.5">Note that a given negotiation session may or may not be a dry-run negotiation; the two modes must not be mixed in a single session.</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.6">The 'peer' parameter is the target node; it must be an'ASA_locator''asa_locator' as returned by discover(). If 'peer' is null, GRASP discovery is automatically performed first to find a suitable peer (i.e., any node that supports the objective in question).</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.7">The 'timeout' parameter is described in <xreftarget="tout"/>.</li> <li> <t>Iftarget="tout" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.2.3"/>.</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8.1">If the 'errorcode' return value is 0, the negotiation has successfully started. There are then two cases: </t> <ol spacing="normal"type="1"> <li>Thetype="1" indent="adaptive" start="1" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8.2.1" derivedCounter="1.">The 'session_handle' parameter is null. In thiscasecase, the negotiation has succeeded with one exchange ofmessagesmessages, and the peer has accepted the request. The returned 'proffered_objective' contains the value accepted by the peer, which is therefore equal to the value in the requested 'objective'. For this reason, no session handle is needed, since the session has ended.</li><li> <t>The<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8.2.2" derivedCounter="2."> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8.2.2.1">The 'session_handle' parameter is not null. In thiscasecase, negotiation must continue. The 'session_handle' must be presented in all subsequent negotiation steps. The returned 'proffered_objective' contains the first value proffered by the negotiation peer in the first exchange of messages; in otherwordswords, it is a counter-offer. The contents of this instance of the objective must be used to prepare the next negotiation step (see negotiate_step() below) because it contains the updated loop count, sent by the negotiation peer. The GRASP code automatically decrements the loop count by 1 at eachstep,step and returns an error if it becomes zero. Since this terminates the negotiation, the other end will experience a timeout, which will terminate the other end of the session. </t><t><t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.8.2.2.2"> This function must be followed by calls to 'negotiate_step' and/or 'negotiate_wait' and/or 'end_negotiate' until the negotiation ends. 'request_negotiate' may then be called again to start a new negotiation.</t> </li> </ol> </li><li>If<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.9">If the 'errorcode' parameter has the value 1 ('declined'), the negotiation has been declined by the peer (M_END and O_DECLINE features of GRASP). The 'reason' string is then available for information and diagnostic use, but it may be a null string. For this and any other error code, an exponential backoff is recommended before any retry (see <xreftarget="security"/>).</li> <li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Thistarget="security" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 3"/>).</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10.2.2">This should be called in a separate thread if asynchronous operation isrequired.</li> <li>Eventrequired.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Theimplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.10.2.4">The 'session_handle' parameter is used to distinguish multiple simultaneous sessions. If the 'errorcode' parameter has the value 2 ('noReply'), no response has been received so far. The 'session_handle' parameter must be presented in subsequentcalls.</li></ul></li> <li>Usecalls.</dd> </dl> </li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.11">Use ofdry run mode: Thisdry-run mode must be consistent within a GRASP session. The state of the 'dry' flag in the initial request_negotiate() call must be the same in all subsequent negotiation steps of the same session. The semantics of thedry rundry-run mode are built into the ASA; GRASP merely carries the flag bit.</li><li>Special<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.1.3.12">Special note for the ACP infrastructure ASA: It is likely that this ASA will need to discover and negotiate with its peers in each of its on-link neighbors. It will therefore need to know not only the link-local IP address but also the physical interface and transport port for connecting to each neighbor. One implementation approach to this is to include these details in the 'session_handle' data structure, which is opaque to normal ASAs.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>listen_negotiate()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.1">listen_negotiate()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.2">This function is used by an ASA to start acting as a negotiation responder (listener) for a given GRASP objective.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.2.1">Return values:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>session_handle<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.2.2.2">session_handle (structure) (undefined unlesssuccessful)</dd> <dt/> <dd>requested_objectivesuccessful)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.2.2.3">requested_objective (structure) (undefined unlesssuccessful)</dd> </dl>successful)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.3">This function instructs GRASP to listen for negotiation requests for the given 'objective'. It also enables discovery responses for the objective, as mentioned under register_objective() in <xreftarget="regi"/>.</li> <li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Ittarget="regi" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.3"/>.</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4.2.2">It will block waiting for an incoming request, so it should be called in a separate thread if asynchronous operation is required. Unless there is an unexpected failure, this call only returns after an incoming negotiation request. If the ASA supports multiple simultaneous transactions, a new sub-thread must be spawned for each new session, so that listen_negotiate() can be called againimmediately.</li> <li>Eventimmediately.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Aimplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.4.2.4">A 'session_handle' parameter is used to distinguish individual sessions. If the ASA supports multiple simultaneous transactions, a new event must be inserted in the event loop for each new session, so that listen_negotiate() can be reactivatedimmediately.</li></ul></li> <li>Thisimmediately.</dd> </dl> </li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.5">This call only returns (threaded model) or triggers (event loop) after an incoming negotiation request. When this occurs, 'requested_objective' contains the first value requested by the negotiation peer. The contents of this instance of the objective must be used in the subsequent negotiation call because it contains the loop count sent by the negotiation peer. The 'session_handle' must be presented in all subsequent negotiation steps. </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.6">This function must be followed by calls to 'negotiate_step' and/or 'negotiate_wait' and/or 'end_negotiate' until the negotiation ends.</li><li>If<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.2.3.7">If an ASA is capable of handling multiple negotiations simultaneously, it may call 'listen_negotiate' simultaneously from multiple threads, or insert multiple events. The API and GRASP implementation must support re-entrant use of the listening state and the negotiation calls. Simultaneous sessions will be distinguished by the threads or events themselves, the GRASP session handles, and the underlying unicast transport sockets.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>stop_listen_negotiate()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.1">stop_listen_negotiate()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.2">This function is used by an ASA to stop acting as a responder (listener) for a given GRASP objective.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>Instructs<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.3">Instructs GRASP to stop listening for negotiation requests for the given objective, i.e., cancels 'listen_negotiate'.</li><li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Must<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4.2.2">Must be called from a different thread than 'listen_negotiate'.</li> <li>Event</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4.2.3">Event loopimplementation: noimplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.3.3.4.2.4">No specialconsiderations.</li></ul></li>considerations.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </li><li> <t>negotiate_step()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.1">negotiate_step()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.2">This function is used by either ASA in a negotiation session to make the next step in negotiation.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>session_handle (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>timeout<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1.2.2">session_handle (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1.2.3">objective (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.1.2.4">timeout (unsigned integer) as described in <xreftarget="tout"/></dd> </dl>target="tout" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.2.3"/></li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.2.1">Return values:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>Exactly<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.2.2.1">Exactly as for'request_negotiate'</dd> </dl>'request_negotiate'</li> </ul> </li><li>Executes<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.3">Executes the nextnegotationnegotiation step with the peer. The 'objective' parameter contains the next value being proffered by the ASA in this step. It must also contain the latest 'loop_count' value received from request_negotiate() or negotiate_step().</li><li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Usually<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4.2.2">Usually called in the same thread as the preceding 'request_negotiate' or 'listen_negotiate', with the same value of'session_handle'.</li> <li>Event'session_handle'.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Mustimplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.4.3.4.2.4">Must use the same value of 'session_handle' returned by the preceding 'request_negotiate' or'listen_negotiate'.</li></ul></li>'listen_negotiate'.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </li><li> <t>negotiate_wait()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.1">negotiate_wait()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.2">This function is used by either ASA in a negotiation session to delay the next step in negotiation.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>session_handle (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>timeout<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.1.2.2">session_handle (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.1.2.3">timeout (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>Requests<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.3">Requests the remote peer to delay the negotiation session by 'timeout' milliseconds, thereby extending the original timeout. This function simply triggers a GRASP Confirm Waiting message (see <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>target="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/> for details).</li><li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Called<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4.2.2">Called in the same thread as the preceding 'request_negotiate' or 'listen_negotiate', with the same value of'session_handle'.</li> <li>Event'session_handle'.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Mustimplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.5.3.4.2.4">Must use the same value of 'session_handle' returned by the preceding 'request_negotiate' or'listen_negotiate'.</li></ul></li>'listen_negotiate'.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </li><li> <t>end_negotiate()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.1">end_negotiate()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.2">This function is used by either ASA in a negotiation session to end a negotiation.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>session_handle (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>result (Boolean)</dd> <dt/> <dd>reason<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1.2.2">session_handle (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1.2.3">result (Boolean)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.1.2.4">reason (UTF-8string)</dd> </dl>string)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>End<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.3.1">End the negotiationsession.session: </t><t><t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.3.2"> 'result' = True for accept (successful negotiation), and False for decline (failed negotiation). </t><t><t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.3.3"> 'reason' = string describing reason for decline (may be null; ignored if accept).</t> </li><li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Called<li pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4.2.2">Called in the same thread as the preceding 'request_negotiate' or 'listen_negotiate', with the same value of'session_handle'.</li> <li>Event'session_handle'.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Mustimplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.5-6.6.3.4.2.4">Must use the same value of 'session_handle' returned by the preceding 'request_negotiate' or'listen_negotiate'.</li></ul></li>'listen_negotiate'.</dd> </dl> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section><!-- End of negotiation functions --><section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Synchronizationtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.6"> <name slugifiedName="name-synchronization-and-floodin">Synchronization and Flooding</name> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>synchronize()</t> <t>Thisspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.1">synchronize()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.2">This function is used by any ASA to cause synchronization of a GRASP objective as a requester (client).</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>peer (ASA_locator)</dd> <dt/> <dd>timeout<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1.2.3">peer (asa_locator)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.1.2.4">timeout (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.2.1">Return values:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>result<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.2.2.2">result (structure) (undefined unlesssuccessful)</dd> </dl>successful)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.3">This call requests the synchronized value of the given 'objective'.</li><!-- <li>Since this is essentially a read operation, any ASA can do it, unless an authorization model is added to GRASP in future. Therefore the API checks that the ASA is registered, but the objective does not need to be registered by the calling ASA.</li> --> <li>If<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.4">If the 'peer' parameter is null, and the objective is already available in the local cache, the flooded objective is returned immediately in the 'result' parameter. In this case, the 'timeout' is ignored.</li><li><li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.5"> If the 'peer' parameter is not null, or a cached value is not available, synchronization with a discovered ASA is performed. If successful, the retrieved objective is returned in the 'result' value.</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.6">The 'peer' parameter is an'ASA_locator''asa_locator' as returned by discover(). If 'peer' is null, GRASP discovery is automatically performed first to find a suitable peer (i.e., any node that supports the objective in question).</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.7">The 'timeout' parameter is described in <xreftarget="tout"/>.</li> <li>Thistarget="tout" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.2.3"/>.</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.8">This call should be repeated whenever the latest value is needed.</li><li><t>Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t><ul> <li>Threaded implementation: Call<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9.1">Asynchronous Mechanisms:</t> <dl indent="3" newline="false" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9.2"> <dt pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9.2.1">Threaded implementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9.2.2">Call in a separate thread if asynchronous operation isrequired.</li> <li>Eventrequired.</dd> <dt pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9.2.3">Event loopimplementation: Animplementation:</dt> <dd pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.9.2.4">An additional in/out 'session_handle' parameter is used, as in request_negotiate(). If the 'errorcode' parameter has the value 2 ('noReply'), no response has been received so far. The 'session_handle' parameter must be presented in subsequentcalls.</li></ul></li> <!-- <li>Since this is essentially a read operation, any ASA can use it. Therefore GRASP checks that the calling ASA is registered but the objective does not need to be registered by the calling ASA.</li> --> <li>Incalls.</dd> </dl> </li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.1.3.10">In the case of failure, an exponential backoff is recommended before retrying (<xreftarget="security"/>).</li>target="security" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 3"/>).</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>listen_synchronize()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.1">listen_synchronize()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.2">This function is used by an ASA to start acting as a synchronization responder (listener) for a given GRASP objective.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.3">This instructs GRASP to listen for synchronization requests for the givenobjective,objective and to respond with the value given in the 'objective' parameter. It also enables discovery responses for the objective, as mentioned under register_objective() in <xreftarget="regi"/>.</li> <li>Thistarget="regi" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="Section 2.3.3"/>.</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.2.3.4">This call is non-blocking and may be repeated whenever the value changes.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>stop_listen_synchronize()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.1">stop_listen_synchronize()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.2">This function is used by an ASA to stop acting as a synchronization responder (listener) for a given GRASP objective.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.3.3.3">This call instructs GRASP to stop listening for synchronization requests for the given 'objective',i.e.i.e., it cancels a previous listen_synchronize.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>flood()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.1">flood()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.2">This function is used by an ASA to flood one or more GRASP objectives throughout theautonomic network.</t> <t>NoteAutonomic Network.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.3">Note that each GRASP node caches all flooded objectives that it receives, until each one'stime-to-livetime to live expires. Cached objectives are tagged with their origin as well as an expiry time, so multiple copies of the same objective may be cached simultaneously. Further details are given inthe section 'Flood"Flood SynchronizationMessage' of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/></t>Message" (<xref target="RFC8990" section="2.8.11" sectionFormat="of" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.8.11" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>).</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>ttl (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>tagged_objective_list (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.1.2.2">ttl (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.1.2.3">tagged_objective_list (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.3">This call instructs GRASP to flood the given synchronization objective(s) and their value(s) and associated locator(s) to all GRASP nodes.</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.4">The 'ttl' parameter is the valid lifetime (time to live) of the flooded data in milliseconds (0 =infinity)</li> <li>Theinfinity).</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.5">The 'tagged_objective_list' parameter is a list of one or more 'tagged_objective' couplets. The 'locator' parameter that tags each objective is normally null but may be a valid'ASA_locator'.'asa_locator'. Infrastructure ASAs needing to flood an {address, protocol, port} 3-tuple with an objective create anASA_locatorasa_locator object to do so. If the IP address in that locator is the unspecified address('::')('::'), it is replaced by the link-local address of the sending node in each copy of the flood multicast, which will be forced to have a loop count of 1. This feature is for objectives that must be restricted to the local link. </li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.6">The function checks that the ASA registered each objective.</li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.4.4.7">This call may be repeated whenever any value changes.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>get_flood()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.1">get_flood()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.2">This function is used by any ASA to obtain the current value of a flooded GRASP objective.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.1.2.2">objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.2.1">Return values:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>tagged_objective_list<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.2.2.2">tagged_objective_list (structure) (undefined unlesssuccessful)</dd> </dl>successful)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.3">This call instructs GRASP to return the given synchronization objective if it has been flooded and its lifetime has not expired. </li><!-- <li>Since this is essentially a read operation, any ASA can do it. Therefore the API checks that the ASA is registered but the objective does not need to be registered by the calling ASA.</li> --> <li>The<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.4">The 'tagged_objective_list' parameter is a list of 'tagged_objective' couplets, each one being a copy of the flooded objective and acorespondingcorresponding locator.ThusThus, if the same objective has been flooded by multiple ASAs, the recipient can distinguish the copies.</li><li>Note<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.5.3.5">Note that this call is for advanced ASAs. In a simple case, an ASA can simply call synchronize() in order to get a valid flooded objective.</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>expire_flood()</t> <t>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.1">expire_flood()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.2">This function may be used by an ASA to expire specific entries in the local GRASP flood cache.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>tagged_objective (structure)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.1.2.2">tagged_objective (structure)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li>This<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.3">This is a call that can only be used after a preceding call to get_flood() by an ASA that is capable of deciding that the flooded value is stale or invalid. Use with care.</li><li>The<li pn="section-2.3.6-1.6.3.4">The 'tagged_objective' parameter is the one to be expired.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section><!-- End of synchronization functions --><section numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Invalidtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-2.3.7"> <name slugifiedName="name-invalid-message-function">Invalid Message Function</name> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>send_invalid()</t> <t>Thisspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.7-1"> <li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.1">send_invalid()</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.2">This function may be used by any ASA to stop an ongoing GRASP session.</t> <ulspacing="normal"> <li> <t>Inputspacing="normal" bare="false" empty="false" indent="3" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3"> <li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.1"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.1.1">Input parameters:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>asa_handle (unsigned integer)</dd> <dt/> <dd>session_handle (structure)</dd> <dt/> <dd>info (bytes)</dd> </dl><ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.1.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.1.2.1">asa_handle (unsigned integer)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.1.2.2">session_handle (structure)</li> <li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.1.2.3">info (bytes)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Return<li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.2"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.2.1">Return value:</t><dl newline="false" spacing="normal"> <dt/> <dd>errorcode<ul empty="true" bare="false" indent="3" spacing="normal" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.2.2"> <li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.2.2.1">errorcode (unsignedinteger)</dd> </dl>integer)</li> </ul> </li><li> <t>Sends<li pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.3"> <t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.3.1">Sends a GRASP InvalidMessage (M_INVALID) message,message (M_INVALID), as described in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>. Shouldtarget="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>. It should not be used if end_negotiate() would be sufficient. Note that this message may be used in response to any unicast GRASP message that the receiver cannot interpret correctly. In mostcasescases, this message will be generated internally by a GRASP implementation. </t><t><t indent="0" pn="section-2.3.7-1.1.3.3.2"> 'info' = optional diagnostic data supplied by the ASA.MayIt may be raw bytes from the invalid message.</t> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </section> </section> </section> <sectionnumbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Implementation Status [RFC Editor: please remove]</name> <t>A prototype open source Python implementation of GRASP, including an API similar to this document, has been used to verify the concepts for the threaded model. It may be found at <eref target="https://github.com/becarpenter/graspy"/> with associated documentation and demonstration ASAs. </t> </section> <!----> <sectionanchor="security" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>Securitytoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-3"> <name slugifiedName="name-security-considerations">Security Considerations</name><t>Security<t indent="0" pn="section-3-1">Security considerations for the GRASP protocol are discussed in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.target="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>. These includedenial of servicedenial-of-service issues, even though these are considered a low risk in the ACP. In variousplacesplaces, GRASP recommends an exponential backoff. An ASA using the API should use exponential backoff after failed discover(),req_negotiate()req_negotiate(), or synchronize() operations. The timescale for such backoffs depends on the semantics of the GRASP objective concerned. Additionally, a flood() operation should not be repeated at shorter intervals than is useful. The appropriate interval depends on the semantics of the GRASP objective concerned. These precautions are intended to assist the detection ofdenial of servicedenial-of-service attacks.</t><t>As<t indent="0" pn="section-3-2">As a general precaution, all ASAs able to handle multiple negotiation or synchronization requests in parallel may protect themselves against adenial of servicedenial-of-service attack by limiting the number of requests they handle simultaneously and silently discarding excess requests. It might also be useful for the GRASP core to limit the number of objectives registered by a given ASA, the total number of ASAs registered, and the total number of simultaneous sessions, to protect system resources. During times of high autonomic activity, such as recovery from widespread faults, ASAs may experience many GRASP session failures. Guidance on making ASAs suitably robust is given in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines"/>.</t> <t>Astarget="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="ASA-GUIDE"/>.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-3-3">As noted earlier, the trust model is that all ASAs in a givenautonomic networkAutonomic Network communicate via a secure autonomic controlplane and thereforeplane; therefore, they trust each other's messages. Specific authorization of ASAs to use particular GRASP objectives is a subject for future study, also briefly discussed in <xreftarget="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.</t> <t>Thetarget="RFC8990" format="default" sectionFormat="of" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-3-4">The careful reader will observe that a malicious ASA could extend a negotiation session indefinitely by use of the negotiate_wait() function or by manipulating the loop count of an objective. A robustly implemented ASA could detect such behavior by a peer and break off negotiation.</t><t>The<t indent="0" pn="section-3-5">The 'asa_handle' is used in the API as a first line ofdefencedefense against a malware process attempting to imitate a legitimately registered ASA. The 'session_handle' is used in the API as a first line ofdefencedefense against a malware process attempting to hijack a GRASP session. Both these handles are likely to be created using GRASP's 32-bitpseudo-random sessionpseudorandom Session ID. By construction, GRASP avoids the risk ofsessionSession ID collisions (seethe section 'Session Identifier' of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>)."Session Identifier (Session ID)", <xref target="RFC8990" section="2.7" sectionFormat="of" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.7" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>). There remains a finite probability that an attacker could guess asessionSession ID, session_handle, or asa_handle. However, this would only be of value to an attacker that had already penetrated the ACP, which would allow many other simpler forms of attack than hijacking GRASP sessions.</t> </section> <section anchor="iana" numbered="true"toc="default"> <name>IANAtoc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-4"> <name slugifiedName="name-iana-considerations">IANA Considerations</name><t>This<t indent="0" pn="section-4-1">This documentmakeshas norequest of the IANA.</t> <!-- <t>Open question: Do we need anIANAregistry for the error codes?</t> --> </section> <section anchor="ack" numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Acknowledgements</name> <t>Excellent suggestions were made by Ignas Bagdonas, Carsten Bormann, Laurent Ciavaglia, Roman Danyliw, Toerless Eckert, Benjamin Kaduk Erik Kline, Murray Kucherawy, Paul Kyzivat, Guangpeng Li, Michael Richardson, Joseph Salowey, Eric Vyncke, Magnus Westerlund, Rob Wilton, and other participants in the ANIMA WG and the IESG.</t>actions.</t> </section> </middle> <back><references> <name>References</name> <references> <name>Normative References</name> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8610.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml/reference.RFC.8949.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-anima-grasp.xml"/> </references> <references> <name>Informative<displayreference target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp-distribution" to="GRASP-DISTRIB"/> <displayreference target="I-D.ciavaglia-anima-coordination" to="ANIMA-COORD"/> <displayreference target="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines" to="ASA-GUIDE"/> <references pn="section-5"> <name slugifiedName="name-references">References</name> <references pn="section-5.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-normative-references">Normative References</name><xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-anima-grasp-distribution.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ciavaglia-anima-coordination.xml"/> <xi:include href="https://xml2rfc.tools.ietf.org/public/rfc/bibxml3/reference.I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines.xml"/><referenceanchor="libcbor" target="https://libcbor.readthedocs.io/">anchor="RFC8610" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="RFC8610"> <front><title>libcbor - Documentation</title><title>Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and JSON Data Structures</title> <authorfullname="Pavel Kalvoda"/>initials="H." surname="Birkholz" fullname="H. Birkholz"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="C." surname="Vigano" fullname="C. Vigano"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="C." surname="Bormann" fullname="C. Bormann"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <datemonth="December" year="2020"/>year="2019" month="June"/> <abstract> <t indent="0">This document proposes a notational convention to express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) data structures (RFC 7049). Its main goal is to provide an easy and unambiguous way to express structures for protocol messages and data formats that use CBOR or JSON.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8610"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8610"/> </reference></references> </references> <section anchor="ErrAppx" numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Error Codes</name> <t>This Appendix lists the error codes defined so far on<reference anchor="RFC8949" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="RFC8949"> <front> <title>Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)</title> <author initials="C." surname="Bormann" fullname="C. Bormann"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="P." surname="Hoffman" fullname="P. Hoffman"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <date year="2020" month="December"/> <abstract> <t indent="0">The Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a data format whose design goals include thebasispossibility ofimplementation experience, with suggested symbolic namesextremely small code size, fairly small message size, andcorresponding descriptive strings in English. It is expected that complete API implementations will provideextensibility without the need forlocalisation of these descriptive strings,version negotiation. These design goals make it different from earlier binary serializations such as ASN.1 andthat additional error codes will be needed according to implementation details.</t> <t>The error codes that may only be returned by one or two functions are annotated accordingly,MessagePack.</t> <t indent="0">This document obsoletes RFC 7049, providing editorial improvements, new details, and errata fixes while keeping full compatibility with theothers may be returnedinterchange format of RFC 7049. It does not create a new version of the format.</t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="STD" value="94"/> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8949"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8949"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8990" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8990" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="RFC8990"> <front> <title>GeneRic Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)</title> <author initials="C" surname="Bormann" fullname="Carsten Bormann"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="B" surname="Carpenter" fullname="Brian Carpenter" role="editor"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="B" surname="Liu" fullname="Bing Liu" role="editor"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <date month="May" year="2021"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8990"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8990"/> </reference> </references> <references pn="section-5.2"> <name slugifiedName="name-informative-references">Informative References</name> <reference anchor="I-D.ciavaglia-anima-coordination" quoteTitle="true" target="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ciavaglia-anima-coordination-01" derivedAnchor="ANIMA-COORD"> <front> <title>Autonomic Functions Coordination</title> <author fullname="Laurent Ciavaglia"> </author> <author fullname="Pierre Peloso"> </author> <date month="March" day="21" year="2016"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ciavaglia-anima-coordination-01"/> <refcontent>Work in Progress</refcontent> </reference> <reference anchor="I-D.ietf-anima-asa-guidelines" quoteTitle="true" target="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-anima-asa-guidelines-00" derivedAnchor="ASA-GUIDE"> <front> <title>Guidelines for Autonomic Service Agents</title> <author fullname="Brian Carpenter"> </author> <author fullname="Laurent Ciavaglia"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">Nokia</organization> </author> <author fullname="Sheng Jiang"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd</organization> </author> <author fullname="Pierre Peloso"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">Nokia</organization> </author> <date month="November" day="14" year="2020"/> <abstract> <t indent="0"> This document proposes guidelines for the design of Autonomic Service Agents for autonomic networks, as a contribution to describing an autonomic ecosystem. It is based on the Autonomic Network Infrastructure outlined in the ANIMA reference model, using the Autonomic Control Plane and the Generic Autonomic Signaling Protocol. </t> </abstract> </front> <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-anima-asa-guidelines-00"/> <format type="TXT" target="https://www.ietf.org/archive/id/draft-ietf-anima-asa-guidelines-00.txt"/> <refcontent>Work in Progress</refcontent> </reference> <reference anchor="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp-distribution" quoteTitle="true" target="https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-anima-grasp-distribution-02" derivedAnchor="GRASP-DISTRIB"> <front> <title>Information Distribution over GRASP</title> <author fullname="Bing Liu"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">Huawei Technologies</organization> </author> <author fullname="Xun Xiao"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">MRC, Huawei Technologies</organization> </author> <author fullname="Artur Hecker"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">MRC, Huawei Technologies</organization> </author> <author fullname="Sheng Jiang"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">Huawei Technologies</organization> </author> <author fullname="Zoran Despotovic"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">MRC, Huawei Technologies</organization> </author> <author fullname="Brian Carpenter"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">School of Computer Science, University of Auckland</organization> </author> <date month="March" day="8" year="2021"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-ietf-anima-grasp-distribution-02"/> <refcontent>Work in Progress</refcontent> </reference> <reference anchor="libcbor" target="https://libcbor.readthedocs.io/" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="libcbor"> <front> <title>libcbor - libcbor 0.8.0 documentation</title> <author fullname="Pavel Kalvoda" surname="Kalvoda" initials="P"/> <date month="April" year="2021"/> </front> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8993" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8993" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="RFC8993"> <front> <title>A Reference Model for Autonomic Networking</title> <author initials="M" surname="Behringer" fullname="Michael Behringer" role="editor"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="B" surname="Carpenter" fullname="Brian Carpenter"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="T" surname="Eckert" fullname="Toerless Eckert"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="L" surname="Ciavaglia" fullname="Laurent Ciavaglia"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="J" surname="Nobre" fullname="Jeferson Nobre"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <date month="May" year="2021"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8993"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8993"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8994" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8994" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="RFC8994"> <front> <title>An Autonomic Control Plane (ACP)</title> <author initials="T" surname="Eckert" fullname="Toerless Eckert" role="editor"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="M" surname="Behringer" fullname="Michael Behringer" role="editor"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="S" surname="Bjarnason" fullname="Steinthor Bjarnason"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <date month="May" year="2021"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8994"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8994"/> </reference> <reference anchor="RFC8995" target="https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8995" quoteTitle="true" derivedAnchor="RFC8995"> <front> <title>Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key Infrastructure (BRSKI)</title> <author initials="M" surname="Pritikin" fullname="Max Pritikin"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="M" surname="Richardson" fullname="Michael Richardson"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="T" surname="Eckert" fullname="Toerless Eckert"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="M" surname="Behringer" fullname="Michael Behringer"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <author initials="K" surname="Watsen" fullname="Kent Watsen"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true"/> </author> <date month="May" year="2021"/> </front> <seriesInfo name="RFC" value="8995"/> <seriesInfo name="DOI" value="10.17487/RFC8995"/> </reference> </references> </references> <section anchor="ErrAppx" numbered="true" toc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-appendix.a"> <name slugifiedName="name-error-codes">Error Codes</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-appendix.a-1">This appendix lists the error codes defined so far on the basis of implementation experience, with suggested symbolic names and corresponding descriptive strings in English. It is expected that complete API implementations will provide for localization of these descriptive strings, and that additional error codes will be needed according to implementation details.</t> <t indent="0" pn="section-appendix.a-2">The error codes that may only be returned by one or two functions are annotated accordingly, and the others may be returned by numerous functions. The 'noSecurity' error will be returned to most calls if GRASP is running in an insecure mode (i.e., with no secure substrate such as the ACP), except for the specific DULL usage mode described inthe section 'Discovery"Discovery UnsolicitedLink-Local' of <xref target="I-D.ietf-anima-grasp"/>.</t> <artwork name="" type=""Link-Local (DULL) GRASP" (<xref target="RFC8990" section="2.5.2" sectionFormat="of" format="default" derivedLink="https://rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc8990#section-2.5.2" derivedContent="RFC8990"/>.</t> <table anchor="table1_error_codes" align="center" pn="table-1"> <name slugifiedName="name-error-codes-2">Error Codes</name> <thead> <tr> <th align="left"alt=""><![CDATA[ ok 0 "OK" declined 1 "Declined"colspan="1" rowspan="1">Name</th> <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Error Code</th> <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">ok</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">0</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"OK"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">declined</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">1</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Declined" (req_negotiate,negotiate_step) noReply 2 "Nonegotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noReply</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">2</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No reply" (indicates waiting state in event loopcalls) unspec 3 "Unspecified error" ASAfull 4 "ASAcalls)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">unspec</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">3</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Unspecified error"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">ASAfull</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">4</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"ASA registry full"(register_asa) dupASA 5 "Duplicate(register_asa)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">dupASA</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">5</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Duplicate ASA name"(register_asa) noASA 6 "ASA(register_asa)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noASA</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">6</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"ASA notregistered" notYourASA 7 "ASAregistered"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notYourASA</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">7</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"ASA registered but not by you"(deregister_asa) notBoth 8 "Objective(deregister_asa)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notBoth</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">8</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Objective cannot support both negotiation and synchronization"(register_obj) notDry 9 "Dry-run(register_obj)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notDry</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">9</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Dry-run allowed only with negotiation"(register_obj) notOverlap 10 "Overlap(register_obj)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notOverlap</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">10</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Overlap not supported by this implementation"(register_obj) objFull 11 "Objective(register_obj)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">objFull</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">11</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Objective registry full"(register_obj) objReg 12 "Objective(register_obj)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">objReg</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">12</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Objective already registered"(register_obj) notYourObj 13 "Objective(register_obj)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notYourObj</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">13</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Objective not registered by thisASA" notObj 14 "ObjectiveASA"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notObj</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">14</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Objective notfound" notNeg 15 "Objectivefound"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notNeg</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">15</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Objective not negotiable" (req_negotiate,listen_negotiate) noSecurity 16 "No security" noDiscReply 17 "Nolisten_negotiate)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noSecurity</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">16</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No security"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noDiscReply</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">17</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No reply to discovery"(req_negotiate) sockErrNegRq 18 "Socket(req_negotiate)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">sockErrNegRq</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">18</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Socket error sending negotiation request"(req_negotiate) noSession 19 "No session" noSocket 20 "No socket" loopExhausted 21 "Loop(req_negotiate)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noSession</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">19</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No session"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noSocket</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">20</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No socket"</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">loopExhausted</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">21</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Loop count exhausted"(negotiate_step) sockErrNegStep 22 "Socket(negotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">sockErrNegStep</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">22</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Socket error sending negotiation step"(negotiate_step) noPeer 23(negotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noPeer</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">23</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> "No negotiation peer" (req_negotiate,negotiate_step) CBORfail 24 "CBORnegotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">CBORfail</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">24</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"CBOR decode failure" (req_negotiate, negotiate_step,synchronize) invalidNeg 25 "Invalidsynchronize)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">invalidNeg</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">25</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Invalid Negotiate message" (req_negotiate,negotiate_step) invalidEnd 26 "Invalidnegotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">invalidEnd</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">26</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Invalid end message" (req_negotiate,negotiate_step) noNegReply 27 "Nonegotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noNegReply</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">27</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No reply to negotiation step" (req_negotiate,negotiate_step) noValidStep 28 "Nonegotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noValidStep</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">28</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No valid reply to negotiation step" (req_negotiate,negotiate_step) sockErrWait 29 "Socketnegotiate_step)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">sockErrWait</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">29</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Socket error sending wait message"(negotiate_wait) sockErrEnd 30 "Socket(negotiate_wait)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">sockErrEnd</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">30</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Socket error sending end message" (end_negotiate,send_invalid) IDclash 31 "Incomingsend_invalid)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">IDclash</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">31</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Incoming request Session ID clash"(listen_negotiate) notSynch 32(listen_negotiate)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notSynch</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">32</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> "Not a synchronization objective" (synchronize,get_flood) notFloodDisc 33 "Notget_flood)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">notFloodDisc</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">33</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Not flooded and no reply to discovery"(synchronize) sockErrSynRq 34 "Socket(synchronize)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">sockErrSynRq</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">34</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Socket error sending synch request"(synchronize) noListener 35 "No(synchronize)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noListener</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">35</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No synch listener"(synchronize) noSynchReply 36 "No(synchronize)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noSynchReply</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">36</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No reply to synchronization request"(synchronize) noValidSynch 37 "No(synchronize)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">noValidSynch</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">37</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"No valid reply to synchronization request"(synchronize) invalidLoc 38 "Invalid(synchronize)</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">invalidLoc</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">38</td> <td align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="1">"Invalid locator"(flood) ]]></artwork> </section>(flood)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <sectionanchor="changes" numbered="true" toc="default"> <name>Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove]</name> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-10, 2021-01:</t> <ul> <li>Closed two final IESG comments</li> </ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-09, 2020-12:</t> <ul> <li>Added short discussions of CBOR usage and verification.</li> <li>Added section on session termination.</li> <li>Clarified that integers are uint32 or uint8.</li> <li>Minor technical correction to timeout specification.</li> <li>Clarified sequencing of negotiation messages.</li> <li>Minor technical addition to request_negotiate()anchor="ack" numbered="false" toc="include" removeInRFC="false" pn="section-a.1"> <name slugifiedName="name-acknowledgements">Acknowledgements</name> <t indent="0" pn="section-a.1-1">Excellent suggestions were made by <contact fullname="Ignas Bagdonas"/>, <contact fullname="Carsten Bormann"/>, <contact fullname="Laurent Ciavaglia"/>, <contact fullname="Roman Danyliw"/>, <contact fullname="Toerless Eckert"/>, <contact fullname="Benjamin Kaduk"/>, <contact fullname="Erik Kline"/>, <contact fullname="Murray Kucherawy"/>, <contact fullname="Paul Kyzivat"/>, <contact fullname="Guangpeng Li"/>, <contact fullname="Michael Richardson"/>, <contact fullname="Joseph Salowey"/>, <contact fullname="Éric Vyncke"/>, <contact fullname="Magnus Westerlund"/>, <contact fullname="Rob Wilton"/>, andsynchronize() in event loop model.</li> <li>Expanded several pointsother participants inSecurity Considerations, including precautions against resource exhaustion.</li> <li>Other clarifications and minor reorganizations; removed some duplicated text.</li> <li>Updated references.</li> </ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-08, 2020-11:</t> <ul> <li>Clarified trust model</li> <li>Added explanations of GRASP objectives and sessions</li> <li>Added note about non-idempotent messages</li> <li>Added overview of API functions, and annotated each function with a brief description</li> <li>Added protocol diagram for negotiation session</li> <li>Clarified (absence of) authorization model</li> <li>Changed precise semantics of synchronize() for flooded objectives</li> <li>Clarified caching of flooded objectives</li> <li>Changed 'age_limit' to 'minimum_TTL'</li> <li>Improved security considerations, including DOS precautions</li> <li>Annotated error codes to indicate which functions generate which errors</li> <li>Other clarifications from Last Call reviews</li> </ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-07, 2020-10-13:</t> <ul><li>Improved diagram and its description</li> <li>Added pointer to example logic flows</li> <li>Added note on variable length parameters</li> <li>Clarified that API decrements loop count automatically</li> <li>Other correctionsthe ANIMA WG andclarifications from AD review</li> </ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-06, 2020-06-07:</t> <ul><li>Improved diagram</li> <li>Numerous clarifications and layout changes</li> </ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-05, 2020-05-08:</t> <ul><li>Converted to xml2rfc v3</li> <li>Editorial fixes.</li> </ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-04, 2019-10-07:</t> <ul><li>Improved discussionthe IESG.</t> </section> </section> <section anchor="authors-addresses" numbered="false" removeInRFC="false" toc="include" pn="section-appendix.b"> <name slugifiedName="name-authors-addresses">Authors' Addresses</name> <author fullname="Brian E. Carpenter" initials="B." surname="Carpenter"> <organization abbrev="Univ. oflayering, mentioned daemon.</li> <li>Added callbacks and improved descriptionAuckland" showOnFrontPage="true"/> <address> <postal> <extaddr>School ofasynchronous operations.</li> <li>Described use case for 'session_handle'.</li> <li>More explanation of 'asa_handle'.</li> <li>Change 'discover' to use 'age_limit' insteadComputer Science</extaddr> <extaddr>University of'flush'.</li> <li>Clarified useAuckland</extaddr> <street>PB 92019</street> <city>Auckland</city> <region/> <code>1142</code> <country>New Zealand</country> </postal> <email>brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com</email> </address> </author> <author fullname="Bing Liu" initials="B." role="editor" surname="Liu"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">Huawei Technologies</organization> <address> <postal> <extaddr>Q14, Huawei Campus</extaddr> <street>No.156 Beiqing Road</street> <city>Hai-Dian District, Beijing</city> <code>100095</code> <country>China</country> </postal> <email>leo.liubing@huawei.com</email> </address> </author> <author fullname="Wendong Wang" initials="W." surname="Wang"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">BUPT University</organization> <address> <postal> <extaddr>Beijing University of'dry run'.</li> <li>Editorial improvements.</li></ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-03, 2019-01-21:</t> <ul><li>Replaced empty "logic flows" section by "implementation status".</li> <li>Minor clarifications.</li> <li>Editorial improvements.</li></ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-02, 2018-06-30:</t> <ul><li>Additional suggestion for event-loop API.</li> <li>DiscussionPosts & Telecom.</extaddr> <street>No.10 Xitucheng Road</street> <city>Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100876</city> <country>China</country> </postal> <email>wdwang@bupt.edu.cn</email> </address> </author> <author fullname="Xiangyang Gong" initials="X." surname="Gong"> <organization showOnFrontPage="true">BUPT University</organization> <address> <postal> <extaddr>Beijing University oferror code values.</li></ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-01, 2018-03-03:</t> <ul><li>Editorial updates</li></ul> <t>draft-ietf-anima-grasp-api-00, 2017-12-23:</t> <ul><li>WG adoption</li> <li>Editorial improvements.</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-06, 2017-11-24:</t> <ul><li>Improved description of event-loop model.</li> <li>Changed intended status to Informational.</li> <li>Editorial improvements.</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-05, 2017-10-02:</t> <ul><li>Added send_invalid()</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-04, 2017-06-30:</t> <ul><li>Noted that simple nodes might not include the API.</li> <li>Minor clarifications.</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-03, 2017-02-13:</t> <ul><li>Changed error return to integers.</li> <li>Required all implementations to accept objective values in CBOR.</li> <li>Added non-blocking alternatives.</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-02, 2016-12-17:</t> <ul><li>Updated for draft-ietf-anima-grasp-09</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-02, 2016-09-30:</t> <ul><li>Added items for draft-ietf-anima-grasp-07</li> <li>Editorial corrections</li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-01, 2016-06-24:</t> <ul><li>Updated for draft-ietf-anima-grasp-05</li> <li>Editorial corrections </li></ul> <t>draft-liu-anima-grasp-api-00, 2016-04-04:</t> <ul><li>Initial version</li></ul>Posts & Telecom.</extaddr> <street>No.10 Xitucheng Road</street> <city>Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100876</city> <country>China</country> </postal> <email>xygong@bupt.edu.cn</email> </address> </author> </section> </back> </rfc>