ANIMA WG
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) S. Jiang, Ed.
Internet-Draft Z. Du
Intended status: Informational
Request for Comments: 8992 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Expires: June 18, 2018
Category: Informational Z. Du
ISSN: 2070-1721 China Mobile
B. Carpenter
Univ. of Auckland
Q. Sun
China Telecom
December 15, 2017
May 2021
Autonomic IPv6 Edge Prefix Management in Large-scale Large-Scale Networks
draft-ietf-anima-prefix-management-07
Abstract
This document defines two autonomic technical objectives for IPv6
prefix management at the edge of large-scale ISP networks, with an
extension to support IPv4 prefixes. An important purpose of the this
document is to use it for validation of the design of various
components of the autonomic networking infrastructure. Autonomic Networking Infrastructure.
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft document is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents valid
approved by the IESG are candidates for a maximum any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of six months this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents obtained at any
time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on June 18, 2018.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8992.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1. Intended User and Administrator Experience . . . . . . . 4
3.2. Analysis of Parameters and Information Involved . . . . . 5
3.2.1. Parameters each device can define Each Device Can Define for itself . . . . 5 Itself
3.2.2. Information needed Needed from network operations . . . . . 6 Network Operations
3.2.3. Comparison with current solutions . . . . . . . . . . 6 Current Solutions
3.3. Interaction with other devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Other Devices
3.3.1. Information needed Needed from other devices . . . . . . . . 7 Other Devices
3.3.2. Monitoring, diagnostics Diagnostics, and reporting . . . . . . . . 7 Reporting
4. Autonomic Edge Prefix Management Solution . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1. Behaviors on prefix requesting device . . . . . . . . . . 8 Behavior of a Device Requesting a Prefix
4.2. Behaviors on prefix providing device . . . . . . . . . . 9 Behavior of a Device Providing a Prefix
4.3. Behavior after Successful Negotiation . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.4. Prefix logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Logging
5. Autonomic Prefix Management Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.1. Edge Prefix Objective Option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2. IPv4 extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6. Prefix Management Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
6.1. Example of Prefix Management Parameters . . . . . . . . . 12
7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10. Change log [RFC Editor: Please remove] . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Option
5.2. IPv4 Extension
6. Prefix Management Parameters
6.1. Example of Prefix Management Parameters
7. Security Considerations
8. IANA Considerations
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.1.
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.2.
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Appendix A. Deployment Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
A.1. Address & and Prefix management Management with DHCP . . . . . . . . . . 17
A.2. Prefix management Management with ANI/GRASP . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1. Introduction
The original purpose of this document was to validate the design of
the Autonomic Networking Infrastructure (ANI) for a realistic use
case. It shows how the ANI can be applied to IP prefix delegation delegation,
and it outlines approaches to build a system to do this. A fully
standardized solution would require more details, so this document is
informational in nature.
This document defines two autonomic technical objectives for IPv6
prefix management in large-scale networks, with an extension to
support IPv4 prefixes. The background to Autonomic Networking (AN) is
described in [RFC7575] and [RFC7576]. The GeneRic Autonomic
Signaling Protocol (GRASP) is specified by [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp] [RFC8990] and can make use
of the proposed technical objectives to provide a solution for autonomic
prefix management. An important purpose of the present document is
to use it for validation of the design of GRASP and other components
of the autonomic networking infrastructure ANI as described in [I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model]. [RFC8993].
This document is not a complete functional specification of an
autonomic prefix management system system, and it does not describe all
detailed aspects of the GRASP objective parameters and Autonomic
Service Agent (ASA) procedures necessary to build a complete system.
Instead, it describes the architectural framework utilizing the
components of the ANI, outlines the different deployment options and
aspects, and defines GRASP objectives for use in building the system.
It also provides some basic parameter examples.
This document is not intended to solve all cases of IPv6 prefix
management. In fact, it assumes that the network's main
infrastructure elements already have addresses and prefixes. The This
document is dedicated to how to make IPv6 prefix management at the
edges of large-scale networks as autonomic as possible. It is
specifically written for service provider Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks.
Although there are similarities between ISPs and large enterprise
networks, the requirements for the two use cases differ. In any
case, the scope of the solution is expected to be limited, like any autonomic
network,
Autonomic Network, to a single management domain.
However, the solution is designed in a general way. Its use for a
broader scope than edge prefixes, including some or all
infrastructure prefixes, is left for future discussion.
A complete solution has many aspects that are not discussed here.
Once prefixes have been assigned to routers, they need to be
communicated to the routing system as they are brought into use.
Similarly, when prefixes are released, they need to be removed from
the routing system. Different operators may have different policies
about
regarding prefix lifetimes, and they may prefer to have centralized
or distributed pools of spare prefixes. In an autonomic network, Autonomic Network,
these are properties decided upon by the design of the relevant ASAs.
The GRASP objectives are simply building blocks.
A particular risk of distributed prefix allocation in large networks
is that over time, it might lead to fragmentation of the address
space and an undesirable increase in the size of the interior routing
protocol tables. The extent of this risk depends on the algorithms
and policies used by the ASAs. Mitigating this risk might even
become an autonomic function in itself.
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
This document uses terminology defined in [RFC7575].
3. Problem Statement
The autonomic networking Autonomic Networking use case considered here is autonomic IPv6
prefix management at the edge of large-scale ISP networks.
Although DHCPv6 DHCPv6-PD (DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation [RFC3633] Delegation) [RFC8415] supports
automated delegation of IPv6 prefixes from one router to another,
prefix management still largely depends on human planning. In other
words, there is no basic information or policy to support autonomic
decisions on the prefix length that each router should request or be
delegated, according to its role in the network. Roles could be
defined separately for individual devices or could be generic (edge
router, interior router, etc.). Furthermore, IPv6 prefix management
by humans tends to be rigid and static after initial planning.
The problem to be solved by autonomic networking Autonomic Networking is how to
dynamically manage IPv6 address space in large-scale networks, so
that IPv6 addresses can be used efficiently. Here, we limit the
problem to assignment of prefixes at the edge of the network, close
to access routers that support individual fixed-line subscribers,
mobile customers, and corporate customers. We assume that the core
infrastructure of the network has already been established with
appropriately assigned prefixes. The AN Autonomic Networking approach
discussed in this document is based on the assumption that there is a
generic discovery and negotiation protocol that enables direct
negotiation between intelligent IP routers. GRASP [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp] [RFC8990] is
intended to be such a protocol.
3.1. Intended User and Administrator Experience
The intended experience is, for the administrators of a large-scale
network, that the management of IPv6 address space at the edge of the
network can be run with minimum effort, as devices at the edge are
added and removed and as customers of all kinds join and leave the
network. In the ideal scenario, the administrators only have to
specify a single IPv6 prefix for the whole network and the initial
prefix length for each device role. As far as users are concerned,
IPv6 prefix assignment would occur exactly as it does in any other
network.
The actual prefix usage needs to be logged for potential offline
management operations operations, including audit and security incident tracing.
3.2. Analysis of Parameters and Information Involved
For specific purposes of address management, a few parameters are
involved on each edge device (some will
implement several parameters. (Some of them can be pre-configured preconfigured
before they are connected). connected.) They include:
o include the following:
* Identity, authentication authentication, and authorization of this device. This
is expected to use the autonomic networking Autonomic Networking secure bootstrap
process [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra], [RFC8995], following which the device could safely take
part in autonomic operations.
o
* Role of this device. Some example roles are discussed in
Section 6.1.
o
* An IPv6 prefix length for this device.
o
* An IPv6 prefix that is assigned to this device and its downstream
devices.
A few parameters are involved in the
The network as a whole. They are:
o whole will implement the following parameters:
* Identity of a trust anchor, which is a certification authority
(CA) maintained by the network administrators, used during the
secure bootstrap process.
o
* Total IPv6 address space available for edge devices. It is a pool
of one or several IPv6 prefixes.
o
* The initial prefix length for each device role.
3.2.1. Parameters each device can define Each Device Can Define for itself Itself
This section identifies those of the above parameters that do not
need external information in order for the devices concerned to set
them to a reasonable default value after bootstrap or after a network
disruption. There They are few of these:
o as follows:
* Default role of this device.
o
* Default IPv6 prefix length for this device.
o
* Cryptographic identity of this device, as needed for secure
bootstrapping [I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]. [RFC8995].
The device may be shipped from the manufacturer with pre-configured a preconfigured
role and default prefix length, which could be modified by an
autonomic mechanism. Its cryptographic identity will be installed by
its manufacturer.
3.2.2. Information needed Needed from network operations Network Operations
This section identifies those parameters that might need operational
input in order for the devices concerned to set them to a non-default
value.
o
* Non-default value for the IPv6 prefix length for this device.
This needs to be decided based on the role of this device.
o
* The initial prefix length for each device role.
o
* Whether to allow the device to request more address space.
o
* The policy regarding when to request more address space, space -- for
example, if the address usage reaches a certain limit or
percentage.
3.2.3. Comparison with current solutions Current Solutions
This section briefly compares the above use case with current
solutions. Currently, the address management is still largely
dependent on human planning. It is rigid and static after initial
planning. Address requests will fail if the configured address space
is used up.
Some autonomic and dynamic address management functions may be
achievable by extending the existing protocols, protocols -- for example,
extending DHCPv6-PD (DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation, [RFC3633]) [RFC8415] to request IPv6 prefixes according to
the device role. However, defining uniform device roles may not be a
practical task. Some task, as some functions are
not suitable to cannot be achieved by any configured on the basis
of role using existing prefix delegation protocols.
Using a generic autonomic discovery and negotiation protocol instead
of specific solutions has the advantage that additional parameters
can be included in the autonomic solution without creating new
mechanisms. This is the principal argument for a generic approach.
3.3. Interaction with other devices Other Devices
3.3.1. Information needed Needed from other devices Other Devices
This section identifies those of the above parameters that need
external information from neighbor devices (including the upstream
devices). In many cases, two-way dialogue with neighbor devices is
needed to set or optimize them.
o Identity
* Information regarding the identity of a trust anchor.
o anchor is needed.
* The device will need to discover a device, another device from which it can
acquire IPv6 address space.
o The
* Information regarding the initial prefix length for the role of
each device role, is needed, particularly for its own downstream
devices.
o
* The default value of the IPv6 prefix length may be overridden by a
non-default value.
o
* The device will need to request and acquire one or more IPv6
prefixes that can be assigned to this device and its downstream
devices.
o
* The device may respond to prefix delegation requests from its
downstream devices.
o
* The device may require to be assigned the assignment of more IPv6 address space, space
if it used up its assigned IPv6 address space.
3.3.2. Monitoring, diagnostics Diagnostics, and reporting Reporting
This section discusses what role devices should play in monitoring,
fault diagnosis, and reporting.
o
* The actual address assignments need to be logged for potential
offline management operations.
o
* In general, the usage situation of regarding address space should be
reported to the network administrators, administrators in an abstract way, way -- for
example, statistics or a visualized report.
o
* A forecast of address exhaustion should be reported.
4. Autonomic Edge Prefix Management Solution
This section introduces the building blocks for an autonomic edge
prefix management solution. As noted in Section 1, this is not a
complete description of a solution, which will depend on the detailed
design of the relevant Autonomic Service Agents. Agents (ASAs). It uses the
generic discovery and negotiation protocol defined by [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. [RFC8990]. The
relevant GRASP objectives are defined in Section 5.
The procedures described below are carried out by an Autonomic
Service Agent (ASA) ASA in each
device that participates in the solution. We will refer to this as
the PrefixManager ASA.
4.1. Behaviors on prefix requesting device Behavior of a Device Requesting a Prefix
If the device containing a PrefixManager ASA has used up its address
pool, it can request more space according to its requirements. It
should decide the length of the requested prefix and request it by via
the mechanism described in Section 6. Note that although the
device's role may define certain default allocation lengths, those
defaults might be changed dynamically, and the device might request
more, or less, address space due to some local operational heuristic.
A PrefixManager ASA that needs additional address space should
firstly discover peers that may be able to provide extra address
space. The ASA should send out a GRASP Discovery message that
contains a PrefixManager Objective option (see Section 2 of [RFC8650]
and Section 5.1) in order to discover peers also supporting that
option. Then Then, it should choose one such peer, most likely the first
to respond.
If the GRASP discovery Discovery Response message carries a divert Divert option
pointing to an off-link PrefixManager ASA, the requesting ASA may
initiate negotiation with that ASA diverted ASA-diverted device to find out
whether it can provide the requested length of the prefix.
In any case, the requesting ASA will act as a GRASP negotiation
initiator by sending a GRASP Request message with a PrefixManager
Objective option. The ASA indicates in this option the length of the
requested prefix. This starts a GRASP negotiation process.
During the subsequent negotiation, the ASA will decide at each step
whether to accept the offered prefix. That decision, and the
decision to end the negotiation, is an are implementation choice. choices.
The ASA could alternatively initiate rapid mode GRASP discovery in rapid mode
with an embedded negotiation request, if it is implemented.
4.2. Behaviors on prefix providing device Behavior of a Device Providing a Prefix
At least one device on the network must be configured with the
initial pool of available prefixes mentioned in Section 3.2. Apart
from that requirement, any device may act as a prefix providing
device. provider of prefixes.
A device that receives a Discovery message with a PrefixManager
Objective option should respond with a GRASP Response message if it
contains a PrefixManager ASA. Further details of the discovery
process are described in [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. [RFC8990]. When this ASA receives a
subsequent Request message, it should conduct a GRASP negotiation
sequence, using Negotiate, Confirm-waiting, Confirm Waiting, and
Negotiation-ending Negotiation End
messages as appropriate. The Negotiate messages carry a
PrefixManager Objective option, which will indicate the prefix and
its length offered to the requesting ASA. As described in
[I-D.ietf-anima-grasp], [RFC8990],
negotiation will continue until either end stops it with a Negotiation-ending
Negotiation End message. If the negotiation succeeds, the prefix providing ASA that
provides the prefix will remove the negotiated prefix from its pool,
and the requesting ASA will add it. If the negotiation fails, the
party sending the Negotiation-ending Negotiation End message may include an error code
string.
During the negotiation, the ASA will decide at each step how large a
prefix to offer. That decision, and the decision to end the
negotiation,
is an are implementation choice. choices.
The ASA could alternatively negotiate in response to rapid mode GRASP
discovery, discovery
in rapid mode, if it is implemented.
This specification is independent of whether the PrefixManager ASAs
are all embedded in routers, but that would be a rather natural
scenario. In a hierarchical network topology, a given router
typically provide provides prefixes for routers below it in the hierarchy,
and it is also likely to contain the first PrefixManager ASA
discovered by those downstream routers. However, the GRASP discovery
model, including its Redirect redirection feature, means that this is not an
exclusive scenario, and a downstream PrefixManager ASA could
negotiate a new prefix with a device other than its upstream router.
A resource shortage may cause the gateway router to request more
resource
resources in turn from its own upstream device. This would be
another independent GRASP discovery and negotiation process. During
the processing time, the gateway router should send a Confirm-waiting
Message Confirm Waiting
message to the initial requesting router, to extend its timeout.
When the new resource becomes available, the gateway router responds
with a GRASP Negotiate message with a prefix length matching the
request.
The algorithm used to choose which prefixes to assign on the prefix
providing devices
that provide prefixes is an implementation choice.
4.3. Behavior after Successful Negotiation
Upon receiving a GRASP Negotiation-ending Negotiation End message that indicates that an
acceptable prefix length is available, the requesting device may use
the negotiated prefix without further messages.
There are use cases where the ANI/GRASP based ANI/GRASP-based prefix management
approach can work together with DHCPv6-PD [RFC3633] [RFC8415] as a complement.
For example, the ANI/GRASP based ANI/GRASP-based method can be used intra-domain,
while the DHCPv6-PD method works inter-domain (i.e., across an
administrative boundary). Also, ANI/GRASP can be used inside the
domain, and DHCP/DHCPv6-PD can be used on the edge of the domain to
client
clients (non-ANI devices). Another similar use case would be ANI/
GRASP inside the domain, with RADIUS [RFC2865] providing prefixes to
client devices.
4.4. Prefix logging Logging
Within the autonomic prefix management, management system, all the prefix assignment is assignments
are done by devices without human intervention. It may be required to
record
that all the prefix assignment history, history be recorded -- for example example, to
detect or trace lost prefixes after outages, outages or to meet legal
requirements. However, the logging and reporting process is out of
scope for this document.
5. Autonomic Prefix Management Objectives
This section defines the GRASP technical objective options that are
used to support autonomic prefix management.
5.1. Edge Prefix Objective Option
The PrefixManager Objective option is a GRASP objective Objective option
conforming to [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. the GRASP specification [RFC8990]. Its name is
"PrefixManager" (see Section 8) 8), and it carries the following data
items as its value: the prefix length, length and the actual prefix bits.
Since GRASP is based on CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation [RFC7049]), Representation)
[RFC8949], the format of the PrefixManager Objective option is
described as follows in CBOR
data definition language the Concise Data Definition Language (CDDL) [I-D.ietf-cbor-cddl]: [RFC8610] as
follows:
objective = ["PrefixManager", objective-flags, loop-count,
[length, ?prefix]]
loop-count = 0..255 ; as in the GRASP specification
objective-flags /= ; as in the GRASP specification
length = 0..128 ; requested or offered prefix length
prefix = bytes .size 16 ; offered prefix in binary format
The use of the 'dry run' "dry run" mode of GRASP is NOT RECOMMENDED for this
objective, because it would require both ASAs to store state
information about the corresponding negotiation, to no real benefit -
-- the requesting ASA cannot base any decisions on the result of a
successful dry run dry-run negotiation.
5.2. IPv4 extension Extension
This section presents an extended version of the PrefixManager
Objective
objective that supports IPv4 by adding an extra flag:
objective = ["PrefixManager", objective-flags, loop-count, prefval]
loop-count = 0..255 ; as in the GRASP specification
objective-flags /= ; as in the GRASP specification
prefval /= pref6val
pref6val = [version6, length, ?prefix]
version6 = 6
length = 0..128 ; requested or offered prefix length
prefix = bytes .size 16 ; offered prefix in binary format
prefval /= pref4val
pref4val = [version4, length4, ?prefix4]
version4 = 4
length4 = 0..32 ; requested or offered prefix length
prefix4 = bytes .size 4 ; offered prefix in binary format
Prefix and address management for IPv4 is considerably more difficult
than for IPv6, due to the prevalence of NAT, ambiguous addresses
[RFC1918], and address sharing [RFC6346]. These complexities might
require further extending the objective with additional fields which that
are not defined by this document.
6. Prefix Management Parameters
An implementation of a prefix manager MUST include default settings
of all necessary parameters. However, within a single administrative
domain, the network operator MAY change default parameters for all
devices with a certain role. Thus Thus, it would be possible to apply an
intended policy for every device in a simple way, without traditional
configuration files. As noted in Section 4.1, individual autonomic
devices may also change their own behavior dynamically.
For example, the network operator could change the default prefix
length for each type of role. A prefix management parameters
objective, which contains mapping information of device roles and
their default prefix lengths, MAY be flooded in the network, through
the Autonomic Control Plane (ACP)
[I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane]. [RFC8994]. The objective is
defined in CDDL as follows:
objective = ["PrefixManager.Params", objective-flags, any]
loop-count = 0..255 ; as in the GRASP specification
objective-flags /= ; as in the GRASP specification
The 'any' "any" object would be the relevant parameter definitions (such as
the example below) transmitted as a CBOR object in an appropriate
format.
This could be flooded to all nodes, and any PrefixManager ASA that
did not receive it for some reason could obtain a copy using GRASP
unicast synchronization. Upon receiving the prefix management
parameters, every device can decide its default prefix length by
matching its own role.
6.1. Example of Prefix Management Parameters
The parameters comprise mapping information of device roles and their
default prefix lengths in an autonomic domain. For example, suppose
an IPRAN (IP Radio Access Network) operator wants to configure the
prefix length of a Radio Network Controller Site Gateway (RSG) as 34,
the prefix length of an Aggregation Site Gateway (ASG) as 44, and the
prefix length of a Cell Site Gateway (CSG) as 56. This could be
described in the value of the PrefixManager.Params objective as:
[
[["role", "RSG"],["prefix_length", 34]],
[["role", "ASG"],["prefix_length", 44]],
[["role", "CSG"],["prefix_length", 56]]
]
This example is expressed in JSON notation [RFC7159], [RFC8259], which is easy to
represent in CBOR.
An alternative would be to express the parameters in YANG [RFC7950]
using the YANG-to-CBOR mapping [I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor]. [CORE-YANG-CBOR].
For clarity, the background of the example is introduced below, which below and
can also be regarded as a use case of for the mechanism proposed defined in this
document.
An IPRAN network is used for mobile backhaul, including radio stations, RNC RNCs
(Radio Network Controllers) (in 3G) or the packet core (in LTE), and
the IP network between them them, as shown in Figure 1. The eNB (Evolved
Node B), RNC
(Radio Network Controller), B) entities, the RNC, the SGW (Service (Serving Gateway), and the MME
(Mobility Management Entity) are mobile network entities defined in
3GPP. The
CSG, ASG, CSGs, ASGs, and RSG RSGs are entities defined in the IPRAN
solution.
The IPRAN topology shown in Figure 1 includes Ring1 Ring1, which is the
circle following ASG1->RSG1->RSG2->ASG2->ASG1, Ring2 ASG1->RSG1->RSG2->ASG2->ASG1; Ring2, following
CSG1->ASG1->ASG2->CSG2->CSG1,
CSG1->ASG1->ASG2->CSG2->CSG1; and Ring3 Ring3, following
CSG3->ASG1->ASG2->CSG3. In a real deployment of an IPRAN, there may
be more stations, rings, and routers in the topology, and normally
the network is highly dependent on human design and configuration,
which is neither flexible nor cost-effective.
+------+ +------+
| eNB1 |---| CSG1 |\
+------+ +------+ \ +-------+ +------+ +-------+
| \ | ASG1 |-------| RSG1 |-----------|SGW/MME|
| Ring2 +-------+ +------+ \ /+-------+
+------+ +------+ / | | \ /
| eNB2 |---| CSG2 | \ / | Ring1 | \/
+------+ +------+ \ Ring3| | /\
/ \ | | / \
+------+ +------+ / \ +-------+ +------+/ \+-------+
| eNB3 |---| CSG3 |--------| ASG2 |------| RSG2 |---------| RNC |
+------+ +------+ +-------+ +------+ +-------+
Figure 1: IPRAN Topology Example
If ANI/GRASP is supported in the IPRAN network, IPRAN, the network nodes should be
able to negotiate with each other, other and make some autonomic decisions
according to their own status and the information collected from the
network. The Prefix Management Parameters prefix management parameters should be part of the
information they communicate.
The routers should know the role of their neighbors, the default
prefix length for each type of role, etc. An ASG should be able to
request prefixes from an RSG, and an a CSG should be able to request
prefixes from an ASG. In each request, the ASG/CSG should indicate
the required prefix length, or its role, which implies what length it
needs by default.
7. Security Considerations
Relevant security issues are discussed in [I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]. [RFC8990]. The preferred
security model is that devices are trusted following the secure
bootstrap procedure
[I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra] [RFC8995] and that a secure Autonomic Control
Plane (ACP) [I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane] [RFC8994] is in place.
It is RECOMMENDED that DHCPv6-PD, if used, should be operated implemented
using DHCPv6 authentication or Secure DHCPv6.
8. IANA Considerations
This document defines two new GRASP Objective Option names,
"PrefixManager" and "PrefixManager.Params". The IANA is requested to
add these to the GRASP Objective Names Table registry defined by
[I-D.ietf-anima-grasp] (if approved).
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane]
Behringer, M., Eckert, T., and S. Bjarnason, "An Autonomic
Control Plane (ACP)", draft-ietf-anima-autonomic-control-
plane-12 (work in progress), October 2017.
[I-D.ietf-anima-bootstrapping-keyinfra]
Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Behringer, M., Bjarnason,
S., and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key
Infrastructures (BRSKI)", draft-ietf-anima-bootstrapping-
keyinfra-09 (work in progress), October 2017.
[I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]
Bormann, C., Carpenter, B., and B. Liu, "A Generic
Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)", draft-ietf-anima-
grasp-15 (work in progress), July 2017.
[I-D.ietf-cbor-cddl]
Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., defines two new GRASP Objective option names:
"PrefixManager" and C. Bormann, "Concise data
definition language (CDDL): a notational convention "PrefixManager.Params". The IANA has added these
to
express CBOR data structures", draft-ietf-cbor-cddl-00
(work in progress), July 2017. the "GRASP Objective Names" registry defined by [RFC8990].
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3633] Troan, O. and R. Droms, "IPv6 Prefix Options for Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 6", RFC 3633,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3633, December 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3633>.
[RFC7159] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", RFC 7159, DOI 10.17487/RFC7159, March
2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7159>.
[RFC7950] Bjorklund, M., Ed., "The YANG 1.1 Data Modeling Language",
RFC 7950, DOI 10.17487/RFC7950, August 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7950>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
11.2. Informative References
[I-D.ietf-anima-reference-model]
Behringer,
[RFC8259] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.
[RFC8610] Birkholz, H., Vigano, C., and C. Bormann, "Concise Data
Definition Language (CDDL): A Notational Convention to
Express Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) and
JSON Data Structures", RFC 8610, DOI 10.17487/RFC8610,
June 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8610>.
[RFC8990] Bormann, C., Carpenter, B., Ed., and B. Liu, Ed., "GeneRic
Autonomic Signaling Protocol (GRASP)", RFC 8990,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8990, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8990>.
[RFC8994] Eckert, T., Ciavaglia, L.,
Pierre, P., Liu, B., Nobre, J., Ed., Behringer, M., Ed., and J. Strassner, "A
Reference Model for S. Bjarnason, "An
Autonomic Networking", draft-ietf-
anima-reference-model-05 (work in progress), October 2017.
[I-D.ietf-core-yang-cbor] Control Plane (ACP)", RFC 8994,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8994, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8994>.
[RFC8995] Pritikin, M., Richardson, M., Eckert, T., Behringer, M.,
and K. Watsen, "Bootstrapping Remote Secure Key
Infrastructure (BRSKI)", RFC 8995, DOI 10.17487/RFC8995,
May 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8995>.
9.2. Informative References
[CORE-YANG-CBOR]
Veillette, M., Pelov, A., Somaraju, A., Turner, R., Ed., Petrov, I., Ed., and A.
Minaburo, Pelov, "CBOR
Encoding of Data Modeled with YANG",
draft-ietf-core-yang-cbor-05 (work Work in progress), August
2017.
[I-D.liu-dhc-dhcp-yang-model] Progress,
Internet-Draft, draft-ietf-core-yang-cbor-15, 24 January
2021, <https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-core-yang-
cbor-15>.
[DHCP-YANG-MODEL]
Liu, B., Ed., Lou, K., and C. Chen, "Yang Data Model for
DHCP Protocol", draft-liu-dhc-dhcp-yang-model-06 (work Work in
progress), March 2017. Progress, Internet-Draft, draft-
liu-dhc-dhcp-yang-model-07, 12 October 2018,
<https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-liu-dhc-dhcp-yang-
model-07>.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G., G.
J., and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private
Internets", BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918,
February 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.
[RFC2865] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson,
"Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)",
RFC 2865, DOI 10.17487/RFC2865, June 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2865>.
[RFC3046] Patrick, M., "DHCP Relay Agent Information Option",
RFC 3046, DOI 10.17487/RFC3046, January 2001,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3046>.
[RFC6221] Miles, D., Ed., Ooghe, S., Dec, W., Krishnan, S., and A.
Kavanagh, "Lightweight DHCPv6 Relay Agent", RFC 6221,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6221, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6221>.
[RFC6346] Bush, R., Ed., "The Address plus Port (A+P) Approach to
the IPv4 Address Shortage", RFC 6346,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6346, August 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6346>.
[RFC7049] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", RFC 7049, DOI 10.17487/RFC7049,
October 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7049>.
[RFC7575] Behringer, M., Pritikin, M., Bjarnason, S., Clemm, A.,
Carpenter, B., Jiang, S., and L. Ciavaglia, "Autonomic
Networking: Definitions and Design Goals", RFC 7575,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7575, June 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7575>.
[RFC7576] Jiang, S., Carpenter, B., and M. Behringer, "General Gap
Analysis for Autonomic Networking", RFC 7576,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7576, June 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7576>.
[RFC8650] Voit, E., Rahman, R., Nilsen-Nygaard, E., Clemm, A., and
A. Bierman, "Dynamic Subscription to YANG Events and
Datastores over RESTCONF", RFC 8650, DOI 10.17487/RFC8650,
November 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8650>.
[RFC8949] Bormann, C. and P. Hoffman, "Concise Binary Object
Representation (CBOR)", STD 94, RFC 8949,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8949, December 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8949>.
[RFC8993] Behringer, M., Ed., Carpenter, B., Eckert, T., Ciavaglia,
L., and J. Nobre, "A Reference Model for Autonomic
Networking", RFC 8993, DOI 10.17487/RFC8993, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8993>.
Appendix A. Deployment Overview
This Appendix appendix includes logical deployment models, models and explanations of
the target deployment models. The Its purpose is to help in
understanding the mechanism of the described in this document.
This Appendix appendix includes two sub-sections: subsections: Appendix A.1 for the two most
common DHCP deployment models, models and Appendix A.2 for the proposed PD deployment model.
model described in this document. It should be noted that these are
just examples, and there are many more deployment models.
A.1. Address & and Prefix management Management with DHCP
Edge DHCP server deployment requires every edge router connecting to
CPE
a Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) device to be a DHCP server
assigning IPv4/IPv6 addresses to CPE - and
optionally CPEs -- and, optionally, IPv6
prefixes via DHCPv6-PD for IPv6 capable CPE IPv6-capable CPEs that are
router routers and
have LANs behind them.
edge
dynamic, "netconf/YANG" "NETCONF/YANG" interfaces
<---------------> +-------------+
+------+ <- telemetry | edge router/|-+ ----- +-----+
|config| .... Domain domain ... | DHCP server | | ... | CPE |+ LANs
|server| +-------------+ | ----- +-----+| (---| )
+------+ +--------------+ DHCP/ +-----+
DHCPv6 / PD
DHCPv6-PD
Figure 2: DHCP Deployment Model without a Central DHCP Server
This requires various coordination functions via some backend system
depicted
(depicted as the "config server": The server" in Figure 2): the address prefixes
on the edge interfaces should be slightly larger than required for
the number of CPEs connected so that the overall address space is
best used.
The config server needs to provision edge interface address prefixes
and DHCP parameters for every edge router. If too fine grained prefixes that are too
fine-grained are used, this will result in large routing tables
across the "Domain". domain shown in the figure. If too coarse grained prefixes that are too
coarse-grained are used, address space is wasted. (This is less of a
concern for IPv6, but if the model includes IPv4, it is a very
serious concern.)
There is no standard describing that describes algorithms for how configuration
servers would best perform this ongoing dynamic provisioning to
optimize routing table size and address space utilization.
There are currently no complete YANG data models that a config server
could use to perform these actions (including telemetry of assigned
addresses from such distributed DHCP servers). For example, a YANG
data model for controlling DHCP server operations is still in draft [I-D.liu-dhc-dhcp-yang-model]. being
developed [DHCP-YANG-MODEL].
Due to these and other problems of related to the above model, the more
common DHCP deployment model is as follows:
+------+ edge
|config| initial, "CLI" interfaces
|server| ----------------> +-------------+
+------+ | edge router/|-+ ----- +-----+
| .... Domain domain ... | DHCP relay | | ... | CPE |+ LANs
+------+ +-------------+ | ----- +-----+| (---| )
|DHCP | +--------------+ DHCP/ +-----+
|server| DHCPv6 / PD DHCPv6-PD
+------+
Figure 3: DHCP Deployment Model with a Central DHCP Server
Dynamic provisioning changes to edge routers are avoided by using a
central DHCP server and reducing the edge router from DHCP server to
DHCP relay. The "configuration" on the edge routers is static, the static. The
DHCP relay function inserts an "edge interface" and/or subscriber subscriber-
identifying options into DHCP requests from CPE CPEs (e.g., [RFC3046], [RFC3046]
[RFC6221]), and the DHCP server has complete policies for address
assignments and prefixes useable usable on every edge-router/interface/
subscriber-group. edge router / interface /
subscriber group. When the DHCP relay sees the DHCP reply, it
inserts static routes for the assigned address/address-prefix address / address prefix into
the routing table of the edge router which router; these routes are then to be
distributed by the IGP (or BGP) inside the domain to make the CPE and
LANs reachable across the Domain. domain shown in the figure.
There is no comprehensive standardization of these solutions.
[RFC3633] section 14, for For
example, [RFC8415], Section 19.1.3 simply refers to "a [non-defined]
protocol or other out-of-band communication to add configure routing
information for delegated prefixes into on any router through which the provider edge router".
client may forward traffic."
A.2. Prefix management Management with ANI/GRASP
With
Using the proposed use of ANI and Prefix-management prefix management ASAs (PM-ASAs) using GRASP, the
deployment model is intended to look as follows:
|<............ ANI Domain domain / ACP............>| (...) ........->
Roles
|
v "Edge routers"
GRASP parameter +----------+
Network wide
Network-wide | PM-ASA | downstream
parameters/policies | (DHCP- (DHCP | interfaces
| |functions)| ------
v "central device" +----------+
+------+ ^ +--------+
|PM-ASA| <............GRASP .... .... | CPE |-+ (LANs)
+------+ . v |(PM-ASA)| | ---|
. +........+ +----------+ +--------+ |
+...........+ . PM-ASA . | PM-ASA | ------ +---------+
.DHCP server. +........+ | (DHCP- (DHCP | SLAAC/
+...........+ "intermediate |functions)| DHCP/DHCP-PD
router" +----------+
Figure 4: Proposed Deployment Model using Using ANI/GRASP
The network runs an ANI domain with an ACP
[I-D.ietf-anima-autonomic-control-plane] [RFC8994] between some
central device (e.g., a router or ANI enabled an ANI-enabled management device)
and the edge routers. ANI/ACP provides a secure, zero-touch
communication channel between the devices and enables the use of GRASP[I-D.ietf-anima-grasp]
GRASP [RFC8990] not only for p2p communication, peer-to-peer communication but also for
distribution/flooding.
The central devices and edge routers run software in the form of
"Autonomic Service Agents" (ASA) ASAs
to support this document's autonomic IPv6 edge prefix management (PM). The ASAs for prefix management are
called management.
PM-ASAs below, and as discussed below together comprise the Autonomic Prefix
Management Function.
Edge routers can have different roles based on the type and number of
CPE
CPEs attaching to them. Each edge router could be an RSG, ASG, or
CSG in mobile aggregation networks (see Section 6.1). Mechanisms
outside the scope of this document make routers aware of their roles.
Some considerations about related to the proposed deployment model are listed as follows.
1. In a minimum Prefix Management prefix management solution, the central device uses
the "PrefixManager.Params" PrefixManager.Params GRASP Objective objective introduced in this
document to disseminate network wide, network-wide, per-role parameters to edge
routers. The PM-ASA uses the parameters applying that apply to its own
role to locally configure pre-existing preexisting addressing functions.
Because the PM-ASA does not manage the dynamic assignment of
actual IPv6 address prefixes in this case, the following options
can be considered:
1.a The edge router connects via downstream interfaces to each
(host) CPE that each requires an address. The PM-ASA sets up for
each such interface a DHCP requesting router (according to [RFC3633])
[RFC8415]) to request an IPv6 prefix for the interface. The
router's address on the downstream interface can be another
parameter from the GRASP
Objective. objective. The CPEs assign
addresses in the prefix via RAs from the
router Router Advertisements (RAs), or
the PM-ASA manages a local DHCPv6 server to assign addresses
to the CPEs. A central DHCP server acting as the DHCP
delegating router (according to [RFC3633]) [RFC8415]) is required. Its
address can be another parameter from the GRASP Objective. objective.
1.b The edge router also connects via downstream interfaces to
(customer managed) CPEs that are routers and act as DHCPv6
requesting routers. The need to support this could be
derived from role and/or or GRASP parameters parameters, and the PM-ASA sets
up a DHCP relay function to pass on requests to the central
DHCP server as in point 1.a.
2. In a solution without a central DHCP server, the PM-ASA on the
edge routers not only learn learns parameters from "PrefixManager.Params" PrefixManager.Params
but also utilize utilizes GRASP to request/negotiate actual IPv6 prefix
delegation via the GRASP "PrefixManager" objective PrefixManager objective, as described in
more detail below. In the most simple simplest case, these prefixes are
delegated via this GRASP objective from the PM-ASA in the central
device. This device must be provisioned initially with a large
pool of prefixes. The delegated prefixes are then used by the
PM-ASA on the edge routers to edge routers to configure prefixes on their
downstream interfaces to assign addresses via RA/SLAAC to host
CPEs. The PM-ASA may also start local DHCP servers (as in point
1.a) to assign addresses via DHCP to CPE the CPEs from the prefixes
it received. This includes both host CPEs requesting IPv6
addresses as well as and router CPEs that request IPv6 prefixes. The PM-ASA
needs to manage the address pool(s) it has requested via GRASP
and allocate sub-address pools to interfaces and the local DHCP
servers it starts. It needs to monitor the address utilization
and accordingly request more address prefixes if its existing
prefixes are exhausted, or return address prefixes when they are
unneeded.
This solution is quite similar to the initial described previous IPv6 DHCP
deployment model without a central DHCP server, and ANI/ACP/GRASP
and the PM-ASA do provide the automation to make this approach
work more easily than it is possible today.
3. The address pool(s) pools from which prefixes are allocated does do not all
need to be taken all from one central location. Edge router An edge-router
PM-ASA that received a big (short) prefix from a central PM-ASA
could offer smaller sub-prefixes to a neighboring edge-router
PM-ASA. GRASP could be used in such a way that the PM-ASA would
find and select the objective from the closest neighboring
PM-ASA, therefore allowing aggregation to
maximize aggregation: A be maximized: a PM-ASA
would only request further (smaller/
shorter) smaller prefixes when it exhausts its
own poll pool (from the central location) and can not cannot get further large
prefixes from that central location anymore. Because the
overflow prefixes taken from a
topological topologically nearby PM-ASA, the
number of longer prefixes that have to be injected into the
routing tables is limited and the topological proximity increases
the chances that aggregation of prefixes in the IGP can most
likely limit the geography in which the longer prefixes need to
be routed.
4. Instead of peer-to-peer optimization of prefix delegation, a
hierarchy of PM-ASA PM-ASAs can be built (indicated in the picture Figure 4 via a
dotted intermediate router). This would require additional
parameters to in the "PrefixManager" PrefixManager objective to allow creating the creation
of a hierarchy of PM-ASA PM-ASAs across which the prefixes can be
delegated. This
is not detailed further below.
5. In cases where CPEs are also part of the ANI Domain domain (e.g.,
"Managed CPE"),
"managed CPEs"), then GRASP will extend into the actual customer
sites and can equally also run a PM-ASA. All the options described in
points 1 to 4 above would then apply to the CPE as the edge router
router, with the
mayor major changes being that a) (a) a CPE router will
most likley likely not need to run DHCPv6-PD itself, but only DHCP
address assignment, b) The assignment and (b) the edge routers to which the CPE connect
connects would most likely become ideal places on which to run a
hierarchical instance of PD-ASAs on PD-ASAs, as outlined in point 1.
9.
Acknowledgements
Valuable comments were received from William Atwood, Fred Baker,
Michael Behringer, Ben Campbell, Laurent Ciavaglia, Toerless Eckert,
Joel Halpern, Russ Housley, Geoff Huston, Warren Kumari, Dan
Romascanu, and Chongfeng Xie.
Authors' Addresses
Sheng Jiang (editor)
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Q14, Huawei Campus, No.156 Campus
No. 156 Beiqing Road
Hai-Dian District, Beijing, Beijing
100095
P.R.
China
Email: jiangsheng@huawei.com
Zongpeng Du
Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd
Q14, Huawei Campus, No.156 Beiqing Road
Hai-Dian
China Mobile
32 Xuanwumen West St
Xicheng District, Beijing, 100095
P.R. Beijing
100053
China
Email: duzongpeng@huawei.com duzongpeng@chinamobile.com
Brian Carpenter
Department of Computer Science
University of Auckland
School of Computer Science
PB 92019
Auckland 1142
New Zealand
Email: brian.e.carpenter@gmail.com
Qiong Sun
China Telecom
No.118,
118 Xizhimennei Street St
Beijing
100035
P. R.
China
Email: sunqiong@ctbri.com.cn sunqiong@chinatelecom.cn