Network Working Group
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) P. Faltstrom
Internet-Draft Fältström
Request for Comments: 9285 Netnod
Intended status:
Category: Informational F. Ljunggren
Expires: December 18, 2022
ISSN: 2070-1721 Kirei
D.
D.W. van Gulik
Webweaving
June 16,
August 2022
The Base45 Data Encoding
draft-faltstrom-base45-12
Abstract
This document describes the Base45 encoding scheme scheme, which is built
upon the Base64, Base32 Base32, and Base16 encoding schemes.
Status of This Memo
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provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.
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This Internet-Draft will expire on December 18, 2022.
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9285.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions Used in This Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Interpretation of Encoded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
4. The Base45 Encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.1. When to, to Use and not to, use Not Use Base45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.2. The alphabet used Alphabet Used in Base45 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4.3. Encoding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Examples
4.4. Decoding examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Example
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
7. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Acknowledgements
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. Introduction
A QR-code QR code is used to encode text as a graphical image. Depending on
the characters used in the text text, various encoding options for a QR- QR
code exist, e.g. e.g., Numeric, Alphanumeric Alphanumeric, and Byte mode. Even in Byte
mode
mode, a typical QR-code QR code reader tries to interpret a byte sequence as a
text encoded in UTF-8 or ISO/IEC 8859-1 encoded text. 8859-1. Thus, QR-codes QR codes cannot be
used to encode arbitrary binary data directly. Such data has to be
converted into an appropriate text before that text could be encoded
as a QR-code. QR code. Compared to already established Base64, Base32 Base32, and
Base16 encoding schemes, schemes that are described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648], the Base45
scheme described in this document offer offers a more compact QR- QR code
encoding.
One important difference from those others and Base45 is the key
table and that the padding with '=' is not required.
2. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Interpretation of Encoded Data
Encoded data is to be interpreted as described in RFC 4648 [RFC4648] with the
exception that a different alphabet is selected.
4. The Base45 Encoding
QR codes have a limited ability to store binary data. In practice practice,
binary data have to be encoded in characters according to one of the
modes already defined in the standard for QR codes. The easiest mode
to use in called Alphanumeric mode (see section Section 7.3.4 and Table 2 of
ISO/IEC 18004:2015 [ISO18004]).
[ISO18004]. Unfortunately Alphanumeric mode uses 45 different
characters which implies neither Base32 nor Base64 are very effective
encodings.
A 45-character subset of US-ASCII is used; the 45 characters usable
in a QR code in Alphanumeric mode (see section Section 7.3.4 and Table 2 of
ISO/IEC 18004:2015
[ISO18004]). Base45 encodes 2 bytes in 3 characters, compared to
Base64, which encodes 3 bytes in 4 characters.
For encoding, two bytes [a, b] MUST be interpreted as a number n in
base 256, i.e. as an unsigned integer over 16 bits so that the number
n = (a*256) (a * 256) + b.
This number n is converted to base 45 [c, d, e] so that n = c +
(d*45) (d *
45) + (e*45*45). (e * 45 * 45). Note the order of c, d and e which are chosen
so that the left-most [c] is the least significant.
The values c, d and e are then looked up in Table 1 to produce a
three character string. The process is reversed when decoding.
For encoding a single byte [a], it MUST be interpreted as a base 256
number, i.e. as an unsigned integer over 8 bits. That integer MUST
be converted to base 45 [c d] so that a = c + (45*d). (45 * d). The values c
and d are then looked up in Table 1 to produce a two character two-character
string.
A byte string [a b c d ... x y z] with arbitrary content and
arbitrary length MUST be encoded as follows: From left to right pairs
of bytes MUST be encoded as described above. If the number of bytes
is even, then the encoded form is a string with a length which that is
evenly divisible by 3. If the number of bytes is odd, then the last
(rightmost) byte MUST be encoded on two characters as described
above.
For decoding a Base45 encoded string the inverse operations are
performed.
4.1. When to, to Use and not to, use Not Use Base45
If binary data is to be stored in a QR-Code, QR code, the suggested mechanism
is to use the Alphanumeric mode that uses 11 bits for 2 characters as
defined in section Section 7.3.4 in ISO/IEC 18004:2015 of [ISO18004]. The ECI Extended Channel
Interpretation (ECI) mode indicator for this encoding is 0010.
On the other hand if the data is to be sent via some other transport,
a transport encoding suitable for that transport should be used
instead of Base45. For example, it is not recommended to first
encode data in Base45 and then encode the resulting string in Base64
if the data is to be sent via email. Instead, the Base45 encoding
should be removed, and the data itself should be encoded in Base64.
4.2. The alphabet used Alphabet Used in Base45
The Alphanumeric mode is defined to use 45 characters as specified in
this alphabet.
Table 1: The Base45 Alphabet
Value
+=====+==========+=====+==========+=====+==========+=====+==========+
|Value| Encoding Value |Value| Encoding Value |Value| Encoding Value |Value| Encoding
00 |
+=====+==========+=====+==========+=====+==========+=====+==========+
| 00| 0 12 | 12| C 24 | 24| O 36 | 36| Space
01 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 01| 1 13 | 13| D 25 | 25| P 37 | 37| $
02 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 02| 2 14 | 14| E 26 | 26| Q 38 | 38| %
03 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 03| 3 15 | 15| F 27 | 27| R 39 | 39| *
04 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 04| 4 16 | 16| G 28 | 28| S 40 | 40| +
05 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 05| 5 17 | 17| H 29 | 29| T 41 | 41| -
06 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 06| 6 18 | 18| I 30 | 30| U 42 | 42| .
07 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 07| 7 19 | 19| J 31 | 31| V 43 | 43| /
08 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 08| 8 20 | 20| K 32 | 32| W 44 | 44| :
09 |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 09| 9 21 | 21| L 33 | 33| X
10 | | |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 10| A 22 | 22| M 34 | 34| Y
11 | | |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
| 11| B 23 | 23| N 35 | 35| Z | | |
+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+-----+----------+
Table 1: The Base45 Alphabet
4.3. Encoding examples Examples
It should be noted that although the examples are all text, Base45 is
an encoding for binary data where each octet can have any value
0-255.
Encoding example 1:
The string "AB" is the byte sequence [65 66].
The [[65 66]]. If we look at all
16 bit value is bits, we get 65 * 256 + 66 = 16706. 16706 equals 11 + 45 (11 * 11
45) + 45 (8 * 45 * 8, 45), so the sequence in base 45 is [11 11 8]. By looking
up these values in the
Referring to Table 1 1, we get the encoded string "BB8".
+-----------+------------------+
| AB | Initial string |
+-----------+------------------+
| [[65 66]] | Decimal value |
+-----------+------------------+
| [16706] | Value in base 16 |
+-----------+------------------+
| [11 11 8] | Value in base 45 |
+-----------+------------------+
| BB8 | Encoded string |
+-----------+------------------+
Table 2: Example 1 in Detail
Encoding example 2:
The string "Hello!!" as ASCII is the byte sequence [72 101 108 108 111 33 33]. [[72 101] [108
108] [111 33] [33]]. If we look at each this 16 bit
value, it is bits at a time, we get
[18533 27756 28449 33]. Note the 33 for the last byte. When
looking at the values in base 45, we get [[38 6 9] [36 31 13] [9 2
14] [33 0]] 0]], where the last byte is represented by two. two values.
The resulting string "%69 VD92EX0" is created by looking up these
values in Table 1. It should be noted it includes a space.
+---------------------------------------+------------------+
| Hello!! | Initial string |
+---------------------------------------+------------------+
| [[72 101] [108 108] [111 33] [33]] | Decimal value |
+---------------------------------------+------------------+
| [18533 27756 28449 33] | Value in base 16 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------+
| [[38 6 9] [36 31 13] [9 2 14] [33 0]] | Value in base 45 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------+
| %69 VD92EX0 | Encoded string |
+---------------------------------------+------------------+
Table 3: Example 2 in Detail
Encoding example 3:
The string "base-45" as ASCII is the byte sequence [98 97 115 101 45 52 53]. [[98 97] [115
101] [45 52] [53]]. If we look at each 16 bit value,
it is this two bytes at a time, we
get [25185 29541 11572 53]. Note the 53 for the last byte. When
looking at the values in base 45, we get [[30 19 12] [21 26 14] [7
32 5] [8 1]] where the last byte is represented by two. By looking up
these values in the two values.
Referring to Table 1 1, we get the encoded string "UJCLQE7W581".
+----------------------------------------+------------------+
| base-45 | Initial string |
+----------------------------------------+------------------+
| [[98 97] [115 101] [45 52] [53]] | Decimal value |
+----------------------------------------+------------------+
| [25185 29541 11572 53] | Value in base 16 |
+----------------------------------------+------------------+
| [[30 19 12] [21 26 14] [7 32 5] [8 1]] | Value in base 45 |
+----------------------------------------+------------------+
| UJCLQE7W581 | Encoded string |
+----------------------------------------+------------------+
Table 4: Example 3 in Detail
4.4. Decoding examples Example
Decoding example 1:
The string "QED8WEX0" represents, when looked up in Table 1, the
values [26 14 13 8 32 14 33 0]. We arrange the numbers in chunks
of three, except for the last one which can be two, two numbers, and
get [[26 14 13] [8 32 14] [33 0]]. In base 45 45, we get [26981
29798 33] where the bytes are [[105 101] [116 102] [33]]. If we
look at the ASCII values values, we get the string "ietf!".
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| QED8WEX0 | Initial string |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| [26 14 13 8 32 14 33 0] | Looked up values |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| [[26 14 13] [8 32 14] [33 0]] | Groups of three |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| [26981 29798 33] | Interpreted as base 45 |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| [[105 101] [116 102] [33]] | Values in base 8 |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
| ietf! | Decoded string |
+-------------------------------+------------------------+
Table 5: Example 4 in Detail
5. IANA Considerations
There are
This document has no considerations for IANA in this document. actions.
6. Security Considerations
When implementing encoding and decoding it is important to be very
careful so that buffer overflow or similar does issues do not occur. This
of course includes the calculations in base 45 and lookup in the
table of characters (Table 1). A decoder must also be robust
regarding input, including proper handling of any octet value 0-255,
including the NUL character (ASCII 0).
It should be noted that Base64 and some other encodings pad the
string so that the encoding starts with an aligned number of
characters while Base45 specifically avoids padding. Because of
this, special care has to be taken when an odd number of octets are is to
be encoded. Similarly, care must be taken if the number of
characters to decode are not evenly divisible by 3.
Base encodings use a specific, reduced alphabet to encode binary
data. Non-alphabet characters could exist within base-encoded data,
caused by data corruption or by design. Non-alphabet characters may
be exploited as a "covert channel", where non-protocol data can be
sent for nefarious purposes. Non-alphabet characters might also be
sent in order to exploit implementation errors leading to, e.g., for
example, buffer overflow attacks.
Implementations MUST reject any input that is not a valid encoding.
For example, it MUST reject the input (encoded data) if it contains
characters outside the base alphabet (in Table 1) when interpreting
base-encoded data.
Even though a Base45 encoded Base45-encoded string contains only characters from the
alphabet in Table 1, cases like the following has have to be considered:
The string "FGW" represents 65535 (FFFF in base 16), which is a valid
encoding of 16 bits. A slightly different encoded string of the same
length, "GGW", would represent 65536 (10000 in base 16), which is
represented by more than 16 bits. Implementations MUST also reject
the encoded data if it contains a triplet of characters which, that, when
decoded, results in an unsigned integer which that is greater than 65535
(ffff
(FFFF in base 16).
It should be noted that the resulting string after encoding to Base45
might include non-URL-safe characters so if the URL including the
Base45 encoded data has to be URL safe, URL-safe, one has to use %-encoding. percent-
encoding.
7. Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mark Adler, Anders Ahl, Alan Barrett, Sam Spens
Clason, Alfred Fiedler, Tomas Harreveld, Erik Hellman, Joakim
Jardenberg, Michael Joost, Erik Kline, Christian Landgren, Anders
Lowinger, Mans Nilsson, Jakob Schlyter, Peter Teufl and Gaby
Whitehead for the feedback. Also, everyone that have been working
with Base64 over a long period of years and have proven the
implementations are stable.
8. Normative References
[ISO18004]
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31, "ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Information ISO/IEC, "Information technology - Automatic
identification and data capture techniques - QR Code bar
code symbology specification", ISO/IEC
18004:2015 https://www.iso.org/standard/62021.html, 18004:2015,
February 2015. 2015, <https://www.iso.org/standard/62021.html>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC4648] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data
Encodings", RFC 4648, DOI 10.17487/RFC4648, October 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4648>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mark Adler, Anders Ahl, Alan Barrett, Sam Spens
Clason, Alfred Fiedler, Tomas Harreveld, Erik Hellman, Joakim
Jardenberg, Michael Joost, Erik Kline, Christian Landgren, Anders
Lowinger, Mans Nilsson, Jakob Schlyter, Peter Teufl, and Gaby
Whitehead for the feedback. Also, everyone who has been working with
Base64 over a long period of years and has proven the implementations
are stable.
Authors' Addresses
Patrik Faltstrom Fältström
Netnod
Email: paf@netnod.se
Fredrik Ljunggren
Kirei
Email: fredrik@kirei.se
Dirk-Willem van Gulik
Webweaving
Email: dirkx@webweaving.org