TRANS (Public Notary Transparency)
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Laurie
Internet-Draft A. Langley
Obsoletes: 6962 (if approved) E. Kasper
Intended status: Experimental
Request for Comments: 9162 E. Messeri
Expires: 4 March 2022
Obsoletes: 6962 Google
Category: Experimental R. Stradling
ISSN: 2070-1721 Sectigo
31 August
November 2021
Certificate Transparency Version 2.0
draft-ietf-trans-rfc6962-bis-42
Abstract
This document describes version 2.0 of the Certificate Transparency
(CT) protocol for publicly logging the existence of Transport Layer
Security (TLS) server certificates as they are issued or observed, in
a manner that allows anyone to audit certification authority (CA)
activity and notice the issuance of suspect certificates as well as
to audit the certificate logs themselves. The intent is that
eventually clients would refuse to honor certificates that do not
appear in a log, effectively forcing CAs to add all issued
certificates to the logs.
This document obsoletes RFC 6962. It also specifies a new TLS
extension that is used to send various CT log artifacts.
Logs are network services that implement the protocol operations for
submissions and queries that are defined in this document.
[RFC Editor: please update 'RFCXXXX' to refer to this document, once
its RFC number is known, through the document. Also, the OID
assigned below must also appear in the appendix as indicated. ]
Status of This Memo
This Internet-Draft document is submitted in full conformance with the
provisions of BCP 78 not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for examination, experimental implementation, and BCP 79.
Internet-Drafts are working documents
evaluation.
This document defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering
Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute
working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list It represents the consensus of current Internet-
Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.
Internet-Drafts are draft the IETF
community. It has received public review and has been approved for
publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not
all documents valid approved by the IESG are candidates for a maximum any level of six months
Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
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material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."
This Internet-Draft will expire on 4 March 2022.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9162.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3. Major Differences from CT 1.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2. Cryptographic Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1. Merkle Hash Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1. Definition of the Merkle Tree . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.2. Verifying a Tree Head Given Entries . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.3. Merkle Inclusion Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.4. Merkle Consistency Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.5. Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2. Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3. Submitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1. Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2. Precertificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2.1. Binding Intent to Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Log Format and Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1. Log Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.2. Evaluating Submissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.1. Minimum Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.2.2. Discretionary Acceptance Criteria . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.3. Log Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.4. Log ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.5. TransItem Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.6. Log Artifact Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.7. Merkle Tree Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.8. Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT) . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.9. Merkle Tree Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.10. Signed Tree Head (STH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.11. Merkle Consistency Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.12. Merkle Inclusion Proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.13. Shutting down Down a log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Log
5. Log Client Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
5.1. Submit Entry to Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2. Retrieve Latest STH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.3. Retrieve Merkle Consistency Proof between Two STHs . . . 32
5.4. Retrieve Merkle Inclusion Proof from Log by Leaf Hash . . 33
5.5. Retrieve Merkle Inclusion Proof, STH STH, and Consistency Proof
by Leaf Hash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5.6. Retrieve Entries and STH from Log . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5.7. Retrieve Accepted Trust Anchors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6. TLS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.1. TLS Client Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.2. Multiple SCTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.3. TransItemList Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
6.4. Presenting SCTs, inclusions proofs Inclusions Proofs, and STHs . . . . . . . 40
6.5. transparency_info TLS Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7. Certification Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1. Transparency Information X.509v3 Extension . . . . . . . 41
7.1.1. OCSP Response Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.1.2. Certificate Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2. TLS Feature X.509v3 Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8. Clients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
8.1. TLS Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.1.1. Receiving SCTs and inclusion proofs . . . . . . . . . 42 Inclusion Proofs
8.1.2. Reconstructing the TBSCertificate . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.1.3. Validating SCTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
8.1.4. Fetching inclusion proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Inclusion Proofs
8.1.5. Validating inclusion proofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Inclusion Proofs
8.1.6. Evaluating compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Compliance
8.2. Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8.3. Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
9. Algorithm Agility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10.1. Additions to existing registries . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Existing Registries
10.1.1. New Entry to the TLS ExtensionType Registry . . . . 47
10.1.2. URN Sub-namespace for TRANS (urn:ietf:params:trans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
10.2. New CT-Related registries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Registries
10.2.1. Hash Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.2.2. Signature Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
10.2.3. VersionedTransTypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
10.2.4. Log Artifact Extension Registry . . . . . . . . . . 50 Extensions
10.2.5. Log IDs Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
10.2.6. Error Types Registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
10.3. OID Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
11. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
11.1. Misissued Certificates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11.2. Detection of Misissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11.3. Misbehaving Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
11.4. Multiple SCTs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
11.5. Leakage of DNS Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
12. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
13. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
13.1.
12.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
13.2.
12.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Appendix A. Supporting v1 and v2 simultaneously Simultaneously (Informative) . 60
Appendix B. An ASN.1 Module (Informative) . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
1. Introduction
Certificate Transparency aims to mitigate the problem of misissued
certificates by providing append-only logs of issued certificates.
The logs do not themselves prevent misissuance, but they ensure that
interested parties (particularly those named in certificates) can
detect such misissuance. Note that this is a general mechanism that
could be used for transparently logging any form of binary data,
subject to some kind of inclusion criteria. In this document, we
only describe its use for public TLS server certificates (i.e., where
the inclusion criteria is a valid certificate issued by a public
certification authority (CA)). A typical definition of "public" can
be found in [CABBR].
Each log contains certificate chains, which can be submitted by
anyone. It is expected that public CAs will contribute all their
newly issued certificates to one or more logs; however, certificate
holders can also contribute their own certificate chains, as can
third parties. In order to avoid logs being rendered useless by the
submission of large numbers of spurious certificates, it is required
that each chain ends with a trust anchor that is accepted by the log.
A log may also limit the length of the chain it is willing to accept;
such chains must also end with an acceptable trust anchor. When a
chain is accepted by a log, a signed timestamp is returned, which can
later be used to provide evidence to TLS clients that the chain has
been submitted. TLS clients can thus require that all certificates
they accept as valid are accompanied by signed timestamps.
Those who are concerned about misissuance can monitor the logs,
asking them regularly for all new entries, and can thus check whether
domains for which they are responsible have had certificates issued
that they did not expect. What they do with this information,
particularly when they find that a misissuance has happened, is
beyond the scope of this document. However, broadly speaking, they
can invoke existing business mechanisms for dealing with misissued
certificates, such as working with the CA to get the certificate
revoked,
revoked or with maintainers of trust anchor lists to get the CA
removed. Of course, anyone who wants can monitor the logs and, if
they believe a certificate is incorrectly issued, take action as they
see fit.
Similarly, those who have seen signed timestamps from a particular
log can later demand a proof of inclusion from that log. If the log
is unable to provide this (or, indeed, if the corresponding
certificate is absent from monitors' copies of that log), that is
evidence of the incorrect operation of the log. The checking
operation is asynchronous to allow clients to proceed without delay,
despite possible issues issues, such as network connectivity and the
vagaries of firewalls.
The append-only property of each log is achieved using Merkle Trees,
which can be used to efficiently prove that any particular instance
of the log is a superset of any particular previous instance and to
efficiently detect various misbehaviors of the log (e.g., issuing a
signed timestamp for a certificate that is not subsequently logged).
It is necessary to treat each log as a trusted third party, because
the
The log auditing mechanisms described in this document can be
circumvented by a misbehaving log that shows different, inconsistent
views of itself to different clients. Therefore, it is necessary to
treat each log as a trusted third party. While mechanisms are being
developed to address these shortcomings and thereby avoid the need to
blindly trust logs, such mechanisms are outside the scope of this
document.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
1.2. Data Structures
Data structures are defined and encoded according to the conventions
laid out in Section 3 of [RFC8446].
This document uses object identifiers (OIDs) to identify Log IDs (see
Section 4.4), the precertificate CMS "eContentType" Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)
eContentType (see Section 3.2), and X.509v3 extensions in certificates
(see Section 7.1.2) 7.1.2), and OCSP Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
responses (see Section 7.1.1). The OIDs are defined in an arc that
was selected due to its short encoding.
1.3. Major Differences from CT 1.0
This document revises and obsoletes the CT 1.0 [RFC6962] protocol, protocol [RFC6962],
drawing on insights gained from CT 1.0 deployments and on feedback
from the community. The major changes are:
* Hash and signature algorithm agility: permitted Permitted algorithms are now
specified in IANA registries.
* Precertificate format: precertificates Precertificates are now CMS objects rather
than X.509 certificates, which avoids violating the certificate
serial number uniqueness requirement in Section 4.1.2.2 of
[RFC5280].
* Removed Removal of precertificate signing certificates and the
precertificate poison extension: the The change of precertificate
format means that these are no longer needed.
* Logs IDs: each Each log is now identified by an OID rather than by the
hash of its public key. OID allocations are managed by available from an
IANA registry.
* "TransItem" TransItem structure: this This new data structure is used to
encapsulate most types of CT data. A "TransItemList", TransItemList, consisting of
one or more "TransItem" TransItem structures, can be used anywhere that
"SignedCertificateTimestampList"
SignedCertificateTimestampList was used in [RFC6962].
* Merkle tree Tree leaves: the "MerkleTreeLeaf" The MerkleTreeLeaf structure has been replaced
by the "TransItem" TransItem structure, which eases extensibility and
simplifies the leaf structure by removing one layer of
abstraction.
* Unified leaf format: the The structure for both certificate and
precertificate entries now includes only the TBSCertificate
(whereas certificate entries in [RFC6962] included the entire
certificate).
* Log Artifact Extensions: these artifact extensions: These are now typed and managed by an
IANA registry, and they can now appear not only in SCTs Signed
Certificate Timestamps (SCTs) but also in STHs. Signed Tree Heads
(STHs).
* API outputs: complete "TransItem" Complete TransItem structures are returned, returned rather
than the constituent parts of each structure.
* get-all-by-hash: This is a new client API for obtaining an
inclusion proof and the corresponding consistency proof at the
same time.
* submit-entry: This is a new client API, replacing add-chain and add-pre-
chain.
add-pre-chain.
* Presenting SCTs with proofs: TLS servers may present SCTs together
with the corresponding inclusion proofs proofs, using any of the
mechanisms that [RFC6962] defined for presenting SCTs only.
(Presenting SCTs only is still supported).
* CT TLS extension: the "signed_certificate_timestamp" The signed_certificate_timestamp TLS extension
has been replaced by the "transparency_info" transparency_info TLS extension.
* Verification algorithms: added detailed Detailed algorithms for verifying
inclusion proofs, for verifying consistency between two STHs, and
for verifying a root hash given a complete list of the relevant
leaf input entries. entries have been added.
* Extensive clarifications and editorial work.
2. Cryptographic Components
2.1. Merkle Hash Trees
A full description of the Merkle Hash Tree is beyond the scope of this
document. Briefly, it is a binary tree where each non-leaf node is a
hash of its children. For CT, the number of children is at most two.
Additional information can be found in the Introduction and Reference
section
sections of [RFC8391].
2.1.1. Definition of the Merkle Tree
The log uses a binary Merkle Hash Tree for efficient auditing. The hash
algorithm used is one of the log's parameters (see Section 4.1).
This document establishes a registry of acceptable hash algorithms
(see Section 10.2.1). Throughout this document, the hash algorithm
in use is referred to as HASH and the size of its output in bytes is
referred to as HASH_SIZE. The input to the Merkle Tree Hash is a
list of data entries; these entries will be hashed to form the leaves
of the Merkle Hash Tree. The output is a single HASH_SIZE Merkle Tree
Hash. Given an ordered list of n inputs, D_n = {d[0], d[1], ...,
d[n-1]}, the Merkle Tree Hash (MTH) is thus defined as follows:
The hash of an empty list is the hash of an empty string:
MTH({}) = HASH().
The hash of a list with one entry (also known as a leaf hash) is:
MTH({d[0]}) = HASH(0x00 || d[0]).
For n > 1, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n (i.e., k
< n <= 2k). The Merkle Tree Hash of an n-element list D_n is then
defined recursively as as:
MTH(D_n) = HASH(0x01 || MTH(D[0:k]) || MTH(D[k:n])),
where:
* || denotes concatenation
* : denotes concatenation of lists
* D[k1:k2] = D'_(k2-k1) denotes the list {d'[0] = d[k1], d'[1] =
d[k1+1], ..., d'[k2-k1-1] = d[k2-1]} of length (k2 - k1).
Note that the hash calculations for leaves and nodes differ; this
domain separation is required to give second preimage resistance.
Note that we do not require the length of the input list to be a
power of two. The resulting Merkle Tree may thus not be balanced;
however, its shape is uniquely determined by the number of leaves.
(Note: This Merkle Tree is essentially the same as the history tree
[CrosbyWallach] proposal,
proposed by [CrosbyWallach], except our definition handles non-full
trees differently). differently.)
2.1.2. Verifying a Tree Head Given Entries
When a client has a complete list of "entries" entries from "0" 0 up to
"tree_size tree_size - 1"
1 and wishes to verify this list against a tree head
"root_hash" root_hash
returned by the log for the same "tree_size", tree_size, the following algorithm
may be used:
1. Set "stack" stack to an empty stack.
2. For each "i" i from "0" 0 up to "tree_size tree_size - 1":
1. 1:
a. Push "HASH(0x00 HASH(0x00 || entries[i])" entries[i]) to "stack".
2. stack.
b. Set "merge_count" merge_count to the lowest value ("0" (0 included) such that "LSB(i
LSB(i >> merge_count)" merge_count) is not set, where "LSB" LSB means the least
significant bit. In other words, set "merge_count" merge_count to the
number of consecutive "1"s 1s found starting at the least
significant bit of "i".
3. i.
c. Repeat "merge_count" merge_count times:
1.
i. Pop "right" right from "stack".
2. stack.
ii. Pop "left" left from "stack".
3. stack.
iii. Push "HASH(0x01 HASH(0x01 || left || right)" right) to "stack". stack.
3. If there is more than one element in the "stack", stack, repeat the same
merge procedure (the sub-items of Step 2.3 2(c) above) until only a
single element remains.
4. The remaining element in "stack" stack is the Merkle Tree hash Hash for the
given "tree_size" tree_size and should be compared by equality against the
supplied "root_hash". root_hash.
2.1.3. Merkle Inclusion Proofs
A Merkle inclusion proof for a leaf in a Merkle Hash Tree is the shortest
list of additional nodes in the Merkle Tree required to compute the
Merkle Tree Hash for that tree. Each node in the tree is either a
leaf node or is computed from the two nodes immediately below it
(i.e., towards the leaves). At each step up the tree (towards the
root), a node from the inclusion proof is combined with the node
computed so far. In other words, the inclusion proof consists of the
list of missing nodes required to compute the nodes leading from a
leaf to the root of the tree. If the root computed from the
inclusion proof matches the true root, then the inclusion proof
proves that the leaf exists in the tree.
2.1.3.1. Generating an Inclusion Proof
Given an ordered list of n inputs to the tree, D_n = {d[0], d[1],
..., d[n-1]}, the Merkle inclusion proof PATH(m, D_n) for the (m+1)th
input d[m], 0 <= m < n, is defined as follows:
The proof for the single leaf in a tree with a one-element input list
D[1] = {d[0]} is empty:
PATH(0, {d[0]}) = {}
For n > 1, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n. The
proof for the (m+1)th element d[m] in a list of n > m elements is
then defined recursively as as:
PATH(m, D_n) = PATH(m, D[0:k]) : MTH(D[k:n]) for m < k; and
PATH(m, D_n) = PATH(m - k, D[k:n]) : MTH(D[0:k]) for m >= k,
The : operator and D[k1:k2] are defined the same as in Section 2.1.1.
2.1.3.2. Verifying an Inclusion Proof
When a client has received an inclusion proof (e.g., in a "TransItem" TransItem
of type "inclusion_proof_v2") inclusion_proof_v2) and wishes to verify inclusion of an
input "hash" hash for a given "tree_size" tree_size and "root_hash", root_hash, the following
algorithm may be used to prove the "hash" hash was included in the
"root_hash":
root_hash:
1. Compare "leaf_index" leaf_index from the "inclusion_proof_v2" inclusion_proof_v2 structure against "tree_size".
tree_size. If "leaf_index" leaf_index is greater than or equal to
"tree_size" tree_size,
then fail the proof verification.
2. Set "fn" fn to "leaf_index" leaf_index and "sn" sn to "tree_size tree_size - 1". 1.
3. Set "r" r to "hash". hash.
4. For each value "p" p in the "inclusion_path" inclusion_path array:
a. If "sn" sn is 0, then stop the iteration and fail the proof
verification.
b. If "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is set, or if "fn" fn is equal to "sn", sn, then:
1.
i. Set "r" r to "HASH(0x01 HASH(0x01 || p || r)"
2. r).
ii. If "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is not set, then right-shift both "fn" fn and "sn" sn
equally until either "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is set or "fn" fn is "0". 0.
Otherwise:
1.
i. Set "r" r to "HASH(0x01 HASH(0x01 || r || p)" p).
c. Finally, right-shift both "fn" fn and "sn" sn one time.
5. Compare "sn" sn to 0. Compare "r" r against the "root_hash". root_hash. If "sn" sn is
equal to 0, 0 and "r" r and the "root_hash" root_hash are equal, then the log has
proven the inclusion of "hash". hash. Otherwise, fail the proof
verification.
2.1.4. Merkle Consistency Proofs
Merkle consistency proofs prove the append-only property of the tree.
A Merkle consistency proof for a Merkle Tree Hash MTH(D_n) and a
previously advertised hash MTH(D[0:m]) of the first m leaves, m <= n,
is the list of nodes in the Merkle Tree required to verify that the
first m inputs D[0:m] are equal in both trees. Thus, a consistency
proof must contain a set of intermediate nodes (i.e., commitments to
inputs) sufficient to verify MTH(D_n), such that (a subset of) the
same nodes can be used to verify MTH(D[0:m]). We define an algorithm
that outputs the (unique) minimal consistency proof.
2.1.4.1. Generating a Consistency Proof
Given an ordered list of n inputs to the tree, D_n = {d[0], d[1],
..., d[n-1]}, the Merkle consistency proof PROOF(m, D_n) for a
previous Merkle Tree Hash MTH(D[0:m]), 0 < m < n, is defined as:
PROOF(m, D_n) = SUBPROOF(m, D_n, true)
In SUBPROOF, the boolean value represents whether the subtree created
from D[0:m] is a complete subtree of the Merkle Tree created from
D_n, D_n
and, consequently, whether the subtree Merkle Tree Hash MTH(D[0:m])
is known. The initial call to SUBPROOF sets this to be true, and
SUBPROOF is then defined as follows:
The subproof for m = n is empty if m is the value for which PROOF was
originally requested (meaning that the subtree created from D[0:m] is
a complete subtree of the Merkle Tree created from the original D_n
for which PROOF was requested, requested and the subtree Merkle Tree Hash
MTH(D[0:m]) is known):
SUBPROOF(m, D_m, true) = {}
Otherwise, the subproof for m = n is the Merkle Tree Hash committing
inputs D[0:m]:
SUBPROOF(m, D_m, false) = {MTH(D_m)}
For m < n, let k be the largest power of two smaller than n. The
subproof is then defined recursively, using the appropriate step
below:
If m <= k, the right subtree entries D[k:n] only exist in the current
tree. We prove that the left subtree entries D[0:k] are consistent
and add a commitment to D[k:n]:
SUBPROOF(m, D_n, b) = SUBPROOF(m, D[0:k], b) : MTH(D[k:n])
If m > k, the left subtree entries D[0:k] are identical in both
trees. We prove that the right subtree entries D[k:n] are consistent
and add a commitment to D[0:k]. D[0:k]:
SUBPROOF(m, D_n, b) = SUBPROOF(m - k, D[k:n], false) : MTH(D[0:k])
The number of nodes in the resulting proof is bounded above by
ceil(log2(n)) + 1.
The : operator and D[k1:k2] are defined the same as in Section 2.1.1.
2.1.4.2. Verifying Consistency between Two Tree Heads
When a client has a tree head "first_hash" first_hash for tree size "first", first, has a
tree head "second_hash" second_hash for tree size "second" second where "0 0 < first <
second", second,
and has received a consistency proof between the two (e.g., in a "TransItem"
TransItem of type "consistency_proof_v2"), consistency_proof_v2), the following algorithm may
be used to verify the consistency proof:
1. If "consistency_path" consistency_path is an empty array, stop and fail the proof
verification.
2. If "first" first is an exact power of 2, then prepend "first_hash" first_hash to the "consistency_path"
consistency_path array.
3. Set "fn" fn to "first first - 1" 1 and "sn" sn to "second second - 1". 1.
4. If "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is set, then right-shift both "fn" fn and "sn" sn equally until "LSB(fn)"
LSB(fn) is not set.
5. Set both "fr" fr and "sr" sr to the first value in the
"consistency_path" consistency_path
array.
6. For each subsequent value "c" c in the "consistency_path" consistency_path array:
a. If "sn" sn is 0, then stop the iteration and fail the proof
verification.
b. If "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is set, or if "fn" fn is equal to "sn", sn, then:
1.
i. Set "fr" fr to "HASH(0x01 HASH(0x01 || c || fr)" fr).
ii. Set "sr" sr to "HASH(0x01 HASH(0x01 || c || sr)"
2. sr).
iii. If "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is not set, then right-shift both "fn" fn and "sn" sn
equally until either "LSB(fn)" LSB(fn) is set or "fn" fn is "0". 0.
Otherwise:
1.
i. Set "sr" sr to "HASH(0x01 HASH(0x01 || sr || c)" c).
c. Finally, right-shift both "fn" fn and "sn" sn one time.
7. After completing iterating through the "consistency_path" consistency_path array as
described above, verify that the "fr" fr calculated is equal to the "first_hash"
first_hash supplied, that the "sr" sr calculated is equal to the "second_hash" supplied
second_hash supplied, and that "sn" sn is 0.
2.1.5. Example
The following is a binary Merkle Tree with 7 leaves:
hash
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
k l
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
g h i j
/ \ / \ / \ |
a b c d e f d6
| | | | | |
d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
The inclusion proof for d0 is [b, h, l].
The inclusion proof for d3 is [c, g, l].
The inclusion proof for d4 is [f, j, k].
The inclusion proof for d6 is [i, k].
The same tree, built incrementally in four steps:
hash0 hash1=k
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
g c g h
/ \ | / \ / \
a b d2 a b c d
| | | | | |
d0 d1 d0 d1 d2 d3
hash2 hash
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
/ \ / \
k i k l
/ \ / \ / \ / \
/ \ e f / \ / \
/ \ | | / \ / \
g h d4 d5 g h i j
/ \ / \ / \ / \ / \ |
a b c d a b c d e f d6
| | | | | | | | | |
d0 d1 d2 d3 d0 d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
The consistency proof between hash0 and hash is PROOF(3, D[7]) = [c,
d, g, l]. Non-leaf nodes c, g are used to verify hash0, and non-leaf
nodes d, l are additionally used to show hash is consistent with
hash0.
The consistency proof between hash1 and hash is PROOF(4, D[7]) = [l].
hash can be verified using hash1=k and l.
The consistency proof between hash2 and hash is PROOF(6, D[7]) = [i,
j, k]. Non-leaf nodes k, i are used to verify hash2, and non-leaf
node j is additionally used to show hash is consistent with hash2.
2.2. Signatures
When signing data structures, a log MUST use one of the signature
algorithms from the IANA CT Signature Algorithms "Signature Algorithms" registry, described
in Section 10.2.2.
3. Submitters
Submitters submit certificates or preannouncements of certificates
prior to issuance (precertificates) to logs for public auditing, as
described below. In order to enable attribution of each logged
certificate or precertificate to its issuer, each submission MUST be
accompanied by all additional certificates required to verify the
chain up to an accepted trust anchor (Section 5.7). The trust anchor
(a root or intermediate CA certificate) MAY be omitted from the
submission.
If a log accepts a submission, it will return a Signed Certificate
Timestamp (SCT) (see Section 4.8). The submitter SHOULD validate the
returned SCT SCT, as described in Section 8.1 8.1, if they understand its
format and they intend to use it directly in a TLS handshake or to
construct a certificate. If the submitter does not need the SCT (for
example, the certificate is being submitted simply to make it
available in the log), it MAY validate the SCT.
3.1. Certificates
Any entity can submit a certificate (Section 5.1) to a log. Since it
is anticipated that TLS clients will reject certificates that are not
logged, it is expected that certificate issuers and subjects will be
strongly motivated to submit them.
3.2. Precertificates
CAs may preannounce a certificate prior to issuance by submitting a
precertificate (Section 5.1) that the log can use to create an entry
that will be valid against the issued certificate. The CA MAY
incorporate the returned SCT in the issued certificate. One example
of where the returned SCT is not incorporated in the issued
certificate is when a CA sends the precertificate to multiple logs, logs
but only incorporates the SCTs that are returned first.
A precertificate is a CMS [RFC5652] "signed-data" signed-data object that conforms
to the following profile:
* It MUST be DER encoded encoded, as described in [X690].
* "SignedData.version" SignedData.version MUST be v3(3).
* "SignedData.digestAlgorithms" SignedData.digestAlgorithms MUST be the same as the
"SignerInfo.digestAlgorithm"
SignerInfo.digestAlgorithm OID value (see below).
* "SignedData.encapContentInfo": SignedData.encapContentInfo:
- "eContentType" eContentType MUST be the OID 1.3.101.78.
- "eContent" eContent MUST contain a TBSCertificate [RFC5280] that will be
identical to the TBSCertificate in the issued certificate,
except that the Transparency Information (Section 7.1)
extension MUST be omitted.
* "SignedData.certificates" SignedData.certificates MUST be omitted.
* "SignedData.crls" SignedData.crls MUST be omitted.
* "SignedData.signerInfos" SignedData.signerInfos MUST contain one "SignerInfo": SignerInfo:
- "version" version MUST be v3(3).
- "sid" sid MUST use the "subjectKeyIdentifier" subjectKeyIdentifier option.
- "digestAlgorithm" digestAlgorithm MUST be one of the hash algorithm OIDs listed
in the IANA CT Hash Algorithms Registry, "Hash Algorithms" registry, described in
Section 10.2.1.
- "signedAttrs" signedAttrs MUST be present and MUST contain two attributes:
o A a content-type attribute whose value is the same as
"SignedData.encapContentInfo.eContentType".
SignedData.encapContentInfo.eContentType and
o A a message-digest attribute whose value is the message digest
of "SignedData.encapContentInfo.eContent". SignedData.encapContentInfo.eContent.
- "signatureAlgorithm" signatureAlgorithm MUST be the same OID as
"TBSCertificate.signature".
TBSCertificate.signature.
- "signature" signature MUST be from the same (root or intermediate) CA that
intends to issue the corresponding certificate (see
Section 3.2.1).
- "unsignedAttrs" unsignedAttrs MUST be omitted.
"SignerInfo.signedAttrs"
SignerInfo.signedAttrs is included in the message digest calculation
process (see Section 5.4 of [RFC5652]), which ensures that the "SignerInfo.signature"
SignerInfo.signature value will not be a valid X.509v3 signature that
could be used in conjunction with the TBSCertificate (from "SignedData.encapContentInfo.eContent")
SignedData.encapContentInfo.eContent) to construct a valid
certificate.
3.2.1. Binding Intent to Issue
Under normal circumstances, there will be a short delay between
precertificate submission and issuance of the corresponding
certificate. Longer delays are to be expected occasionally (e.g.,
due to log server downtime), and downtime); in some cases cases, the CA might not actually
issue the corresponding certificate. Nevertheless, a
precertificate's "signature" signature indicates the CA's binding intent to issue
the corresponding certificate, which means that:
* Misissuance of a precertificate is considered equivalent to
misissuance of the corresponding certificate. The CA should
expect to be held to account, accountable, even if the corresponding
certificate has not actually been issued.
* Upon observing a precertificate, a client can reasonably presume
that the corresponding certificate has been issued. A client may
wish to obtain status information (e.g., by using the Online
Certificate Status Protocol [RFC6960] or by checking a Certificate
Revocation List [RFC5280]) about a certificate that is presumed to
exist, especially if there is evidence or suspicion that the
corresponding precertificate was misissued.
* TLS clients may have policies that require CAs to be able to
revoke,
revoke and to provide certificate status services for, for each
certificate that is presumed to exist based on the existence of a
corresponding precertificate.
4. Log Format and Operation
A log is a single, append-only Merkle Tree of submitted certificate
and precertificate entries.
When it receives and accepts a valid submission, the log MUST return
an SCT that corresponds to the submitted certificate or
precertificate. If the log has previously seen this valid
submission, it SHOULD return the same SCT as it returned before, as
discussed in Section 11.3. If different SCTs are produced for the
same submission, multiple log entries will have to be created, one
for each SCT (as the timestamp is a part of the leaf structure).
Note that if a certificate was previously logged as a precertificate,
then the precertificate's SCT of type "precert_sct_v2" precert_sct_v2 would not be
appropriate; instead, a fresh SCT of type "x509_sct_v2" x509_sct_v2 should be
generated.
An SCT is the log's promise to append to its Merkle Tree an entry for
the accepted submission. Upon producing an SCT, the log MUST fulfil fulfill
this promise by performing the following actions within a fixed
amount of time known as the Maximum Merge Delay (MMD), which is one
of the log's parameters (see Section 4.1):
* Allocate a tree index to the entry representing the accepted
submission.
* Calculate the root of the tree.
* Sign the root of the tree (see Section 4.10).
The log may append multiple entries before signing the root of the
tree.
Log operators SHOULD NOT impose any conditions on retrieving or
sharing data from the log.
4.1. Log Parameters
A log is defined by a collection of immutable parameters, which are
used by clients to communicate with the log and to verify log
artifacts. Except for the Final Signed Tree Head (STH), STH, each of these parameters MUST
be established before the log operator begins to operate the log.
Base URL: The prefix used to construct URLs ([RFC3986]) [RFC3986] for client
messages (see Section 5). The base URL MUST be an "https" URL,
MAY contain a port, and MAY contain a path with any number of path
segments,
segments but MUST NOT contain a query string, fragment, or
trailing "/". Example: https://ct.example.org/blue https://ct.example.org/blue.
Hash Algorithm: The hash algorithm used for the Merkle Tree (see
Section 10.2.1).
Signature Algorithm: The signature algorithm used (see Section 2.2).
Public Key: The public key used to verify signatures generated by
the log. A log MUST NOT use the same keypair as any other log.
Log ID: The OID that uniquely identifies the log.
Maximum Merge Delay: The MMD the log has committed to. This
document deliberately does not specify any limits on the value, value to
allow for experimentation.
Version: The version of the protocol supported by the log (currently
1 or 2).
Maximum Chain Length: The longest certificate chain submission the
log is willing to accept, if the log imposes any limit.
STH Frequency Count: The maximum number of STHs the log may produce
in any period equal to the "Maximum Maximum Merge Delay" Delay (see Section 4.10).
Final STH: If a log has been closed down (i.e., no longer accepts
new entries), existing entries may still be valid. In this case,
the client should know the final valid STH in the log to ensure no
new entries can be added without detection. This value MUST be
provided in the form of a TransItem of type "signed_tree_head_v2". signed_tree_head_v2.
If a log is still accepting entries, this value should not be
provided.
[JSON.Metadata] is an example of a metadata format which that includes the
above elements.
4.2. Evaluating Submissions
A log determines whether to accept or reject a submission by
evaluating it against the minimum acceptance criteria (see
Section 4.2.1) and against the log's discretionary acceptance
criteria (see Section 4.2.2).
If the acceptance criteria are met, the log SHOULD accept the
submission. (A log may decide, for example, to temporarily reject
acceptable submissions to protect itself against denial-of-service
attacks).
attacks.)
The log SHALL allow retrieval of its list of accepted trust anchors
(see Section 5.7), each of which is a root or intermediate CA
certificate. This list might usefully be the union of root
certificates trusted by major browser vendors.
4.2.1. Minimum Acceptance Criteria
To ensure that logged certificates and precertificates are
attributable to an accepted trust anchor, to set clear expectations
for what monitors would find in the log, and to avoid being
overloaded by invalid submissions, the log MUST reject a submission
if any of the following conditions are not met:
* The "submission", "type" submission, type, and "chain" chain inputs MUST be set as described in
Section 5.1. The log MUST NOT accommodate misordered CA
certificates or use any other source of intermediate CA
certificates to attempt certification path construction.
* Each of the zero or more intermediate CA certificates in the chain
MUST have one or both of the following features:
- The Basic Constraints extension with the cA boolean asserted.
- The Key Usage extension with the keyCertSign bit asserted.
* Each certificate in the chain MUST fall within the limits imposed
by the zero or more Basic Constraints pathLenConstraint values
found higher up the chain.
* Precertificate submissions MUST conform to all of the requirements
in Section 3.2.
4.2.2. Discretionary Acceptance Criteria
If the minimum acceptance criteria are met but the submission is not
fully valid according to [RFC5280] verification rules (e.g., the
certificate or precertificate has expired, is not yet valid, has been
revoked, exhibits ASN.1 DER encoding errors but the log can still
parse it, etc), etc.), then the acceptability of the submission is left to
the log's discretion. It is useful for logs to accept such
submissions in order to accommodate quirks of CA certificate-issuing
software and to facilitate monitoring of CA compliance with
applicable policies and technical standards. However, it is
impractical for this document to enumerate, and for logs to consider,
all of the ways that a submission might fail to comply with
[RFC5280].
Logs SHOULD limit the length of chain they will accept. The maximum
chain length is one of the log's parameters (see Section 4.1).
4.3. Log Entries
If a submission is accepted and an SCT is issued, the accepting log
MUST store the entire chain used for verification. This chain MUST
include the certificate or precertificate itself, the zero or more
intermediate CA certificates provided by the submitter, and the trust
anchor used to verify the chain (even if it was omitted from the
submission). The log MUST provide this chain for auditing upon
request (see Section 5.6) so that the CA cannot avoid blame by
logging a partial or empty chain. Each log entry is a "TransItem" TransItem
structure of type "x509_entry_v2" x509_entry_v2 or "precert_entry_v2". precert_entry_v2. However, a log
may store its entries in any format. If a log does not store this "TransItem"
TransItem in full, it must store the "timestamp" timestamp and
"sct_extensions" sct_extensions of
the corresponding
"TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2" TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure. The "TransItem"
TransItem can be reconstructed from these fields and the entire chain
that the log used to verify the submission.
4.4. Log ID
Each log is identified by an OID, which is one of the log's
parameters (see Section 4.1) and which MUST NOT be used to identify
any other log. A log's operator MUST either allocate the OID
themselves or request an OID from the Log ID registry (see
Section 10.2.5). One way to get an OID arc, from which OIDs can be
allocated, is to request a Private Enterprise Number from IANA, IANA by
completing the registration form (https://pen.iana.org/pen/
PenApplication.page). The only advantage of the registry is that the
DER encoding can be small. (Recall that OID allocations do not
require a central registration, although logs will most likely want
to make themselves known to potential clients through out of band out-of-band
means.) Various data structures include the DER encoding of this
OID, excluding the ASN.1 tag and length bytes, in an opaque vector:
opaque LogID<2..127>;
Note that the ASN.1 length and the opaque vector length are identical
in size (1 byte) and value, so the full DER encoding (including the
tag and length) of the OID can be reproduced simply by prepending an
OBJECT IDENTIFIER tag (0x06) to the opaque vector length and
contents.
The OID used to identify a log is limited such that the DER encoding
of its value, excluding the tag and length, MUST be no longer than
127 octets.
4.5. TransItem Structure
Various data structures are encapsulated in the "TransItem" TransItem structure
to ensure that the type and version of each one is identified in a
common fashion:
enum {
x509_entry_v2(0x0100), precert_entry_v2(0x0101),
x509_sct_v2(0x0102), precert_sct_v2(0x0103),
signed_tree_head_v2(0x0104), consistency_proof_v2(0x0105),
inclusion_proof_v2(0x0106),
/* Reserved Code Points */
reserved_rfc6962(0x0000..0x00FF),
reserved_experimentaluse(0xE000..0xEFFF),
reserved_privateuse(0xF000..0xFFFF),
(0xFFFF)
} VersionedTransType;
struct {
VersionedTransType versioned_type;
select (versioned_type) {
case x509_entry_v2: TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2;
case precert_entry_v2: TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2;
case x509_sct_v2: SignedCertificateTimestampDataV2;
case precert_sct_v2: SignedCertificateTimestampDataV2;
case signed_tree_head_v2: SignedTreeHeadDataV2;
case consistency_proof_v2: ConsistencyProofDataV2;
case inclusion_proof_v2: InclusionProofDataV2;
} data;
} TransItem;
"versioned_type"
versioned_type is a value from the IANA registry in Section 10.2.3
that identifies the type of the encapsulated data structure and the
earliest version of this protocol to which it conforms. This
document is v2.
"data"
data is the encapsulated data structure. The various structures
named with the "DataV2" DataV2 suffix are defined in later sections of this
document.
Note that "VersionedTransType" VersionedTransType combines the v1 [RFC6962] type enumerations "Version", "LogEntryType", "SignatureType"
Version, LogEntryType, SignatureType, and
"MerkleLeafType". MerkleLeafType [RFC6962].
Note also that v1 did not define "TransItem", TransItem, but this document
provides guidelines (see Appendix A) on how v2 implementations can co-exist
coexist with v1 implementations.
Future versions of this protocol may reuse "VersionedTransType" VersionedTransType values
defined in this document as long as the corresponding data structures
are not modified, modified and may add new "VersionedTransType" VersionedTransType values for new or
modified data structures.
4.6. Log Artifact Extensions
enum {
reserved(65535)
} ExtensionType;
struct {
ExtensionType extension_type;
opaque extension_data<0..2^16-1>;
} Extension;
The "Extension" Extension structure provides a generic extensibility for log
artifacts, including SCTs (Section 4.8) and STHs (Section 4.10). The
interpretation of the "extension_data" extension_data field is determined solely by
the value of the "extension_type" extension_type field.
This document does not define any extensions, but it does establish a
registry for future "ExtensionType" ExtensionType values (see Section 10.2.4). Each
document that registers a new "ExtensionType" ExtensionType must specify the context
in which it may be used (e.g., SCT, STH, or both) and describe how to
interpret the corresponding "extension_data". extension_data.
4.7. Merkle Tree Leaves
The leaves of a log's Merkle Tree correspond to the log's entries
(see Section 4.3). Each leaf is the leaf hash (Section 2.1) of a
"TransItem"
TransItem structure of type "x509_entry_v2" x509_entry_v2 or "precert_entry_v2", precert_entry_v2, which
encapsulates a "TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2" TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure. Note
that leaf hashes are calculated as HASH(0x00 || TransItem), where the
hash algorithm is one of the log's parameters.
opaque TBSCertificate<1..2^24-1>;
struct {
uint64 timestamp;
opaque issuer_key_hash<32..2^8-1>;
TBSCertificate tbs_certificate;
Extension sct_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
} TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2;
"timestamp"
timestamp is the date and time at which the certificate or
precertificate was accepted by the log, in the form of a 64-bit
unsigned number of milliseconds elapsed since the Unix Epoch (1
January 1970 00:00:00 UTC - -- see [UNIXTIME]), ignoring leap seconds,
in network byte order. Note that the leaves of a log's Merkle Tree
are not required to be in strict chronological order.
"issuer_key_hash"
issuer_key_hash is the HASH of the public key of the CA that issued
the certificate or precertificate, calculated over the DER encoding
of the key represented as SubjectPublicKeyInfo [RFC5280]. This is
needed to bind the CA to the certificate or precertificate, making it
impossible for the corresponding SCT to be valid for any other
certificate or precertificate whose TBSCertificate matches
"tbs_certificate".
tbs_certificate. The length of the "issuer_key_hash" issuer_key_hash MUST match
HASH_SIZE.
"tbs_certificate"
tbs_certificate is the DER encoded DER-encoded TBSCertificate from the
submission. (Note that a precertificate's TBSCertificate can be
reconstructed from the corresponding certificate certificate, as described in
Section 8.1.2).
"sct_extensions"
sct_extensions is byte-for-byte identical to the SCT extensions of
the corresponding SCT.
The type of the "TransItem" TransItem corresponds to the value of the "type" type
parameter supplied in the Section 5.1 call.
4.8. Signed Certificate Timestamp (SCT)
An SCT is a "TransItem" TransItem structure of type "x509_sct_v2" x509_sct_v2 or
"precert_sct_v2",
precert_sct_v2, which encapsulates a
"SignedCertificateTimestampDataV2" SignedCertificateTimestampDataV2
structure:
struct {
LogID log_id;
uint64 timestamp;
Extension sct_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
opaque signature<1..2^16-1>;
} SignedCertificateTimestampDataV2;
"log_id"
log_id is this log's unique ID, encoded in an opaque vector vector, as
described in Section 4.4.
"timestamp"
timestamp is equal to the timestamp from the corresponding
"TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2"
TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure.
"sct_extensions"
sct_extensions is a vector of 0 or more SCT extensions. This vector
MUST NOT include more than one extension with the same
"extension_type".
extension_type. The extensions in the vector MUST be ordered by the
value of the "extension_type" extension_type field, smallest value first. All SCT
extensions are similar to non-critical noncritical X.509v3 extensions (i.e., the "mustUnderstand"
mustUnderstand field is not set), and a recipient SHOULD ignore any
extension it does not understand. Furthermore, an implementation MAY
choose to ignore any extension(s) that it does understand.
"signature"
signature is computed over a "TransItem" TransItem structure of type
"x509_entry_v2"
x509_entry_v2 or "precert_entry_v2" precert_entry_v2 (see Section 4.7) using the
signature algorithm declared in the log's parameters (see
Section 4.1).
4.9. Merkle Tree Head
The log stores information about its Merkle Tree in a
"TreeHeadDataV2": TreeHeadDataV2:
opaque NodeHash<32..2^8-1>;
struct {
uint64 timestamp;
uint64 tree_size;
NodeHash root_hash;
Extension sth_extensions<0..2^16-1>;
} TreeHeadDataV2;
The length of NodeHash MUST match HASH_SIZE of the log.
"timestamp"
timestamp is the current date and time, using the format defined in
Section 4.7.
"tree_size"
tree_size is the number of entries currently in the log's Merkle
Tree.
"root_hash"
root_hash is the root of the Merkle Hash Tree.
"sth_extensions"
sth_extensions is a vector of 0 or more STH extensions. This vector
MUST NOT include more than one extension with the same
"extension_type".
extension_type. The extensions in the vector MUST be ordered by the
value of the "extension_type" extension_type field, smallest value first. If an
implementation sees an extension that it does not understand, it
SHOULD ignore that extension. Furthermore, an implementation MAY
choose to ignore any extension(s) that it does understand.
4.10. Signed Tree Head (STH)
Periodically
Periodically, each log SHOULD sign its current tree head information
(see Section 4.9) to produce an STH. When a client requests a log's
latest STH (see Section 5.2), the log MUST return an STH that is no
older than the log's MMD. However, since STHs could be used to mark
individual clients (by producing a new STH for each query), a log
MUST NOT produce STHs more frequently than its parameters declare
(see Section 4.1). In general, there is no need to produce a new STH
unless there are new entries in the log; however, in the event that a
log does not accept any submissions during an MMD period, the log
MUST sign the same Merkle Tree Hash with a fresh timestamp.
An STH is a "TransItem" TransItem structure of type "signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2, which
encapsulates a "SignedTreeHeadDataV2" SignedTreeHeadDataV2 structure:
struct {
LogID log_id;
TreeHeadDataV2 tree_head;
opaque signature<1..2^16-1>;
} SignedTreeHeadDataV2;
"log_id"
log_id is this log's unique ID, ID encoded in an opaque vector vector, as
described in Section 4.4.
The "timestamp" timestamp in "tree_head" tree_head MUST be at least as recent as the most
recent SCT timestamp in the tree. Each subsequent timestamp MUST be
more recent than the timestamp of the previous update.
"tree_head"
tree_head contains the latest tree head information (see
Section 4.9).
"signature"
signature is computed over the "tree_head" tree_head field using the signature
algorithm declared in the log's parameters (see Section 4.1).
4.11. Merkle Consistency Proofs
To prepare a Merkle Consistency Proof consistency proof for distribution to clients,
the log produces a "TransItem" TransItem structure of type
"consistency_proof_v2", consistency_proof_v2,
which encapsulates a "ConsistencyProofDataV2" ConsistencyProofDataV2 structure:
struct {
LogID log_id;
uint64 tree_size_1;
uint64 tree_size_2;
NodeHash consistency_path<0..2^16-1>;
} ConsistencyProofDataV2;
"log_id"
log_id is this log's unique ID, ID encoded in an opaque vector vector, as
described in Section 4.4.
"tree_size_1"
tree_size_1 is the size of the older tree.
"tree_size_2"
tree_size_2 is the size of the newer tree.
"consistency_path"
consistency_path is a vector of Merkle Tree nodes proving the
consistency of two STHs STHs, as described in Section 2.1.4.
4.12. Merkle Inclusion Proofs
To prepare a Merkle Inclusion Proof inclusion proof for distribution to clients, the
log produces a "TransItem" TransItem structure of type "inclusion_proof_v2", inclusion_proof_v2, which
encapsulates an "InclusionProofDataV2" InclusionProofDataV2 structure:
struct {
LogID log_id;
uint64 tree_size;
uint64 leaf_index;
NodeHash inclusion_path<0..2^16-1>;
} InclusionProofDataV2;
"log_id"
log_id is this log's unique ID, ID encoded in an opaque vector vector, as
described in Section 4.4.
"tree_size"
tree_size is the size of the tree on which this inclusion proof is
based.
"leaf_index"
leaf_index is the 0-based index of the log entry corresponding to
this inclusion proof.
"inclusion_path"
inclusion_path is a vector of Merkle Tree nodes proving the inclusion
of the chosen certificate or precertificate precertificate, as described in
Section 2.1.3.
4.13. Shutting down Down a log Log
Log operators may decide to shut down a log for various reasons, such
as deprecation of the signature algorithm. If there are entries in
the log for certificates that have not yet expired, simply making TLS
clients stop recognizing that log will have the effect of
invalidating SCTs from that log. In order to avoid that, the
following actions SHOULD be taken:
* Make it known to clients and monitors that the log will be frozen.
This is not part of the API, so it will have to be done via a
relevant out-of-band mechanism.
* Stop accepting new submissions (the error code "shutdown" should
be returned for such requests).
* Once MMD from the last accepted submission has passed and all
pending submissions are incorporated, issue a final STH and
publish it as one of the log's parameters. Having an STH with a
timestamp that is after the MMD has passed from the last SCT
issuance allows clients to audit this log regularly without
special handling for the final STH. At this point point, the log's
private key is no longer needed and can be destroyed.
* Keep the log running until the certificates in all of its entries
have expired or exist in other logs (this can be determined by
scanning other logs or connecting to domains mentioned in the
certificates and inspecting the SCTs served).
5. Log Client Messages
Messages are sent as HTTPS GET or POST requests. Parameters for
POSTs and all responses are encoded as JavaScript Object Notation
(JSON) objects [RFC8259]. Parameters for GETs are encoded as order-
independent key/value URL parameters, using the "application/x-www-
form-urlencoded" format described in the "HTML 4.01 Specification"
[HTML401]. Binary data is base64 encoded according to section Section 4 of
[RFC4648]
[RFC4648], as specified in the individual messages.
Clients are configured with a log's base URL, which is one of the
log's parameters. Clients construct URLs for requests by appending
suffixes to this base URL. This structure places some degree of
restriction on how log operators can deploy these services, as noted
in [RFC8820]. However, operational experience with version 1 of this
protocol has not indicated that these restrictions are a problem in
practice.
Note that JSON objects and URL parameters may contain fields not
specified here, here to allow for experimentation. Any fields that are not
understood SHOULD be ignored.
In practice, log servers may include multiple front-end machines.
Since it is impractical to keep these machines in perfect sync,
errors may occur that are caused by skew between the machines. machines may occur. Where
such errors are possible, the front-end front end will return additional
information (as specified below) below), making it possible for clients to
make progress, if progress is possible. Front-ends Front ends MUST only serve
data that is free of gaps (that is, for example, no front-end front end will
respond with an STH unless it is also able to prove consistency from
all log entries logged within that STH).
For example, when a consistency proof between two STHs is requested,
the front-end front end reached may not yet be aware of one or both STHs. In
the case where it is unaware of both, it will return the latest STH
it is aware of. Where it is aware of the first but not the second,
it will return the latest STH it is aware of and a consistency proof
from the first STH to the returned STH. The case where it knows the
second but not the first should not arise (see the "no gaps"
requirement above).
If the log is unable to process a client's request, it MUST return an
HTTP response code of 4xx/5xx (see [RFC7231]), and, in place of the
responses outlined in the subsections below, the body SHOULD be a
JSON Problem Details Object problem details object (see [RFC7807] Section 3), 3 of [RFC7807]) containing:
type: A URN reference identifying the problem. To facilitate
automated response to errors, this document defines a set of
standard tokens for use in the "type" field, type field within the URN namespace
of: "urn:ietf:params:trans:error:".
detail: A human-readable string describing the error that prevented
the log from processing the request, ideally with sufficient
detail to enable the error to be rectified.
e.g., In
For example, in response to a request of "<Base <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-
entries?start=100&end=99",
entries?start=100&end=99, the log would return a "400 400 Bad Request" Request
response code with a body similar to the following:
{
"type": "urn:ietf:params:trans:error:endBeforeStart",
"detail": "'start' cannot be greater than 'end'"
}
Most error types are specific to the type of request and are defined
in the respective subsections below. The one exception is the
"malformed" error type, which indicates that the log server could not
parse the client's request because it did not comply with this
document:
+===========+==================================+
| type | detail |
+===========+==================================+
| malformed | The request could not be parsed. |
+-----------+----------------------------------+
Table 1
Clients SHOULD treat "500 500 Internal Server Error" Error and "503 503 Service
Unavailable"
Unavailable responses as transient failures and MAY retry the same
request without modification at a later date. Note that as per
[RFC7231], in the case
of a 503 response response, the log MAY include a
"Retry-After:" Retry-After header field per
[RFC7231] in order to request a minimum time for the client to wait
before retrying the request. In the absence of this header field,
this document does not specify a minimum.
Clients SHOULD treat any 4xx error as a problem with the request and
not attempt to resubmit without some modification to the request.
The full status code MAY provide additional details.
This document deliberately does not provide more specific guidance on
the use of HTTP status codes.
5.1. Submit Entry to Log
POST <Base URL>/ct/v2/submit-entry
Inputs:
submission: The base64 encoded base64-encoded certificate or precertificate.
type: The "VersionedTransType" VersionedTransType integer value that indicates the
type of the "submission": submission: 1 for "x509_entry_v2", x509_entry_v2 or 2 for
"precert_entry_v2".
precert_entry_v2.
chain: An array of zero or more JSON strings, each of which is a base64 encoded
base64-encoded CA certificate. The first element is the
certifier of the "submission"; submission, the second certifies the first; first,
etc. The last element of "chain" chain (or, if "chain" chain is an empty
array, the "submission") submission) is certified by an accepted trust
anchor.
Outputs:
sct: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type "x509_sct_v2" x509_sct_v2 or
"precert_sct_v2",
precert_sct_v2, signed by this log, that corresponds to the
"submission".
submission.
If the submitted entry is immediately appended to (or already
exists in) this log's tree, then the log SHOULD also output:
sth: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type "signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2
signed by this log.
inclusion: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"inclusion_proof_v2" inclusion_proof_v2
whose "inclusion_path" inclusion_path array of Merkle Tree nodes proves the
inclusion of the "submission" submission in the returned "sth". sth.
Error codes:
+================+==============================================+
+================+===============================================+
| type | detail |
+================+==============================================+
+================+===============================================+
| badSubmission | "submission" submission is neither a valid certificate nor |
| | nor a valid precertificate. |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| badType | "type" type is neither 1 nor 2. |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| badChain | The first element of "chain" chain is not the |
| | certifier of the "submission", submission, or the second |
| | element does not certify the first, etc. |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| badCertificate | One or more certificates in the "chain" chain are not |
| | not valid (e.g., not properly encoded). |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| unknownAnchor | The last element of "chain" chain (or, if "chain" chain is an |
| | is an empty array, the "submission") both submission) is not, nor is |
| | not, and is not it certified by, an accepted |
| | trust anchor. |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| shutdown | The log is no longer accepting submissions. |
+----------------+----------------------------------------------+
+----------------+-----------------------------------------------+
Table 2
If the version of "sct" sct is not v2, then a v2 client may be unable to
verify the signature. It MUST NOT construe this as an error. This
is to avoid forcing an upgrade of compliant v2 clients that do not
use the returned SCTs.
If a log detects bad encoding in a chain that otherwise verifies
correctly
correctly, then the log MUST either log the certificate or return the
"bad certificate"
"badCertificate" error. If the certificate is logged, an SCT MUST be
issued. Logging the certificate is useful, because monitors
(Section 8.2) can then detect these encoding errors, which may be
accepted by some TLS clients.
If "submission" submission is an accepted trust anchor whose certifier is neither
an accepted trust anchor nor the first element of "chain", chain, then the log
MUST return the "unknown anchor" "unknownAnchor" error. A log is not able to generate
an SCT for a submission if it does not have access to the issuer's
public key.
If the returned "sct" sct is intended to be provided to TLS clients, then
"sth"
sth and "inclusion" inclusion (if returned) SHOULD also be provided to TLS
clients. For example, if "type" type was 2 (indicating "precert_sct_v2") precert_sct_v2),
then all three "TransItem"s TransItems could be embedded in the certificate.
5.2. Retrieve Latest STH
GET <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-sth
No inputs.
Outputs:
sth: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2
signed by this log, log that is no older than the log's MMD.
5.3. Retrieve Merkle Consistency Proof between Two STHs
GET <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-sth-consistency
Inputs:
first: The tree_size of the older tree, in decimal.
second: The tree_size of the newer tree, in decimal (optional).
Both tree sizes must be from existing v2 STHs. However, because
of skew, the receiving front-end front end may not know one or both of the
existing STHs. If both are known, then only the "consistency" consistency
output is returned. If the first is known but the second is not
(or has been omitted), then the latest known STH is returned,
along with a consistency proof between the first STH and the
latest. If neither are known, then the latest known STH is
returned without a consistency proof.
Outputs:
consistency: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"consistency_proof_v2",
consistency_proof_v2 whose "tree_size_1" tree_size_1 MUST match the
"first" first
input. If the "sth" sth output is omitted, then
"tree_size_2" tree_size_2 MUST
match the "second" second input. If "first" first and
"second" second are equal and
correspond to a known STH, the returned consistency proof MUST
be empty (a "consistency_path" consistency_path array with zero elements).
sth: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2,
signed by this log.
Note that no signature is required for the "consistency" output consistency output, as
it is used to verify the consistency between two STHs, which are
signed. signed STHs.
Error codes:
+===================+======================================+
| type | detail |
+===================+======================================+
| firstUnknown | "first" first is before the latest known STH |
| | STH but is not from an existing STH. |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
| secondUnknown | "second" second is before the latest known |
| | STH but is not from an existing STH. |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
| secondBeforeFirst | "second" second is smaller than "first". first. |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+
Table 3
See Section 2.1.4.2 for an outline of how to use the "consistency" consistency
output.
5.4. Retrieve Merkle Inclusion Proof from Log by Leaf Hash
GET <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-proof-by-hash
Inputs:
hash: A base64 encoded base64-encoded v2 leaf hash.
tree_size: The tree_size of the tree on which to base the proof,
in decimal.
The "hash" hash must be calculated as defined in Section 4.7. A v2 STH
must exist for the "tree_size". tree_size. Because of skew, the front-end front end may
not know the requested tree head. In that case, it will return
the latest STH it knows, along with an inclusion proof to that
STH. If the front-end front end knows the requested tree head head, then only "inclusion"
inclusion is returned.
Outputs:
inclusion: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"inclusion_proof_v2" inclusion_proof_v2
whose "inclusion_path" inclusion_path array of Merkle Tree nodes proves the
inclusion of the certificate (as specified by the "hash" hash
parameter) in the selected STH.
sth: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2,
signed by this log.
Note that no signature is required for the "inclusion" output inclusion output, as it
is used to verify inclusion in the selected STH, which is signed.
Error codes:
+=================+=====================================+
| type | detail |
+=================+=====================================+
| hashUnknown | "hash" hash is not the hash of a known |
| | leaf (may be caused by skew or by a |
| | known certificate not yet merged). |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------+
| treeSizeUnknown | "hash" hash is before the latest known STH |
| | STH but is not from an existing |
| | STH. |
+-----------------+-------------------------------------+
Table 4
See Section 2.1.3.2 for an outline of how to use the "inclusion" inclusion
output.
5.5. Retrieve Merkle Inclusion Proof, STH STH, and Consistency Proof by
Leaf Hash
GET <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-all-by-hash
Inputs:
hash: A base64 encoded base64-encoded v2 leaf hash.
tree_size: The tree_size of the tree on which to base the proofs,
in decimal.
The "hash" hash must be calculated as defined in Section 4.7. A v2 STH
must exist for the "tree_size". tree_size.
Because of skew, the front-end front end may not know the requested tree head
or the requested hash, which leads to a number of cases:
+=====================+=====================================+
| Case | Response |
+=====================+=====================================+
| latest STH < | Return latest STH STH. |
| requested tree head | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| latest STH > | Return latest STH and a consistency |
| requested tree head | proof between it and the requested |
| | tree head (see Section 5.3) 5.3). |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
| index of requested | Return "inclusion" inclusion. |
| hash < latest STH | |
+---------------------+-------------------------------------+
Table 5
Note that more than one case can be true, true; in which case case, the returned
data is their union. It is also possible for none to be true, true; in
which case case, the front-end front end MUST return an empty response.
Outputs:
inclusion: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"inclusion_proof_v2" inclusion_proof_v2
whose "inclusion_path" inclusion_path array of Merkle Tree nodes proves the
inclusion of the certificate (as specified by the "hash" hash
parameter) in the selected STH.
sth: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2,
signed by this log.
consistency: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"consistency_proof_v2"
consistency_proof_v2 that proves the consistency of the
requested tree head and the returned STH.
Note that no signature is required for the "inclusion" inclusion or
"consistency" outputs
consistency outputs, as they are used to verify inclusion in and
consistency of STHs, which are signed. signed STHs.
Errors are the same as in Section 5.4.
See Section 2.1.3.2 for an outline of how to use the "inclusion" inclusion
output, and see Section 2.1.4.2 for an outline of how to use the
"consistency"
consistency output.
5.6. Retrieve Entries and STH from Log
GET <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-entries
Inputs:
start: 0-based index of first entry to retrieve, in decimal.
end: 0-based index of last entry to retrieve, in decimal.
Outputs:
entries: An array of objects, each consisting of of:
log_entry: The base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem structure of type
"x509_entry_v2"
x509_entry_v2 or "precert_entry_v2" precert_entry_v2 (see Section 4.3).
submitted_entry: JSON object equivalent to inputs that were
submitted to "submit-entry", submit-entry, with the addition of the trust
anchor to the "chain" chain field if the submission did not include
it.
sct: The base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type "x509_sct_v2" x509_sct_v2 or
"precert_sct_v2"
precert_sct_v2, corresponding to this log entry.
sth: A base64 encoded "TransItem" base64-encoded TransItem of type
"signed_tree_head_v2", signed_tree_head_v2,
signed by this log.
Note that this message is not signed -- the "entries" entries data can be
verified by constructing the Merkle Tree Hash corresponding to a
retrieved STH. All leaves MUST be v2. However, a compliant v2
client MUST NOT construe an unrecognized TransItem type as an error.
This means it may be unable to parse some entries, but note that each
client can inspect the entries it does recognize as well as verify
the integrity of the data by treating unrecognized leaves as opaque
input to the tree.
The "start" start and "end" end parameters SHOULD be within the range 0 <= x <
"tree_size"
tree_size, as returned by "get-sth" get-sth in Section 5.2.
The "start" start parameter MUST be less than or equal to the "end" end parameter.
Each "submitted_entry" submitted_entry output parameter MUST include the trust anchor
that the log used to verify the "submission", submission, even if that trust anchor
was not provided to "submit-entry" submit-entry (see Section 5.1). If the
"submission"
submission does not certify itself, then the first element of
"chain" chain
MUST be present and MUST certify the "submission". submission.
Log servers MUST honor requests where 0 <= "start" start < "tree_size" tree_size and
"end" end
>= "tree_size" tree_size by returning a partial response covering only the valid
entries in the specified range. "end" end >= "tree_size" tree_size could be caused by
skew. Note that the following restriction may also apply:
Logs MAY restrict the number of entries that can be retrieved per
"get-entries"
get-entries request. If a client requests more than the permitted
number of entries, the log SHALL return the maximum number of entries
permissible. These entries SHALL be sequential beginning with the
entry specified by "start". start. Note that a limit on the number of entries
is not immutable immutable, and therefore the restriction may be changed or
lifted at any time and is not listed with the other Log Parameters in
Section 4.1.
Because of skew, it is possible the log server will not have any
entries between "start" start and "end". end. In this case case, it MUST return an empty "entries"
entries array.
In any case, the log server MUST return the latest STH it knows
about.
See Section 2.1.2 for an outline of how to use a complete list of
"log_entry"
log_entry entries to verify the "root_hash". root_hash.
Error codes:
+================+====================================+
+================+==================================+
| type | detail |
+================+====================================+
+================+==================================+
| startUnknown | "start" start is greater than the number |
| | of entries in the Merkle tree. Tree. |
+----------------+------------------------------------+
+----------------+----------------------------------+
| endBeforeStart | "start" start cannot be greater than |
| | "end". end. |
+----------------+------------------------------------+
+----------------+----------------------------------+
Table 6
5.7. Retrieve Accepted Trust Anchors
GET <Base URL>/ct/v2/get-anchors
No inputs.
Outputs:
certificates: An array of JSON strings, each of which is a
base64 encoded
base64-encoded CA certificate that is acceptable to the log.
max_chain_length: If the server has chosen to limit the length of
chains it accepts, this is the maximum number of certificates
in the chain, in decimal. If there is no limit, this is
omitted.
This data is not signed signed, and the protocol depends on the security
guarantees of TLS to ensure correctness.
6. TLS Servers
CT-using TLS servers MUST use at least one of the mechanisms
described below to present one or more SCTs from one or more logs to
each TLS client during full TLS handshakes, when requested by the
client, where each SCT corresponds to the server certificate. (Of
course, a server can only send a TLS extension if the client has
specified it first.) Servers SHOULD also present corresponding
inclusion proofs and STHs.
A server can provide SCTs using a TLS 1.3 extension (Section 4.2 of
[RFC8446]) with type "transparency_info" transparency_info (see Section 6.5). This
mechanism allows TLS servers to participate in CT without the
cooperation of CAs, unlike the other two mechanisms. It also allows
SCTs and inclusion proofs to be updated on the fly.
The server may also use an Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP)
[RFC6960] response extension (see Section 7.1.1), providing the OCSP
response as part of the TLS handshake. Providing a response during a
TLS handshake is popularly known as "OCSP stapling." stapling". For TLS 1.3,
the information is encoded as an extension in the "status_request" status_request
extension data; see Section 4.4.2.1 of [RFC8446]. For TLS 1.2
([RFC5246]),
[RFC5246], the information is encoded in the "CertificateStatus" CertificateStatus
message; see Section 8 of [RFC6066]. Using stapling also allows SCTs
and inclusion proofs to be updated on the fly.
CT information can also be encoded as an extension in the X.509v3
certificate (see Section 7.1.2). This mechanism allows the use of
unmodified TLS servers, but the SCTs and inclusion proofs cannot be
updated on the fly. Since the logs from which the SCTs and inclusion
proofs originated won't necessarily be accepted by TLS clients for
the full lifetime of the certificate, there is a risk that TLS
clients may subsequently consider the certificate to be non-compliant
and in need of re-issuance or the use of noncompliant.
In such an event, one of the other two methods
for delivering mechanisms will need to be
used to deliver CT information. information, or, if this is not possible, the
certificate will need to be reissued.
6.1. TLS Client Authentication
This specification includes no description of how a TLS server can
use CT for TLS client certificates. While this may be useful, it is
not documented here for the following reasons:
* The greater security exposure is for clients to end up interacting
with an illegitimate server.
* In general, TLS client certificates are not expected to be
submitted to CT logs, particularly those intended for general
public use.
A future version could include such information.
6.2. Multiple SCTs
CT-using TLS servers SHOULD send SCTs from multiple logs, logs because:
* One or more The set of logs trusted by TLS clients is neither unified nor
static; each client vendor may maintain an independent list of
trusted logs, and, over time, new logs may not have become acceptable to all CT-using
TLS clients. trusted and
current logs may become distrusted. Note that client discovery,
trust, and distrust of logs is are expected to be handled out-of-band out of band
and is are out of scope of this document.
* If a CA and a log collude, it is possible to temporarily hide
misissuance from clients. When a TLS client requires SCTs from
multiple logs to be provided, it is more difficult to mount this
attack.
* If a log misbehaves or suffers a key compromise, a consequence may
be that clients cease to trust it. Since the time an SCT may be
in use can be considerable (several years is common in current
practice when embedded in a certificate), including SCTs from
multiple logs reduces the probability of the certificate being
rejected by TLS clients.
* TLS clients may have policies related to the above risks requiring
TLS servers to present multiple SCTs. For example, at the time of
writing, Chromium [Chromium.Log.Policy] requires multiple SCTs to
be presented with EV Extended Validation (EV) certificates in order
for the EV indicator to be shown.
To select the logs from which to obtain SCTs, a TLS server can, for
example, examine the set of logs popular TLS clients accept and
recognize.
6.3. TransItemList Structure
Multiple SCTs, inclusion proofs, and indeed "TransItem" TransItem structures of
any type, type are combined into a list as follows:
opaque SerializedTransItem<1..2^16-1>;
struct {
SerializedTransItem trans_item_list<1..2^16-1>;
} TransItemList;
Here, "SerializedTransItem" SerializedTransItem is an opaque byte string that contains the
serialized "TransItem" TransItem structure. This encoding ensures that TLS
clients can decode each "TransItem" TransItem individually (so, for example, if
there is a version upgrade, out-of-date clients can still parse old
"TransItem"
TransItem structures while skipping over new "TransItem" TransItem structures
whose versions they don't understand).
6.4. Presenting SCTs, inclusions proofs Inclusions Proofs, and STHs
In each "TransItemList" TransItemList that is sent during a TLS handshake, the TLS
server MUST include a "TransItem" TransItem structure of type "x509_sct_v2" x509_sct_v2 or
"precert_sct_v2".
precert_sct_v2.
Presenting inclusion proofs and STHs in the TLS handshake helps to
protect the client's privacy (see Section 8.1.4) and reduces load on
log servers. Therefore, if the TLS server can obtain them, it SHOULD
also include "TransItem"s TransItems of type "inclusion_proof_v2" inclusion_proof_v2 and
"signed_tree_head_v2"
signed_tree_head_v2 in the "TransItemList". TransItemList.
6.5. transparency_info TLS Extension
Provided that a TLS client includes the "transparency_info" transparency_info extension
type in the ClientHello and the TLS server supports the
"transparency_info"
transparency_info extension:
* The TLS server MUST verify that the received "extension_data" extension_data is
empty.
* The TLS server MUST construct a "TransItemList" TransItemList of relevant
"TransItem"s
TransItems (see Section 6.4), which SHOULD omit any "TransItem"s TransItems
that are already embedded in the server certificate or the stapled
OCSP response (see Section 7.1). If the constructed
"TransItemList" TransItemList
is not empty, then the TLS server MUST include the
"transparency_info"
transparency_info extension with the "extension_data" extension_data set to this "TransItemList".
TransItemList. If the list is empty empty, then the server SHOULD omit
the "extension_data" element, extension_data element but MAY send it with an empty array.
TLS servers MUST only include this extension in the following
messages:
* the ServerHello message (for TLS 1.2 or earlier). earlier)
* the Certificate or CertificateRequest message (for TLS 1.3). 1.3)
TLS servers MUST NOT process or include this extension when a TLS
session is resumed, since session resumption uses the original
session information.
7. Certification Authorities
7.1. Transparency Information X.509v3 Extension
The Transparency Information X.509v3 extension, which has OID
1.3.101.75 and SHOULD be non-critical, noncritical, contains one or more
"TransItem" TransItem
structures in a "TransItemList". TransItemList. This extension MAY be included in
OCSP responses (see Section 7.1.1) and certificates (see
Section 7.1.2). Since RFC5280 [RFC5280] requires the "extnValue" extnValue field (an
OCTET STRING) of each X.509v3 extension to include the DER encoding
of an ASN.1 value, a "TransItemList" TransItemList MUST NOT be included directly.
Instead, it MUST be wrapped inside an additional OCTET STRING, which
is then put into the "extnValue" extnValue field:
TransparencyInformationSyntax ::= OCTET STRING
"TransparencyInformationSyntax"
TransparencyInformationSyntax contains a "TransItemList". TransItemList.
7.1.1. OCSP Response Extension
A certification authority MAY include a Transparency Information
X.509v3 extension in the "singleExtensions" singleExtensions of a "SingleResponse" SingleResponse in an
OCSP response. All included SCTs and inclusion proofs MUST be for
the certificate identified by the "certID" certID of that "SingleResponse", SingleResponse or
for a precertificate that corresponds to that certificate.
7.1.2. Certificate Extension
A certification authority MAY include a Transparency Information
X.509v3 extension in a certificate. All included SCTs and inclusion
proofs MUST be for a precertificate that corresponds to this
certificate.
7.2. TLS Feature X.509v3 Extension
A certification authority SHOULD NOT issue any certificate that
identifies the "transparency_info" transparency_info TLS extension in a TLS feature
extension [RFC7633], because TLS servers are not required to support
the "transparency_info" transparency_info TLS extension in order to participate in CT
(see Section 6).
8. Clients
There are various different functions clients of logs might perform.
We describe here some typical clients and how they should function.
Any inconsistency may be used as evidence that a log has not behaved
correctly, and the signatures on the data structures prevent the log
from denying that misbehavior.
All clients need various parameters in order to communicate with logs
and verify their responses. These parameters are described in
Section 4.1, but note that this document does not describe how the
parameters are obtained, which is implementation-dependent (see, for implementation dependent (for
example, see [Chromium.Policy]).
8.1. TLS Client
8.1.1. Receiving SCTs and inclusion proofs Inclusion Proofs
TLS clients receive SCTs and inclusion proofs alongside or in
certificates. CT-using TLS clients MUST implement all of the three
mechanisms by which TLS servers may present SCTs (see Section 6).
TLS clients that support the "transparency_info" transparency_info TLS extension (see
Section 6.5) SHOULD include it in ClientHello messages, with empty
"extension_data".
extension_data. If a TLS server includes the "transparency_info" transparency_info TLS
extension when resuming a TLS session, the TLS client MUST abort the
handshake.
8.1.2. Reconstructing the TBSCertificate
Validation of an SCT for a certificate (where the "type" type of the
"TransItem"
TransItem is "x509_sct_v2") x509_sct_v2) uses the unmodified TBSCertificate
component of the certificate.
Before an SCT for a precertificate (where the "type" type of the
"TransItem" TransItem
is "precert_sct_v2") precert_sct_v2) can be validated, the TBSCertificate component of
the precertificate needs to be reconstructed from the TBSCertificate
component of the certificate as follows:
* Remove the Transparency Information extension (see Section 7.1).
* Remove embedded v1 SCTs, identified by OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.11129.2.4.2
(see section Section 3.3 of [RFC6962]). This allows embedded v1 and v2
SCTs to co-exist in a certificate (see Appendix A).
8.1.3. Validating SCTs
In order to make use of a received SCT, the TLS client MUST first
validate it as follows:
* Compute the signature input by constructing a "TransItem" TransItem of type
"x509_entry_v2"
x509_entry_v2 or "precert_entry_v2", precert_entry_v2, depending on the SCT's
"TransItem"
TransItem type. The "TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2" TimestampedCertificateEntryDataV2 structure
is constructed in the following manner:
- "timestamp" timestamp is copied from the SCT.
- "tbs_certificate" tbs_certificate is the reconstructed TBSCertificate portion of
the server certificate, as described in Section 8.1.2.
- "issuer_key_hash" issuer_key_hash is computed as described in Section 4.7.
- "sct_extensions" sct_extensions is copied from the SCT.
* Verify the SCT's "signature" signature against the computed signature input
using the public key of the corresponding log, which is identified
by the "log_id". log_id. The required signature algorithm is one of the
log's parameters.
If the TLS client does not have the corresponding log's parameters,
it cannot attempt to validate the SCT. When evaluating compliance
(see Section 8.1.6), the TLS client will consider only those SCTs
that it was able to validate.
Note that SCT validation is not a substitute for the normal
validation of the server certificate and its chain.
8.1.4. Fetching inclusion proofs Inclusion Proofs
When a TLS client has validated a received SCT but does not yet
possess a corresponding inclusion proof, the TLS client MAY request
the inclusion proof directly from a log using "get-proof-by-hash" get-proof-by-hash
(Section 5.4) or "get-all-by-hash" get-all-by-hash (Section 5.5).
Note that fetching inclusion proofs directly from a log will disclose
to the log which TLS server the client has been communicating with.
This may be regarded as a significant privacy concern, and so it is
preferable for the TLS server to send the inclusion proofs (see
Section 6.4).
8.1.5. Validating inclusion proofs Inclusion Proofs
When a TLS client has received, or fetched, an inclusion proof (and
an STH), it SHOULD proceed to verifying verify the inclusion proof to the
provided STH. The TLS client SHOULD also verify consistency between
the provided STH and an STH it knows about.
If the TLS client holds an STH that predates the SCT, it MAY, in the
process of auditing, request a new STH from the log (Section 5.2), 5.2) and
then verify it by requesting a consistency proof (Section 5.3). Note
that if the TLS client uses "get-all-by-hash", get-all-by-hash, then it will already
have the new STH.
8.1.6. Evaluating compliance Compliance
It is up to a client's local policy to specify the quantity and form
of evidence (SCTs, inclusion proofs proofs, or a combination) needed to
achieve compliance and how to handle non-compliance. noncompliance.
A TLS client can only evaluate compliance if it has given the TLS
server the opportunity to send SCTs and inclusion proofs by any of
the three mechanisms that are mandatory to implement for CT-using TLS
clients (see Section 8.1.1). Therefore, a TLS client MUST NOT
evaluate compliance if it did not include both the
"transparency_info" transparency_info
and "status_request" status_request TLS extensions in the ClientHello.
8.2. Monitor
Monitors watch logs to check that they behave correctly, for correct behavior, for certificates
of interest, or for both. For example, a monitor may be configured
to report on all certificates that apply to a specific domain name
when fetching new entries for consistency validation.
A monitor MUST at least inspect every new entry in every log it
watches, and it MAY also choose to keep copies of entire logs.
To inspect all of the existing entries, the monitor SHOULD follow
these steps once for each log:
1. Fetch the current STH (Section 5.2).
2. Verify the STH signature.
3. Fetch all the entries in the tree corresponding to the STH
(Section 5.6).
4. If applicable, check each entry to see if it's a certificate of
interest.
5. Confirm that the tree made from the fetched entries produces the
same hash as that in the STH.
To inspect new entries, the monitor SHOULD follow these steps
repeatedly for each log:
1. Fetch the current STH (Section 5.2). Repeat until the STH
changes. This To allow for experimentation, this document does not
specify the polling frequency,
to allow for experimentation. frequency.
2. Verify the STH signature.
3. Fetch all the new entries in the tree corresponding to the STH
(Section 5.6). If they remain unavailable for an extended
period, then this should be viewed as misbehavior on the part of
the log.
4. If applicable, check each entry to see if it's a certificate of
interest.
5. Either:
1.
a. Verify that the updated list of all entries generates a tree
with the same hash as the new STH.
Or, if it is not keeping all log entries:
1.
a. Fetch a consistency proof for the new STH with the previous
STH (Section 5.3).
2.
b. Verify the consistency proof.
3.
c. Verify that the new entries generate the corresponding
elements in the consistency proof.
6. Repeat from step Step 1.
8.3. Auditing
Auditing ensures that the current published state of a log is
reachable from previously published states that are known to be good, good
and that the promises made by the log log, in the form of SCTs SCTs, have been
kept. Audits are performed by monitors or TLS clients.
In particular, there are four properties of log behavior properties that should
be checked:
* The the Maximum Merge Delay (MMD). (MMD)
* The the STH Frequency Count. Count
* The the append-only property. property
* The the consistency of the log view presented to all query sources. sources
A benign, conformant log publishes a series of STHs over time, each
derived from the previous STH and the submitted entries incorporated
into the log since publication of the previous STH. This can be
proven through auditing of STHs. SCTs returned to TLS clients can be
audited by verifying against the accompanying certificate, certificate and using
Merkle Inclusion Proofs, inclusion proofs against the log's Merkle tree. Tree.
The action taken by the auditor auditor, if an audit fails fails, is not specified,
but note that in general general, if an audit fails, the auditor is in
possession of signed proof of the log's misbehavior.
A monitor (Section 8.2) can audit by verifying the consistency of
STHs it receives, ensure ensuring that each entry can be fetched and that
the STH is indeed the result of making a tree from all fetched
entries.
A TLS client (Section 8.1) can audit by verifying an SCT against any
STH dated after the SCT timestamp + the Maximum Merge Delay by
requesting a Merkle inclusion proof (Section 5.4). It can also
verify that the SCT corresponds to the server certificate it arrived
with (i.e., the log entry is that certificate, certificate or is a precertificate
corresponding to that certificate).
Checking of the consistency of the log view presented to all entities
is more difficult to perform because it requires a way to share log
responses among a set of CT-using entities, entities and is discussed in
Section 11.3.
9. Algorithm Agility
It is not possible for a log to change any either of its algorithms part
way through its lifetime:
Signature algorithm: SCT signatures must remain valid so signature
algorithms can only be added, not removed.
Hash algorithm: A log would have to support the old and new hash
algorithms to allow backwards-compatibility backwards compatibility with clients that are
not aware of a hash algorithm change.
Allowing multiple signature or hash algorithms for a log would
require that all data structures support it and would significantly
complicate client implementation, which is why it is not supported by
this document.
If it should become necessary to deprecate an algorithm used by a
live log, then the log MUST be frozen frozen, as specified in Section 4.13 4.13,
and a new log SHOULD be started. Certificates in the frozen log that
have not yet expired and require new SCTs SHOULD be submitted to the
new log and the SCTs from that log used instead.
10. IANA Considerations
The assignment policy criteria mentioned in this section refer to the
policies outlined in [RFC8126].
10.1. Additions to existing registries Existing Registries
This sub-section subsection defines additions to existing registries.
10.1.1. New Entry to the TLS ExtensionType Registry
IANA is asked to add has added the following entry to the "TLS ExtensionType Values"
registry defined in [RFC8446], with an assigned Value:
+=======+===================+============+=============+===========+
| Value |
+=====+===================+===+===========+=============+===========+
|Value| Extension Name | TLS 1.3 |TLS| DTLS-Only | Recommended | Reference |
+=======+===================+============+=============+===========+
| TBD | transparency_info |1.3| | CH, CR, CT | |
+=====+===================+===+===========+=============+===========+
|52 | transparency_info |CH,| N | Y | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | |CR,| | | |
|
+-------+-------------------+------------+-------------+-----------+ | |CT | | | |
+-----+-------------------+---+-----------+-------------+-----------+
Table 7
10.1.2. URN Sub-namespace for TRANS (urn:ietf:params:trans)
IANA is requested to add has added a new entry in the "IETF URN Sub-namespace for
Registered Protocol Parameter Identifiers" registry, following the
template in [RFC3553]:
Registry name: trans
Specification: RFCXXXX RFC 9162
Repository: https://www.iana.org/assignments/trans <https://www.iana.org/assignments/trans>
Index value: No transformation needed.
10.2. New CT-Related registries Registries
IANA is requested to add has added a new protocol registry, "Public Notary Transparency",
to the list that appears at https://www.iana.org/
assignments/ <https://www.iana.org/assignments/>
The rest of this section defines sub-registries to be the subregistries that have been
created within the new Public "Public Notary Transparency Transparency" registry.
10.2.1. Hash Algorithms
IANA is asked to establish has established a registry of hash algorithm values, named "Hash
Algorithms", that with the following registration procedures:
+===========+=========================+
| Range | Registration Procedures |
+===========+=========================+
| 0x00-0xDF | Specification Required |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 0xE0-0xEF | Experimental Use |
+-----------+-------------------------+
| 0xF0-0xFF | Private Use |
+-----------+-------------------------+
Table 8
The "Hash Algorithms" registry initially consists of:
+========+============+========================+===================+
+========+==================+========================+===========+
| Value | Hash Algorithm | OID | Reference / | | | Algorithm | | Assignment Policy |
+========+============+========================+===================+
+========+==================+========================+===========+
| 0x00 | SHA-256 | 2.16.840.1.101.3.4.2.1 | [RFC6234] |
+--------+------------+------------------------+-------------------+
+--------+------------------+------------------------+-----------+
| 0x01 - | Unassigned | | Specification RFC 9162 |
| 0xDF | | | Required |
+--------+------------+------------------------+-------------------+
+--------+------------------+------------------------+-----------+
| 0xE0 - | Reserved for | | Experimental Use RFC 9162 |
| 0xEF | Experimental Use | | |
+--------+------------+------------------------+-------------------+
+--------+------------------+------------------------+-----------+
| 0xF0 - | Reserved for | | Private Use RFC 9162 |
| 0xFF | Private Use | | |
+--------+------------+------------------------+-------------------+
+--------+------------------+------------------------+-----------+
Table 8 9
The Designated Expert(s) designated expert(s) should ensure that the proposed algorithm
has a public specification and is suitable for use as a cryptographic
hash algorithm with no known preimage or collision attacks. These
attacks can damage the integrity of the log.
10.2.2. Signature Algorithms
IANA is asked to establish has established a registry of signature algorithm values, named
"Signature Algorithms".
The following notes should be added:
* have been added to the registry:
| *Note:*
| This is a subset of the TLS SignatureScheme Registry, "TLS SignatureScheme" registry, limited
| to those algorithms that are appropriate for CT. A major
| advantage of this is leveraging the expertise of the TLS working group
| Working Group and its Designated Expert(s).
* designated expert(s).
| *Note:*
| The value "0x0403" 0x0403 appears twice. While this may be confusing,
| it is okay because the verification process is the same for
| both algorithms, and the choice of which to use when generating
| a signature is purely internal to the log server.
The "Signature Algorithms" registry should initially consist of:
+================================+==================+===============+ has the following registration
procedures:
+===============+=========================+
| SignatureScheme Value Range | Signature | Reference / Registration Procedures |
+===============+=========================+
| 0x0000-0x0807 | Algorithm Specification Required | Assignment
+---------------+-------------------------+
| 0x0808-0xFDFF | Expert Review |
+---------------+-------------------------+
| Policy 0xFE00-0xFEFF |
+================================+==================+===============+ Experimental Use | 0x0000 - 0x0402
+---------------+-------------------------+
| Unassigned 0xFF00-0xFFFF | Specification Private Use |
+---------------+-------------------------+
Table 10
The "Signature Algorithms" registry initially consists of:
+========================+===========================+=============+
| SignatureScheme Value | Signature Algorithm | Required Reference |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+
+========================+===========================+=============+
| ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256(0x0403) 0x0000 - 0x0402 | ECDSA (NIST Unassigned | [FIPS186-4] |
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 | ECDSA (NIST P-256) with | [FIPS186-4] |
| (0x0403) | SHA-256 | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256(0x0403) ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 | Deterministic | [RFC6979] |
| | ECDSA (NIST | [RFC6979] |
| (0x0403) | P-256) with | |
| | HMAC-SHA256 | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| 0x0404 - 0x0806 | Unassigned | Specification | |
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| | Required |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+
| ed25519(0x0807) ed25519 (0x0807) | Ed25519 | [RFC8032] |
| | (PureEdDSA | |
| | with the | [RFC8032] |
| | the edwards25519 | |
| | curve) | |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| 0x0808 - 0xFDFF | Unassigned | Expert Review |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| 0xFE00 - 0xFEFF | Reserved | for Experimental | RFC 9162 |
| | Use |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+ |
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
| 0xFF00 - 0xFFFF | Reserved | for Private Use |
+--------------------------------+------------------+---------------+ RFC 9162 |
+------------------------+---------------------------+-------------+
Table 9 11
The Designated Expert(s) designated expert(s) should ensure that the proposed algorithm
has a public specification, has a value assigned to it in the TLS
SignatureScheme Registry (that IANA "TLS
SignatureScheme" registry (which was asked to establish in established by [RFC8446]), and
is suitable for use as a cryptographic signature algorithm.
10.2.3. VersionedTransTypes
IANA is asked to establish has established a registry of "VersionedTransType" VersionedTransType values, named
"VersionedTransTypes".
The following note should be has been added:
*
| *Note:*
| The range 0x0000..0x00FF is reserved so that v1 SCTs are
| distinguishable from v2 SCTs and other "TransItem" TransItem structures.
The registration procedures for the "VersionedTransTypes" registry
are the following:
+===============+=========================+
| Range | Registration Procedures |
+===============+=========================+
| 0x0100-0xDFFF | Specification Required |
+---------------+-------------------------+
| 0xE000-0xEFFF | Experimental Use |
+---------------+-------------------------+
| 0xF000-0xFFFF | Private Use |
+---------------+-------------------------+
Table 12
The "VersionedTransTypes" registry should initially consist consists of:
+==========+======================+===============================+
+=================+===============================+===========+
| Value | Type and Version | Reference / Assignment Policy |
+==========+======================+===============================+
+=================+===============================+===========+
| 0x0000 - 0x00FF | Reserved | [RFC6962] |
| 0x00FF | | |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0100 | x509_entry_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0101 | precert_entry_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0102 | x509_sct_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0103 | precert_sct_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0104 | signed_tree_head_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0105 | consistency_proof_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0106 | inclusion_proof_v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0x0107 - | Unassigned | Specification Required |
| 0xDFFF | Unassigned | |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0xE000 - 0xEFFF | Reserved | for Experimental Use | RFC 9162 | 0xEFFF | | |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
| 0xF000 - 0xFFFF | Reserved | for Private Use | RFC 9162 | 0xFFFF | | |
+----------+----------------------+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
Table 10 13
The Designated Expert(s) designated expert(s) should review the public specification to
ensure that it is detailed enough to ensure implementation
interoperability.
10.2.4. Log Artifact Extension Registry Extensions
IANA is asked to establish has established a registry of "ExtensionType" ExtensionType values, named "Log
Artifact Extensions", that Extensions".
The registration procedures for the "Log Artifact Extensions"
registry are the following:
+===============+=========================+
| Range | Registration Procedures |
+===============+=========================+
| 0x0000-0xDFFF | Specification Required |
+---------------+-------------------------+
| 0xE000-0xEFFF | Experimental Use |
+---------------+-------------------------+
| 0xF000-0xFFFF | Private Use |
+---------------+-------------------------+
Table 14
The "Log Artifact Extensions" registry initially consists of:
+===============+============+=====+===============================+
+=================+===============================+=====+===========+
| ExtensionType | Status | Use | Reference / Assignment Policy |
+===============+============+=====+===============================+
+=================+===============================+=====+===========+
| 0x0000 - 0xDFFF | Unassigned | n/a | Specification Required |
| 0xDFFF | | | |
+---------------+------------+-----+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----+-----------+
| 0xE000 - 0xEFFF | Reserved for | n/a | Experimental Use RFC 9162 |
| 0xEFFF | Experimental Use | | |
+---------------+------------+-----+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----+-----------+
| 0xF000 - 0xFFFF | Reserved for | n/a | Private Use RFC 9162 |
| 0xFFFF | Private Use | | |
+---------------+------------+-----+-------------------------------+
+-----------------+-------------------------------+-----+-----------+
Table 11 15
The "Use" column should contain one or both of the following values:
* "SCT", for extensions specified for use in Signed Certificate
Timestamps.
* "STH", for extensions specified for use in Signed Tree Heads.
The Designated Expert(s) designated expert(s) should review the public specification to
ensure that it is detailed enough to ensure implementation
interoperability. They should also verify that the extension is
appropriate to the contexts in which it is specified to be used (SCT,
STH, or both).
10.2.5. Log IDs Registry
IANA is asked to establish has established a registry of Log IDs, named "Log IDs",
that IDs".
The registry's registration procedure is First Come First Served.
The "Log IDs" registry initially consists of:
+================+==============+==============+===================+
+================+==============+==============+===========+
| Log ID | Log Base URL | Log Operator | Reference / |
| | | | Assignment Policy |
+================+==============+==============+===================+
+================+==============+==============+===========+
| 1.3.101.8192 - | Unassigned | Unassigned | First Come First |
| 1.3.101.16383 | | | Served |
+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
+----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| 1.3.101.80.0 - | Unassigned | Unassigned | First Come First |
| 1.3.101.80.* | | | Served |
+----------------+--------------+--------------+-------------------+
+----------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
Table 12 16
The following notes have been added to the registry:
| *Note:*
| All OIDs in the range from 1.3.101.8192 to 1.3.101.16383 have
| been set aside for Log IDs. This is a limited resource of
| 8,192 OIDs, each of which has an encoded length of 4 octets.
| *Note:*
| The 1.3.101.80 arc has also been set aside for Log IDs. This
| is an unlimited resource, but only the 128 OIDs from
| 1.3.101.80.0 to 1.3.101.80.127 have an encoded length of only 4
| octets.
Each application for the allocation of a Log ID MUST be accompanied
by:
* the Log's Base URL (see Section 4.1). 4.1) and
* the Log Operator's contact details.
IANA is asked to reject any request to update a Log ID or Log Base
URL in this registry, registry because these fields are immutable (see
Section 4.1).
IANA is asked to accept requests from log operators to update their
contact details in this registry.
Since log operators can choose to not use this registry (see
Section 4.4), it is not expected to be a global directory of all
logs.
10.2.6. Error Types Registry
IANA is requested to create has created a new registry for errors, the "Error Types"
registry.
Requirements
The registration procedure for this registry are is Specification
Required.
This registry should have has the following three fields:
+============+========+===========+
| Field Name | Type | Reference |
+============+========+===========+
| identifier Identifier | string | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+------------+--------+-----------+
| meaning Meaning | string | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+------------+--------+-----------+
| reference Reference | string | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+------------+--------+-----------+
Table 13 17
The initial values of the "Error Types" registry, which are as follows, taken
from the text above:
+===================+===============================+===========+ in Section 5, are as follows:
+===================+===================================+===========+
| Identifier | Meaning | Reference |
+===================+===============================+===========+
+===================+===================================+===========+
| malformed | The request could not be | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | parsed. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| badSubmission | "submission" submission is neither a | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | valid certificate nor a valid | |
| | precertificate valid precertificate. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| badType | "type" type is neither 1 nor 2 2. | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| badChain | The first element of "chain" chain | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | is not the certifier of the | |
| | "submission", submission, or the second | |
| | element does not certify the | |
| | first, etc. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| badCertificate | One or more certificates in | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | the "chain" chain are not valid (e.g., | |
| | (e.g., not properly encoded) encoded). | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| unknownAnchor | The last element of "chain" chain | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | (or, if "chain" chain is an empty | |
| | array, the "submission") both submission) is | |
| | is not, and nor is not it certified by, | |
| | by, an accepted trust anchor anchor. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| shutdown | The log is no longer | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | accepting submissions submissions. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| firstUnknown | "first" first is before the latest | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | known STH but is not from an | |
| | existing STH. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| secondUnknown | "second" second is before the latest | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | known STH but is not from an | |
| | existing STH. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| secondBeforeFirst | "second" second is smaller than | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | "first". first. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| hashUnknown | "hash" hash is not the hash of a | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | known leaf (may be caused by | |
| | skew or by a known | |
| | certificate not yet merged). | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| treeSizeUnknown | "hash" hash is before the latest | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | known STH but is not from an | |
| | existing STH. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| startUnknown | "start" start is greater than the | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | number of entries in the | |
| | Merkle tree. Tree. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
| endBeforeStart | "start" start cannot be greater than | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
| | than "end". end. | |
+-------------------+-------------------------------+-----------+
+-------------------+-----------------------------------+-----------+
Table 14 18
10.3. OID Assignment
IANA is asked to assign one has assigned an object identifier from the "SMI Security for
PKIX Module Identifier" registry to identify the ASN.1 module in
Appendix B of this document with an assigned Decimal value. document.
+=========+=========================+============+
| Decimal | Description | References |
+=========+=========================+============+
| TBD 102 | id-mod-public-notary-v2 | RFCXXXX RFC 9162 |
+---------+-------------------------+------------+
Table 15 19
11. Security Considerations
With CAs, logs, and servers performing the actions described here,
TLS clients can use logs and signed timestamps to reduce the
likelihood that they will accept misissued certificates. If a server
presents a valid signed timestamp for a certificate, then the client
knows that a log has committed to publishing the certificate. From
this, the client knows that monitors acting for the subject of the
certificate have had some time to notice the misissuance and take
some action, such as asking a CA to revoke a misissued certificate.
A signed timestamp does not guarantee this this, though, since appropriate
monitors might not have checked the logs or the CA might have refused
to revoke the certificate.
In addition, if TLS clients will not accept unlogged certificates,
then site owners will have a greater incentive to submit certificates
to logs, possibly with the assistance of their CA, increasing the
overall transparency of the system.
11.1. Misissued Certificates
Misissued certificates that have not been publicly logged, and thus
do not have a valid SCT, are not considered compliant. Misissued
certificates that do have an SCT from a log will appear in that
public log within the Maximum Merge Delay, assuming the log is
operating correctly. Since a log is allowed to serve an STH of any
age up to the MMD, the maximum period of time during which a
misissued certificate can be used without being available for audit
is twice the MMD.
11.2. Detection of Misissue
The logs do not themselves detect misissued certificates; they rely
instead on interested parties, such as domain owners, to monitor them
and take corrective action when a misissue is detected.
11.3. Misbehaving Logs
A log can misbehave in several ways. Examples include: include the following:
failing to incorporate a certificate with an SCT in the Merkle Tree
within the MMD; presenting different, conflicting views of the Merkle
Tree at different times and/or to different parties; issuing STHs too
frequently; mutating the signature of a logged certificate; and
failing to present a chain containing the certifier of a logged
certificate.
Violation of the MMD contract is detected by log clients requesting a
Merkle inclusion proof (Section 5.4) for each observed SCT. These
checks can be asynchronous and need only be done once per
certificate. However, note that there may be privacy concerns (see
Section 8.1.4).
Violation of the append-only property or the STH issuance rate limit
can be detected by multiple clients comparing their instances of the
STHs. This technique, known as "gossip," "gossip", is an active area of
research and not defined here. Proof of misbehavior in such cases
would be: be either a series of STHs that were issued too closely
together, proving violation of the STH issuance rate limit; limit, or an STH
with a root hash that does not match the one calculated from a copy
of the log, proving violation of the append-only property.
Clients that report back SCTs can be tracked or traced if a log
produces multiple STHs or SCTs with the same timestamp and data but
different signatures. Logs SHOULD mitigate this risk by either:
* Using using deterministic signature schemes, schemes or
* Producing producing no more than one SCT for each distinct submission and no
more than one STH for each distinct tree_size. Each of these SCTs
and STHs can be stored by the log and served to other clients that
submit the same certificate or request the same STH.
11.4. Multiple SCTs
By requiring TLS servers to offer multiple SCTs, each from a
different log, TLS clients reduce the effectiveness of an attack
where a CA and a log collude (see Section 6.2).
11.5. Leakage of DNS Information
Malicious monitors can use logs to learn about the existence of
domain names that might not otherwise be easy to discover. Some
subdomain labels may reveal information about the service and
software for which the subdomain is used, which in turn might
facilitate targeted attacks.
12. Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Erwann Abelea, Robin Alden, Andrew
Ayer, Richard Barnes, Al Cutter, David Drysdale, Francis Dupont, Adam
Eijdenberg, Stephen Farrell, Daniel Kahn Gillmor, Paul Hadfield, Brad
Hill, Jeff Hodges, Paul Hoffman, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Kat Joyce,
Stephen Kent, SM, Alexey Melnikov, Linus Nordberg, Chris Palmer,
Trevor Perrin, Pierre Phaneuf, Eric Rescorla, Rich Salz, Melinda
Shore, Ryan Sleevi, Martin Smith, Carl Wallace and Paul Wouters for
their valuable contributions.
A big thank you to Symantec for kindly donating the OIDs from the
1.3.101 arc that are used in this document.
13. References
13.1.
12.1. Normative References
[FIPS186-4]
NIST, "FIPS
National Institute of Standards and Technology, "Digital
Signature Standard (DSS)", FIPS PUB 186-4", 1 186-4, July 2013,
<http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/FIPS/
NIST.FIPS.186-4.pdf>.
[HTML401] Raggett, D., Le Hors, A., and I. Jacobs, "HTML 4.01
Specification", World Wide Web Consortium W3C Recommendation
REC-html401-19991224, 24 December 1999,
<http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224>. SPSD-html401-20180327,
March 2018,
<https://www.w3.org/TR/2018/SPSD-html401-20180327>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC3553] Mealling, M., Masinter, L., Hardie, T., and G. Klyne, "An
IETF URN Sub-namespace for Registered Protocol
Parameters", BCP 73, RFC 3553, DOI 10.17487/RFC3553, June
2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3553>.
[RFC3986] Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R., and L. Masinter, "Uniform
Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax", STD 66,
RFC 3986, DOI 10.17487/RFC3986, January 2005,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3986>.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
[RFC5246] Dierks, T. and E. Rescorla, "The Transport Layer Security
(TLS) Protocol Version 1.2", RFC 5246,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5246, August 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5246>.
[RFC5280] Cooper, D., Santesson, S., Farrell, S., Boeyen, S.,
Housley, R., and W. Polk, "Internet X.509 Public Key
Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation List
(CRL) Profile", RFC 5280, DOI 10.17487/RFC5280, May 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5280>.
[RFC5652] Housley, R., "Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS)", STD 70,
RFC 5652, DOI 10.17487/RFC5652, September 2009,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5652>.
[RFC6066] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Extensions: Extension Definitions", RFC 6066,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6066, January 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6066>.
[RFC6234] Eastlake 3rd, D. and T. Hansen, "US Secure Hash Algorithms
(SHA and SHA-based HMAC and HKDF)", RFC 6234,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6234, May 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6234>.
[RFC6960] Santesson, S., Myers, M., Ankney, R., Malpani, A.,
Galperin, S., and C. Adams, "X.509 Internet Public Key
Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol - OCSP",
RFC 6960, DOI 10.17487/RFC6960, June 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6960>.
[RFC6979] Pornin, T., "Deterministic Usage of the Digital Signature
Algorithm (DSA) and Elliptic Curve Digital Signature
Algorithm (ECDSA)", RFC 6979, DOI 10.17487/RFC6979, August
2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6979>.
[RFC7231] Fielding, R., Ed. and J. Reschke, Ed., "Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP/1.1): Semantics and Content", RFC 7231,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7231, June 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7231>.
[RFC7633] Hallam-Baker, P., "X.509v3 Transport Layer Security (TLS)
Feature Extension", RFC 7633, DOI 10.17487/RFC7633,
October 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7633>.
[RFC7807] Nottingham, M. and E. Wilde, "Problem Details for HTTP
APIs", RFC 7807, DOI 10.17487/RFC7807, March 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7807>.
[RFC8032] Josefsson, S. and I. Liusvaara, "Edwards-Curve Digital
Signature Algorithm (EdDSA)", RFC 8032,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8032, January 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8032>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8259] Bray, T., Ed., "The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data
Interchange Format", STD 90, RFC 8259,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8259, December 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8259>.
[RFC8391] Huelsing, A., Butin, D., Gazdag, S., Rijneveld, J., and A.
Mohaisen, "XMSS: eXtended Merkle Signature Scheme",
RFC 8391, DOI 10.17487/RFC8391, May 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8391>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[UNIXTIME] IEEE, "The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7 7",
Section 4.16 Seconds Since the Epoch, IEEE
Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition", n.d., 2016, <http://pubs.opengroup.org/
onlinepubs/9699919799.2016edition/basedefs/
V1_chap04.html#tag_04_16>.
[X690] ITU-T, "Information technology - ASN.1 encoding Rules: rules:
Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical
Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules
(DER)", ITU-T Recommendation X.690, ISO/IEC 8825-1:2002, November 2015.
13.2. 8825-1,
February 2021.
12.2. Informative References
[CABBR] CA/Browser Forum, "Baseline Requirements for the Issuance
and Management of Publicly-Trusted Certificates",
Version 1.7.3, October 2020,
<https://cabforum.org/wp-content/uploads/CA-Browser-Forum-
BR-1.7.3.pdf>. <https://cabforum.org/wp-
content/uploads/CA-Browser-Forum-BR-1.7.3.pdf>.
[Chromium.Log.Policy]
The Chromium Projects, "Chromium Certificate Transparency
Log Policy", 2014, <http://www.chromium.org/Home/chromium-
security/certificate-transparency/log-policy>.
<https://googlechrome.github.io/CertificateTransparency/
log_policy.html>.
[Chromium.Policy]
The Chromium Projects, "Chromium Certificate
Transparency", 2014, <http://www.chromium.org/Home/
chromium-security/certificate-transparency>. Transparency
Policy",
<https://googlechrome.github.io/CertificateTransparency/
ct_policy.html>.
[CrosbyWallach]
Crosby, S. and D. Wallach, "Efficient Data Structures for
Tamper-Evident Logging", Proceedings of the 18th USENIX
Security Symposium, Montreal, August 2009,
<http://static.usenix.org/event/sec09/tech/full_papers/
crosby.pdf>.
[JSON.Metadata]
The Chromium Projects, "Chromium Log Metadata JSON
Schema", 2014, <https://www.gstatic.com/ct/log_list/
log_list_schema.json>.
[RFC5912] Hoffman, P. and J. Schaad, "New ASN.1 Modules for the
Public Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 5912,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5912, June 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5912>.
[RFC6268] Schaad, J. and S. Turner, "Additional New ASN.1 Modules
for the Cryptographic Message Syntax (CMS) and the Public
Key Infrastructure Using X.509 (PKIX)", RFC 6268,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6268, July 2011,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6268>.
[RFC6962] Laurie, B., Langley, A., and E. Kasper, "Certificate
Transparency", RFC 6962, DOI 10.17487/RFC6962, June 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6962>.
[RFC8126] Cotton, M., Leiba, B., and T. Narten, "Guidelines for
Writing an IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26,
RFC 8126, DOI 10.17487/RFC8126, June 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8126>.
[RFC8820] Nottingham, M., "URI Design and Ownership", BCP 190,
RFC 8820, DOI 10.17487/RFC8820, June 2020,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8820>.
[X.680] ITU-T, "Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation
One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation", ITU-T
Recommendation X.680, February 2021.
Appendix A. Supporting v1 and v2 simultaneously Simultaneously (Informative)
Certificate Transparency logs have to be either v1 (conforming to
[RFC6962]) or v2 (conforming to this document), as the data
structures are incompatible incompatible, and so a v2 log could not issue a valid
v1 SCT.
CT clients, however, can support v1 and v2 SCTs, SCTs for the same
certificate,
certificate simultaneously, as v1 SCTs are delivered in different
TLS, X.509 X.509, and OCSP extensions than v2 SCTs.
v1 and v2 SCTs for X.509 certificates can be validated independently.
For precertificates, v2 SCTs should be embedded in the TBSCertificate
before submission of the TBSCertificate (inside a v1 precertificate,
as described in Section 3.1. 3.1 of [RFC6962]) to a v1 log so that TLS
clients conforming to [RFC6962] but not this document are oblivious
to the embedded v2 SCTs. An issuer can follow these steps to produce
an X.509 certificate with embedded v1 and v2 SCTs:
* Create a CMS precertificate precertificate, as described in Section 3.2 3.2, and
submit it to v2 logs.
* Embed the obtained v2 SCTs in the TBSCertificate, as described in
Section 7.1.2.
* Use that TBSCertificate to create a v1 precertificate, as
described in Section 3.1. 3.1 of [RFC6962] [RFC6962], and submit it to v1 logs.
* Embed the v1 SCTs in the TBSCertificate, as described in
Section 3.3 of [RFC6962].
* Sign that TBSCertificate (which now contains v1 and v2 SCTs) to
issue the final X.509 certificate.
Appendix B. An ASN.1 Module (Informative)
The following ASN.1 [X.680] module may be useful to implementors.
This module references [RFC5912] and [RFC6268].
CertificateTransparencyV2Module-2021
-- { id-mod-public-notary-v2 from above, in
iso(1) identified-organization(3) ...
form }
DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::= BEGIN
-- EXPORTS ALL --
IMPORTS
EXTENSION
FROM PKIX-CommonTypes-2009 -- RFC 5912
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-pkixCommon-02(57) }
CONTENT-TYPE
FROM CryptographicMessageSyntax-2010 -- RFC 6268
{ iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549) pkcs(1)
pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) id-mod-cms-2009(58) }
TBSCertificate
FROM PKIX1Explicit-2009 -- RFC 5912
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-pkix1-explicit-02(51) }
;
--
-- Section 3.2. Precertificates
--
ct-tbsCertificate CONTENT-TYPE ::= {
TYPE TBSCertificate
IDENTIFIED BY id-ct-tbsCertificate }
id-ct-tbsCertificate OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1 3 101 78 }
--
-- Section 7.1. Transparency Information X.509v3 Extension
--
ext-transparencyInfo EXTENSION ::= {
SYNTAX TransparencyInformationSyntax
IDENTIFIED BY id-ce-transparencyInfo
CRITICALITY { FALSE } }
id-ce-transparencyInfo OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { 1 3 101 75 }
TransparencyInformationSyntax ::= OCTET STRING
--
-- Section 7.1.1. OCSP Response Extension
--
ext-ocsp-transparencyInfo EXTENSION ::= {
SYNTAX TransparencyInformationSyntax
IDENTIFIED BY id-pkix-ocsp-transparencyInfo
CRITICALITY { FALSE } }
id-pkix-ocsp-transparencyInfo OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::=
id-ce-transparencyInfo
--
-- Section 8.1.2. Reconstructing the TBSCertificate
--
ext-embeddedSCT-CTv1 EXTENSION ::= {
SYNTAX SignedCertificateTimestampList
IDENTIFIED BY id-ce-embeddedSCT-CTv1
CRITICALITY { FALSE } }
id-ce-embeddedSCT-CTv1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
1 3 6 1 4 1 11129 2 4 2 }
SignedCertificateTimestampList ::= OCTET STRING
END
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Erwann Abelea, Robin Alden, Andrew
Ayer, Richard Barnes, Al Cutter, David Drysdale, Francis Dupont, Adam
Eijdenberg, Stephen Farrell, Daniel Kahn Gillmor, Paul Hadfield, Brad
Hill, Jeff Hodges, Paul Hoffman, Jeffrey Hutzelman, Kat Joyce, Emilia
Kasper, Stephen Kent, Adam Langley, SM, Alexey Melnikov, Linus
Nordberg, Chris Palmer, Trevor Perrin, Pierre Phaneuf, Eric Rescorla,
Rich Salz, Melinda Shore, Ryan Sleevi, Martin Smith, Carl Wallace,
and Paul Wouters for their valuable contributions.
A big thank you to Symantec for kindly donating the OIDs from the
1.3.101 arc that are used in this document.
Authors' Addresses
Ben Laurie
Google UK Ltd.
Email: benl@google.com
Adam Langley
Google Inc.
Email: agl@google.com
Emilia Kasper
Google Switzerland GmbH
Email: ekasper@google.com
Eran Messeri
Google UK Ltd.
Email: eranm@google.com
Rob Stradling
Sectigo Ltd.
Email: rob@sectigo.com