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	<rfc xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude" ipr="trust200902" docName="draft		-iab-covid19-workshop-03" number="9075" obsoletes="" updates="" submissionType="
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	<front>		<front>
	<title abbrev="IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts Workshop 2020">Report from the I		<title abbrev="IAB COVID-19 Workshop 2020">Report from the IAB COVID-19 Netw
	AB COVID-19 Network Impacts Workshop 2020</title>		ork Impacts Workshop 2020</title>
	<seriesInfo name="Internet-Draft" value="draft-iab-covid19-workshop-03"/>		<seriesInfo name="RFC" value="9075"/>
	<author initials="J." surname="Arkko" fullname="Jari Arkko">		<author initials="J." surname="Arkko" fullname="Jari Arkko">
	<organization>Ericsson</organization>		<organization showOnFrontPage="false">Ericsson</organization>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>jari.arkko@ericsson.com</email>		<email>jari.arkko@ericsson.com</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="S." surname="Farrell" fullname="Stephen Farrell">		<author initials="S." surname="Farrell" fullname="Stephen Farrell">
	<organization>Trinity College Dublin</organization>		<organization showOnFrontPage="false">Trinity College Dublin</organization >
	<address>		<address>
	<email>stephen.farrell@cs.tcd.ie</email>		<email>stephen.farrell@cs.tcd.ie</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="M." surname="Kühlewind" fullname="Mirja Kühlewind">		<author initials="M." surname="Kühlewind" fullname="Mirja Kühlewind">
	<organization>Ericsson</organization>		<organization showOnFrontPage="false">Ericsson</organization>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>mirja.kuehlewind@ericsson.com</email>		<email>mirja.kuehlewind@ericsson.com</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="C." surname="Perkins" fullname="Colin Perkins">		<author initials="C." surname="Perkins" fullname="Colin Perkins">
	<organization>University of Glasgow</organization>		<organization showOnFrontPage="false">University of Glasgow</organization>
	<address>		<address>
	<email>csp@csperkins.org</email>		<email>csp@csperkins.org</email>
	</address>		</address>
	</author>		</author>
	<date year="2021" month="May" day="05"/>		<date year="2021" month="July"/>
	<keyword>Internet-Draft</keyword>
	<abstract>		<abstract>
	<t>The COVID-19 pandemic caused changes in Internet user behavior,		<t>The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused changes in Internet
	particularly during the introduction of the initial quarantine and		user behavior,
			particularly during the introduction of initial quarantine and
	work-from-home arrangements. These behavior changes drove changes		work-from-home arrangements. These behavior changes drove changes
	in Internet traffic.</t>		in Internet traffic.</t>
	<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss networ k		<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss networ k
	impacts of the pandemic on November 9-13, 2020. The workshop was held		impacts of the pandemic on November 9-13, 2020. The workshop was held
	to convene interested researchers, network operators, network		to convene interested researchers, network operators, network
	management experts, and Internet technologists to share their		management experts, and Internet technologists to share their
	experiences. The meeting was held online given the on-going travel and		experiences. The meeting was held online given the ongoing travel and
	contact restrictions at that time.</t>		contact restrictions at that time.</t>
			<t>Note that this document is a report on the proceedings of the
			workshop. The views and positions documented in this report are
			those of the workshop participants and do not necessarily reflect IAB
			views and positions.</t>
	</abstract>		</abstract>
	<note removeInRFC="true">		<note removeInRFC="true">
	<name>Discussion Venues</name>		<name>Discussion Venues</name>
	<t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at		<t>Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at
	<eref target="https://github.com/intarchboard/covid19-workshop"/>.</t>		<eref target="https://github.com/intarchboard/covid19-workshop"/>.</t>
	</note>		</note>
	</front>		</front>
	<middle>		<middle>
	<section anchor="introduction" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="introduction" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Introduction</name>		<name>Introduction</name>
	<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss		<t>The Internet Architecture Board (IAB) held a workshop to discuss
	network impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, on November 9-13, 2020. The		network impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on November 9-13, 2020. The
	workshop was held to convene interested researchers, network		workshop was held to convene interested researchers, network
	operators, network management experts, and Internet technologists		operators, network management experts, and Internet technologists
	to share their experiences. The meeting was held online given the		to share their experiences. The meeting was held online given the
	on-going travel and contact restrictions at that time.</t>		ongoing travel and contact restrictions at that time.</t>
	<t>COVID-19 has caused changes in user behavior, which in turn drove		<t>COVID-19 has caused changes in user behavior, which in turn drove
	change to Internet traffic. These changes in user behavior appeared rather abrup		changes in Internet traffic. These changes in user behavior appeared rather abru
	tly		ptly
	and were significant, in particular during the introduction of the		and were significant, in particular during the introduction of initial quarantin
	initial quarantine and work-from-home arrangements. This caused changes to		e and work-from-home arrangements. This caused changes in Internet traffic in te
	Internet traffic in terms of volumes, location, as well as shifts in the type of		rms of volume and location, as well as shifts in the types of
	applications used. This shift in traffic as well as user behavior		applications used. This shift in traffic and user behavior also
	created also a shift in security partices as well as attack patterns		created a shift in security practices as well as attack patterns
	that made use of the attack surface resulting from the shift to		that made use of the attack surface, resulting from the shift to
	home-working in a global crisis.</t>		working from home in a global crisis.</t>
	<t>Announcement for the workshop was sent out in July 2020, requesting		<t>An announcement for the workshop was sent out in July 2020 requesting
	interested parties to submit position papers for the workshop program		that interested parties submit position papers to the workshop program
	committee. A total of 15 position papers were received from		committee. A total of 15 position papers were received from 33 authors in total.
	altogether 33 authors. The papers are listed in <xref target="positionpapers" fo		The papers are listed in <xref target="positionpapers" format="default"/>.
	rmat="default"/>.
	In addition, several other types of contributions and pointers to		In addition, several other types of contributions and pointers to
	existing work were provided. A number of position papers referred to		existing work were provided. A number of position papers referred to
	parallel work being published in measurement-related academic		parallel work being published in measurement-related academic
	conferences.</t>		conferences.</t>
	<t>Invitations for the workshop were sent out based on the position		<t>Invitations for the workshop were sent out based on the position
	papers and other expressions of interest. On the workshop conference calls were 45		papers and other expressions of interest. On the workshop conference calls were 46
	participants, listed in <xref target="participants" format="default"/>.</t>		participants, listed in <xref target="participants" format="default"/>.</t>
	<t>The workshop was held over one week hosting three sessions covering		<t>The workshop was held over the course of one week and hosted three sess ions covering
	i) measurements and observations, ii) operational and security issues, and iii) future consideration		i) measurements and observations, ii) operational and security issues, and iii) future consideration
	and conclusions. As these three sessions were scheduled Monday, Wednesday, and F		and conclusions. As these three sessions were scheduled on Monday, Wednesday, an
	riday		d Friday,
	a positive side effect was that the time in between could be used for mailing		a positive side effect was that the time in between the sessions could be used f
			or mailing
	list discussion and compilation of additional workshop material.</t>		list discussion and compilation of additional workshop material.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="scope" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="scope" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Scope</name>		<name>Scope</name>
	<t>The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on people's lives		<t>The COVID-19 pandemic has had a tremendous impact on people's lives
	and the societies and economies around the globe. But it also had a big		as well as societies and economies around the globe. But it also had a big
	impact on networking. With large numbers of people working from home		impact on networking. With large numbers of people working from home
	or otherwise depending on the network for their daily lives, network		or otherwise depending on the network for their daily lives, network
	traffic volume has surged. Internet service providers and operators have		traffic volume has surged. Internet service providers and operators have
	reported a 20% traffic growth or more in a matter of weeks. Traffic at		reported 20% or more traffic growth in a matter of weeks. Traffic at
	Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) is similarly on the rise. Most forms		Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) is similarly on the rise. Most forms
	of network traffic have seen an increase, with conversational		of network traffic have seen an increase, with conversational
	multimedia traffic growing in some cases more than 200%. And user time		multimedia traffic growing, in some cases, by more than 200%. And user time
	spent on conferencing services has risen by an order of magnitude on		spent on conferencing services has risen by an order of magnitude on
	some conferencing platforms.</t>		some conferencing platforms.</t>
	<t>In general, the Internet has coped relatively well with this traffic		<t>In general, the Internet has coped relatively well with this traffic
	growth. The situation is not perfect: there has also been some outages,		growth. The situation is not perfect: there have also been some outages,
	video quality reduction, and other issues. Nevertheless,		video quality reduction, and other issues. Nevertheless,
	it is interesting to see how the technology, operators and service		it is interesting to see how the technology, operators, and service
	providers have been able to respond to large changes in traffic		providers have been able to respond to large changes in traffic
	patterns.</t>		patterns.</t>
	<t>Understanding what actually happened with Internet traffic is of		<t>Understanding what actually happened with Internet traffic is, of
	course interesting by its own right. How that impacted user		course, interesting in its own right. How that impacted the user
	experience or the intended function of the services is equally		experience or the intended function of the services is equally
	interesting. Measurements of and reports on Internet traffic in 2020		interesting. Measurements of and reports on Internet traffic in 2020
	are therefore valuable. But it would also be interesting to understand		are therefore valuable. But it would also be interesting to understand
	what types of network management and capacity expansion actions were		what types of network management and capacity expansion actions were
	taken in general. Anecdotal evidence points to Internet and service		taken in general. Anecdotal evidence points to Internet and service
	providers tracking how their services are used, and in many cases		providers tracking how their services are used and, in many cases,
	adjusting services to accommodate the new traffic patterns, from		adjusting services to accommodate the new traffic patterns, from
	dynamic allocation of compute resources to more complex changes.</t>		dynamic allocation of computing resources to more complex changes.</t>
	<t>The impacts of this crisis are also a potential opportunity to		<t>The impacts of this crisis are also a potential opportunity to
	understand the impact of traffic shifts and growth more generally, or		understand the impact of traffic shifts and growth more generally
	to prepare for future situations -- crises or otherwise - that impact		to prepare for future situations -- crises or otherwise -- that impact
	networking. Or even allow us to adjust the technology to be even		networking, or to allow us to adjust the technology to be even
	better suited to respond to changes.</t>		better suited to respond to changes.</t>
	<t>The scope of this workshop, based on the call for contributions, includ ed:</t>		<t>The scope of this workshop, based on the call for contributions, includ ed:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>measurements about traffic changes, user experience and problems, se		<li>measurements of traffic changes, user experience and problems, servi
	rvice performance, and other relevant aspects</li>		ce performance, and other relevant aspects</li>
	<li>discussion about the behind the scenes network management and expans		<li>discussion about the behind-the-scenes network management and expans
	ion activities</li>		ion activities</li>
	<li>experiences in the fields of general Internet connectivity, conferen		<li>sharing experiences in the fields of general Internet connectivity,
	cing, media/entertainment, and Internet infrastructure</li>		conferencing, media/entertainment, and Internet infrastructure</li>
	<li>lessons learned for preparedness and operations</li>		<li>lessons learned on preparedness and operations</li>
	<li>lessons learned for Internet technology and architecture</li>		<li>lessons learned on Internet technology and architecture</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion-topics" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="discussion-topics" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Workshop Topics and Discussion</name>		<name>Workshop Topics and Discussion</name>
	<section anchor="measurement" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="measurement" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Measurement-based Observations on Network Traffic Dynamics</name>		<name>Measurement-Based Observations on Network Traffic Dynamics</name>
	<t>The workshop started with a focus on measurements. A large portion of the submitted		<t>The workshop started with a focus on measurements. A large portion of the submitted
	papers presented and discussed measurement data and these submissions provided a		papers presented and discussed measurement data, and these submissions provided
	good		a good
	basis get a better understanding of the situation, covering different angles and		basis for a better understanding of the situation, covering different angles and
	aspects of network traffic and kind of networks.</t>		aspects of network traffic and different kinds of networks.</t>
	<t>Changes in Internet traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected dif ferent networks		<t>Changes in Internet traffic due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected dif ferent networks
	in various ways. Yet all networks observed some form of change, be it a reductio		in various ways. Yet all networks saw some form of change, be it a reduction
	n		in traffic, an increase in traffic, a change in workday and weekend diurnal patt
	in traffic, an increase in traffic, a change in working days and weekend days pa		erns, or a change in traffic classes. Traffic volume, directionality ratios, and
	tterns,		traffic origins
	or a change in traffic classes. Traffic volume, directionality ratios, and its s		and destinations were radically different than from before COVID-19.</t>
	ource		<t>At a high level, while traffic from home networks increased
	and destination are radically different than from before COVID-19.</t>		significantly, for the traffic in mobile networks different
	<t>At a high level, while traffic from home networks increased significa		trends were observed. Either the traffic increased as well --
	ntly, the traffic in mobile networks		for instance, in locations where use
	decreased as a result of reduced population mobility.		of residential ISP services is less common -- traffic decreased as a result
	The observed behavior in mobile networks is antagonistic, yet complementary, to		of reduced population mobility. This observed traffic decrease in mobile
	the one observed in residential ISPs.		networks reflected rather the opposite trend than what was observed in
	In residential networks there was a strong increase in video conferencing and re		residential ISPs.</t>
	mote		<t>While diurnal congestion at interconnect points as well in certain la
	learning application traffic due to the shift for working and learning at home.		st-mile networks was reported, mainly in March,
	With that shift, the typical diurnal usage patterns in network traffic also chan		no persistent congestion was observed. Further, a downward trend in download thr
	ged, with peak times occuring earlier in the day		oughput to certain cloud regions
	and lasting longer over the day - reflecting the start of the work or school day		was measured, which can probably be explained by the increased use of cloud serv
	from home.		ices. This gives another
	This behavior is antagonistic, yet complementary, to the one observed in residen		indication that the scaling of shared resources in the Internet is working reaso
	tial ISPs.</t>		nably well enough
	<t>While diurnal congestion at interconnect point as well in certain las		to handle even larger changes in traffic as experienced during the first nearly
	t mile network was reported, mainly in March,		global lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic.</t>
	no persitent congestion was observed. Further, a downward trends in download thr
	oughput to certain cloud regions
	was measured, which can probably explained with the increase use of cloud servic
	es. This gives another
	indication that the scalng of shared resources in the Internet is working reason
	ably well enough
	to handle even larger changes in traffic as experience during the first nearly g
	lobal lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic.</t>
	<section anchor="overall-traffic-growth" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="overall-traffic-growth" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Overall Traffic Growth</name>		<name>Overall Traffic Growth</name>
	<t>The global pandemic has significantly accelerated the growth of dat a traffic worldwide.		<t>The global pandemic has significantly accelerated the growth of dat a traffic worldwide.
	Based on the measurement data of one ISP, three IXPs, a metropolitan educational network,		Based on the measurement data of one ISP, three IXPs, a metropolitan educational network,
	and a mobile operator, it was observed at the beginning of the workshop <xref ta		and a mobile operator, it was observed at the beginning of the workshop <xref ta
	rget="Feldmann2020" format="default"/> that overall the		rget="Feldmann2020" format="default"/> that, overall, the
	network was able to handle the situation well, despite a significant and sudden		network was able to handle the situation well despite a significant and sudden i
	increase in traffic		ncrease in the traffic
	growth rate in March and April. That is, after the lockdown was implemented in M arch, a traffic increase		growth rate in March and April. That is, after the lockdown was implemented in M arch, a traffic increase
	of 15-20% at the ISP as well as the three IXPs was observed. That represents the		of 15-20% was observed at the ISP as well as at the three IXPs. This traffic gr
	traffic growth		owth, which would
	expected in a typical year which now took place in the matter of a few weeks onl		typically occur over a year, took place over a few weeks -- a substantial
	y---a substantial
	increase. At DE-CIX Frankfurt, the world's largest Internet Exchange Point in te rms of data throughput,		increase. At DE-CIX Frankfurt, the world's largest Internet Exchange Point in te rms of data throughput,
	the year 2020 has seen the largest increase in peak traffic within a single year since the IXP was		the year 2020 saw the largest increase in peak traffic within a single year sinc e the IXP was
	founded in 1995. Additionally, mobile traffic has slightly receded. In access ne tworks, the growth rate		founded in 1995. Additionally, mobile traffic has slightly receded. In access ne tworks, the growth rate
	of upstream traffic also exceeded the growth in downstream traffic, reflecting i ncreased adoption		of upstream traffic also exceeded the growth in downstream traffic, reflecting i ncreased adoption
	and use of video conferencing and other remote work and school applications.</t>		and use of videoconferencing and other remote work and school applications.</t>
	<t>Most traffic increases happened during non-traditional peak hours:		<t>Most traffic increases happened outside of pre-pandemic peak hours.
	Before the first COVID-19 lockdowns, the main time		Before the first COVID-19 lockdowns, the main time
	of use was in the evening hours during the week, whereas since March it has been		of use was in the evening hours during the week, whereas, since March, it has be
	spread more equally		en spread more equally
	across the day. That is, the increase in usage has mainly occurred outside the p revious peak usage		across the day. That is, the increase in usage has mainly occurred outside the p revious peak usage
	times (e.g. during the day while working from home). This means that, for the fi rst time, network		times (e.g., during the day while working from home). This means that, for the f irst time, network
	utilization on weekdays resembled that on weekends. The effects of the increased traffic volume could		utilization on weekdays resembled that on weekends. The effects of the increased traffic volume could
	easily be absorbed: either by using existing reserve capacity, or by quickly swi tching additional bandwidth.		easily be absorbed, either by using existing reserve capacity or by quickly swit ching additional bandwidth.
	This is one reason why the Internet was able to cope well with the pandemic duri ng the first lockdown period.</t>		This is one reason why the Internet was able to cope well with the pandemic duri ng the first lockdown period.</t>
	<t>Some of the lockdowns were lifted or relaxed around May 2020. As pe		<t>Some of the lockdowns were lifted or relaxed around May 2020. As pe
	ople were allowed to perform some		ople were allowed to resume some
	of their daily habits outside of their home again, as expected, there was a decr		of their daily activities outside of their home again, as expected, there was a
	ease of the traffic		decrease in the traffic
	observed at the IXPs and the ISP; instead mobile traffic began to grow again.</t		observed at the IXPs and the ISP; instead, mobile traffic began to grow again.</
	>		t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="changes-in-application-use" numbered="true" toc="defaul t">		<section anchor="changes-in-application-use" numbered="true" toc="defaul t">
	<name>Changes in Application Use</name>		<name>Changes in Application Use</name>
	<t>The composition of data traffic has changed since the beginning of the pandemic: the use of		<t>The composition of data traffic has changed since the beginning of the pandemic: the use of
	videoconferencing services and virtual private networks (VPNs) for access to com pany resources		videoconferencing services and virtual private networks (VPNs) for access to com pany resources
	from the home environment has risen sharply. In ISP and IXP network it was obser		from the home environment has risen sharply. In ISP and IXP networks, it was obs
	ved <xref target="Feldmann2020" format="default"/>		erved <xref target="Feldmann2020" format="default"/>
	that traffic associated with web conferencing, video, and gaming increased large		that traffic associated with web conferencing, video, and gaming increased signi
	ly in March 2020		ficantly in March 2020
	as a result of the increasing user demand for solutions like Zoom or Microsoft T eams.		as a result of the increasing user demand for solutions like Zoom or Microsoft T eams.
	For example, the relative traffic share of many "essential" applications like VP N and conferencing tools		For example, the relative traffic share of many "essential" applications like VP N and conferencing tools
	increased by more than 200%.</t>		increased by more than 200%.</t>
	<t>Also, as people spent more hours at home, they tended to watch vide os or play games, thus increasing entertainment traffic demands.		<t>Also, as people spent more hours at home, they tended to watch vide os or play games, thus increasing entertainment traffic demands.
	At the same time, the traffic share for other traffic classes decreased		At the same time, the traffic share for other traffic classes decreased
	substantially, e.g., traffic related to education, social media, and---for some periods---CDNs.		substantially, e.g., traffic related to education, social media, and, for some p eriods, content delivery networks (CDNs).
	In April and June, web conferencing traffic was still high compared to the pre-p andemic scenario,		In April and June, web conferencing traffic was still high compared to the pre-p andemic scenario,
	while a slight decrease in CDN and social media traffic was observed. During the se months many people		while a slight decrease in CDN and social media traffic was observed. During the se months, many people
	were still working from home, but restrictions had been lifted or relaxed, which likely led to an increase		were still working from home, but restrictions had been lifted or relaxed, which likely led to an increase
	in in-person social activities and a decrease in online ones.</t>		in in-person social activities and a decrease in online social activities.</t>
	<section anchor="example-campus-networks" numbered="true" toc="default ">		<section anchor="example-campus-networks" numbered="true" toc="default ">
	<name>Example Campus Networks</name>		<name>Example Campus Networks</name>
	<t>Changes in traffic have been observed at University campus networ		<t>Changes in traffic have been observed at university campus networ
	ks as well, especially		ks as well, especially
	due to the necessary adoption of remote teaching. The Politecnico di Torino Univ		due to the necessary adoption of remote teaching. The Politecnico di Torino (Ita
	ersity		ly) deployed its in-house solution for remote teaching, which caused the outgoin
	(Italy) deployed its in-house solution for remote teaching, which caused the out		g
	going
	traffic to grow by 2.5 times, driven by more than 600 daily online classes. Inco ming		traffic to grow by 2.5 times, driven by more than 600 daily online classes. Inco ming
	traffic, instead, decreased by a factor of 10 due to the cessation of any in-per		traffic instead decreased by a factor of 10 due to the cessation of any in-perso
	son		n
	activity. Based on their measurements, this change in traffic and network usage		activity. Based on their measurements, this change in traffic and network usage
	did		did not, however, lead to noticeable performance impairments, nor has significan
	however not lead to noticeable performance impairments, nor have significantly p		tly poor
	oor		performance been observed in students in remote regions of Italy. Outgoing traff
	performance been observed for students in remote regions of Italy. Outgoing traf		ic
	fic
	also increased due to other remote working solutions, such as collaboration plat forms,		also increased due to other remote working solutions, such as collaboration plat forms,
	VPNs, and remote desktops.</t>		VPNs, and remote desktops.</t>
	<t>Similar changes were observed by measuring REDIMadrid <xref targe t="Feldmann2020" format="default"/>, a European		<t>Similar changes were observed by measuring REDIMadrid <xref targe t="Feldmann2020" format="default"/>, a European
	educational and research network, which connects 16 independent universities and research		educational and research network that connects 16 independent universities and r esearch
	centers in the metropolitan region of Madrid. A drop of up to 55% in traffic vol ume on		centers in the metropolitan region of Madrid. A drop of up to 55% in traffic vol ume on
	working days during the pandemic was observed. Similar to findings for ISP/IXP n etworks,		working days during the pandemic was observed. Similar to findings for ISP/IXP n etworks,
	it was observed that working days and weekend days are becoming more similar in terms of		it was observed that working days and weekend days are becoming more similar in terms of
	total traffic. The hourly traffic patterns reveal a traffic increase between 9 p m and 7 am.		total traffic. The hourly traffic patterns reveal a traffic increase between 9 p m and 7 am.
	This could be due to users working more frequently at unusual times, but also po tentially		This could be due to users working more frequently at unusual times but could al so potentially be
	caused by overseas students (mainly from Latin America and East Asia as suggeste d by the		caused by overseas students (mainly from Latin America and East Asia as suggeste d by the
	AS numbers from which these connections came from) who accessed university netwo rk resources		Autonomous System (AS) numbers from which these connections came) who accessed u niversity network resources
	from their home countries.</t>		from their home countries.</t>
	<t>Given the fact that the users of the academic network (e.g., stud ents and research staff)		<t>Given the fact that the users of the academic network (e.g., stud ents and research staff)
	had to leave the campus as a response to lockdown measures, also the traffic in		had to leave campus as a response to lockdown measures, the traffic in-and-out
	and out		(i.e., ingress and egress) ratio also changed drastically. Prior to the lockdown
	(i.e., ingress and egress) ratio changed drastically. Prior to the lockdown, the		, the incoming
	incoming		traffic volume was much larger than the outgoing traffic volume. This changed to
	traffic was much larger then the outgoing traffic. This changed to a more balanc		a more balanced ratio.
	ed ratio.
	This change of traffic asymmetry can be explained by the nature of remote work. On the one		This change of traffic asymmetry can be explained by the nature of remote work. On the one
	end, users connected to the network services mainly to access resources, hence t		hand, users connected to the network services mainly to access resources, hence
	he increase		the increase
	in outgoing traffic. On the other end, all external (i.e., Internet-based) resou		in outgoing traffic. On the other hand, all external (i.e., Internet-based) reso
	rces		urces
	requested during work were no longer accessed from the educational network but f rom the		requested during work were no longer accessed from the educational network but f rom the
	users' homes.</t>		users' homes.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="mobile-networks-and-mobility" numbered="true" toc="defa ult">		<section anchor="mobile-networks-and-mobility" numbered="true" toc="defa ult">
	<name>Mobile Networks and Mobility</name>		<name>Mobile Networks and Mobility</name>
	<t>Mobile network data usage appeared to decline following the imposit ion of localized		<t>Mobile network data usage appeared to decline following the imposit ion of localized
	lockdown measures, as these reduced typical levels of mobility and roaming.</t>		lockdown measures as these reduced typical levels of mobility and roaming.</t>
	<t><xref target="Lutu2020" format="default"/> measured the cellular ne twork of O2 UK to evaluate how the changes in		<t><xref target="Lutu2020" format="default"/> measured the cellular ne twork of O2 UK to evaluate how the changes in
	people's mobility impacted traffic patterns. By analyzing cellular network signa lling		people's mobility impacted traffic patterns. By analyzing cellular network signa ling
	information regarding users' device mobility activity, they observed a decrease of 50% in		information regarding users' device mobility activity, they observed a decrease of 50% in
	mobility (according to different mobility metrics) in the UK during the lockdown period.		mobility (according to different mobility metrics) in the UK during the lockdown period.
	As they found no correlation between this reduction in mobility and the number o f		As they found no correlation between this reduction in mobility and the number o f
	confirmed COVID-19 cases, only the enforced government order was effective in si gnificantly		confirmed COVID-19 cases, only the enforced government order was effective in si gnificantly
	reducing mobility and this reduction was more significant in densely populated u		reducing mobility, and this reduction was more significant in densely populated
	rban areas		urban areas
	than in rural areas. For London, specifically, it could be observed from the mob		than in rural areas. For London specifically, it could be observed from the mobi
	ile network		le network
	data that approximately 10% of the residents temporarily relocated during the lo		data that approximately 10% of residents temporarily relocated during the lockdo
	ckdown.</t>		wn.</t>
	<t>These mobility changes had immediate implications in traffic patter		<t>These mobility changes had immediate implications in the traffic pa
	ns of the cellular		tterns of the cellular
	network. The downlink data traffic volume aggregated for all bearers (including		network. The downlink data traffic volume aggregated for all bearers (including
	conversational voice) decreased for all UK by up to 25% during the lockdown peri		conversational voice) decreased for the entire UK by up to 25% during the lockdo
	od. This		wn period. This
	correlates with the reduction in mobility that was observed country-wide, which		correlates with the reduction in mobility that was observed countrywide, which l
	likely resulted		ikely resulted
	in people relying more on broadband residential Internet access to run download		in people relying more on residential broadband Internet access to run download-
	intensive applications such as video streaming. The observed decrease in the rad		intensive applications such as video streaming. The observed decrease in the rad
	io cell		io cell
	load, with a reduction of approximately 15% across the UK after the stay-at-home		load, with a reduction of approximately 15% across the UK after the stay-at-home
	order,		order was enacted,
	further corroborates the drop in cellular connectivity usage.</t>		further corroborates the drop in cellular connectivity usage.</t>
	<t>The total uplink data traffic volume, on the other hand, experience		<t>The total uplink data traffic volume, on the other hand, experienced l
	d little changes		ittle change
	(between -7% and +1,5%) during lockdown. This was mainly due to the increase of		(between -7% and +1.5%) during lockdown. This was mainly due to the increase of
	4G voice		4G voice
	traffic (i.e., VoLTE) across the UK that peaked at 150% after the lockdown compa		traffic (i.e., Voice over LTE (VoLTE)) across the UK that peaked at 150% after t
	red to the		he lockdown compared to the
	national medial value before the pandemic, thus compensating for the decrease in		national median value before the pandemic, thus compensating for the decrease in
	data traffic		data traffic
	in the uplink.</t>		in the uplink.</t>
	<t>Finally, it was also observed that mobility changes have a differen t impact on network usage		<t>Finally, it was also observed that mobility changes have a differen t impact on network usage
	in geodemographic area clusters. In densely populated urban areas, a significant ly higher		in geodemographic area clusters. In densely populated urban areas, a significant ly higher
	decrease of mobile network usage (i.e., downlink and uplink traffic volumes, rad		decrease of mobile network usage (i.e., downlink and uplink traffic volume, radi
	io load and		o load, and
	active users) was observed than in rural areas. In the case of London, this		active users) was observed compared to rural areas. In the case of London, this
	was likely due to geodemographics of the central districts, which include many s		was likely due to the geodemographics of the central districts, which include ma
	easonal		ny seasonal
	residents (e.g., tourists), business and commercial areas.</t>		residents (e.g., tourists) and business and commercial areas.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="a-deeper-look-at-interconnections" numbered="true" toc= "default">		<section anchor="a-deeper-look-at-interconnections" numbered="true" toc= "default">
	<name>A Deeper Look at Interconnections</name>		<name>A Deeper Look at Interconnections</name>
	<t>Traffic at points of network interconnection noticeably increased, but most operators		<t>Traffic at points of network interconnection noticeably increased, but most operators
	reacted quickly by rapidly adding additional capacity <xref target="Feldmann2020 " format="default"/>. The amount of		reacted quickly by rapidly adding additional capacity <xref target="Feldmann2020 " format="default"/>. The amount of
	increases varied, with some networks that hosted popular applications such as vi		increase varied, with some networks that hosted popular applications such as vid
	deo		eoconferencing experiencing traffic growth of several hundred to several thousan
	conferencing experiencing traffic growth of several hundred to several thousand		d percent.
	percent.		At the IXP level, it was observed that port utilization increased. This phenomen
	At the IXP-level, it was observed that port utilization increased. This phenomen		on is
	on is		mostly explained by higher traffic demand from residential users.</t>
	mostly explained by a higher traffic demand from residential users.</t>		<t>Measurements of interconnection links at major US ISPs by the Cente
	<t>Measurements of interconnection links at major US ISPs by CAIDA and		r for Applied Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA) and the Massachusetts Institute of
	MIT found some evidence		Technology (MIT) found some evidence
	of diurnal congestion around the March 2020 timeframe <xref target="Clark2020" f		of diurnal congestion around the March 2020 time frame <xref target="Clark2020"
	ormat="default"/>, but most of this		format="default"/>, but most of this
	congestion disappeared in a few weeks, which suggests that operators indeed took steps		congestion disappeared in a few weeks, which suggests that operators indeed took steps
	to add capacity or otherwise mitigate the congestion.</t>		to add capacity or otherwise mitigate the congestion.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="cloud-platforms" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="cloud-platforms" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Cloud Platforms</name>		<name>Cloud Platforms</name>
	<t>Cloud infrastructure played a key role in supporting bandwidth-inte		<t>Cloud infrastructure played a key role in supporting bandwidth-inte
	nsive video conferencing		nsive videoconferencing
	and remote learning tools to practise social distancing during the COVID-19 pand		and remote learning tools to practice social distancing during the COVID-19 pand
	emic. Network		emic. Network
	congestion between cloud platforms and access networks could impact the quality of		congestion between cloud platforms and access networks could impact the quality of
	experience of these cloud-based applications. CAIDA leveraged web-based speed te st servers		experience of these cloud-based applications. CAIDA leveraged web-based speed te st servers
	to perform download and upload throughput measurements from virtual machines in public		to take download and upload throughput measurements from virtual machines in pub lic
	cloud platforms to various access ISPs in the United States <xref target="Mok202 0" format="default"/>.</t>		cloud platforms to various access ISPs in the United States <xref target="Mok202 0" format="default"/>.</t>
	<t>The key findings included:</t>		<t>The key findings included the following:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>Persistent congestion events were not widely observed between cl oud platforms and these networks, particular for large-scale ISPs, but we could observe large diurnal download throughput variations in peak hours from some loc ations to the cloud.</li>		<li>Persistent congestion events were not widely observed between cl oud platforms and these networks, particular for large-scale ISPs, but we could observe large diurnal download throughput variations in peak hours from some loc ations to the cloud.</li>
	<li>There was evidence of persistent congestion in the egress direct		<li>There was evidence of persistent congestion in the egress direct
	ion to regional ISPs serving suburban areas in the U.S. Their users could have s		ion to regional ISPs serving suburban areas in the US. Their users could have su
	uffered from poor video streaming or file download performance from the cloud.</		ffered from poor video streaming or file download performance from the cloud.</l
	li>		i>
	<li>The macroscopic analysis over 3 months (June-August, 2020) revea		<li>The macroscopic analysis over 3 months (June-August 2020) reveal
	led downward trends in download throughput from ISPs and educational networks to		ed downward trends in download throughput from ISPs and educational networks to
	certain cloud regions. We believe that increased use of the cloud in the pandem		certain cloud regions. We believe that increased use of the cloud in the pandemi
	ic could be one of the factors that contributed to the decreased performance.</l		c could be one of the factors that contributed to the decreased performance.</li
	i>		>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="last-mile-congestion" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="last-mile-congestion" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Last-Mile Congestion</name>		<name>Last-Mile Congestion</name>
	<t>The last mile is the centerpiece of broadband connectivity, where p oor last-mile performance		<t>The last mile is the centerpiece of broadband connectivity, where p oor last-mile performance
	generally translates to poor quality of experience. In a recent IMC'20 research		generally translates to poor quality of experience. In a recent Internet Measure
	paper		ment Conference (IMC '20) research paper,
	Fontugne et al. investigated last-mile latency using traceroute data from RIPE A		Fontugne et al. investigated last-mile latency using traceroute data from Reseau
	tlas		x IP Europeens (RIPE) Atlas
	probes located in 646 ASes and looked for recurrent performance degradation <xre f target="Fontugne2020-1" format="default"/>.		probes located in 646 ASes and looked for recurrent performance degradation <xre f target="Fontugne2020-1" format="default"/>.
	They found that in normal times Atlas probes in only 10% ASes experience persist		They found that, in normal times, Atlas probes experience persistent
	ent		last-mile congestion in only 10% of ASes, but they recorded 55% more congested A
	last-mile congestion, but they recorded 55% more congested ASes during the COVID		Ses during the COVID-19
	-19
	outbreak. This deterioration caused by stay-at-home measures is particularly mar ked in		outbreak. This deterioration caused by stay-at-home measures is particularly mar ked in
	networks with a very large number of users and certain parts of the world. They		networks with a very large number of users and in certain parts of the world. Th
	found Japan to be the most		ey found Japan to be the most
	impacted country in their study looking specifically at NTT OCN, but noting simi		impacted country in their study, looking specifically at the Nippon Telegraph an
	lar		d Telephone (NTT) Corporation Open Computer Network (OCN) but noting similar
	observations for several Japanese networks, including IIJ (AS2497).</t>		observations for several Japanese networks, including Internet Initiative Japan
	<t>From mid-2020 onwards, they however observed better performance tha		(IIJ) (AS2497).</t>
	n before the pandemic.		<t>From mid-2020 onward, however, they observed better performance tha
			n before the pandemic.
	In Japan, this was partly due to the deployments originally planned for accommod ating the		In Japan, this was partly due to the deployments originally planned for accommod ating the
	Tokyo Olympics, and more generally, it reflects the efforts of network operators to cope		Tokyo Olympics, and, more generally, it reflects the efforts of network operator s to cope
	with these exceptional circumstances. The pandemic has demonstrated that its ada ptive design		with these exceptional circumstances. The pandemic has demonstrated that its ada ptive design
	and proficient community can keep the Internet operational during such unprecede nted events.		and proficient community can keep the Internet operational during such unprecede nted events.
	Also, from the numerous research and operational reports recently published, the pandemic		Also, from the numerous research and operational reports recently published, the pandemic
	is apparently shaping a more resilient Internet, as Nietzsche wrote, "What does not kill me		is apparently shaping a more resilient Internet; as Nietzsche wrote, "What does not kill me
	makes me stronger".</t>		makes me stronger".</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="user-behaviour" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="user-behaviour" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>User Behaviour</name>		<name>User Behavior</name>
	<t>The type of traffic needed by the users also changed in 2020. Upstr eam		<t>The type of traffic needed by the users also changed in 2020. Upstr eam
	traffic increased due the use of video conferences, remote schooling,		traffic increased due the use of videoconferences, remote schooling,
	and similar applications. The NCTA and Comcast reported that while		and similar applications. The National Cable &amp;
	downstream traffic grew 20%, upstream traffic grew as much as 30% to		Telecommunications Association (NCTA) and Comcast reported that while
	37% <xref target="NCTA2020" format="default"/> <xref target="Comcast2020" format		downstream traffic grew 20%, upstream traffic grew by as much as 30-37% <xref ta
	="default"/>. Vodafone reported that upstream		rget="NCTA2020" format="default"/> <xref target="Comcast2020" format="default"/>
	traffic grew 100% in some markets <xref target="Vodafone2020" format="default"/>		. Vodafone reported that upstream
	.</t>		traffic grew by 100% in some markets <xref target="Vodafone2020" format="default
	<t>Ericsson's Consumer Lab surveyed users for their usage and experien		"/>.</t>
	ces		<t>Ericsson's ConsumerLab surveyed users regarding their usage and exp
	during the crisis. Some of the key findings in <xref target="ConsumerlabReport20		eriences
	20" format="default"/> were:</t>		during the crisis. Some of the key findings in <xref target="ConsumerlabReport20
			20" format="default"/> were as follows:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>9 in 10 users increased Internet activities, and time spent		<li>9 in 10 users increased Internet activities, and time spent
	connected increased. In addition, 1 in 5 started new online		connected increased. In addition, 1 in 5 started new online
	activities, many in the older generation felt that they were helped		activities; many in the older generation felt that they were helped
	by video calling, parents felt that their children's education was		by video calling; parents felt that their children's education was
	helped, and so on.</li>		helped; and so on.</li>
	<li>Network performance was, in general, found satisfactory. 6 in 10 were		<li>Network performance was, in general, found satisfactory. 6 in 10 were
	very satisfied with fixed broadband, and 3 in 4 felt that mobile		very satisfied with fixed broadband, and 3 in 4 felt that mobile
	broadband was the same or better compared to before the crisis. Consumers value d		broadband was the same or better compared to before the crisis. Consumers value d
	resilience and quality of service as the most important task for		resilience and quality of service as the most important responsibility for
	network operators.</li>		network operators.</li>
	<li>Smartphone application usage changed, with fastest growth in		<li>Smartphone application usage changed, with the fastest growth in
	apps related to COVID-19 tracking and information, remote working, e-learning, w ellness, education, remote		apps related to COVID-19 tracking and information, remote working, e-learning, w ellness, education, remote
	health consultation, and social shared experience		health consultation, and social shared experience
	applications. Biggest decreases were in travel		applications. The biggest decreases were in travel
	and booking, ride hailing, location, and parking applications.</li>		and booking, ride hailing, location, and parking applications.</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	<t>Some of the behaviours are likely permanent changes		<t>Some of the behaviors are likely permanent changes
	<xref target="ConsumerlabReport2020" format="default"/>. The adoption of video c alls and other new		<xref target="ConsumerlabReport2020" format="default"/>. The adoption of video c alls and other new
	services by many consumers, such as the older generation, is likely		services by many consumers, such as the older generation, is likely
	going to have a long-lasting effect. Surveys in various organizations		going to have a long-lasting effect. Surveys in various organizations
	point to a likely long-term increase in the number of people		point to a likely long-term increase in the number of people
	interested in remote work <xref target="WorkplaceAnalytics2020" format="default" /> <xref target="McKinsey2020" format="default"/>.</t>		interested in remote work <xref target="WorkplaceAnalytics2020" format="default" /> <xref target="McKinsey2020" format="default"/>.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="operational" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="operational" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Operational Practices and Architectural Considerations</name>		<name>Operational Practices and Architectural Considerations</name>
	<t>The second and third day of the workshop were held based on more open		<t>The second and third days of the workshop focused on open
	discussions focussed on operational issues and the architectural		discussions of arising operational and architectural issues and
	issues arising or other conclusions that could be reached.</t>		the conclusions that could be reached from previous discussions
			and other issues raised in the position papers.</t>
	<section anchor="digital-divide" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="digital-divide" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Digital Divide</name>		<name>Digital Divide</name>
	<t>Measurements from Fastly confirmed that Internet traffic volume, in		<t>Measurements from Fastly confirmed that Internet traffic volume in
	multiple countries, rose rapidly at the same time as COVID cases increased		multiple countries rose rapidly while COVID cases were increasing and lockdown p
	and lockdown policies came into effect. Download speeds also decreased,		olicies were coming into effect. Download speeds also decreased
	but in a much less dramatic fashion than overall bandwidth usage increased.		but in a much less dramatic fashion than when overall bandwidth usage increased.
	School closures led to a dramatic increase in traffic volume in many regions,		School closures led to a dramatic increase in traffic volume in many regions,
	and other public policy announcements triggered large traffic shifts. This		and other public policy announcements triggered large traffic shifts. This
	suggests that governments might usefully coordinate with operators to allow		suggests that governments should coordinate with operators to allow
	time for pre-emptive operational changes, in some cases.</t>		time for preemptive operational changes in some cases.</t>
	<t>Measurements from the US showed that download rates correlate with income		<t>Measurements from the US showed that download rates correlate with income
	levels. However, download rates in the lowest income zip codes increased		levels. However, download rates in the lowest income zip codes increased
	as the pandemic progressed, closing the divide with higher income areas.		as the pandemic progressed, closing the divide with higher income areas.
	One possible reason for this in the data is decisions by some ISPs, such		One possible reason for this in the data is decisions by some ISPs, such
	as Comcast and Cox, that increased speeds for users on lower-cost certain		as Comcast and Cox, that increased speeds for users on certain lower-cost plans
	plans and in		and in
	certain areas. This suggests that network capacity was available, and that		certain areas. This suggests that network capacity was available and that
	the correlation between income and download rates was not necessarily due		the correlation between income and download rates was not necessarily due
	to differences in the deployed infrastructure in different regions;		to differences in the deployed infrastructure in different regions,
	although it was noted that certain access link technologies provide more		although it was noted that certain access link technologies provide more
	flexibility than others in this regard.</t>		flexibility than others in this regard.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="applications" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="applications" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Applications</name>		<name>Applications</name>
	<t>The web conferencing systems (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex) s aw		<t>Web conferencing systems (e.g., Microsoft Teams, Zoom, Webex) saw
	incredible growth, with overnight traffic increases of 15-20% in response		incredible growth, with overnight traffic increases of 15-20% in response
	to public policy changes, such as lockdowns. This required significant		to public policy changes, such as lockdowns. This required significant
	and rapid changes in infrastructure provisioning.</t>		and rapid changes in infrastructure provisioning.</t>
	<t>Major video providers (YouTube, etc.) reduced bandwidth by 25% in s ome		<t>Major video providers (YouTube, etc.) reduced bandwidth by 25% in s ome
	regions. It was suggested that this had a huge impact on quality of		regions. It was suggested that this had a huge impact on the quality of
	videoconferencing systems until networks could scale to handle full		videoconferencing systems until networks could scale to handle the full
	bit-rate, but other operators of some other services saw limited impact.</t>		bit rate, but other operators of some other services saw limited impact.</t>
	<t>Updates to popular games has a significant impact on network load.		<t>Updates to popular games have a significant impact on network load.
	Some		Some
	discussions were reported between ISPs, CDNs, and the gaming industry on		discussions were reported between ISPs, CDNs, and the gaming industry on
	possibly coordinating various high-bandwidth update events, similar to what		possibly coordinating various high-bandwidth update events, similar to what
	was done for entertainment/video download speeds. There was an apparently		was done for entertainment/video download speeds. There was an apparently
	difficult interplay between bulk download and interactive real-time		difficult interplay between bulk download and interactive real-time
	applications, potentially due to buffer bloat and queuing delays.</t>		applications, potentially due to buffer bloat and queuing delays.</t>
	<t>It was noted that operators have experience of rapid growth of Inte rnet		<t>It was noted that operators have experience with rapid growth of In ternet
	traffic. New applications with exponential growth are not that unusual in		traffic. New applications with exponential growth are not that unusual in
	the network, and the traffic spike due to the lockdown was not that		the network, and the traffic spike due to the lockdown was not that
	unprecedented for many. Many operators have tools and mechanisms to deal		unprecedented for many. Many operators have tools and mechanisms to deal
	with this. Ensuring that knowledge if shared is a challenge.</t>		with this. Ensuring that knowledge is shared is a challenge.</t>
	<t>Following these observations traffic prioritisation was discussed,		<t>Following these observations, traffic prioritization was discussed,
	starting from DSCP marking,		starting from Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) marking. The question a
	basically wondering if a minimal priority marking scheme		rose as to whether
	would have helped during the pandemic, e.g. by allowing		a minimal priority-marking scheme
			would have helped during the pandemic, e.g., by allowing
	marking of less-than-best-effort traffic.		marking of less-than-best-effort traffic.
	That discussion quickly devolved into a more general QoS and		That discussion quickly devolved into a more general QoS and
	observability discussion, and as such also touching on		observability discussion and, as such, also touched on
	the effects of increased encryption. The group		the effects of increased encryption. The group
	was not, unsurprisingly, able to resolve the		was not, unsurprisingly, able to resolve the
	different perspectives and interests involved in that,		different perspectives and interests involved,
	but the discussion demonstrated that progress is made		but the discussion demonstrated that progress was made.</t>
	(and being less heated).</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="observability" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="observability" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Observability</name>		<name>Observability</name>
	<t>It is clear that there is a contrast in experience. Many operators reported		<t>It is clear that there is a contrast in experience. Many operators reported
	few problems, in terms of metrics such as measured download bandwidth, while		few problems in terms of metrics, such as measured download bandwidth, while
	video conferencing applications experienced significant usability problems		videoconferencing applications experienced significant usability problems
	running on those networks. The interaction between application providers and		running on those networks. The interaction between application providers and
	network providers worked very smoothly to resolve these issues, supported		network providers worked very smoothly to resolve these issues, supported
	by strong personal contacts and relationships. But it seems clear that the		by strong personal contacts and relationships. But it seems clear that the
	metrics used by many operators to understand their network performance		metrics used by many operators to understand their network performance
	don't fully capture the impact on certain applications, and there is an		don't fully capture the impact on certain applications, and there is an
	observability gap. Do we need more tools to figure out the various impacts		observability gap. Do we need more tools to figure out the various impacts
	on user experience?</t>		on user experience?</t>
	<t>These types of applications use surprising amounts of Forward Error Correction (FEC).		<t>These types of applications use surprising amounts of Forward Error Correction (FEC).
	Applications hide lots of loss to ensure a good user experience. This makes it h arder to		Applications hide lots of loss to ensure a good user experience. This makes it h arder to
	observe problems. The network can be behaving poorly, but experience can be		observe problems. The network can be behaving poorly, but the experience can be
	good enough. Resiliency measures can improve the user experience but hide		good enough. Resiliency measures can improve the user experience but hide
	severe problems. There may be a missing feedback loop between application		severe problems. There may be a missing feedback loop between application
	developers and operators.</t>		developers and operators.</t>
	<t>It's clear that it's difficult for application providers and operat ors to		<t>It's clear that it's difficult for application providers and operat ors to
	isolate problems. Is a problem due to the local WiFi, the access network,		isolate problems. Is a problem due to the local Wi-Fi, the access network, the
	cloud network, etc.? Metrics from access points would help, but in general		cloud network, etc.? Metrics from access points would help, but in general,
	lack of observability into the network as a whole is a real concern when		lack of observability into the network as a whole is a real concern when
	it comes to debugging performance issues.</t>		it comes to debugging performance issues.</t>
	<t>Further, it's clear that it can be difficult to route problem repor ts to		<t>Further, it's clear that it can be difficult to route problem repor ts to
	the person who can fix them, across multiple networks in the Internet.		the person who can fix them, especially if the reported information needs
			to be shared across multiple networks in the Internet.
	COVID-enhanced cooperation made it easier to debug problems; lines of		COVID-enhanced cooperation made it easier to debug problems; lines of
	communication are important.</t>		communication are important.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="security" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="security" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Security</name>		<name>Security</name>
	<t>The increased threats and network security impacts arising from COV ID-19		<t>The increased threats and network security impacts arising from COV ID-19
	fall into two areas: (1) the agility of malicious actors to spin up new		fall into two areas: (1) the agility of malicious actors to spin up new
	campaigns using COVID-19 as a lure, and (2) the increased threat surface		campaigns using COVID-19 as a lure, and (2) the increased threat surface
	from a rapid shift towards home working.</t>		from a rapid shift towards working from home.</t>
	<t>During 2020, there was a shift to home working generally, and in th e		<t>During 2020, there was a shift to home working generally, and in th e
	way in which people use the network, with IT departments rolling out new equipme		way in which people used the network. IT departments rolled out new equipment
	nt		quickly and used technologies like VPNs for the first time, while others put exi
	quickly and using technologies like VPNs for the first time, while others put ex		sting solutions under much greater load. As VPN technology became more widesprea
	isting solutions under much greater load. As VPN technology became more widespre		d and more widely used, it arguably became a more valuable target; one Advanced
	ad and more used, it arguably became a more valuable target; one Advanced (APT29		Persistent Threat group (APT29) was successful in using recently published explo
	) was successful in using recently published exploits in a range of VPN software		its in a range of VPN software to gain initial footholds <xref target="Kirsty202
	to gain initial footholds<xref target="Kirsty2020" format="default"/>.</t>		0" format="default"/>.</t>
	<t>Of all scams detected by the UK NCSC (United Kingdom National Cyber		<t>Of all scams detected by the United Kingdom National Cyber Security
	Security Centre) that purported to originate from UK Government, more related t		Centre (UK NCSC) that purported to originate from the UK Government, more relat
	o COVID-19 than any other subject. There are other reports of a strong rise in p		ed to COVID-19 than any other subject. There are other reports of a strong rise
	hishing, fraud, and scams related to		in phishing, fraud, and scams related to
	COVID <xref target="Kirsty2020" format="default"/>. Although, from the data seen		COVID <xref target="Kirsty2020" format="default"/>. Although the overall levels
	to date, the overall levels of cyber crime have not increased, there was		of cybercrime have not increased from the data seen to date, there was
	certainly a shift in activity - as both the NCSC and CISA (DHS Cybersecurity and		certainly a shift in activity as both the NCSC and the Department of Homeland Se
	Infrastructure Security Agency) saw a growing use of COVID-19 related themes by		curity Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (DHS CISA) saw growing u
	malicious cyber actors as a lure. Attackers used COVID-19 related scams and phi		se of COVID-19-related themes by malicious cyber actors as a lure. Attackers use
	shing emails to target: individuals, small and medium businesses, large organisa		d COVID-19-related scams and phishing emails to target individuals, small and me
	tions, and organisations involved in both national and international COVID-19 re		dium businesses, large organizations, and organizations involved in both nationa
	sponses (healthcare bodies, pharmaceutical companies, academia and medical resea		l and international COVID-19 responses (healthcare bodies, pharmaceutical compan
	rch organisations). New targets, for example organisations involved in COVID-19		ies, academia, and medical research organizations). New targets (for example, or
	vaccine development		ganizations involved in COVID-19 vaccine development)
	were attacked using VPN exploits, highlighting the potential consequences of vul nerable infrastructure.</t>		were attacked using VPN exploits, highlighting the potential consequences of vul nerable infrastructure.</t>
	<t>It's unclear how to effectively detect and counter these attacks at scale.		<t>It's unclear how to effectively detect and counter these attacks at scale.
	Approaches such as using Indicators of Compromise and crowd-sourced flagging of		Approaches such as using Indicators of Compromise and crowdsourced flagging of s
	suspicious emails were found to be effective in the response to COVID-19-related		uspicious emails were found to be effective in response to COVID-19-related scam
	scams<xref target="Kirsty2020" format="default"/>, and		s <xref target="Kirsty2020" format="default"/>, and
	observing DNS to detect malicious use is widespread and effective. The use		observing the DNS to detect malicious use is widespread and effective. The use
	of DNS over HTTPS offers privacy benefits but current deployment models can bypa		of DNS over HTTPS offers privacy benefits, but current deployment models can byp
	ss		ass
	these existing protective DNS measures.</t>		these existing protective DNS measures.</t>
	<t>It was also noted that when everyone moves to performing their job online,		<t>It was also noted that when everyone moves to performing their job online,
	lack of understanding of security becomes a bigger issue.		lack of understanding of security becomes a bigger issue.
	Is it reasonable to expect every user of the Internet to take		Is it reasonable to expect every user of the Internet to have
	password training? Or is there a fundamental problem with a technical		password training? Or is there a fundamental problem with a technical
	solution? Modern advice advocates a layered approach to security defences, with user education forming just one of those layers.</t>		solution? Modern advice advocates a layered approach to security defenses, with user education forming just one of those layers.</t>
	<t>Communication platforms such as Zoom are not new: many people have used them		<t>Communication platforms such as Zoom are not new: many people have used them
	for years, but as COVID-19 saw an increasing number of organisations and individ uals turning to these technologies, they became an attractive target, due to inc reased usage. In turn, there was an increase in malicious cyber actor activity, either hijacking online meetings that were not secured with passwords or leverag ing unpatched software as an attack vector. How can new or existing measures pro tect users from the attacks levied against the next		for years, but as COVID-19 saw an increasing number of organizations and individ uals turning to these technologies, they became an attractive target due to incr eased usage. In turn, there was an increase in malicious cyber actor activity, e ither through hijacking online meetings that were not secured with passwords or leveraging unpatched software as an attack vector. How can new or existing measu res protect users from the attacks levied against the next
	vulnerable service?</t>		vulnerable service?</t>
	<t>Overall, it may be that there were fewer security		<t>Overall, it may be that there were fewer security
	challenges than expected arising from many people suddenly working from home.		challenges than expected arising from many people suddenly working from home.
	However, the agility of attackers, the importance of robust and scalable defence		However, the agility of attackers, the importance of robust and scalable defense
	mechanisms, and some existing security problems and challenges may have become		mechanisms, and some existing security problems and challenges may have become
	even		even
	more obvious and acute with an increased use of Internet-based services, particu		more obvious and acute with an increased use of Internet-based services, particu
	larly in a pandemic situation and times of uncertainty, where users can be more		larly in a pandemic situation and in times of uncertainty, where users can be mo
	vulnerable to social engineering techniques and attacks.</t>		re vulnerable to social engineering techniques and attacks.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="discussion" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="discussion" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Discussion</name>		<name>Discussion</name>
	<t>There is a concern that we're missing observability for the network as a		<t>There is a concern that we're missing observability for the network as a
	whole. Each application provider and operator has their own little lens.		whole. Each application provider and operator has their own little lens.
	No-one has the big-picture view of the network.</t>		No one has the big-picture view of the network.</t>
	<t>How much of a safety margin do we need? Some of the resiliency come s from		<t>How much of a safety margin do we need? Some of the resiliency come s from
	us not running the network too close to its limit. This allows traffic to		us not running the network too close to its limit. This allows traffic to
	shift, and gives headroom for the network to cope. The best effort nature		shift and gives headroom for the network to cope. The best-effort nature
	of the network may help here. Techniques to run the network closer to its		of the network may help here. Using techniques to run the network closer to its
	limits improve performance in the usual case, but highly optimised networks		limits usually improves performance, but highly optimized networks
	may be less robust.</t>		may be less robust.</t>
	<t>Finally, it was observed that we get what we measure. There may be an		<t>Finally, it was observed that we get what we measure. There may be an
	argument for operators to shift their measurement focus perhaps away from		argument for operators to perhaps shift their measurement focus away from
	pure capacity, to rather measure QoE or resilience. The Internet is a		pure capacity to instead measure Quality of Experience (QoE) or resilience. The
	critical infrastructure, and people are realising that now. We should use		Internet is a
	this as a wake-up-call to improve resilience, both in protocol design and		critical infrastructure, and people are realizing that now. We should use
	operational practice, not necessarily to optimise for absolute performance		this as a wake-up call to improve resilience, both in protocol design and
			operational practice, not necessarily to optimize for absolute performance
	or quality of experience.</t>		or quality of experience.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="conclusions" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="conclusions" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Conclusions</name>		<name>Conclusions</name>
	<t>There is a wealth of data about the performance of the Internet durin g		<t>There is a wealth of data about the performance of the Internet durin g
	the crisis. The main conclusion from the various measurements is that		the COVID-19 crisis. The main conclusion from the various measurements is that
	fairly large shifts occurred. And those shifts were not merely about		fairly large shifts occurred.
	changing one application for another, they actually impacted traffic		And those shifts were not merely about
	flows and directions, and caused in many cases a significant traffic		exchanging one application for another; they actually impacted traffic
			flows and directions and caused, in many cases, a significant traffic
	increase. Early reports also seem to indicate that the shifts have		increase. Early reports also seem to indicate that the shifts have
	gone relatively smoothly from the point of view of overall consumer		gone relatively smoothly from the point of view of overall consumer
	experience.</t>		experience.</t>
	<t>An important but not so visible factor that led to this was that		<t>An important but not so visible factor that led to running smoothly w
	many people and organizations where highly motivated to ensure good		as that
			many people and organizations were highly motivated to ensure good user
	experience. A lot of collaboration happened in the background,		experience. A lot of collaboration happened in the background,
	problems were corrected, many providers significantly increased their		problems were corrected, many providers significantly increased their
	capacity, and so on.</t>		capacity, and so on.</t>
	<t>On the security front, the COVID-19 crisis showcased the agility with		<t>On the security front, the COVID-19 crisis showcased the agility with
	which malicious actors can move in response to a shift in user		which malicious actors can move in response to a shift in user
	Internet usage, and the vast potential of the disruption and damage		Internet usage and the vast potential of the disruption and damage
	that they can inflict. Equally, it showed the agility of defenders,		that they can inflict. Equally, it showed the agility of defenders when they hav
	when they have access to the tools and information they need to protect		e access to the tools and information they need to protect
	users and networks, and showcased the power of Indicators of Compromise		users and networks, and it showcased the power of Indicators of Compromise
	when defenders around the world are working together against the same		when defenders around the world are working together against the same
	problem.</t>		problem.</t>
	<t>In general, the Internet also seems well suited for		<t>In general, the Internet also seems well suited for
	adapting to new situations, at least within some bounds. The		adapting to new situations, at least within some bounds. The
	Internet is designed for flexibility and extensibility, rather than		Internet is designed for flexibility and extensibility, rather than
	optimized for today's particular traffic. This makes it possible to		being optimized for today's particular traffic types. This makes it possible to
	use it for many applications, in many deployment situations, and make		use it for many applications and in many deployment situations and to make
	changes as needed. The generality is present in many parts of the		changes as needed. The generality is present in many parts of the
	overall system, from basic Internet technology to browsers, from name		overall system, from basic Internet technology to browsers and from name
	servers to content delivery networks and cloud platforms. When usage		servers to content delivery networks and cloud platforms. When usage
	changes, what is needed is often merely different services, perhaps		changes, what is needed is often merely different services, perhaps
	some re-allocation of resources, as well as consequent application and		some reallocation of resources as well as consequent application and
	continuation of existing security defences, but not fundamental technology or		continuation of existing security defenses, but not fundamental technology or
	hardware changes.</t>		hardware changes.</t>
	<t>On the other hand, this is not to say that no improvements are needed :</t>		<t>On the other hand, this is not to say that no improvements are needed :</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>We need a better understanding of the health of the Internet. Goin g forward,		<li>We need a better understanding of the health of the Internet. Goin g forward,
	the critical nature that the Internet plays in our lives means that the		the critical nature that the Internet plays in our lives means that the
	health of the Internet needs to receive significant		health of the Internet needs to receive significant
	attention. Understanding how well networks work is not just a		attention. Understanding how well networks work is not just a
	technical matter, it is also of crucial importance to the people and		technical matter; it is also of crucial importance to the people and
	economy of the societies using it. Projects and research that		economies of the societies using it. Projects and research that
	monitor Internet and services performance in a broad scale and		monitor Internet and services performance on a broad scale and
	across different networks are therefore important.</li>		across different networks are therefore important.</li>
	<li>We need to maintain defensive mechanisms to be used in times of cr isis.		<li>We need to maintain defensive mechanisms to be used in times of cr isis.
	Malicious cyber actors are continually adjusting their tactics to take		Malicious cyber actors are continually adjusting their tactics to take
	advantage of new situations, and the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception.		advantage of new situations, and the COVID-19 pandemic is no exception.
	Malicious actors used the high appetite for COVID-19 related information		Malicious actors used the strong appetite for COVID-19-related information
	as an opportunity to deliver malware and ransomware, and to steal user		as an opportunity to deliver malware and ransomware and to steal user
	credentials. Against the landscape of a shift to working from home and		credentials. Against the landscape of a shift to working from home and
	an increase in users vulnerable to attack, and as IT departments were		an increase in users vulnerable to attack, and as IT departments were
	often overwhelmed by rolling out new infrastructure and devices, IoC		often overwhelmed by rolling out new infrastructure and devices, sharing Indica
	sharing was a vital part of the response to COVID-19 related scams and		tors of Compromise (IoC) was a vital part of the response to COVID-19-related sc
			ams and
	attacks.</li>		attacks.</li>
	<li>We need to ensure that broadband is available to all, and that Int ernet		<li>We need to ensure that broadband is available to all and that Inte rnet
	services equally serve different groups. The pandemic has shown how the		services equally serve different groups. The pandemic has shown how the
	effects of the digital divide can be amplified during a crisis, and has		effects of the digital divide can be amplified during a crisis and has
	further highlighted the importance of equitable Internet access.</li>		further highlighted the importance of equitable Internet access.</li>
	<li>We need to continue to work on all the other improvements that are seen		<li>We need to continue to work on all the other improvements that are seen
	as necessary anyway, such as further improvements in security, ability		as necessary anyway, such as further improvements in security, the ability
	for networks and applications to collaborate better, etc.</li>		for networks and applications to collaborate better, etc.</li>
	<li>We need to ensure that informal collaboration between different pa rties		<li>We need to ensure that informal collaboration between different pa rties
	involved in the operation of the network continues and is strengthened,		involved in the operation of the network continues and is strengthened
	to ensure continued operational resilience.</li>		to ensure continued operational resilience.</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="feedback-on-meeting-format" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="feedback-on-meeting-format" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Feedback on Meeting Format</name>		<name>Feedback on Meeting Format</name>
	<t>While there are frequently virtual participants in IAB workshops, the		<t>While there are frequently virtual participants in IAB workshops, the
	IAB had no experience running workshops entirely virtually.</t>		IAB had no experience running workshops entirely virtually.</t>
	<t>Feedback on this event format was largely positive, however. It was		<t>Feedback on this event format was largely positive, however. It was
	particularly useful that as the three sessions were scheduled Monday,		particularly useful that as the three sessions were scheduled on Monday,
	Wednesday, and Friday, the time in between could be used for mailing		Wednesday, and Friday, the time in between the sessions could be used for mailin
			g
	list discussion and compilation of additional workshop material.		list discussion and compilation of additional workshop material.
	The positive feedback was likely at least partly due to the fact		The positive feedback was likely at least partly due to the fact
	that many of the workshop participants knew one another from		that many of the workshop participants knew one another from
	previous face-to-face events (primarily IETF meetings).</t>		previous face-to-face events (primarily IETF meetings).</t>
	<t>The process for sending invitations to the workshop should be improved		<t>The process for sending invitations to the workshop should be improved
	for next time, however, as a few invitations were initially lost, and		for next time, however, as a few invitations were initially lost. In a virtual m
	in a virtual meeting it may be more reasonable to invite not just one		eeting, it may be more reasonable to invite not just one
	person but all co-authors of a paper, for instance. At least for this		person but all coauthors of a paper, for instance. At least for this
	workshop, we did not appear to suffer from too many participants, and		workshop, we did not appear to suffer from having too many participants, and
	in many cases there may be some days when a particular participant may		in many cases, there may be some days when a particular participant may
	not be able to attend a session.</t>		not be able to attend a session.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="positionpapers" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="positionpapers" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Position Papers</name>		<name>Position Papers</name>
	<t>The following position papers were received, in alphabetical order:</t>		<t>The following position papers were received, in alphabetical order:</t>
	<ul spacing="normal">		<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>Afxanasyev, A., Wang, L., Yeh, E., Zhang, B., and Zhang, L.: Identif		<li>Afanasyev, A., Wang, L., Yeh, E., Zhang, B., and Zhang, L.: Identifyi
	ying the Disease from the Symptoms: Lessons for Networking in the COVID-19 Era <		ng the Disease from the Symptoms: Lessons for Networking in the COVID-19 Era <xr
	xref target="Afxanasyev2020" format="default"/></li>		ef target="Afxanasyev2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Arkko, Jari: Observations on Network User Behaviour During COVID-19		<li>Arkko, J.: Observations on Network User Behaviour During COVID-19 <x
	<xref target="Arkko2020" format="default"/></li>		ref target="Arkko2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Bronzino, F., Culley, E., Feamster, N. Liu. S., Livingood. J., and S		<li>Bronzino, F., Culley, E., Feamster, N., Liu, S., Livingood, J., and
	chmitt, P.: IAB COVID-19 Workshop: Interconnection Changes in the United States		Schmitt, P.: IAB COVID-19 Workshop: Interconnection Changes in the United States
	<xref target="Bronzino2020" format="default"/></li>		<xref target="I-D.feamster-livingood-iab-covid19-workshop" format="default"/></
	<li>Campling, Andrew and Lazanski, Dominique: Will the Internet Still Be		li>
	Resilient During the Next Black Swan Event? <xref target="Campling2020" format=		<li>Campling, A. and Lazanski, D.: Will the Internet Still Be Resilient
	"default"/></li>		During the Next Black Swan Event? <xref target="Campling2020" format="default"/>
	<li>Cho, Kenjiro: On the COVID-19 Impact to broadband traffic in Japan <		</li>
	xref target="Cho2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Cho, K.: On the COVID-19 Impact to broadband traffic in Japan <xref
			target="Cho2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Clark, D.: Measurement of congestion on ISP interconnection links <x ref target="Clark2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Clark, D.: Measurement of congestion on ISP interconnection links <x ref target="Clark2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Favale, T., Soro, F., Trevisan, M., Drago, I., and Mellia, M.: Campu s traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19 pandemic <xref target="Favale2020" form at="default"/></li>		<li>Favale, T., Soro, F., Trevisan, M., Drago, I., and Mellia, M.: Campu s traffic and e-Learning during COVID-19 pandemic <xref target="Favale2020" form at="default"/></li>
	<li>Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese, I., Dietz el, C., Wagner, D., Wichtlhuber, M., Tapiador, J., Vallina-Rodriguez, N., Hohlfe ld, O., and Smaragdakis, G.: A view of Internet Traffic Shifts at ISP and IXPs d uring the COVID-19 Pandemic <xref target="Feldmann2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Feldmann, A., Gasser, O., Lichtblau, F., Pujol, E., Poese, I., Dietz el, C., Wagner, D., Wichtlhuber, M., Tapiador, J., Vallina-Rodriguez, N., Hohlfe ld, O., and Smaragdakis, G.: A view of Internet Traffic Shifts at ISP and IXPs d uring the COVID-19 Pandemic <xref target="Feldmann2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and Cho, K.: The Impact of COVID-19 on Last- mile Latency <xref target="Fontugne2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Fontugne, R., Shah, A., and Cho, K.: The Impact of COVID-19 on Last- mile Latency <xref target="Fontugne2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Gillmor, D.: Vaccines, Privacy, Software Updates, and Trust <xref ta rget="Gillmor2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Gillmor, D.: Vaccines, Privacy, Software Updates, and Trust <xref ta rget="Gillmor2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Gu, Y. and Li, Z. Covid 19 Impact on China ISP's Network Traffic Pat tern and Solution Discussion <xref target="Gu2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Gu, Y. and Li, Z.: Covid 19 Impact on China ISP's Network Traffic Pa ttern and Solution Discussion <xref target="Gu2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Jennings, C. and Kozanian, P.: WebEx Scaling During Covid <xref targ et="Jennings2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Jennings, C. and Kozanian, P.: WebEx Scaling During Covid <xref targ et="Jennings2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Lutu, A., Perino, D., Bagnulo, M., Frias-Martinez, E., and Khangosst ar, J.: A Characterization of the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on a Mobile Network O perator Traffic <xref target="Lutu2020" format="default"/></li>		<li>Lutu, A., Perino, D., Bagnulo, M., Frias-Martinez, E., and Khangosst ar, J.: A Characterization of the COVID-19 Pandemic Impact on a Mobile Network O perator Traffic <xref target="Lutu2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Mok, Ricky, and claffy, kc: Measuring the impact of COVID-19 on clou		<li>Mok, R., and claffy, kc: Measuring the impact of COVID-19 on cloud n
	d network performance <xref target="Mok2020" format="default"/></li>		etwork performance <xref target="Mok2020" format="default"/></li>
	<li>Kirsty P: IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts <xref target="Kirsty2020" for		<li>Paine, K.: IAB COVID-19 Network Impacts <xref target="Kirsty2020" fo
	mat="default"/></li>		rmat="default"/></li>
	</ul>
	</section>
	<section anchor="participants" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Workshop participants</name>
	<t>The following is an alphabetical list of participants in the workshop.<
	/t>
	<ul spacing="normal">
	<li>Jari Arkko (Ericsson/IAB)</li>
	<li>Ben Campbell (Independent/IAB)</li>
	<li>Andrew Campling (419 Consulting)</li>
	<li>Kenjiro Cho (IIJ)</li>
	<li>kc Claffy (CAIDA)</li>
	<li>David Clark (MIT CSAIL)</li>
	<li>Chris Dietzel (DE-CIX)</li>
	<li>Idilio Drago (University of Turin)</li>
	<li>Stephen Farrell (Trinity College Dublin/IAB)</li>
	<li>Nick Feamster (University of Chicago)</li>
	<li>Anja Feldmann (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)</li>
	<li>Romain Fontugne (IIJ Research Lab)</li>
	<li>Oliver Gasser (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)</li>
	<li>Daniel Kahn Gillmor (ACLU)</li>
	<li>Yunan Gu (Huawei)</li>
	<li>Oliver Hohlfeld (Brandenburg University of Technology, BTU)</li>
	<li>Jana Iyengar (Fastly)</li>
	<li>Cullen Jennings (Cisco/IAB)</li>
	<li>Mirja Kuhlewind (Ericsson/IAB)</li>
	<li>Franziska Lichtblau (Max Planck Institute for Informatics)</li>
	<li>Dominique Lazanski</li>
	<li>Zhenbin Li (Huawei/IAB)</li>
	<li>Jason Livingood (Comcast)</li>
	<li>Andra Lutu (Telefonica Research)</li>
	<li>Vesna Manojlovic (RIPE NCC)</li>
	<li>R Martin EC (?)</li>
	<li>Matt Matthis (Google)</li>
	<li>Larry Masinter (Retired)</li>
	<li>Jared Mauch (Akamai/IAB)</li>
	<li>Deep Medhi (NSF)</li>
	<li>Marco Mellia (Politecnico di Torino)</li>
	<li>Ricky Mok (CAIDA)</li>
	<li>Karen O'Donoghue (Internet Society)</li>
	<li>Kirsty P (NCSC)</li>
	<li>Diego Perino (Telefonica Research)</li>
	<li>Colin Perkins (University of Glasgow/IRTF/IAB)</li>
	<li>Enric Pujol (Benocs)</li>
	<li>Anant Shah (Verizon Media Platform)</li>
	<li>Francesca Soro (Politecnico di Torino)</li>
	<li>Brian Trammell (Google)</li>
	<li>Gergios Tselentis (European Commission)</li>
	<li>Martino Trevisan</li>
	<li>Lan Wang (University of Memphis)</li>
	<li>Rob Wilton (Cisco)</li>
	<li>Jiankang Yao (CNNIC)</li>
	<li>Lixia Zhang (UCLA)</li>
	</ul>		</ul>
	</section>		</section>
	<section anchor="program-committee" numbered="true" toc="default">		<section anchor="program-committee" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Program Committee</name>		<name>Program Committee</name>
	<t>The workshop Program Committee members were Jari Arkko, Stephen Farrell		<t>The workshop program committee members were <contact fullname="Jari Ark
	, Cullen		ko"/>, <contact fullname="Stephen Farrell"/>, <contact fullname="Cullen
	Jennings, Colin Perkins, Ben Campbell, and Mirja Kuehlewind.</t>		Jennings"/>, <contact fullname="Colin Perkins"/>, <contact fullname="Ben Campbel
	</section>		l"/>, and <contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/>.</t>
	<section anchor="acknowledgments" numbered="true" toc="default">
	<name>Acknowledgments</name>
	<t>The authors would like to thank the workshop participants, the members
	of the IAB, the program committee, the participants in the architecture discussi
	on list
	for interesting discussions, and Cindy Morgan for the practical
	arrangements.</t>
	<t>Further special thanks to those participants who also contributed to th
	is report: Romain
	Fontugne provided text based on his blog post at https://eng-blog.iij.ad.jp/arch
	ives/7722;
	Ricky Mok for text on cloud platform; Martino Trevisan for text on campus networ
	ks; David
	Clark on congestion measurements at interconnects; Oliver Hohlfeld for the text
	on traffic
	growth, changes in traffic shifts, campus networks, and interconnections; Andra
	Lutu on
	mobile networks; Kirsty Paine for text on security impacts; and thanks to Jason
	Livingood for his review and additions.</t>
	</section>		</section>
	</middle>		</middle>
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	<date year="2020" month="June"/>		<date year="2020" month="June"/>
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	<organization/>		<organization/>
	</author>		</author>
	<author initials="K." surname="Cho">		<author initials="K." surname="Cho">
	skipping to change at line 1007 ¶		skipping to change at line 921 ¶
	<organization/>		<organization/>
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	<author initials="A." surname="Shah">		<author initials="A." surname="Shah">
	<organization/>		<organization/>
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	<date year="2020" month="October"/>		<date year="2020" month="October"/>
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			<section anchor="participants" numbered="true" toc="default">
			<name>Workshop Participants</name>
			<t>The following is an alphabetical list of participants in the workshop.<
			/t>
			<ul>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jari Arkko"/> (Ericsson/IAB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Ben Campbell"/> (Independent/IAB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Andrew Campling"/> (419 Consulting)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Kenjiro Cho"/> (IIJ)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="kc claffy"/> (CAIDA)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="David Clark"/> (MIT CSAIL)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Chris Dietzel"/> (DE-CIX)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Idilio Drago"/> (University of Turin)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Stephen Farrell"/> (Trinity College Dublin/IAB
			)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Nick Feamster"/> (University of Chicago)</t></
			li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Anja Feldmann"/> (Max Planck Institute for Inf
			ormatics)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Romain Fontugne"/> (IIJ Research Lab)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Oliver Gasser"/> (Max Planck Institute for Inf
			ormatics)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Daniel Kahn Gillmor"/> (ACLU)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Yunan Gu"/> (Huawei)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Oliver Hohlfeld"/> (Brandenburg University of
			Technology (BTU))</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jana Iyengar"/> (Fastly)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Cullen Jennings"/> (Cisco/IAB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/> (Ericsson/IAB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Dominique Lazanski"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Zhenbin Li"/> (Huawei/IAB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Franziska Lichtblau"/> (Max Planck Institute f
			or Informatics)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jason Livingood"/> (Comcast)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Andra Lutu"/> (Telefonica Research)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Vesna Manojlovic"/> (RIPE NCC)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Rüdiger Martin"/> (EC)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Larry Masinter"/> (Retired)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Matt Matthis"/> (Google)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jared Mauch"/> (Akamai/IAB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Deep Medhi"/> (NSF)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Marco Mellia"/> (Politecnico di Torino)</t></l
			i>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Ricky Mok"/> (CAIDA)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Karen O'Donoghue"/> (Internet Society)</t></li
			>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Kirsty Paine"/> (NCSC)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Diego Perino"/> (Telefonica Research)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Colin Perkins"/> (University of Glasgow/IRTF/I
			AB)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Enric Pujol"/> (Benocs)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Anant Shah"/> (Verizon Media Platform)</t></li
			>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Francesca Soro"/> (Politecnico di Torino)</t><
			/li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Brian Trammell"/> (Google)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Martino Trevisan"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Georgios Tselentis"/> (European Commission)</t
			></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Lan Wang"/> (University of Memphis)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Rob Wilton"/> (Cisco)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jiankang Yao"/> (CNNIC)</t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Lixia Zhang"/> (UCLA)</t></li>
			</ul>
			</section>
			<section numbered="false">
			<name>IAB Members at the Time of Approval</name>
			<t>Internet Architecture Board members at the time this document was appro
			ved for publication were:</t>
			<ul empty="true" spacing="compact" bare="false" indent="3">
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jari Arkko"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Deborah Brungard"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Ben Campbell"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Lars Eggert"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Wes Hardaker"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Cullen Jennings"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Mirja Kühlewind"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Zhenbin Li"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jared Mauch"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Tommy Pauly"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="David Schinazi"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Russ White"/></t></li>
			<li><t><contact fullname="Jiankang Yao"/></t></li>
			</ul>
			</section>
			<section anchor="acknowledgments" numbered="false" toc="default">
			<name>Acknowledgments</name>
			<t>The authors would like to thank the workshop participants, the members
			of the IAB, the program committee, the participants in the architecture discussi
			on list
			for the interesting discussions, and <contact fullname="Cindy Morgan"/> for the
			practical
			arrangements.</t>
			<t>Further special thanks to those participants who also
			contributed to this report: <contact fullname="Romain
			Fontugne"/> provided text based on his blog post at
			<eref target="https://eng-blog.iij.ad.jp/archives/7722" brackets="angle"/>
			; <contact
			fullname="Ricky Mok"/> for text on cloud platforms; <contact
			fullname="Martino Trevisan"/> for text on campus networks;
			<contact fullname="David Clark"/> on congestion measurements at
			interconnects; <contact fullname="Oliver Hohlfeld"/> for the text on traff
			ic growth,
			changes in traffic shifts, campus networks, and
			interconnections; <contact fullname="Andra Lutu"/> on mobile networks; and
			<contact fullname="Kirsty Paine"/>
			for text on security impacts. Thanks to <contact fullname="Jason Livingood
			"/> for
			his review and additions.</t>
			</section>
	</back>		</back>
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