Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Perkins
Request for Comments: 9392 University of Glasgow
Category: Informational April 2023
ISSN: 2070-1721
Sending RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Feedback for Congestion Control in
Interactive Multimedia Conferences
Abstract
This memo discusses the rate at which congestion control feedback can
be sent using the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) and its the suitability of
RTCP for implementing congestion control for unicast multimedia
applications.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9392.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1. Terminology
2. Considerations for RTCP Feedback
3. What Feedback is Achievable with RTCP?
3.1. Scenario 1: Voice Telephony
3.2. Scenario 2: Point-to-Point Video Conference
4. Discussion and Conclusions
5. Security Considerations
6. IANA Considerations
7. Normative References
8. Informative References
Acknowledgements
Author's Address
1. Introduction
The deployment of WebRTC systems [RFC8825] has resulted in high-
quality video conferencing seeing extremely wide use. To ensure the
stability of the network in the face of this use, WebRTC systems need
to use some form of congestion control for their RTP-based media
traffic [RFC2914] [RFC8083] [RFC8085] [RFC8834], allowing them to
adapt and adjust the media data they send to match changes in the
available network capacity. In addition to ensuring the stable
operation of the network, such adaptation is critical to ensuring a
good user experience, since it allows the sender to match the media
to the network capacity, rather than forcing the receiver to
compensate for uncontrolled packet loss when the available capacity
is exceeded.
To develop such congestion control, it is necessary to understand the
sort of congestion feedback that can be provided within the framework
of RTP [RFC3550] and the RTP Control Protocol (RTCP). It then
becomes possible to determine if this is sufficient for congestion
control or if some form of RTP extension is needed.
As this memo will show, if it is desired to use RTCP in something
close to its current form for congestion feedback, the multimedia
congestion control algorithm needs to be designed to work with
detailed feedback sent every few frames, rather than per-frame
acknowledgement, to match the constraints of RTCP.
This memo considers unicast congestion feedback that can be sent
using RTCP under the RTP/SAVPF profile [RFC5124] (the secure version
of the RTP/AVPF profile [RFC4585]). This profile was chosen because
it forms the basis for media transport in WebRTC [RFC8834] systems.
However, nothing in this memo is specific to the secure version of
the profile or to WebRTC. It is also assumed that the congestion
control feedback mechanism described in [RFC8888] and common RTCP
extensions for efficient feedback [RFC5506] [RFC8108] [RFC8861]
[RFC8872] are used.
1.1. Terminology
Nr: number of frames between feedback reports
Nrs: number of reduced-size RTCP packets send for every compound
RTCP packet
Na: number of audio packets per report
Nv: number of video packets per reports
Sc: size of a compound RTCP packet
Srs: size of a reduced-size RTCP packet
Tf: duration of a media frame in seconds
Rf: frame rate 1/Tf
2. Considerations for RTCP Feedback
Several questions need to be answered when providing RTCP feedback
for congestion control purposes. These include:
* How often is feedback needed?
* How much overhead is acceptable?
* How much and what data does each report contain?
The
However, the key question is as follows: how often does the receiver
need to send feedback on the reception quality it is experiencing and
hence the congestion state of the network?
Widely used transport protocols, such as TCP, send acknowledgements
frequently. For example, a TCP receiver will send an acknowledgement
at least once every 0.5 seconds or when new data equal to twice the
maximum segment size has been received [RFC9293]. That has
relatively low overhead when traffic is bidirectional and
acknowledgements can be piggybacked onto return path data packets.
It can also be acceptable, and can have reasonable overhead, to send
separate acknowledgement packets when those packets are much smaller
than data packets.
Frequent acknowledgements can become a problem, however, when there
is no return traffic on which to piggyback feedback or if separate
feedback and data packets are sent and the feedback is similar in
size to the data being acknowledged. This can be the case for some
forms of media traffic, especially for Voice over IP (VoIP) flows,
leading to high overhead when using a transport protocol that sends
frequent feedback. Approaches like in-network filtering of
acknowledgements that have been proposed to reduce acknowledgement
overheads on highly asymmetric links (e.g., as mentioned in
[RFC3449]) can also reduce the feedback frequency and overhead for
multimedia traffic, but this so-called "stretch-ACK" behavior is
nonstandard and not guaranteed.
Accordingly, when implementing congestion control for RTP-based
multimedia traffic, it might make sense to give the option of sending
congestion feedback less often than TCP does. For example, it might
be possible to send a feedback packet once per video frame, every few
frames, or once per network round-trip time (RTT). This could still
give sufficiently frequent feedback for the congestion control loop
to be stable and responsive while keeping the overhead reasonable
when the feedback cannot be piggybacked onto returning data. In this
case, it is important to note that RTCP can send much more detailed
feedback than simple acknowledgements. For example, if it were
useful, it could be possible to use an RTCP extended report (XR)
packet [RFC3611] to send feedback once per RTT comprising RTT; the feedback could
comprise a bitmap of lost and received packets, with reception times,
over that RTT. As long as feedback is sent frequently enough that
the control loop is stable and the sender is kept informed when data
leaves the network (to provide an equivalent to acknowledgement (ACK)
clocking in TCP), it is not necessary to report on every packet at
the instant it is received. Indeed, it is unlikely that a video
codec can react instantly to a rate change, and there is little point
in providing feedback more often than the codec can adapt. This
suggests that an RTP receiver needs to be configured to provide
feedback at a rate that matches the rate of adaptation of the sender.
In the best case, this will match the media frame rate but might
often be slower.
Reducing the feedback frequency compared to TCP will reduce feedback
overhead but will lead multimedia flows to adapt to congestion more
slowly than TCP, raising concerns about inter-flow fairness. Similar
concerns are noted in [RFC5348], and accordingly, the congestion
control algorithm described therein aims for "reasonable" fairness
and a sending rate that is "generally within a factor of two" of what
TCP would achieve under the same conditions. It is to be noted,
however, that TCP exhibits inter-flow unfairness when flows with
differing round-trip times compete, and stretch acknowledgements due
to in-network traffic manipulation are not uncommon and also raise
fairness concerns. Implementations need to balance potential
unfairness against feedback overhead.
Generating and processing feedback consumes resources at the sender
and receiver. The feedback packets also incur forwarding costs,
contribute to link utilization, and can affect the timing of other
traffic on the network. This can affect performance on some types of
networks that can be impacted by the rate, timing, and size of
feedback packets, as well as the overall volume of feedback bytes.
The amount of overhead due to congestion control feedback that is
considered acceptable has to be determined. RTCP feedback is sent in
separate packets to RTP data, and this has some cost in terms of
additional header overhead compared to protocols that piggyback
feedback on return path data packets. The RTP standards have long
said that a 5% overhead for RTCP traffic is generally acceptable,
while providing the ability to change this fraction. acceptable. Is
this still the case for congestion control feedback? Is there a
desire to provide more responsive feedback and congestion control,
possibly with a higher overhead? Or is lower overhead wanted,
accepting that this might reduce responsiveness of the congestion
control algorithm?
Finally, the details of how much and what data is to be sent in each
report will affect the frequency and/or overhead of feedback. There
is a fundamental trade-off that the more frequently feedback packets
are sent, the less data can be included in each packet to keep the
overhead constant. Does the congestion control need a high rate but
simple feedback (e.g., like TCP acknowledgements), or is it
acceptable to send more complex feedback less often? Is it useful
for the congestion control to receive frequent feedback, perhaps to
provide more accurate round-trip time estimates, or to provide
robustness in case feedback packets are lost, even if the media
sending rate cannot quickly be changed? Or is low-rate feedback,
resulting in slowly responsive changes to the sending rate,
acceptable? Different combinations of the congestion control
algorithm and media codec might require different trade-offs, and the
correct trade-off for interactive, self-paced, real-time multimedia
traffic might not be the same as that for TCP congestion control.
3. What Feedback is Achievable with RTCP?
The following sections illustrate how the RTCP congestion control
feedback report [RFC8888] can be used in different scenarios and
illustrate the overheads of this approach.
3.1. Scenario 1: Voice Telephony
In many ways, point-to-point voice telephony is the simplest scenario
for congestion control, since there is only a single media stream to
control. It's complicated, however, by severe bandwidth constraints
on the feedback, to keep the overhead manageable.
Assume a two-party, point-to-point VoIP call, using RTP over UDP/IP.
A rate-adaptive speech codec, such as Opus, is used, encoded into RTP
packets in frames of a duration of Tf seconds (Tf = 0.020 s in many
cases, but values up to 0.060 s are not uncommon). The congestion
control algorithm requires feedback every Nr frames, i.e., every Nr *
Tf seconds, to ensure effective control. Both parties in the call
send speech data or comfort noise with sufficient frequency that they
are counted as senders for the purpose of the RTCP reporting interval
calculation.
RTCP feedback packets can be full (compound) RTCP feedback packets or
reduced-size RTCP packets [RFC5506]. A compound RTCP packet is sent
once for every Nrs reduced-size RTCP packets.
Compound RTCP packets contain a Sender Report (SR) packet, a Source
Description (SDES) packet, and an RTP Congestion Control Feedback
(CCFB) packet [RFC8888]. Reduced-size RTCP packets contain only the
CCFB packet. Since each participant sends only a single RTP media
stream, the extensions for RTCP report aggregation [RFC8108] and
reporting group optimization [RFC8861] are not used.
Within each compound RTCP packet, the SR packet will contain a sender
information block (28 octets) and a single reception report block (24
octets), for a total of 52 octets. A minimal SDES packet will
contain a header (4 octets), a single chunk containing a
synchronization source (SSRC) (4 octets), and a CNAME item, and if
the recommendations for choosing the CNAME [RFC7022] are followed,
the CNAME item will comprise a 2-octet header, 16 octets of data, and
2 octets of padding, for a total SDES packet size of 28 octets. The
CCFB packets contain an RTCP header and SSRC (8 octets), a report
timestamp (4 octets), the other party's SSRC, beginning and ending
sequence numbers (8 octets), and 2 * Nr octets of reports, for a
total of 20 + (2 * Nr) octets. The compound Secure RTCP (SRTCP)
packet will include 4 octets of trailer, followed by an 80-bit
(10-octet) authentication tag if HMAC-SHA1 authentication is used.
If IPv4 is used, with no IP options, the UDP/IP header will be 28
octets in size. This gives a total compound RTCP packet size of Sc =
142 + (2 * Nr) octets.
The reduced-size RTCP packets will comprise just the CCFB packet,
SRTCP trailer and authentication tag, and a UDP/IP header. It can be
seen that these packets will be Srs = 62 + (2 * Nr) octets in size.
The RTCP reporting interval calculation ([RFC3550], Section 6.2) (Sections 6.2 and 6.3 of
[RFC3550] and [RFC4585]) for a two-party session where both
participants are senders reduces to:
Trtcp = n * Srtcp / Brtcp
where Srtcp = (Sc + Nrs * Srs) / (1 + Nrs) is the average RTCP packet
size in octets, Brtcp is the bandwidth allocated to RTCP in octets
per second, and n is the number of participants in the RTP session
(in this scenario, n = 2).
To ensure an RTCP report containing congestion control feedback is
sent after every Nr frames of audio, it is necessary to set the RTCP
reporting interval to Trtcp = Nr * Tf, which when substituted into
the previous, gives Nr * Tf = n * Srtcp / Brtcp. Solving this to
give the RTCP bandwidth (Brtcp) and expanding the definition of Srtcp
gives:
Brtcp = (n * (Sc + Nrs * Srs)) / (Nr * Tf * (1 + Nrs))
If we assume every report is a compound RTCP packet (i.e., Nrs = 0),
the frame duration is Tf = 20 ms, and an RTCP report is sent for
every second frame (i.e., 25 RTCP reports per second), this gives an
RTCP feedback bandwidth of Brtcp = 57 kbps. Increasing the frame
duration or reducing the frequency of reports will reduce the RTCP
bandwidth, as shown in Table 1.
+==============+=============+================+
| Tf (seconds) | Nr (frames) | rtcp_bw (kbps) |
+==============+=============+================+
| 0.020 | 2 | 57.0 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 4 | 29.3 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 8 | 15.4 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 16 | 8.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 2 | 19.0 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 4 | 9.8 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 8 | 5.1 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 16 | 2.8 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
Table 1: RTCP Bandwidth Needed for VoIP
Feedback (Compound Reports Only)
The final row of Table 1 (60 ms frames, reporting every 16 frames)
sends RTCP reports once per second, giving an RTCP bandwidth overhead
of 2.8 kbps.
The overhead can be reduced by sending some reports in reduced-size
RTCP packets [RFC5506]. For example, if we alternate compound and
reduced-size RTCP packets, i.e., Nrs = 1, the calculation gives the
results shown in Table 2.
+==============+=============+================+
| Tf (seconds) | Nr (frames) | rtcp_bw (kbps) |
+==============+=============+================+
| 0.020 | 2 | 41.4 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 4 | 21.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 8 | 11.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 16 | 6.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 2 | 13.8 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 4 | 7.2 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 8 | 3.8 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 16 | 2.2 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
Table 2: Required RTCP Bandwidth for VoIP
Feedback (Alternating Compound and Reduced-
Size Reports)
The RTCP bandwidth needed for 60 ms frames, reporting every 16 frames
(once per second), can be seen to drop to 2.2 kbps. This calculation
can be repeated for other patterns of compound and reduced-size RTCP
packets, feedback frequency, and frame duration, as needed.
| Note: To achieve the RTCP transmission intervals above, the
| RTP/SAVPF profile with T_rr_interval=0 is used, since even when
| using the reduced minimal transmission interval, the RTP/SAVP
| profile would only allow sending RTCP at most every 0.11 s
| (every third frame of video). Using RTP/SAVPF with
| T_rr_interval=0, however, is capable enables full utilization of
fully utilizing the
| configured 5% RTCP bandwidth fraction.
The use of IPv6 will increase the overhead by 20 octets per packet,
due to the increased size of the IPv6 header compared to IPv4,
assuming no IP options in either case. This increases the size of
compound packets to Sc = 162 + (2 * Nr) octets and reduced-size
packets to Srs = 82 + (2 * Nr). Rerunning the calculations from
Table 1 with these packet sizes gives the results shown in Table 3.
As can be seen, there is a significant increase in overhead due to
the use of IPv6.
+==============+=============+================+
| Tf (seconds) | Nr (frames) | rtcp_bw (kbps) |
+==============+=============+================+
| 0.020 | 2 | 64.8 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 4 | 33.2 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 8 | 17.4 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 16 | 9.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 2 | 21.6 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 4 | 11.1 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 8 | 5.8 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 16 | 3.2 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
Table 3: RTCP Bandwidth Needed for VoIP
Feedback (Compound Reports Only) Using IPv6
Repeating the calculations from Table 2 using IPv6 gives the results
shown in Table 4. As can be seen, the overhead still increases with
IPv6 when a mix of compound and reduced-size reports is used, but the
effect is less pronounced than with compound reports only.
+==============+=============+================+
| Tf (seconds) | Nr (frames) | rtcp_bw (kbps) |
+==============+=============+================+
| 0.020 | 2 | 49.2 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 4 | 25.4 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 8 | 13.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.020 | 16 | 7.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 2 | 16.4 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 4 | 8.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 8 | 4.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
| 0.060 | 16 | 2.5 |
+--------------+-------------+----------------+
Table 4: Required RTCP Bandwidth for VoIP
Feedback (Alternating Compound and Reduced-
Size Reports) Using IPv6
3.2. Scenario 2: Point-to-Point Video Conference
Consider a point-to-point video call between two end systems. There
will be four RTP flows in this scenario (two audio and two video),
with all four flows being active for essentially all the time (the
audio flows will likely use voice activity detection and comfort
noise to reduce the packet rate during silent periods, but this does
not cause the transmissions to stop).
Assume all four flows are sent in a single RTP session, each using a
separate SSRC. The RTCP reports from the co-located audio and video
SSRCs at each end point are aggregated [RFC8108], the optimizations
in [RFC8861] are used, and RTCP congestion control feedback is sent
[RFC8888].
As in Section 3.1, when all members are senders, the RTCP reporting
interval calculation in Sections 6.2 and 6.3 [RFC3550] and in
[RFC4585] reduces to:
Trtcp = n * Srtcp / Brtcp
where n is the number of members in the session, Srtcp is the average
RTCP packet size in octets, and Brtcp is the RTCP bandwidth in octets
per second.
The average RTCP packet size (Srtcp) depends on the amount of
feedback sent in each RTCP packet, the number of members in the
session, the size of source description (RTCP SDES) information sent,
and the amount of congestion control feedback sent in each packet.
As a baseline, each RTCP packet will be a compound RTCP packet that
contains an aggregate of a compound RTCP packet generated by the
video SSRC and a compound RTCP packet generated by the audio SSRC.
When the RTCP reporting group extensions are used, one of these SSRCs
will be a reporting SSRC, to which the other SSRC will have delegated
its reports. No reduced-size RTCP packets are sent.
The aggregated compound RTCP packet from the non-reporting SSRC will
contain an RTCP SR packet, an RTCP SDES packet, and an RTCP Reporting
Group Reporting Sources (RGRS) packet. The RTCP SR packet contains
the 28-octet UDP/IP header (assuming IPv4 with no options) and sender
information but no report blocks (since the reporting is delegated).
The RTCP SDES packet will comprise a header (4 octets), the
originating SSRC (4 octets), a CNAME chunk, a terminating chunk, and
any padding. If the CNAME follows [RFC7022] and [RFC8834], the CNAME
chunk will be 18 octets in size and will be followed by one octet of
padding and one terminating null octet to align the SDES packet to a
32-bit boundary ([RFC3550], Section 6.5), making the SDES packet 28
octets in size. The RTCP RGRS packet will be 12 octets in size.
This gives a total of 28 + 28 + 12 = 68 octets.
The aggregated compound RTCP packet from the reporting SSRC will
contain an RTCP SR packet, an RTCP SDES packet, and an RTCP
congestion control feedback packet. The RTCP SR packet will contain
two report blocks, one for each of the remote SSRCs (the report for
the other local SSRC is suppressed by the reporting group extension),
for a total of 28 + (2 * 24) = 76 octets. The RTCP SDES packet will
comprise a header (4 octets), the originating SSRC (4 octets), a CNAME
chunk, an RGRP a Reporting Group (RGRP) chunk, a terminating chunk, and any
padding. If the CNAME follows [RFC7022] and [RFC8834], it will be 18
octets in size. The RGRP chunk similarly comprises 18 octets, the
terminating chunk is comprised of 1 octet, and 3 octets of padding
are needed, for a total of 48 octets. The RTCP congestion control
feedback (CCFB) report comprises an 8-octet RTCP header and SSRC, a
4-octet report timestamp, and for each of the remote audio and video
SSRCs, an 8-octet report header, 2 octets per packet reported upon,
and padding to a 4-octet boundary if needed; that is, 8 + 4 + 8 + (2
* Nv) + 8 + (2 * Na), where Nv is the number of video packets per
report and Na is the number of audio packets per report.
The complete compound RTCP packet contains the RTCP packets from both
the reporting and non-reporting SSRCs, an SRTCP trailer and
authentication tag, and a UDP/IPv4 header. The size of this RTCP
packet is therefore 262 + (2 * Nv) + (2 * Na) octets. Since the
aggregate RTCP packet contains reports from two SSRCs, the RTCP
packet size is halved before use [RFC8108]. Accordingly, the size of
the RTCP packets is:
Srtcp = (262 + (2 * Nv) + (2 * Na)) / 2
How many RTP packets does the RTCP XR congestion control feedback
packet, included in these compound RTCP packets, report on? That is,
what are the values of Nv and Na? This depends on the RTCP reporting
interval (Trtcp), the video bit rate and frame rate (Rf), the audio
bit rate and framing interval, and whether the receiver chooses to
send congestion control feedback in each RTCP packet it sends.
To simplify the calculation, assume it is desired to send one RTCP
report for each frame of video received (i.e., Trtcp = 1 / Rf) and to
include a congestion control feedback packet in each report. Assume
that video has a constant bit rate and frame rate and that each frame
of video has to fit into a 1500-octet MTU. Further, assume that the
audio takes negligible bandwidth and that the audio framing interval
can be varied within reasonable bounds, so that an integral number of
audio frames align with video frame boundaries.
Table 5 shows the resulting values of Nv and Na (the number of video
and audio packets covered by each congestion control feedback report)
for a range of data rates and video frame rates, assuming congestion
control feedback is sent once per video frame. The table also shows
the result of inverting the RTCP reporting interval calculation to
find the corresponding RTCP bandwidth (Brtcp). The RTCP bandwidth is
given in kbps and as a fraction of the data rate.
It can be seen that, for example, with a data rate of 1024 kbps and a
video sent at 30 frames per second, the RTCP congestion control
feedback report sent for each video frame will include reports on 3
video packets and 2 audio packets. The RTCP bandwidth needed to
sustain this reporting rate is 127.5 kbps (12% of the data rate).
This assumes an audio framing interval of 16.67 ms, so that 2 audio
packets are sent for each video frame.
+===========+==========+=============+=============+===============+
| Data Rate | Video | Video | Audio | Required RTCP |
| (kbps) | Frame | Packets per | Packets per | Bandwidth: |
| | Rate: Rf | Report: Nv | Report: Na | Brtcp (kbps) |
+===========+==========+=============+=============+===============+
| 100 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 34.5 (34%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 200 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 67.5 (33%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 350 | 30 | 1 | 2 | 125.6 (35%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 700 | 30 | 2 | 2 | 126.6 (18%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 700 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 249.4 (35%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 1024 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 127.5 (12%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 1400 | 60 | 2 | 1 | 251.2 (17%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 2048 | 30 | 6 | 2 | 130.3 ( 6%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 2048 | 60 | 3 | 1 | 253.1 (12%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 4096 | 30 | 12 | 2 | 135.9 ( 3%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 4096 | 60 | 6 | 1 | 258.8 ( 6%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
Table 5: Required RTCP Bandwidth, Reporting on Every Frame
Use of reduced-size RTCP [RFC5506] would allow the SR and SDES
packets to be omitted from some reports. These reduced-size RTCP
packets would contain an RTCP RGRS packet from the non-reporting SSRC
and an RTCP SDES RGRP packet and a congestion control feedback packet
from the reporting SSRC. This will be 12 + 28 + 12 + 8 + (2 * Nv) +
8 + (2 * Na) octets, plus the SRTCP trailer and authentication tag
and a UDP/IP header. That is, the size of the reduced-size packets
would be (110 + (2 * Nv) + (2 * Na)) / 2 octets. Repeating the
analysis above, but alternating compound and reduced-size reports,
gives the results shown in Table 6.
+===========+==========+=============+=============+===============+
| Data Rate | Video | Video | Audio | Required RTCP |
| (kbps) | Frame | Packets per | Packets per | Bandwidth: |
| | Rate: Rf | Report: Nv | Report: Na | Brtcp (kbps) |
+===========+==========+=============+=============+===============+
| 100 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 25.0 (25%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 200 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 48.5 (24%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 350 | 30 | 1 | 2 | 90.0 (25%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 700 | 30 | 2 | 2 | 90.9 (12%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 700 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 178.1 (25%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 1024 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 91.9 ( 8%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 1400 | 60 | 2 | 1 | 180.0 (12%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 2048 | 30 | 6 | 2 | 94.7 ( 4%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 2048 | 60 | 3 | 1 | 181.9 ( 8%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 4096 | 30 | 12 | 2 | 100.3 ( 2%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 4096 | 60 | 6 | 1 | 187.5 ( 4%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
Table 6: Required RTCP Bandwidth, Reporting on Every Frame, with
Reduced-Size Reports
The use of reduced-size RTCP gives a noticeable reduction in the
needed RTCP bandwidth and can be combined with reporting every few
frames, rather than every frame. Overall, it is clear that the RTCP
overhead can be reasonable across the range of data and frame rates
if RTCP is configured carefully.
As discussed in Section 3.1, the reporting overhead will increase if
IPv6 is used, due to the increased size of the IPv6 header. Table 7
shows the overhead in this case, compared to Table 6. As can be
seen, the increase in overhead due to IPv6 rapidly becomes less
significant as the data rate increases.
+===========+==========+=============+=============+===============+
| Data Rate | Video | Video | Audio | Required RTCP |
| (kbps) | Frame | Packets per | Packets per | Bandwidth: |
| | Rate: Rf | Report: Nv | Report: Na | Brtcp (kbps) |
+===========+==========+=============+=============+===============+
| 100 | 8 | 1 | 6 | 27.5 (27%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 200 | 16 | 1 | 3 | 53.5 (26%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 350 | 30 | 1 | 2 | 99.4 (28%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 700 | 30 | 2 | 2 | 100.3 (14%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 700 | 60 | 1 | 1 | 196.9 (28%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 1024 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 101.2 ( 9%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 1400 | 60 | 2 | 1 | 198.8 (14%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 2048 | 30 | 6 | 2 | 104.1 ( 5%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 2048 | 60 | 3 | 1 | 200.6 ( 9%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 4096 | 30 | 12 | 2 | 109.7 ( 2%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
| 4096 | 60 | 6 | 1 | 206.2 ( 5%) |
+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+---------------+
Table 7: Required RTCP Bandwidth, Reporting on Every Frame, with
Reduced-Size Reports, Using IPv6
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Practical systems will generally send some non-media traffic on the
same path as the media traffic. This can include Session Traversal
Utilities for NAT (STUN) / Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN)
packets to keep alive NAT bindings [RFC8445], WebRTC data channel
packets [RFC8831], etc. Such traffic also needs congestion control,
but the means by which this is achieved is out of the scope of this
memo.
RTCP, as it is currently specified, cannot be used to send per-packet
congestion feedback with reasonable overhead.
RTCP can, however, be used to send congestion feedback on each frame
of video sent, provided the session bandwidth exceeds a couple of
megabits per second (the exact rate depends on the number of session
participants, the RTCP bandwidth fraction, what RTCP extensions are
enabled, and how much detail of feedback is needed). For lower-rate
sessions, the overhead of reporting on every frame becomes high but
can be reduced to something reasonable by sending reports once per N
frames (e.g., every second frame) or by sending reduced-size RTCP
reports in between the regular reports. The improved compression of
new video codecs exacerbates the reporting overhead for a given video
quality level, although this is to some extent countered by the use
of higher-quality video over time.
If it is desired to use RTCP in something close to its current form
for congestion feedback in WebRTC, the multimedia congestion control
algorithm needs to be designed to work with feedback sent every few
frames, since that fits within the limitations of RTCP. The provided
feedback will be more detailed than just an acknowledgement, however,
and will provide a loss bitmap, relative arrival time, and received
Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) marks for each packet sent.
This will allow congestion control that is effective, if slowly
responsive, to be implemented (there is guidance on providing
effective congestion control in Section 3.1 of [RFC8085]).
The format described in [RFC8888] seems sufficient for the needs of
congestion control feedback. There is little point optimizing this
format; the main overhead comes from the UDP/IP headers and the other
RTCP packets included in the compound packets and can be lowered by
using the extensions described in [RFC5506] and sending reports less
frequently. The use of header compression [RFC2508] [RFC3545]
[RFC5795] can also be beneficial.
Further study of the scenarios of interest is needed to ensure that
the analysis presented is applicable to other media topologies
[RFC7667] and to sessions with different data rates and sizes of
membership.
5. Security Considerations
An attacker that can modify or spoof RTCP congestion control feedback
packets can manipulate the sender behavior to cause denial of
service. This can be prevented by authentication and integrity
protection of RTCP packets, for example, using the secure RTP profile
[RFC3711] [RFC5124] or other means as discussed in [RFC7201].
6. IANA Considerations
This document has no IANA actions.
7. Normative References
[RFC2914] Floyd, S., "Congestion Control Principles", BCP 41,
RFC 2914, DOI 10.17487/RFC2914, September 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2914>.
[RFC3550] Schulzrinne, H., Casner, S., Frederick, R., and V.
Jacobson, "RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time
Applications", STD 64, RFC 3550, DOI 10.17487/RFC3550,
July 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3550>.
[RFC3711] Baugher, M., McGrew, D., Naslund, M., Carrara, E., and K.
Norrman, "The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)",
RFC 3711, DOI 10.17487/RFC3711, March 2004,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3711>.
[RFC4585] Ott, J., Wenger, S., Sato, N., Burmeister, C., and J. Rey,
"Extended RTP Profile for Real-time Transport Control
Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback (RTP/AVPF)", RFC 4585,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4585, July 2006,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4585>.
[RFC5124] Ott, J. and E. Carrara, "Extended Secure RTP Profile for
Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP)-Based Feedback
(RTP/SAVPF)", RFC 5124, DOI 10.17487/RFC5124, February
2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5124>.
[RFC5506] Johansson, I. and M. Westerlund, "Support for Reduced-Size
Real-Time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP): Opportunities
and Consequences", RFC 5506, DOI 10.17487/RFC5506, April
2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5506>.
[RFC7022] Begen, A., Perkins, C., Wing, D., and E. Rescorla,
"Guidelines for Choosing RTP Control Protocol (RTCP)
Canonical Names (CNAMEs)", RFC 7022, DOI 10.17487/RFC7022,
September 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7022>.
[RFC7201] Westerlund, M. and C. Perkins, "Options for Securing RTP
Sessions", RFC 7201, DOI 10.17487/RFC7201, April 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7201>.
[RFC8083] Perkins, C. and V. Singh, "Multimedia Congestion Control:
Circuit Breakers for Unicast RTP Sessions", RFC 8083,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8083, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8083>.
[RFC8085] Eggert, L., Fairhurst, G., and G. Shepherd, "UDP Usage
Guidelines", BCP 145, RFC 8085, DOI 10.17487/RFC8085,
March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8085>.
[RFC8108] Lennox, J., Westerlund, M., Wu, Q., and C. Perkins,
"Sending Multiple RTP Streams in a Single RTP Session",
RFC 8108, DOI 10.17487/RFC8108, March 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8108>.
[RFC8825] Alvestrand, H., "Overview: Real-Time Protocols for
Browser-Based Applications", RFC 8825,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8825, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8825>.
[RFC8834] Perkins, C., Westerlund, M., and J. Ott, "Media Transport
and Use of RTP in WebRTC", RFC 8834, DOI 10.17487/RFC8834,
January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8834>.
[RFC8861] Lennox, J., Westerlund, M., Wu, Q., and C. Perkins,
"Sending Multiple RTP Streams in a Single RTP Session:
Grouping RTP Control Protocol (RTCP) Reception Statistics
and Other Feedback", RFC 8861, DOI 10.17487/RFC8861,
January 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8861>.
[RFC8872] Westerlund, M., Burman, B., Perkins, C., Alvestrand, H.,
and R. Even, "Guidelines for Using the Multiplexing
Features of RTP to Support Multiple Media Streams",
RFC 8872, DOI 10.17487/RFC8872, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8872>.
[RFC8888] Sarker, Z., Perkins, C., Singh, V., and M. Ramalho, "RTP
Control Protocol (RTCP) Feedback for Congestion Control",
RFC 8888, DOI 10.17487/RFC8888, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8888>.
8. Informative References
[RFC2508] Casner, S. and V. Jacobson, "Compressing IP/UDP/RTP
Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links", RFC 2508,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2508, February 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2508>.
[RFC3449] Balakrishnan, H., Padmanabhan, V., Fairhurst, G., and M.
Sooriyabandara, "TCP Performance Implications of Network
Path Asymmetry", BCP 69, RFC 3449, DOI 10.17487/RFC3449,
December 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3449>.
[RFC3545] Koren, T., Casner, S., Geevarghese, J., Thompson, B., and
P. Ruddy, "Enhanced Compressed RTP (CRTP) for Links with
High Delay, Packet Loss and Reordering", RFC 3545,
DOI 10.17487/RFC3545, July 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3545>.
[RFC3611] Friedman, T., Ed., Caceres, R., Ed., and A. Clark, Ed.,
"RTP Control Protocol Extended Reports (RTCP XR)",
RFC 3611, DOI 10.17487/RFC3611, November 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3611>.
[RFC5348] Floyd, S., Handley, M., Padhye, J., and J. Widmer, "TCP
Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification",
RFC 5348, DOI 10.17487/RFC5348, September 2008,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5348>.
[RFC5795] Sandlund, K., Pelletier, G., and L. Jonsson, "The RObust
Header Compression (ROHC) Framework", RFC 5795,
DOI 10.17487/RFC5795, March 2010,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5795>.
[RFC7667] Westerlund, M. and S. Wenger, "RTP Topologies", RFC 7667,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7667, November 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7667>.
[RFC8445] Keranen, A., Holmberg, C., and J. Rosenberg, "Interactive
Connectivity Establishment (ICE): A Protocol for Network
Address Translator (NAT) Traversal", RFC 8445,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8445, July 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8445>.
[RFC8831] Jesup, R., Loreto, S., and M. Tüxen, "WebRTC Data
Channels", RFC 8831, DOI 10.17487/RFC8831, January 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8831>.
[RFC9293] Eddy, W., Ed., "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)",
STD 7, RFC 9293, DOI 10.17487/RFC9293, August 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9293>.
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Bernard Aboba, Martin Duke, Linda Dunbar, Gorry Fairhurst,
Ingemar Johansson, Shuping Peng, Alvaro Retana, Zahed Sarker, John
Scudder, Éric Vyncke, Magnus Westerlund, and the members of the RMCAT
feedback design team for their feedback.
Author's Address
Colin Perkins
University of Glasgow
School of Computing Science
Glasgow
G12 8QQ
United Kingdom
Email: csp@csperkins.org