Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) B. Balarajah
Request for Comments: 9411
Obsoletes: 3511 C. Rossenhoevel
Category: Informational EANTC AG
ISSN: 2070-1721 B. Monkman
NetSecOPEN
February
March 2023
Benchmarking Methodology for Network Security Device Performance
Abstract
This document provides benchmarking terminology and methodology for
next-generation network security devices, including next-generation
firewalls (NGFWs) and next-generation intrusion prevention systems
(NGIPSs). The main areas covered in this document are test
terminology, test configuration parameters, and benchmarking
methodology for NGFWs and NGIPSs. (It is assumed that readers have a
working knowledge of these devices and the security functionality
they contain.) This document aims to improve the applicability,
reproducibility, and transparency of benchmarks and to align the test
methodology with today's increasingly complex layer 7 security-
centric network application use cases. As a result, this document
makes RFC 3511 obsolete.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents
approved by the IESG are candidates for any level of Internet
Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9411.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the
Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described
in the Revised BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Requirements Language
3. Scope
4. Test Setup
4.1. Testbed Configuration
4.2. DUT/SUT Configuration
4.2.1. Security Effectiveness Configuration
4.3. Test Equipment Configuration
4.3.1. Client Configuration
4.3.2. Backend Server Configuration
4.3.3. Traffic Flow Definition
4.3.4. Traffic Load Profile
5. Testbed Considerations
6. Reporting
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Detailed Test Results
6.3. Benchmarks and Key Performance Indicators
7. Benchmarking Tests
7.1. Throughput Performance with Application Traffic Mix
7.1.1. Objective
7.1.2. Test Setup
7.1.3. Test Parameters
7.1.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.2. TCP/HTTP TCP Connections Per Second with HTTP Traffic
7.2.1. Objective
7.2.2. Test Setup
7.2.3. Test Parameters
7.2.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.3. HTTP Throughput
7.3.1. Objective
7.3.2. Test Setup
7.3.3. Test Parameters
7.3.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.4. HTTP Transaction Latency
7.4.1. Objective
7.4.2. Test Setup
7.4.3. Test Parameters
7.4.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.5. Concurrent TCP/HTTP TCP Connection Capacity with HTTP Traffic
7.5.1. Objective
7.5.2. Test Setup
7.5.3. Test Parameters
7.5.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.6. TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC Connections per Second with HTTPS Traffic
7.6.1. Objective
7.6.2. Test Setup
7.6.3. Test Parameters
7.6.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.7. HTTPS Throughput
7.7.1. Objective
7.7.2. Test Setup
7.7.3. Test Parameters
7.7.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.8. HTTPS Transaction Latency
7.8.1. Objective
7.8.2. Test Setup
7.8.3. Test Parameters
7.8.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
7.9. Concurrent TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC Connection Capacity with HTTPS
Traffic
7.9.1. Objective
7.9.2. Test Setup
7.9.3. Test Parameters
7.9.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
8. IANA Considerations
9. Security Considerations
10. References
10.1. Normative References
10.2. Informative References
Appendix A. Test Methodology - Security Effectiveness Evaluation
A.1. Test Objective
A.2. Testbed Setup
A.3. Test Parameters
A.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
A.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
A.4. Test Results Validation Criteria
A.5. Measurement
A.6. Test Procedures and Expected Results
A.6.1. Step 1: Background Traffic
A.6.2. Step 2: CVE Emulation
Appendix B. DUT/SUT Classification
Acknowledgements
Contributors
Authors' Addresses
1. Introduction
It has been 18 years since the IETF initially recommended test
methodology and terminology for firewalls [RFC3511]. Firewalls have
evolved significantly from the days of simple access control list
(ACL) filters. As the underlying technology progresses and improves,
recommending test methodology and terminology for firewalls,
requirements, and expectations for network security elements has
increased tremendously. Security function implementations have
evolved and diversified into intrusion detection and prevention,
threat management, analysis of encrypted traffic, and more. In an
industry of growing importance, well-defined and reproducible key
performance indicators (KPIs) are increasingly needed to enable fair
and reasonable comparisons of network security functions. These
reasons led to the creation of a new next-generation network security
device benchmarking document, which makes [RFC3511] obsolete. The
measurement of performance for processing IP-fragmented traffic (see
Section 5.9 of [RFC3511])is not included in this document since IP
fragmentation does not commonly occur in traffic anymore, unlike how
it might have at the time when [RFC3511] was written. It should also
be noted that [RFC2647] retains significant value and was consulted
frequently while creating this document.
For a more detailed explanation of what an NGFW is, see the Wikipedia
article [Wiki-NGFW].
2. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
3. Scope
This document provides testing terminology and testing methodology
for modern and next-generation network security devices that are
configured in Active ("Inline", see Figures 1 and 2) mode. It covers
the validation of security effectiveness configurations of network
security devices, followed by performance benchmark testing. This
document focuses on advanced, realistic, and reproducible testing
methods. Additionally, it describes testbed environments, test tool
requirements, and test result formats.
The performance testing methodology described in this document is not
intended for security devices or systems that rely on machine
learning or behavioral analysis. If such features are present in a
Device Under Test / System Under Test (DUT/SUT), they should be
disabled.
4. Test Setup
The test setup defined in this document applies to all benchmarking
tests described in Section 7. The test setup MUST be contained
within an isolated test environment (see Section 3 of [RFC6815]).
4.1. Testbed Configuration
Testbed configuration MUST ensure that any performance implications
that are discovered during the benchmark testing aren't due to the
inherent physical network limitations, such as the number of physical
links and forwarding performance capabilities (throughput and
latency) of the network devices in the testbed. For this reason,
this document recommends avoiding external devices, such as switches
and routers, in the testbed wherever possible.
In some deployment scenarios, the network security devices (DUT/SUT)
are connected to routers and switches, which will reduce the number
of entries in MAC (Media Access Control) or Address Resolution
Protocol / Neighbor Discovery (ARP/ND) tables of the DUT/SUT. If MAC
or ARP/ND tables have many entries, this may impact the actual DUT/
SUT performance due to MAC and ARP/ND table lookup processes. This
document also recommends using test equipment with the capability of
emulating layer 3 routing functionality instead of adding external
routers in the testbed.
The testbed setup for Option 1 (Figure 1) is the RECOMMENDED testbed
setup for the benchmarking test.
+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+
| +-------------------+ | +-----------+ | +-------------------+ |
| | Emulated Router(s)| | | | | | Emulated Router(s)| |
| | (Optional) | +----- DUT/SUT +-----+ (Optional) | |
| +-------------------+ | | | | +-------------------+ |
| +-------------------+ | +-----------+ | +-------------------+ |
| | Clients | | | | Servers | |
| +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ |
| | | |
| Test Equipment | | Test Equipment |
+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+
Figure 1: Testbed Setup - Option 1
If the test equipment used is not capable of emulating OSI layer 3
routing functionality or if the number of used ports is mismatched
between the test equipment and the DUT/SUT (which is needed for test
equipment port aggregation), the test setup can be configured as
shown in Figure 2.
+-------------------+ +-----------+ +--------------------+
|Aggregation Switch/| | | | Aggregation Switch/|
| Router +------+ DUT/SUT +------+ Router |
| | | | | |
+----------+--------+ +-----------+ +--------+-----------+
| |
| |
+-----------+-----------+ +-----------+-----------+
| | | |
| +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ |
| | Emulated Router(s)| | | | Emulated Router(s)| |
| | (Optional) | | | | (Optional) | |
| +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ |
| +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ |
| | Clients | | | | Servers | |
| +-------------------+ | | +-------------------+ |
| | | |
| Test Equipment | | Test Equipment |
+-----------------------+ +-----------------------+
Figure 2: Testbed Setup - Option 2
4.2. DUT/SUT Configuration
The same DUT/SUT configuration MUST be used for all benchmarking
tests described in Section 7. Since each DUT/SUT will have its own
unique configuration, users MUST configure their devices with the
same parameters and security features that would be used in the
actual deployment of the device or a typical deployment. The DUT/SUT
MUST be configured in "Inline" mode so that the traffic is actively
inspected by the DUT/SUT.
Tables 2 and 3 below describe the RECOMMENDED and OPTIONAL sets of
network security features for NGFWs and NGIPSs, respectively. If the
recommended security features are not enabled in the DUT/SUT for any
reason, the reason MUST be reported with the benchmarking test
results. For example, one reason for not enabling the anti-virus
feature in an NGFW may be that this security feature was not required
for a particular customer deployment scenario. It MUST be also noted
in the benchmarking test report that not enabling the specific
recommended security features may impact the performance of the DUT/
SUT. The selected security features MUST be consistently enabled on
the DUT/SUT for all benchmarking tests described in Section 7.
To improve repeatability, a summary of the DUT/SUT configuration,
including a description of all enabled DUT/SUT features, MUST be
published with the benchmarking results.
The following table provides a brief description of the security
feature; these are approximate taxonomies of features commonly found
in currently deployed NGFWs and NGIPSs. The features provided by
specific implementations may be named differently and not necessarily
have configuration settings that align with the taxonomy.
+================+==================================================+
| DUT/SUT | Description |
| Features | |
+================+==================================================+
| TLS Inspection | The DUT/SUT intercepts and decrypts |
| | inbound HTTPS traffic between servers and |
| | clients. Once the content inspection has |
| | been completed, the DUT/SUT encrypts the |
| | HTTPS traffic with ciphers and keys used |
| | by the clients and servers. For TLS 1.3, |
| | the DUT works as a middlebox (proxy) and |
| | holds the certificates and Pre-Shared Keys |
| | (PSKs) that are trusted by the client and |
| | represent the identity of the real server. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| IDS/IPS | The DUT/SUT detects and blocks exploits |
| | targeting known and unknown |
| | vulnerabilities across the monitored |
| | network. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Anti-Malware | The DUT/SUT detects and prevents the |
| | transmission of malicious executable code |
| | and any associated communications across |
| | the monitored network. This includes data |
| | exfiltration as well as command and |
| | control channels. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Anti-Spyware | Anti-Spyware is a subcategory of Anti- |
| | Malware. Spyware transmits information |
| | without the user's knowledge or |
| | permission. The DUT/SUT detects and |
| | blocks the initial infection or |
| | transmission of data. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Anti-Botnet | The DUT/SUT detects and blocks traffic to |
| | or from botnets. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Anti-Evasion | The DUT/SUT detects and mitigates attacks |
| | that have been obfuscated in some manner. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Web Filtering | The DUT/SUT detects and blocks malicious |
| | websites, including defined |
| | classifications of websites across the |
| | monitored network. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Data Loss | The DUT/SUT detects and prevents data |
| Protection | breaches and data exfiltration, or it |
| (DLP) | detects and blocks the transmission of |
| | sensitive data across the monitored |
| | network. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Certificate | The DUT/SUT validates certificates used in |
| Validation | encrypted communications across the |
| | monitored network. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Logging and | The DUT/SUT logs and reports all traffic |
| Reporting | at the flow level across the monitored |
| | network. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Application | The DUT/SUT detects known applications as |
| Identification | defined within the traffic mix selected |
| | across the monitored network. |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Deep Packet | The DUT/SUT inspects the content of the |
| Inspection | data packet. |
| (DPI) | |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------+
Table 1: Security Feature Description
+============================+=============+==========+
| DUT/SUT (NGFW) Features | RECOMMENDED | OPTIONAL |
+============================+=============+==========+
| TLS Inspection | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| IDS/IPS | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Spyware | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Virus | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Botnet | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Evasion | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Web Filtering | | x |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Data Loss Protection (DLP) | | x |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| DDoS Protection | | x |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Certificate Validation | | x |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Application Identification | x | |
+----------------------------+-------------+----------+
Table 2: NGFW Security Features
+==============================+=============+==========+
| DUT/SUT (NGIPS) Features | RECOMMENDED | OPTIONAL |
+==============================+=============+==========+
| TLS Inspection | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Malware | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Spyware | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Botnet | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Application Identification | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
| Anti-Evasion | x | |
+------------------------------+-------------+----------+
Table 3: NGIPS Security Features
Note: With respect to TLS Inspection, there are scenarios where it
will be optional.
Below is a summary of the DUT/SUT configuration:
* The DUT/SUT MUST be configured in "Inline" mode.
* "Fail-Open" behavior MUST be disabled.
* All RECOMMENDED security features are enabled.
* Logging and reporting MUST be enabled. The DUT/SUT SHOULD log all
traffic at the flow level (5-tuple). If the DUT/SUT is designed
to log all traffic at different levels (e.g., IP packet levels),
it is acceptable to conduct tests. However, this MUST be noted in
the test report. Logging to an external device is permissible.
* Geographical location filtering SHOULD be configured. If the DUT/
SUT is not designed to perform geographical location filtering, it
is acceptable to conduct tests without this feature. However,
this MUST be noted in the test report.
* Application Identification and Control MUST be configured to
trigger applications from the defined traffic mix.
In addition, a realistic number of access control lists (ACLs) SHOULD
be configured on the DUT/SUT where ACLs are configurable and
reasonable based on the deployment scenario. For example, it is
acceptable not to configure ACLs in an NGIPS since NGIPS devices do
not require the use of ACLs in most deployment scenarios. This
document determines the number of access policy rules for four
different classes of the DUT/SUT: Extra Small (XS), Small (S), Medium
(M), and Large (L). A sample DUT/SUT classification is described in
Appendix B.
The ACLs defined in Figure 3 Table 4 MUST be configured from top to bottom in
the correct order, as shown in the table. This is due to ACL types
listed in specificity-decreasing order, with "block" first, followed
by "allow", representing a typical ACL-based security policy. The
ACL entries MUST be configured with routable IP prefixes by the DUT/
SUT, where applicable. (Note: There will be differences between how
security vendors implement ACL decision making.) The configured ACL
MUST NOT block the test traffic used for the benchmarking tests.
+---------------+
+===================================================+==============+
| DUT/SUT |DUT/SUT |
| Classification| |Classification|
| # |# Rules |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------+------+---+---+---+---+
+=============+=============+==============+========+===+==+===+===+
| Rules Type | Match | Description | Action |XS |S |M |L |
| | Criteria | | | Rules Type| Criteria | Description |Action| XS| S | M | L |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Application|Application|
+=============+=============+==============+========+===+==+===+===+
| Application | Application | Any | block |5 |10|20 |50 |
| layer | | application | block| 5 | 10| 20| 50|
|layer | | | |
| | | not included in | | | | | |
| | | in the | | | | | |
| | | measurement | | | | | |
| | | traffic | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Transport |SRC
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------+---+--+---+---+
| Transport | SRC IP and | Any SRC IP prefix | block| 25| 50|100|250|
|layer |TCP/UDP block |25 |50|100|250|
| layer | TCP/UDP DST | prefix used | | | | | |
| | ports | and any DST | | | | | |
| |DST ports | | ports not | | | | | |
| | | used in the | | | | | |
| | | the measurement | | | | | |
| | | traffic | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|IP
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------+---+--+---+---+
| IP layer |SRC/DST | SRC/DST IP | Any SRC/DST IP | block| 25| 50|100|250| block |25 |50|100|250|
| | | IP subnet | | | | | |
| | | not used in | | | | | |
| | | in the | | | | | |
| | | measurement | | | | | |
| | | traffic | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Application|Application|
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------+---+--+---+---+
| Application | Application | Half of the | allow| 10| 10| 10| 10|
|layer allow |10 |10|10 |10 |
| layer | | applications | | | | | |
| | | included in | | | | | |
| | | the | | | | | |
| | | measurement traffic| | | | | | |
| |(see | | traffic (see | | | | | |
| | | the note below)| | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Transport |SRC |
| | | below) | | | | | |
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------+---+--+---+---+
| Transport | SRC IP and | Half of the SRC | allow| >1| >1| >1| >1|
|layer |TCP/UDP allow |>1 |>1|>1 |>1 |
| layer | TCP/UDP DST | SRC IPs used and any | | | | | |
| |DST | ports | and any DST | | | | | |
| | | ports used in | | | | | |
| | | in the | | | | | |
| | | measurement | | | | | |
| | | traffic (one | | | | | |
| | | (one rule per | | | | | |
| | | subnet) | | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
|IP
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------+---+--+---+---+
| IP layer |SRC | SRC IP | The rest of the | allow| >1| >1| >1| >1| allow |>1 |>1|>1 |>1 |
| | | the SRC IP prefix | | | | | |
| | | prefix range | | | | | |
| | | used in the | | | | | |
| | | measurement measurment | | | | | |
| | | traffic (one | | | | | |
| | | (one rule per | | | | | |
| | | subnet) | | | | | |
+-----------+-----------+--------------------+------+---+---+---+---+
Figure 3:
+-------------+-------------+--------------+--------+---+--+---+---+
Table 4: DUT/SUT Access List
Note 1: Based on the test customer's specific use case, the testers
can increase the number of rules.
Note 2: If half of the applications included in the test traffic are
less than 10, the missing number of ACL entries (dummy (placeholder rules)
can be configured for any application traffic not included in the
test traffic.
Note 3: In the event that the DUT/SUT is designed to not use ACLs, it
is acceptable to conduct tests without them. However, this MUST be
noted in the test report.
4.2.1. Security Effectiveness Configuration
The selected security features (defined in Tables 2 and 3) of the
DUT/SUT MUST be configured effectively to detect, prevent, and report
the defined security vulnerability sets. This section defines the
selection of the security vulnerability sets from the Common
Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) list [CVE] for testing. The
vulnerability set should reflect a minimum of 500 CVEs from no older
than 10 calendar years to the current year. These CVEs should be
selected with a focus on in-use software commonly found in business
applications, with a Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS)
Severity of High (7-10).
This document is primarily focused on performance benchmarking.
However, it is RECOMMENDED to validate the security features
configuration of the DUT/SUT by evaluating the security effectiveness
as a prerequisite for performance benchmarking tests defined in
Section 7. In case the benchmarking tests are performed without
evaluating security effectiveness, the test report MUST explain the
implications of this. The methodology for evaluating security
effectiveness is defined in Appendix A.
4.3. Test Equipment Configuration
In general, test equipment allows configuring parameters in different
protocol layers. Extensive proof-of-concept tests conducted to
support preparation of this document showed that benchmarking results
are strongly affected by the choice of protocol stack parameters,
especially OSI layer 4 transport protocol parameters. For more
information on how TCP and QUIC parameters will impact performance,
review [fastly]. To achieve reproducible results that will be
representative of real deployment scenarios, careful specification
and documentation of the parameters are required.
This section specifies common test equipment configuration parameters
applicable for all benchmarking tests defined in Section 7. Any
benchmarking-test-specific parameters are described under the test
setup section of each benchmarking test individually.
4.3.1. Client Configuration
This section specifies which parameters should be considered while
configuring emulated client endpoints in the test equipment. Also,
this section specifies the RECOMMENDED values for certain parameters.
The values are the defaults typically used in most of the client
operating system types.
Pre-standard evaluations have shown that it is possible to set a wide
range of arbitrary parameters for OSI layer 4 transport protocols on
test equipment leading to optimization of client-specific results;
however, only well-defined common parameter sets help to establish
meaningful and comparable benchmarking results. For these reasons,
this document recommends specific sets of transport protocol
parameters to be configured on test equipment used for benchmarking.
4.3.1.1. TCP Stack Attributes
The TCP stack of the emulated client endpoints MUST fulfill the TCP
requirements defined in Appendix B of [RFC9293]. In addition, this
section specifies the RECOMMENDED values for TCP parameters
configured using the parameters described below.
The IPv4 and IPv6 Maximum Segment Sizes (MSSs) are set to 1460 bytes
and 1440 bytes, respectively. TX and RX initial receive window sizes
are set to 65535 bytes. The client's initial congestion window
should not exceed 10 times the MSS. Delayed ACKs are permitted, and
the maximum client delayed ACK should not exceed 10 times of the MSS
before a forced ACK; also, the maximum delayed ACK timer is allowed
to be set to 200 ms. Up to three retries are allowed before a
timeout event is declared. The TCP PSH flag is set to high in all
traffic. The source port range is 1024-65535. The clients initiate
TCP connections via a three-way handshake (SYN, SYN/ACK, ACK) and
close TCP connections via either a TCP three-way close (FIN, FIN/ACK,
ACK) or a TCP four-way close (FIN, ACK, FIN, ACK).
4.3.1.2. QUIC Specification
QUIC stack emulation on the test equipment MUST conform to [RFC9000]
and [RFC9001]. This section specifies the RECOMMENDED values for
certain QUIC parameters to be configured on test equipment used for
benchmarking purposes only. The QUIC stream type (defined in
Section 2.1 of [RFC9000]) is set to "Client-Initiated,
Bidirectional". 0-RTT and early data are disabled. The QUIC
connection termination method is an immediate close (Section 10.2 of
[RFC9000]). Flow control is enabled. UDP payloads are set to the
datagram size of 1232 bytes for IPv6 and 1252 bytes for IPv4. In
addition, transport parameters and default values defined in
Section 18.2 of [RFC9000] are RECOMMENDED to configure on test
equipment. Also, this document references Appendices B.1 and B.2 of
[RFC9002] for congestion-control-related constants and variables.
Any configured QUIC and UDP parameter MUST be documented in the test
report.
4.3.1.3. Client IP Address Space
The client IP space contains the following attributes.
* If multiple IP blocks are used, they MUST consist of multiple
unique, discontinuous static address blocks.
* A default gateway MAY be used.
* The differentiated services code point (DSCP) marking should be
set to Default Forwarding (DF) '000000' on the IPv4 Type of
Service (ToS) field and IPv6 Traffic Class field.
* One or more extension headers MAY be used for IPv6 clients. If
multiple extension headers are needed for traffic emulation, this
document references [RFC8200] to choose the correct order of the
extension headers within an IPv6 packet. Testing with one or more
extension headers may impact the performance of the DUT. The
extension headers MUST be documented and reported.
The following equation can be used to define the total number of
client IP addresses that need to be configured on the test equipment.
Desired total number of client IP addresses = Target throughput
[Mbit/s] / Average throughput per IP address [Mbit/s]
As shown in the example list below, the value for "Average throughput
per IP address" can be varied depending on the deployment and use
case scenario.
Example 1 DUT/SUT deployment scenario 1: 6-7 Mbit/s per IP (e.g.,
1,400-1,700 IPs per 10 Gbit/s of throughput)
Example 2 DUT/SUT deployment scenario 2: 0.1-0.2 Mbit/s per IP
(e.g., 50,000-100,000 IPs per 10 Gbit/s of throughput)
Client IP addresses MUST be distributed between IPv4 and IPv6 based
on the deployment and use case scenario. The following options MAY
be considered for a selection of ratios for both IP addresses and
traffic load distribution.
Option 1 100 % IPv4, no IPv6
Option 2 80 % IPv4, 20% IPv6
Option 3 50 % IPv4, 50% IPv6
Option 4 20 % IPv4, 80% IPv6
Option 5 no IPv4, 100% IPv6
Note: IANA has assigned IP address ranges for testing purposes, as
described in Section 8. If the test scenario requires more IP
addresses or subnets than IANA has assigned, this document recommends
using private IPv4 address ranges or Unique Local Address (ULA) IPv6
address ranges for the testing.
4.3.1.4. Emulated Web Browser Attributes
The client (emulated web browser) contains attributes that will
materially affect the traffic load. The objective is to emulate
modern, typical browser attributes to improve the relevance of the
result set for typical deployment scenarios.
The emulated browser MUST negotiate HTTP version 1.1 or higher. The
emulated browser SHOULD advertise a User-Agent header. The emulated
browser MUST enforce content length validation. HTTP header
compression MAY be set to enable. If HTTP header compression is
configurable in the test equipment, it MUST be documented if it was
enabled or disabled. Depending on test scenarios and the chosen HTTP
version, the emulated browser MAY open multiple TCP or QUIC
connections per server endpoint IP at any time, depending on how many
sequential transactions need to be processed.
For HTTP/2 traffic emulation, the emulated browser opens multiple
concurrent streams per connection (multiplexing). For HTTPS
requests, the emulated browser MUST send an "h2" protocol identifier
using the TLS extension Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation
(ALPN). The following default values (see [Undertow]) are the
RECOMMENDED settings for certain HTTP/2 parameters to be configured
on test equipment used for benchmarking purposes only:
* Maximum frame size: 16384 bytes
* Initial window size: 65535 bytes
* HPACK header field table size: 4096 bytes
* Server push enable: false (Note: In [Undertow], the default
setting is true. However, for testing purposes, this document
recommends setting the value to false for server push.)
This document refers to [RFC9113] for further details of HTTP/2. If
any additional parameters are used to configure the test equipment,
they MUST be documented.
For HTTP/3 traffic emulation, the emulated browsers initiate secure
QUIC connections using TLS 1.3 ([RFC9001] describes how TLS is used
to secure QUIC). This document refers to [RFC9114] for HTTP/3
specifications. The specification for transport protocol parameters
is defined in Section 4.3.1.2. QPACK configuration settings, such as
MAX_TABLE_CAPACITY and QPACK_BLOCKED_STREAMS, are set to zero
(default), as defined in [RFC9204]. Any HTTP/3 parameters used for
test equipment configuration MUST be documented.
For encrypted traffic, the following attributes are defined as the
negotiated encryption parameters. The test clients MUST use TLS
version 1.2 or higher. The TLS record size MAY be optimized for the
HTTPS response object size, up to a record size of 16 KBytes. KB. If Server
Name Indication (SNI) is required (especially if the server is
identified by a domain name), the client endpoint MUST send TLS
extension SNI information when opening a security tunnel. Each
client connection MUST perform a full TLS handshake, and session
reuse or resumption MUST be disabled. (Note: Real web browsers use
session reuse or resumption. However, for testing purposes, this
feature must not be used to measure the DUT/SUT performance in the
worst-case scenario.)
The following ciphers and keys supported by TLS 1.2 are RECOMMENDED
for the HTTPS-based benchmarking tests defined in Section 7.
1. ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 with Prime256v1 (Signature Hash
Algorithm: ecdsa_secp256r1_sha256 and Supported group: secp256r1)
2. ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256 with RSA 2048 (Signature Hash
Algorithm: rsa_pkcs1_sha256 and Supported group: secp256r1)
3. ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with Secp384r1 (Signature Hash
Algorithm: ecdsa_secp384r1_sha384 and Supported group: secp384r1)
4. ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 with RSA 4096 (Signature Hash
Algorithm: rsa_pkcs1_sha384 and Supported group: secp384r1)
Note: The above ciphers and keys were those commonly used for
enterprise-grade encryption cipher suites for TLS 1.2 at of the time
of publication (2023). Individual certification bodies should use
ciphers and keys that reflect evolving use cases. These choices MUST
be documented in the resulting test reports with detailed information
on the ciphers and keys used, along with reasons for the choices.
IANA recommends the following cipher suites for use with TLS 1.3, as
defined in [RFC8446].
1. TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
2. TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
3. TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
4. TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256
4.3.2. Backend Server Configuration
This section specifies which parameters should be considered while
configuring emulated backend servers using test equipment.
4.3.2.1. TCP Stack Attributes
The TCP stack on the server-side MUST be configured similarly to the
client-side configuration described in Section 4.3.1.1.
4.3.2.2. QUIC Specification
The QUIC parameters on the server-side MUST be configured similarly
to the client-side configuration. Any configured QUIC parameter MUST
be documented in the report.
4.3.2.3. Server Endpoint IP Addressing
The sum of the server IP space MUST contain the following attributes.
* The server IP blocks MUST consist of unique, discontinuous static
address blocks with one IP per server Fully Qualified Domain Name
(FQDN) endpoint per test port.
* A default gateway is permitted. The DSCP marking is set to DF
'000000' on the IPv4 ToS field and IPv6 Traffic Class field. One
or more extension headers for the IPv6 server are permitted. If
multiple extension headers are required, this document references
[RFC8200] to choose the correct order of the extension headers
within an IPv6 packet.
* The server IP address distribution between IPv4 and IPv6 MUST be
identical to the client IP address distribution ratio.
Note: IANA has assigned IP address blocks for the testing purpose
described in Section 8. If the test scenario requires more IP
addresses or address blocks than IANA has assigned, this document
recommends using private IPv4 address ranges or Unique Local Address
(ULA) IPv6 address ranges for the testing.
4.3.2.4. HTTP/HTTPS Server Pool Endpoint Attributes
The HTTP 1.1 and HTTP/2 server pools listen on TCP ports 80 and 443
for HTTP and HTTPS. The HTTP/3 server pool listens on UDP port 443
or any UDP port.
The server MUST emulate the same HTTP version (HTTP 1.1, HTTP/2, or
HTTP/3) and settings chosen by the client (emulated web browser).
For the HTTPS server, TLS version 1.2 or higher MUST be used with a
maximum record size of 16 KBytes. KB. Ticket resumption or session ID reuse
MUST NOT be used for TLS 1.2; also, session ticket or session cache
MUST NOT be used for TLS 1.3. The server MUST serve a certificate to
the client. The cipher suite and key size on the server-side MUST be
configured similarly to the client-
side client-side configuration described in
Section 4.3.1.4.
4.3.3. Traffic Flow Definition
This section describes the traffic pattern between client and server
endpoints.
At the beginning of the test, test (the init phase; see Section 4.3.4), the
server endpoint
initializes initializes, and the server endpoint will be ready to
accept connection states including
initialization of the TCP or QUIC stack connections as well as bound inbound HTTP and HTTPS servers. When a
requests. The client endpoint is needed, it will endpoints initialize and be are given attributes
such as a MAC and IP address. The behavior After the init phase of the test, each
client is to sweep sweeps through the given server IP space, generating a recognizable service
recognizable by the DUT. Sequential and pseudorandom sweep methods
are acceptable. The method used MUST be stated in the final report.
Thus, a balanced mesh between client endpoints and server endpoints
will be generated in a client IP and port to server IP and port
combination. Each client endpoint performs the same actions as other
endpoints, with the difference being the source IP of the client
endpoint and the target server IP pool. The client MUST use the
server IP address or FQDN in the host header.
4.3.3.1. Description of Intra-Client Behavior
Client endpoints are independent of other clients that are
concurrently executing. When a client endpoint initiates traffic,
this section describes how the client steps through different
services. Once the test is initialized, the client endpoints
randomly hold (perform no operation) for a few milliseconds for
better randomization of the start of client traffic. Each client
(HTTP 1.1 or HTTP/2) will either open a new TCP connection or connect
to an HTTP persistent connection that is still open to that specific
server. HTTP/3 clients will open UDP streams within QUIC
connections. At any point that the traffic profile may require
encryption, a TLS encryption tunnel will form, presenting the URL or
IP address request to the server. If using SNI, the server MUST then
perform an SNI name check with by comparing the proposed FQDN compared to the
domain embedded in the certificate. Only when correct will the
server process the HTTPS response object. The initial response
object to the server is based on benchmarking tests described in
Section 7. Multiple additional sub-URLs (response objects on the
service page) MAY be requested simultaneously. This MAY be to the
same server IP as the initial URL. Each sub-object will also use a
canonical FQDN and URL path.
4.3.4. Traffic Load Profile
The loading of traffic is described in this section. The loading of
a traffic load profile has five phases: Init, ramp up, sustain, ramp
down, and collection.
Init phase:
Testbed devices, including the client and server endpoints, should
negotiate layer 2-3 connectivity, such as MAC learning and ARP/ND.
Only after successful MAC learning or ARP/ND SHALL the test
iteration move to the next phase. No measurements are made in
this phase. The minimum recommended time for the Init phase is 5
seconds. During this phase, the emulated clients MUST NOT
initiate any sessions with the DUT/SUT; in contrast, the emulated
servers should be ready to accept requests from the DUT/SUT or
emulated clients.
Ramp Up phase:
The test equipment MUST start to generate the test traffic. It
MUST use a set of the approximate number of unique client IP
addresses to generate traffic. The traffic MUST ramp up from zero
to the desired target objective. The target objective is defined
for each benchmarking test. The duration for the ramp up phase
MUST be configured long enough that the test equipment does not
overwhelm the DUT's/SUT's stated performance metrics defined in
Section 6.3, namely TCP/QUIC Connections Per Second, Inspected
Throughput, Concurrent TCP/QUIC Connections, TCP or QUIC connections per second, inspected
throughput, concurrent TCP or QUIC connections, and Application
Transactions Per Second. application
transactions per second. No measurements are made in this phase.
Sustain phase:
This phase starts when all required clients are active and
operating at their desired load condition. In the sustain phase,
the test equipment MUST continue generating traffic to a constant
target value for a constant number of active clients. The minimum
RECOMMENDED time duration for the sustain phase is 300 seconds.
This is the phase where measurements occur. The test equipment
MUST measure and record statistics continuously. The sampling
interval for collecting the raw results and calculating the
statistics MUST be less than 2 seconds.
Ramp Down phase:
The test traffic slows down from the target number to 0, and no
measurements are made.
Collection phase:
The last phase is administrative and will occur when the test
equipment merges and collates the report data.
5. Testbed Considerations
This section describes steps for a reference test (pre-test) that
controls the test environment, including test equipment, focusing on
physical and virtualized environments and test equipment. Below are
the RECOMMENDED steps for the reference test.
1. Perform the reference test either by configuring the DUT/SUT in
the most trivial setup (fast forwarding) or without the presence
of the DUT/SUT.
2. Generate traffic from the traffic generator. Choose a traffic
profile used for the HTTP or HTTPS throughput performance test
with the smallest object size.
3. Ensure that any ancillary switching or routing functions added in
the test equipment do not limit the performance by introducing
network metrics such as packet
loss and or latency. This is specifically important for virtualized
components (e.g., vSwitches or vRouters).
4. Verify that the generated traffic (performance) of the test
equipment matches and reasonably exceeds the expected maximum
performance of the DUT/SUT.
5. Record the network performance metrics packet loss and latency
introduced by the test environment (without the DUT/SUT).
6. Assert that the testbed characteristics are stable during the
entire test session. Several factors might influence stability,
specifically for virtualized testbeds, for example, additional
workloads in a virtualized system, load balancing, and movement
of virtual machines during the test or simple issues, such as
additional heat created by high workloads leading to an emergency
CPU performance reduction.
The reference test MUST be performed before the benchmarking tests
(described in Section 7) start.
6. Reporting
This section describes how the benchmarking test report should be
formatted and presented. It is RECOMMENDED to include two main
sections in the report: the introduction and the detailed test
results sections.
6.1. Introduction
The following attributes should be present in the introduction
section of the test report.
1. Time and date of the execution of the tests
2. Summary of testbed software and hardware details
a. DUT/SUT hardware/virtual configuration
* Make and model of the DUT/SUT, which should be clearly
identified
* Port interfaces, including speed and link information
* If the DUT/SUT is a Virtual Network Function (VNF), host (VNF)
* Host (server) hardware and software details, interface details
* Interface acceleration type (such as Data Plane
Development Kit (DPDK) and single-root input/output
virtualization (SR-
IOV)), used (SR-IOV))
* Used CPU cores, used RAM, resource cores
* Used RAM
* Resource sharing (e.g., pinning details and Non-Uniform
Memory Access (NUMA) node) configuration details, hypervisor version, virtual details
* Hypervisor version
* Virtual switch version
* Details of any additional hardware relevant to the DUT/
SUT, such as controllers
b. DUT/SUT software
* Operating system name
* Version
* Specific configuration details (if any)
c. DUT-/SUT-enabled features
* Configured DUT/SUT features (see Tables 2 and 3)
* Attributes of the abovementioned features
* Any additional relevant information about the features
d. Test equipment hardware and software
* Test equipment vendor name
* Hardware details, including model number and interface
type
* Test equipment firmware and test application software
version
* If the test equipment is a virtual solution, the solution
* The host (server) hardware and software details, interface details
* Interface acceleration type (such as DPDK and SR-IOV), used SR-IOV)
* Used CPU
cores, used RAM, resource cores
* Used RAM
* Resource sharing (e.g., pinning details and NUMA node)
configuration details, hypervisor version,
virtual details
* Hypervisor version
* Virtual switch version
e. Key test parameters
* Used cipher suites and keys
* IPv4 and IPv6 traffic distribution
* Number of configured ACLs
* TCP and UDP stack parameter, if tested
* QUIC, HTTP/2, and HTTP/3 parameters, if tested
f. Details of the application traffic mix used in the
benchmarking test Throughput Performance with Application
Traffic Mix (Section 7.1)
* Name of applications and layer 7 protocols
* Percentage of emulated traffic for each application and
layer 7 protocols
* Percentage of encrypted traffic, used cipher suites, and
keys (the RECOMMENDED ciphers and keys are defined in
Section 4.3.1.4)
* Used object sizes for each application and layer 7
protocols
3. Results Summary / Executive Summary
a. Results should be presented with an introduction section
documenting the summary of results in a prominent, easy-to-
read block.
6.2. Detailed Test Results
In the results section of the test report, the following attributes
should be present for each benchmarking test.
a. KPIs MUST be documented separately for each benchmarking test.
The format of the KPI metrics MUST be presented as described in
Section 6.3.
b. The next level of details should be graphs showing each of these
metrics over the duration (sustain phase) of the test. This
allows the user to see the measured performance stability changes
over time.
6.3. Benchmarks and Key Performance Indicators
This section lists key performance indicators (KPIs) for overall
benchmarking tests. All KPIs MUST be measured during the sustain
phase of the traffic load profile described in Section 4.3.4. Also,
the KPIs MUST be measured from the result output of test equipment.
Concurrent TCP Connections
The aggregate number of simultaneous connections between hosts
across the DUT/SUT or between hosts and the DUT/SUT (defined in
[RFC2647]).
Concurrent QUIC Connections
The aggregate number of simultaneous connections between hosts
across the DUT/SUT.
TCP Connections Per Second
The average number of successfully established TCP connections per
second between hosts across the DUT/SUT or between hosts and the
DUT/SUT. As described in Section 4.3.1.1, the TCP connections are
initiated by clients via a TCP three-way handshake (SYN, SYN/ACK,
ACK). Then, the TCP session data is sent, and then the TCP
sessions are closed via either a TCP three-way close (FIN, FIN/
ACK, ACK) or a TCP four-way close (FIN, ACK, FIN, ACK). The TCP
sessions MUST NOT be closed by RST.
QUIC Connections Per Second
The average number of successfully established QUIC connections
per second between hosts across the DUT/SUT. As described in
Section 4.3.1.2, the QUIC connections are initiated by clients.
Then, the data is sent, and then the QUIC sessions are closed by
the "immediate close" method.
Since the QUIC specification defined in Section 4.3.1.2 recommends
disabling 0-RTT and early data, this KPI is focused on the 1-RTT
handshake. If required, 0-RTT can be also measured in separate
test runs while enabling 0-RTT and early data in the test
equipment.
Application Transactions Per Second
The average number of successfully completed transactions per
second. For a particular transaction to be considered successful,
all data MUST have been transferred in its entirety. In case of
an HTTP(S) transaction, it MUST have a valid status code (200 OK).
TLS Handshake Rate
The average number of successfully established TLS connections per
second between hosts across the DUT/SUT or between hosts and the
DUT/SUT.
For TLS 1.3, the handshake rate can be measured with the 0-RTT or
1-RTT handshake. The transport protocol can be either TCP or
QUIC.
Inspected Throughput
The number of bits per second of examined and allowed traffic a
network security device is able to transmit to the correct
destination interface(s) in response to a specified offered load.
The throughput benchmarking tests defined in Section 7 SHOULD
measure the average layer 2 throughput value when the DUT/SUT is
"inspecting" traffic. It is also acceptable to measure other OSI
layer throughput. However, the measured layer (e.g., layer 3
throughput) MUST be noted in the report, and the user MUST be
aware of the implication while comparing the throughput
performance of multiple DUTs/SUTs measured in different OSI
layers. This document recommends presenting the inspected
throughput value in Gbit/s rounded to two places of precision with
a more specific kbit/s in parenthesis.
Time to First Byte (TTFB)
The elapsed time between the start of sending the TCP SYN packet
or QUIC initial Client Hello from the client and the client
receiving the first packet of application data from the server via
the DUT/SUT. The benchmarking tests HTTP Transaction Latency transaction latency
(Section 7.4) and HTTPS Transaction Latency transaction latency (Section 7.8) measure
the minimum, average, and maximum TTFB. The value should be
expressed in milliseconds.
URL Response Time / Time to Last Byte (TTLB)
The elapsed time between the start of sending the TCP SYN packet
or QUIC initial Client Hello from the client and the client
receiving the last packet of application data from the server via
the DUT/SUT. The benchmarking tests HTTP Transaction Latency transaction latency
(Section 7.4) and HTTPS Transaction Latency transaction latency (Section 7.8) measure
the minimum, average, and maximum TTLB. The value should be
expressed in milliseconds.
7. Benchmarking Tests
This section mainly focuses on the benchmarking tests with HTTP/1.1
or HTTP/2 traffic, which uses TCP as the transport protocol. In
particular, this section does not define specific benchmarking tests
for KPIs related to QUIC or HTTP/3. However, the test methodology
defined in the benchmarking tests TCP/QUIC Connections Per Second TCP or QUIC connections per second
with HTTPS Traffic traffic (Section 7.6), HTTPS Transaction Latency transaction latency
(Section 7.8), HTTPS Throughput throughput (Section 7.7), and Concurrent TCP/ concurrent TCP or
QUIC Connection Capacity connection capacity with HTTPS Traffic traffic (Section 7.9) can be used
to test KPIs related to QUIC or HTTP/3. The throughput performance
test with the application traffic mix defined in Section 7.1 can be
performed with any other application traffic, including HTTP/3.
7.1. Throughput Performance with Application Traffic Mix
7.1.1. Objective
Using a relevant application traffic mix, determine the sustainable
inspected throughput supported by the DUT/SUT.
Based on the test customer's specific use case, testers can choose
the relevant application traffic mix for this test. The details
about the traffic mix MUST be documented in the report. At least,
the following traffic mix details MUST be documented and reported
together with the test results:
* Name of applications and layer 7 protocols
* Percentage of emulated traffic for each application and layer 7
protocol
* Percentage of encrypted traffic and used cipher suites and keys
(the RECOMMENDED ciphers and keys are defined in Section 4.3.1.4)
* Used object sizes for each application and layer 7 protocols
7.1.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
benchmarking-test-specific testbed configuration changes MUST be
documented.
7.1.3. Test Parameters
In this section, the benchmarking-test-specific parameters are
defined.
7.1.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented. In case If the DUT/SUT is configured
without TLS Inspection, inspection, the test report MUST explain how this impacts
the
implications encrypted traffic of this to the relevant application traffic mix
encrypted traffic. mix.
7.1.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target inspected throughput: Aggregated line rate of one or more
interfaces used in the DUT/SUT or the value defined based on the
requirement for a specific deployment scenario
* Initial throughput: 10% of the "Target inspected throughput"
Note: Initial throughput is not a KPI to report. This value is
configured on the traffic generator and used to perform Step 1
(Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.1.4.
* One of the ciphers and keys defined in Section 4.3.1.4 is
RECOMMENDED to use for this benchmarking test.
7.1.3.3. Traffic Profile
This test MUST be run with a relevant application traffic mix
profile.
7.1.3.4. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions MUST be less than
0.001% (1 out of 100,000 transactions) of the attempted
transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RST sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections.
c. If HTTP/3 is used, the number of failed QUIC connections due to
unexpected HTTP/3 error codes MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated QUIC connections.
7.1.3.5. Measurement
The following KPI metrics MUST be reported for this benchmarking
test:
* Mandatory KPIs (benchmarks): Inspected Throughput inspected throughput and Application
Transactions Per Second application
transactions per second
Note: The TTLB MUST be reported along with the object size used in
the traffic profile.
* Optional TCP-stack-related KPIs: TCP Connections Per Second, connections per second, TLS
Handshake Rate,
handshake rate, TTFB (minimum, average, and maximum), TTLB
(minimum, average, and maximum)
* Optional QUIC-stack-related KPIs: QUIC connections per second and
concurrent QUIC connections
7.1.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedures are designed to measure the inspected throughput
performance of the DUT/SUT at the sustaining period of the traffic
load profile. The test procedure consists of three major steps.
Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance value
(Initial
(initial throughput) and meets the test results validation criteria
when it was very minimally utilized. Step 2 determines whether the
DUT/SUT is able to reach the target performance value within the test
results validation criteria. Step 3 determines the maximum
achievable performance value within the test results validation
criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different IP
types: IPv4 only, IPv6 only, and IPv4 and IPv6 mixed traffic
distribution.
7.1.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to generate
test traffic at the "Initial "initial throughput" rate, as described in
Section 7.1.3.2. The test equipment MUST follow the traffic load
profile definition described in Section 4.3.4. The DUT/SUT MUST
reach the "Initial "initial throughput" during the sustain phase. Measure all
KPIs, as defined in Section 7.1.3.5. The measured KPIs during the
sustain phase MUST meet all the test results validation criteria
defined in Section 7.1.3.4.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.1.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to generate traffic at the "Target inspected
throughput" rate defined in Section 7.1.3.2. The test equipment MUST
follow the traffic load profile definition described in
Section 4.3.4. The test equipment MUST start to measure and record
all specified KPIs. Continue the test until all traffic profile
phases are completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective ("Target inspected
throughput") in the sustain phase. Follow Step 3 if the measured
value does not meet the target value or does not fulfill the test
results validation criteria.
7.1.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable average inspected throughput within the test
results validation criteria. The final test iteration MUST be
performed for the test duration defined in Section 4.3.4.
7.2. TCP/HTTP TCP Connections Per Second with HTTP Traffic
7.2.1. Objective
Using HTTP traffic, determine the sustainable TCP connection
establishment rate supported by the DUT/SUT under different
throughput load conditions.
To measure connections per second, test iterations MUST use different
fixed HTTP response object sizes (the different load conditions)
defined in Section 7.2.3.2.
7.2.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.2.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.2.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.2.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target connections per second: Initial value from the product
datasheet or the value defined based on the requirement for a
specific deployment scenario
* Initial connections per second: 10% of "Target connections per
second"
Note: Initial connections per second is not a KPI to report. This
value is configured on the traffic generator and used to perform
Step 1 (Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.2.4.
* The RECOMMENDED response object sizes are 1, 2, 4, 16, and 64 KB.
The client MUST negotiate HTTP and close the connection with FIN
immediately after the completion of one transaction. In each test
iteration, the client MUST send a GET request requesting a fixed HTTP
response object size.
The RECOMMENDED response object sizes are 1, 2, 4, 16, and 64 KBytes.
7.2.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RST sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
d. Concurrent TCP connections MUST be constant during steady state,
and any deviation of concurrent TCP connections MUST be less than
10%. This confirms the DUT opens and closes TCP connections at
approximately the same rate.
7.2.3.4. Measurement
TCP Connections Per Second connections per second MUST be reported for each test iteration
(for each object size).
7.2.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the DUT/SUT's rate of TCP
connections per second rate of the DUT/SUT at during the sustaining period of the traffic
load profile. The test procedure consists of three major steps.
Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance value
(Initial connections per second) and meets the test results
validation criteria when it was very minimally utilized. Step 2
determines whether the DUT/SUT is able to reach the target
performance value within the test results validation criteria. Step
3 determines the maximum achievable performance value within the test
results validation criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different IP
types: IPv4 only, IPv6 only, and IPv4 and IPv6 mixed traffic
distribution.
7.2.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to establish
"Initial connections per second", as defined in Section 7.2.3.2. The
traffic load profile MUST be defined as described in Section 4.3.4.
The DUT/SUT MUST reach the "Initial connections per second" before
the sustain phase. The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST
meet all the test results validation criteria defined in
Section 7.2.3.3.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT continue to Step 2.
7.2.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objective ("Target
connections per second") defined in Section 7.2.3.2. The test
equipment MUST follow the traffic load profile definition described
in Section 4.3.4.
During the ramp up and sustain phases of each test iteration, other
KPIs, such as inspected throughput, concurrent TCP connections, and
application transactions per second, MUST NOT reach the maximum value
the DUT/SUT can support. The test results for specific test
iterations MUST NOT be reported as valid results if the
abovementioned KPI (especially inspected throughput) reaches the
maximum value. (For example, if the test iteration with 64 KBytes KB of
HTTP response object size reached the maximum inspected throughput
limitation of the DUT/SUT, the test iteration MAY be interrupted and
the result for 64 KBytes KB must not be reported.)
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified
KPIs. Continue the test until all traffic profile phases are
completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective ("Target
connections per second") in the sustain phase. Follow Step 3 if the
measured value does not meet the target value or does not fulfill the
test results validation criteria.
7.2.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable TCP connections per second within the test
results validation criteria.
7.3. HTTP Throughput
7.3.1. Objective
Determine the sustainable inspected throughput of the DUT/SUT for
HTTP transactions varying the HTTP response object size.
7.3.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.3.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.3.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.3.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target inspected throughput: Aggregated line rate of one or more
interfaces used in the DUT/SUT or the value defined based on the
requirement for a specific deployment scenario
* Initial throughput: 10% of "Target inspected throughput"
Note: Initial throughput is not a KPI to report. This value is
configured on the traffic generator and used to perform Step 1
(Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.3.4.
* Number of HTTP response object requests (transactions) per
connection: 10
* RECOMMENDED HTTP response object size: 1, 16, 64, and 256 KBytes KB and
mixed objects defined in Table 4
+======================+=============================+ 5
+==================+=============================+
| Object size (KBytes) (KB) | Number of requests / Weight |
+======================+=============================+
+==================+=============================+
| 0.2 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 6 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 8 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 9 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 10 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 25 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 26 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 35 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 59 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
| 347 | 1 |
+----------------------+-----------------------------+
+------------------+-----------------------------+
Table 4: 5: Mixed Objects
7.3.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the total attempted transactions.
b. Traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant rate (it is considered as
a constant rate if any deviation of the traffic forwarding rate
is less than 5%).
c. Concurrent TCP connections MUST be constant during steady state,
and any deviation of concurrent TCP connections MUST be less than
10%. This confirms the DUT opens and closes TCP connections at
approximately the same rate.
7.3.3.4. Measurement
Inspected Throughput throughput and HTTP Transactions transactions per Second second MUST be
reported for each object size.
7.3.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure HTTP throughput of the DUT/
SUT. The test procedure consists of three major steps. Step 1
ensures the DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance value (Initial (initial
throughput) and meets the test results validation criteria when it
was very minimally utilized. Step 2 determines whether the DUT/SUT
is able to reach the target performance value within the test results
validation criteria. Step 3 determines the maximum achievable
performance value within the test results validation criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different
IPv4 and IPv6 traffic distributions and HTTP response object sizes.
7.3.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to establish
"Initial inspected
"initial throughput", as defined in Section 7.3.3.2.
The traffic load profile MUST be defined as described in
Section 4.3.4. The DUT/SUT MUST reach the "Initial inspected "initial throughput"
during the sustain phase. Measure all KPIs, as defined in
Section 7.3.3.4.
The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST meet the test results
validation criteria "a" defined in Section 7.3.3.3. The test results
validation criteria "b" and "c" are OPTIONAL for Step 1.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.3.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objective ("Target
inspected throughput") defined in Section 7.3.3.2. The test
equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified KPIs.
Continue the test until all traffic profile phases are completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective in the sustain
phase. Follow Step 3 if the measured value does not meet the target
value or does not fulfill the test results validation criteria.
7.3.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable inspected throughput within the test results
validation criteria and measure the KPI metric Transactions transactions per
Second.
second. The final test iteration MUST be performed for the test
duration defined in Section 4.3.4.
7.4. HTTP Transaction Latency
7.4.1. Objective
Using HTTP traffic, determine the HTTP transaction latency when the
DUT is running with sustainable HTTP transactions per second
supported by the DUT/SUT under different HTTP response object sizes.
Test iterations MUST be performed with different HTTP response object
sizes in two different scenarios: one with a single transaction and
the other with multiple transactions within a single TCP connection.
For consistency, both the single and multiple transaction tests MUST
be configured with the same HTTP version.
Scenario 1: The client MUST negotiate HTTP and close the connection
with FIN immediately after the completion of a single transaction
(GET and RESPONSE).
Scenario 2: The client MUST negotiate HTTP and close the connection
with FIN immediately after the completion of 10 transactions (GET and
RESPONSE) within a single TCP connection.
7.4.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.4.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.4.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.4.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target objective for scenario 1: 50% of the connections per second
measured in the benchmarking test TCP/HTTP Connections Per Second TCP connections per second with
HTTP traffic (Section 7.2)
* Target objective for scenario 2: 50% of the inspected throughput
measured in the benchmarking test HTTP Throughput throughput (Section 7.3)
* Initial objective for scenario 1: 10% of "Target objective for
scenario 1"
* Initial objective for scenario 2: 10% of "Target objective for
scenario 2"
Note: The initial objectives are not KPIs to report. These values
are configured on the traffic generator and used to perform Step 1
(Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.4.4.
* HTTP transaction per TCP connection: Test scenario 1 with a single
transaction and test scenario 2 with 10 transactions
* HTTP with GET request requesting a single object: The RECOMMENDED
object sizes are 1, 16, and 64 KBytes. KB. For each test iteration, the
client MUST request a single HTTP response object size.
7.4.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the total attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RST sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
d. Concurrent TCP connections MUST be constant during steady state,
and any deviation of concurrent TCP connections MUST be less than
10%. This confirms the DUT opens and closes TCP connections at
approximately the same rate.
e. After ramp up, the DUT MUST achieve the target objectives defined
in Section 7.4.3.2 and remain in that state for the entire test
duration (sustain phase).
7.4.3.4. Measurement
The TTFB (minimum, average, and maximum) and TTLB (minimum, average,
and maximum) MUST be reported for each object size.
7.4.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the TTFB or TTLB when the
DUT/SUT is operating close to 50% of its maximum achievable
connections per second or inspected throughput. The test procedure
consists of two major steps. Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to
reach the initial performance values and meets the test results
validation criteria when it was very minimally utilized. Step 2
measures the latency values within the test results validation
criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different IP
types (IPv4 only, IPv6 only, and IPv4 and IPv6 mixed traffic
distribution), HTTP response object sizes, and single and multiple
transactions per connection scenarios.
7.4.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to establish
the initial objectives, as defined in Section 7.4.3.2. The traffic
load profile MUST be defined as described in Section 4.3.4.
The DUT/SUT MUST reach the initial objectives before the sustain
phase. The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST meet all the
test results validation criteria defined in Section 7.4.3.3.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.4.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objectives defined
in Section 7.4.3.2. The test equipment MUST follow the traffic load
profile definition described in Section 4.3.4.
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified
KPIs. Continue the test until all traffic profile phases are
completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT MUST reach
the desired value of the target objective in the sustain phase.
Measure the minimum, average, and maximum values of the TTFB and
TTLB.
7.5. Concurrent TCP/HTTP TCP Connection Capacity with HTTP Traffic
7.5.1. Objective
Determine the number of concurrent TCP connections that the DUT/SUT
sustains when using HTTP traffic.
7.5.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.5.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.5.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.5.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be noted for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target concurrent connection: Initial value from the product
datasheet or the value defined based on the requirement for a
specific deployment scenario
* Initial concurrent connection: 10% of "Target concurrent
connection"
Note: Initial concurrent connection is not a KPI to report. This
value is configured on the traffic generator and used to perform
Step 1 (Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.5.4.
* Maximum connections per second during ramp up phase: 50% of
maximum connections per second measured in the benchmarking test
TCP/HTTP Connections
TCP connections per second with HTTP traffic (Section 7.2)
* Ramp up time (in traffic load profile for "Target concurrent
connection"): "Target concurrent connection" / "Maximum
connections per second during ramp up phase"
* Ramp up time (in traffic load profile for "Initial concurrent
connection"): "Initial concurrent connection" / "Maximum
connections per second during ramp up phase"
The client MUST negotiate HTTP, and each client MAY open multiple
concurrent TCP connections per server endpoint IP.
Each client sends 10 GET requests requesting 1 KByte KB HTTP response
object in the same TCP connection (10 transactions / TCP
connections), and the delay (think time) between each transaction
MUST be X seconds, where X is as follows.
X = ("Ramp up time" + "steady state time") / 10
The established connections MUST remain open until the ramp down
phase of the test. During the ramp down phase, all connections MUST
be successfully closed with FIN.
7.5.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the total attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RST sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
7.5.3.4. Measurement
Average Concurrent concurrent TCP Connections connections MUST be reported for this
benchmarking test.
7.5.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the concurrent TCP
connection capacity of the DUT/SUT at the sustaining period of the
traffic load profile. The test procedure consists of three major
steps. Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance
value (Initial concurrent connection) and meets the test results
validation criteria when it was very minimally utilized. Step 2
determines whether the DUT/SUT is able to reach the target
performance value within the test results validation criteria. Step
3 determines the maximum achievable performance value within the test
results validation criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different
IPv4 and IPv6 traffic distributions.
7.5.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure test equipment to establish "Initial concurrent TCP
connections" defined in Section 7.5.3.2. Except ramp up time, the
traffic load profile MUST be defined as described in Section 4.3.4.
During the sustain phase, the DUT/SUT MUST reach the "Initial
concurrent TCP connections". The measured KPIs during the sustain phase
MUST meet all the test results validation criteria defined in
Section 7.5.3.3.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.5.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objective ("Target
concurrent TCP connections"). The test equipment MUST follow the
traffic load profile definition (except ramp up time) as described in
Section 4.3.4.
During the ramp up and sustain phases, the other KPIs, such as
inspected throughput, TCP connections per second, and application
transactions per second, MUST NOT reach the maximum value the DUT/SUT
can support.
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record KPIs defined in
Section 7.5.3.4. Continue the test until all traffic profile phases
are completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective in the sustain
phase. Follow Step 3 if the measured value does not meet the target
value or does not fulfill the test results validation criteria.
7.5.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable concurrent TCP connections capacity within
the test results validation criteria.
7.6. TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC Connections per Second with HTTPS Traffic
7.6.1. Objective
Using HTTPS traffic, determine the sustainable TLS session
establishment rate supported by the DUT/SUT under different
throughput load conditions.
Test iterations MUST include common cipher suites and key strengths,
as well as forward-looking stronger keys. Specific test iterations
MUST include ciphers and keys defined in Section 7.6.3.2.
For each cipher suite and key strength, test iterations MUST use a
single HTTPS response object size defined in Section 7.6.3.2 to
measure connections per second performance under a variety of DUT/SUT
security inspection load conditions.
7.6.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.6.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.6.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.6.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target connections per second: Initial value from the product
datasheet or the value defined based on the requirement for a
specific deployment scenario
* Initial connections per second: 10% of "Target connections per
second"
Note: Initial connections per second is not a KPI to report. This
value is configured on the traffic generator and used to perform
Step 1 (Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.6.4.)
* RECOMMENDED ciphers and keys defined in Section 4.3.1.4
* The RECOMMENDED object sizes are 1, 2, 4, 16, and 64 KB.
The client MUST negotiate HTTPS and close the connection without
error immediately after the completion of one transaction. In each
test iteration, the client MUST send a GET request requesting a fixed
HTTPS response object size. The RECOMMENDED object sizes are 1, 2,
4, 16, and 64 KBytes.
7.6.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
test duration.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RST sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections. If
HTTP/3 is used, the number of terminated QUIC connections due to
unexpected errors MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of 100,000
connections) of the total initiated QUIC connections.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
d. The concurrent TCP connections generation rate MUST be constant
during steady state, and any deviation of concurrent TCP
connections MUST be less than 10%. If HTTP/3 is used, the
concurrent QUIC connections generation rate MUST be constant
during steady state, and any deviation of concurrent QUIC
connections MUST be less than 10%. This confirms the DUT opens
and closes connections at approximately the same rate.
7.6.3.4. Measurement
If HTTP 1.1 or HTTP/2 is used, TCP connections per second MUST be
reported for each test iteration (for each object size).
If HTTP/3 is used, QUIC connections per second MUST be measured and
reported for each test iteration (for each object size).
The KPI metric TLS Handshake Rate handshake rate can be measured in the test using 1
KByte
KB object size.
7.6.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the DUT/SUT's rate of TCP
or QUIC connections per second rate of the DUT/SUT at during the sustaining period of the
traffic load profile. The test procedure consists of three major
steps. Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance
value (Initial connections per second) and meets the test results
validation criteria when it was very minimally utilized. Step 2
determines whether the DUT/SUT is able to reach the target
performance value within the test results validation criteria. Step
3 determines the maximum achievable performance value within the test
results validation criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different
IPv4 and IPv6 traffic distributions.
7.6.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to establish
"Initial connections per second", as defined in Section 7.6.3.2. The
traffic load profile MUST be defined as described in Section 4.3.4.
The DUT/SUT MUST reach the "Initial connections per second" before
the sustain phase. The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST
meet all the test results validation criteria defined in
Section 7.6.3.3.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.6.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish "Target connections per
second", as defined in Section 7.6.3.2. The test equipment MUST
follow the traffic load profile definition described in
Section 4.3.4.
During the ramp up and sustain phases, other KPIs, such as inspected
throughput, concurrent TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC connections, and application
transactions per second, MUST NOT reach the maximum value the DUT/SUT
can support. The test results for the specific test iteration MUST
NOT be reported as valid results if the abovementioned KPI
(especially inspected throughput) reaches the maximum value. (For
example, if the test iteration with 64 KBytes KB of HTTPS response object
size reached the maximum inspected throughput limitation of the DUT,
the test iteration MAY be interrupted, and the result for 64
KBytes KB
should not be reported).
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified
KPIs. Continue the test until all traffic profile phases are
completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective ("Target
connections per second") in the sustain phase. Follow Step 3 if the
measured value does not meet the target value or does not fulfill the
test results validation criteria.
7.6.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable connections per second within the test
results validation criteria.
7.7. HTTPS Throughput
7.7.1. Objective
Determine the sustainable inspected throughput of the DUT/SUT for
HTTPS transactions by varying the HTTPS response object size.
Test iterations MUST include common cipher suites and key strengths,
as well as forward-looking stronger keys. Specific test iterations
MUST include the ciphers and keys defined in Section 7.7.3.2.
7.7.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.7.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.7.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.7.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* Target inspected throughput: Aggregated line rate of one or more
interfaces used in the DUT/SUT or the value defined based on the
requirement for a specific deployment scenario
* Initial throughput: 10% of "Target inspected throughput"
Note: Initial throughput is not a KPI to report. This value is
configured on the traffic generator and used to perform Step 1
(Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.7.4.
* Number of HTTPS response object requests (transactions) per
connection: 10
* RECOMMENDED ciphers and keys defined in Section 4.3.1.4
* RECOMMENDED HTTPS response object size: 1, 16, 64, and 256 KBytes KB and
mixed objects defined in Table 4 5 of Section 7.3.3.2
7.7.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the attempted transactions.
b. Traffic MUST be generated at a constant rate (it is considered as
a constant rate if any deviation of the traffic forwarding rate
is less than 5%).
c. The concurrent generated TCP connections MUST be constant during
steady state, and any deviation of concurrent TCP connections
MUST be less than 10%. If HTTP/3 is used, the concurrent
generated QUIC connections MUST be constant during steady state,
and any deviation of concurrent QUIC connections MUST be less
than 10%. This confirms the DUT opens and closes connections at
approximately the same rate.
7.7.3.4. Measurement
Inspected Throughput throughput and HTTPS Transactions transactions per Second second MUST be
reported for each object size.
7.7.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure consists of three major steps. Step 1 ensures the
DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance value (Initial (initial throughput)
and meets the test results validation criteria when it was very
minimally utilized. Step 2 determines whether the DUT/SUT is able to
reach the target performance value within the test results validation
criteria. Step 3 determines the maximum achievable performance value
within the test results validation criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different
IPv4 and IPv6 traffic distributions and HTTPS response object sizes.
7.7.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to establish
"Initial
"initial throughput", as defined in Section 7.7.3.2.
The traffic load profile MUST be defined as described in
Section 4.3.4. The DUT/SUT MUST reach the "Initial "initial throughput"
during the sustain phase. Measure all KPIs, as defined in
Section 7.7.3.4.
The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST meet the test results
validation criteria "a" defined in Section 7.7.3.3. The test results
validation criteria "b" and "c" are OPTIONAL for Step 1.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.7.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objective ("Target
inspected throughput") defined in Section 7.7.3.2. The test
equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified KPIs.
Continue the test until all traffic profile phases are completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective in the sustain
phase. Follow Step 3 if the measured value does not meet the target
value or does not fulfill the test results validation criteria.
7.7.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable average inspected throughput within the test
results validation criteria. The final test iteration MUST be
performed for the test duration defined in Section 4.3.4.
7.8. HTTPS Transaction Latency
7.8.1. Objective
Using HTTPS traffic, determine the HTTPS transaction latency when the
DUT/SUT is running with sustainable HTTPS transactions per second
supported by the DUT/SUT under different HTTPS response object sizes.
Scenario 1: The client MUST negotiate HTTPS and close the connection
immediately after the completion of a single transaction (GET and
RESPONSE).
Scenario 2: The client MUST negotiate HTTPS and close the connection
immediately after the completion of 10 transactions (GET and
RESPONSE) within a single TCP or QUIC connection.
7.8.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.8.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.8.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.8.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* RECOMMENDED cipher suites and key sizes defined in Section 4.3.1.4
* Target objective for scenario 1: 50% of the connections per second
measured in the benchmarking test TCP/QUIC Connections TCP or QUIC connections per Second
second with HTTPS Traffic traffic (Section 7.6)
* Target objective for scenario 2: 50% of the inspected throughput
measured in the benchmarking test HTTPS Throughput throughput (Section 7.7)
* Initial objective for scenario 1: 10% of "Target objective for
scenario 1"
* Initial objective for scenario 2: 10% of "Target objective for
scenario 2"
Note: The initial objectives are not KPIs to report. These values
are configured on the traffic generator and used to perform Step 1
(Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.8.4.
* HTTPS transaction per TCP or QUIC connection: Test scenario 1 with
a single transaction and scenario 2 with 10 transactions
* HTTPS with GET request requesting a single object: The RECOMMENDED
object sizes are 1, 16, and 64 KBytes. KB. For each test iteration, the
client MUST request a single HTTPS response object size.
7.8.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the total attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RST sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections. If
HTTP/3 is used, the number of terminated QUIC connections due to
unexpected errors MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of 100,000
connections) of the total initiated QUIC connections.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
d. Concurrent TCP or QUIC connections MUST be constant during steady
state, and any deviation of concurrent TCP connections MUST be
less than 10%. If HTTP/3 is used, the concurrent generated QUIC
connections MUST be constant during steady state, and any
deviation of concurrent QUIC connections MUST be less than 10%.
This confirms the DUT opens and closes connections at
approximately the same rate.
e. After ramp up, the DUT/SUT MUST achieve the target objectives
defined in the parameters in Section 7.8.3.2 and remain in that
state for the entire test duration (sustain phase).
7.8.3.4. Measurement
The TTFB (minimum, average, and maximum) and TTLB (minimum, average,
and maximum) MUST be reported for each object size.
7.8.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the TTFB or TTLB when the
DUT/SUT is operating close to 50% of its maximum achievable
connections per second or inspected throughput. The test procedure
consists of two major steps. Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to
reach the initial performance values and meets the test results
validation criteria when it is very minimally utilized. Step 2
measures the latency values within the test results validation
criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different IP
types (IPv4 only, IPv6 only, and IPv4 and IPv6 mixed traffic
distribution), HTTPS response object sizes, and single and multiple
transactions per connection scenarios.
7.8.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure the traffic load profile of the test equipment to establish
the initial objectives, as defined in Section 7.8.3.2. The traffic
load profile MUST be defined as described in Section 4.3.4.
The DUT/SUT MUST reach the initial objectives before the sustain
phase. The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST meet all the
test results validation criteria defined in Section 7.8.3.3.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.8.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objectives defined
in Section 7.8.3.2. The test equipment MUST follow the traffic load
profile definition described in Section 4.3.4.
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified
KPIs. Continue the test until all traffic profile phases are
completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT MUST reach
the desired value of the target objective in the sustain phase.
Measure the minimum, average, and maximum values of the TTFB and
TTLB.
7.9. Concurrent TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC Connection Capacity with HTTPS Traffic
7.9.1. Objective
Determine the number of concurrent TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC connections the DUT/SUT DUT/
SUT sustains when using HTTPS traffic.
7.9.2. Test Setup
The testbed setup MUST be configured as defined in Section 4. Any
specific testbed configuration changes (number of interfaces,
interface type, etc.) MUST be documented.
7.9.3. Test Parameters
In this section, benchmarking-test-specific parameters are defined.
7.9.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT parameters MUST conform to the requirements defined in
Section 4.2. Any configuration changes for this specific
benchmarking test MUST be documented.
7.9.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The following parameters MUST
be documented for this benchmarking test:
* Client IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.1.3
* Server IP address ranges defined in Section 4.3.2.3
* Traffic distribution ratio between IPv4 and IPv6 defined in
Section 4.3.1.3
* RECOMMENDED cipher suites and key sizes defined in Section 4.3.1.4
* Target concurrent connections: Initial value from the product
datasheet or the value defined based on the requirement for a
specific deployment scenario
* Initial concurrent connections: 10% of "Target concurrent
connections"
Note: Initial concurrent connections is not a KPI to report. This
value is configured on the traffic generator and used to perform
Step 1 (Test Initialization and Qualification) described in
Section 7.9.4.
* Connections per second during ramp up phase: 50% of maximum
connections per second measured in the benchmarking test TCP/QUIC
Connections TCP or
QUIC connections per second with HTTPS Traffic traffic (Section 7.6)
* Ramp up time (in traffic load profile for "Target concurrent
connections"): "Target concurrent connections" / "Maximum
connections per second during ramp up phase"
* Ramp up time (in traffic load profile for "Initial concurrent
connections"): "Initial concurrent connections" / "Maximum
connections per second during ramp up phase"
The client MUST perform HTTPS transactions with persistence, and each
client can open multiple concurrent connections per server endpoint
IP.
Each client sends 10 GET requests requesting 1 KByte KB HTTPS response
objects in the same TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC connections (10 transactions/
connections), and the delay (think time) between each transaction
MUST be X seconds, where X is as follows.
X = ("Ramp up time" + "steady state time") / 10
The established connections MUST remain open until the ramp down
phase of the test. During the ramp down phase, all connections MUST
be successfully closed with FIN.
7.9.3.3. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
sustain phase of the traffic load profile.
a. The number of failed application transactions (receiving any HTTP
response code other than 200 OK) MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out
of 100,000 transactions) of the total attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP connections due to unexpected TCP
RSTs sent by the DUT/SUT MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of
100,000 connections) of the total initiated TCP connections. If
HTTP/3 is used, the number of terminated QUIC connections due to
unexpected errors MUST be less than 0.001% (1 out of 100,000
connections) of the total initiated QUIC connections.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
7.9.3.4. Measurement
Average Concurrent concurrent TCP or QUIC Connections connections MUST be reported for this
benchmarking test.
7.9.4. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the concurrent TCP
connection capacity of the DUT/SUT at the sustaining period of the
traffic load profile. The test procedure consists of three major
steps. Step 1 ensures the DUT/SUT is able to reach the performance
value (Initial concurrent connection) and meets the test results
validation criteria when it was very minimally utilized. Step 2
determines whether the DUT/SUT is able to reach the target
performance value within the test results validation criteria. Step
3 determines the maximum achievable performance value within the test
results validation criteria.
This test procedure MAY be repeated multiple times with different
IPv4 and IPv6 traffic distributions.
7.9.4.1. Step 1: Test Initialization and Qualification
Verify the link status of all connected physical interfaces. All
interfaces are expected to be in "UP" status.
Configure test equipment to establish "Initial concurrent TCP
connections" defined in Section 7.9.3.2. Except ramp up time, the
traffic load profile MUST be defined as described in Section 4.3.4.
During the sustain phase, the DUT/SUT MUST reach the "Initial
concurrent connections". The measured KPIs during the sustain phase
MUST meet the test results validation criteria "a" and "b" defined in
Section 7.9.3.3.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
7.9.4.2. Step 2: Test Run with Target Objective
Configure test equipment to establish the target objective ("Target
concurrent connections"). The test equipment MUST follow the traffic
load profile definition (except ramp up time) described in
Section 4.3.4.
During the ramp up and sustain phases, the other KPIs, such as
inspected throughput, TCP or QUIC connections per second, and
application transactions per second, MUST NOT reach the maximum value
that the DUT/SUT can support.
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record KPIs defined in
Section 7.9.3.4. Continue the test until all traffic profile phases
are completed.
Within the test results validation criteria, the DUT/SUT is expected
to reach the desired value of the target objective in the sustain
phase. Follow Step 3 if the measured value does not meet the target
value or does not fulfill the test results validation criteria.
7.9.4.3. Step 3: Test Iteration
Determine the achievable concurrent TCP/QUIC TCP or QUIC connections within
the test results validation criteria.
8. IANA Considerations
This document makes no specific request of IANA.
IANA has assigned IPv4 and IPv6 address blocks in [RFC6890] that have
been registered for special purposes. The IPv6 address block
2001:2::/48 has been allocated for the purpose of IPv6 benchmarking
[RFC5180], and the IPv4 address block 198.18.0.0/15 has been
allocated for the purpose of IPv4 benchmarking [RFC2544]. This
assignment was made to minimize the chance of conflict in case a
testing device were to be accidentally connected to the part of the
Internet.
9. Security Considerations
The primary goal of this document is to provide benchmarking
terminology and methodology for next-generation network security
devices for use in a laboratory-isolated test environment. However,
readers should be aware that there is some overlap between
performance and security issues. Specifically, the optimal
configuration for network security device performance may not be the
most secure, and vice versa. Testing security platforms with working
exploits and malware carries risks. Ensure proper access controls
are implemented to prevent unintended exposure to vulnerable networks
or systems. The cipher suites recommended in this document are for
test purposes only. The cipher suite recommendation for a real
deployment is outside the scope of this document.
Security assessment of an NGFW/NGIPS product could also include an
analysis whether any type of uncommon traffic characteristics would
have a significant impact on performance. Such performance impacts
would allow an attacker to use such specifically crafted traffic as a
DoS attack to reduce the remaining performance available to other
traffic through the NGFW/NGIPS. Such uncommon traffic
characteristics might include, for example, IP-fragmented traffic, a
specific type of application traffic, or uncommonly high HTTP
transaction rate traffic.
10. References
10.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
10.2. Informative References
[CVE] CVE, "Current CVSS Score Distribution For All
Vulnerabilities", <https://www.cvedetails.com/>.
[fastly] Oku, K. and J. Iyengar, "QUIC vs TCP: Which is Better?",
April 2020, <https://www.fastly.com/blog/measuring-quic-
vs-tcp-computational-efficiency>.
[RFC2544] Bradner, S. and J. McQuaid, "Benchmarking Methodology for
Network Interconnect Devices", RFC 2544,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2544, March 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2544>.
[RFC2647] Newman, D., "Benchmarking Terminology for Firewall
Performance", RFC 2647, DOI 10.17487/RFC2647, August 1999,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2647>.
[RFC3511] Hickman, B., Newman, D., Tadjudin, S., and T. Martin,
"Benchmarking Methodology for Firewall Performance",
RFC 3511, DOI 10.17487/RFC3511, April 2003,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3511>.
[RFC5180] Popoviciu, C., Hamza, A., Van de Velde, G., and D.
Dugatkin, "IPv6 Benchmarking Methodology for Network
Interconnect Devices", RFC 5180, DOI 10.17487/RFC5180, May
2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5180>.
[RFC6815] Bradner, S., Dubray, K., McQuaid, J., and A. Morton,
"Applicability Statement for RFC 2544: Use on Production
Networks Considered Harmful", RFC 6815,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6815, November 2012,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6815>.
[RFC6890] Cotton, M., Vegoda, L., Bonica, R., Ed., and B. Haberman,
"Special-Purpose IP Address Registries", BCP 153,
RFC 6890, DOI 10.17487/RFC6890, April 2013,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6890>.
[RFC8200] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", STD 86, RFC 8200,
DOI 10.17487/RFC8200, July 2017,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8200>.
[RFC8446] Rescorla, E., "The Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol
Version 1.3", RFC 8446, DOI 10.17487/RFC8446, August 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8446>.
[RFC9000] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based
Multiplexed and Secure Transport", RFC 9000,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9000, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9000>.
[RFC9001] Thomson, M., Ed. and S. Turner, Ed., "Using TLS to Secure
QUIC", RFC 9001, DOI 10.17487/RFC9001, May 2021,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9001>.
[RFC9002] Iyengar, J., Ed. and I. Swett, Ed., "QUIC Loss Detection
and Congestion Control", RFC 9002, DOI 10.17487/RFC9002,
May 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9002>.
[RFC9113] Thomson, M., Ed. and C. Benfield, Ed., "HTTP/2", RFC 9113,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9113, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9113>.
[RFC9114] Bishop, M., Ed., "HTTP/3", RFC 9114, DOI 10.17487/RFC9114,
June 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9114>.
[RFC9204] Krasic, C., Bishop, M., and A. Frindell, Ed., "QPACK:
Field Compression for HTTP/3", RFC 9204,
DOI 10.17487/RFC9204, June 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9204>.
[RFC9293] Eddy, W., Ed., "Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)",
STD 7, RFC 9293, DOI 10.17487/RFC9293, August 2022,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9293>.
[Undertow] undertow, "An in depth overview of HTTP/2",
<https://undertow.io/blog/2015/04/27/An-in-depth-overview-
of-HTTP2.html>.
[Wiki-NGFW]
Wikipedia, "Next-generation firewall", January 2023,
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next-
generation_firewall&oldid=1133673904>.
Appendix A. Test Methodology - Security Effectiveness Evaluation
A.1. Test Objective
This test methodology verifies the DUT/SUT is able to detect,
prevent, and report the vulnerabilities.
In this test, background test traffic will be generated to utilize
the DUT/SUT. In parallel, some malicious traffic will be sent to the
DUT/SUT as encrypted and cleartext payload formats using a traffic
generator. Section 4.2.1 defines the selection of the malicious
traffic from the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs) list for
testing.
The following KPIs are measured in this test:
* Number of blocked CVEs
* Number of bypassed (non-blocked) CVEs
* Background traffic performance (verify if the background traffic
is impacted while sending CVEs toward the DUT/SUT)
* Accuracy of DUT/SUT statistics in terms of vulnerabilities
reporting
A.2. Testbed Setup
The same testbed MUST be used for security effectiveness tests and
for benchmarking test cases defined in Section 7.
A.3. Test Parameters
In this section, the benchmarking-test-specific parameters are
defined.
A.3.1. DUT/SUT Configuration Parameters
DUT/SUT configuration parameters MUST conform to the requirements
defined in Section 4.2. The same DUT configuration MUST be used for
the security effectiveness test and for benchmarking test cases
defined in Section 7. The DUT/SUT MUST be configured in "Inline"
mode, all detected attack traffic MUST be dropped, and the session
MUST be reset
A.3.2. Test Equipment Configuration Parameters
Test equipment configuration parameters MUST conform to the
requirements defined in Section 4.3. The same client and server IP
ranges MUST be configured as used in the benchmarking test cases. In
addition, the following parameters MUST be documented for this
benchmarking test:
* Background Traffic: 45% of maximum HTTP throughput and 45% of
maximum HTTPS throughput supported by the DUT/SUT (measured with
object size 64 KBytes KB in the benchmarking tests HTTP(S) Throughput
defined in Sections 7.3 and 7.7)
* RECOMMENDED CVE traffic transmission Rate: 10 CVEs per second
* It is RECOMMENDED to generate each CVE multiple times
(sequentially) at 10 CVEs per second.
* Ciphers and keys for the encrypted CVE traffic MUST use the same
cipher configured for HTTPS-traffic-related benchmarking tests
(Sections 7.6-7.9)
A.4. Test Results Validation Criteria
The following criteria are the test results validation criteria. The
test results validation criteria MUST be monitored during the whole
test duration.
a. The number of failed application transactions in the background
traffic MUST be less than 0.01% of the attempted transactions.
b. The number of terminated TCP or QUIC connections of the
background traffic (due to unexpected errors) MUST be less than
0.01% of the total initiated TCP connections in the background
traffic.
c. During the sustain phase, traffic MUST be forwarded at a constant
rate (it is considered as a constant rate if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than 5%).
d. A false positive MUST NOT occur in the background traffic.
A.5. Measurement
The following KPI metrics MUST be reported for this test scenario:
Mandatory KPIs:
* Blocked CVEs: They MUST be represented in the following ways:
- Number of blocked CVEs out of total CVEs
- Percentage of blocked CVEs
* Unblocked CVEs: They MUST be represented in the following ways:
- Number of unblocked CVEs out of total CVEs
- Percentage of unblocked CVEs
* Background traffic behavior: It MUST be represented in one of the
followings ways:
- No impact: Considered as "no impact" if any deviation of the
traffic forwarding rate is less than or equal to 5% (constant
rate)
- Minor impact: Considered as "minor impact" if any deviation of
the traffic forwarding rate is greater than 5% and less than or
equal to 10% (i.e., small spikes)
- Heavy impact: Considered as "heavy impact" if any deviation of
the traffic forwarding rate is greater than 10% (i.e., large
spikes) or reduced the background HTTP(S) throughput greater
than 10%
* DUT/SUT reporting accuracy: The DUT/SUT MUST report all detected
vulnerabilities.
Optional KPIs:
* List of unblocked CVEs
A.6. Test Procedures and Expected Results
The test procedure is designed to measure the security effectiveness
of the DUT/SUT at the sustaining period of the traffic load profile.
The test procedure consists of two major steps. This test procedure
MAY be repeated multiple times with different IPv4 and IPv6 traffic
distributions.
A.6.1. Step 1: Background Traffic
Generate background traffic at the transmission rate defined in
Appendix A.3.2.
The DUT/SUT MUST reach the target objective (HTTP(S) throughput) in
the sustain phase. The measured KPIs during the sustain phase MUST
meet all the test results validation criteria defined in
Appendix A.4.
If the KPI metrics do not meet the test results validation criteria,
the test procedure MUST NOT be continued to Step 2.
A.6.2. Step 2: CVE Emulation
While generating background traffic (in the sustain phase), send the
CVE traffic, as defined in the parameter section. section (Appendix A.3.2).
The test equipment MUST start to measure and record all specified
KPIs. Continue the test until all CVEs are sent.
The measured KPIs MUST meet all the test results validation criteria
defined in Appendix A.4.
In addition, the DUT/SUT should either report the detected vulnerabilities
in the log correctly, or for example, if a different
naming convention is used, there MUST be reference material available
that will allow for verification that the correct vulnerability was
detected.
detected if, for example, a different naming convention is used.
This reference material MUST be cited in the report.
Appendix B. DUT/SUT Classification
This document aims to classify the DUT/SUT into four different
categories based on its maximum-supported firewall throughput
performance number defined in the vendor datasheet. This
classification MAY help users to determine specific configuration
scales (e.g., number of ACL entries), traffic profiles, and attack
traffic profiles, scaling those proportionally to the DUT/SUT sizing
category.
The four different categories are Extra Small (XS), Small (S), Medium
(M), and Large (L). The RECOMMENDED throughput values for the
following categories are:
Extra Small (XS) - Supported throughput less than or equal to 1
Gbit/s
Small (S) - Supported throughput greater than 1 Gbit/s and less than
or equal to 5Gbit/s
Medium (M) - Supported throughput greater than 5 Gbit/s and less
than or equal to 10Gbit/s
Large (L) - Supported throughput greater than 10 Gbit/s
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the members of NetSecOPEN for their
participation in the creation of this document. Additionally, the
following members need to be acknowledged:
Anand Vijayan, Chris Marshall, Jay Lindenauer, Michael Shannon, Mike
Deichman, Ryan Riese, and Toulnay Orkun.
Contributors
The following individuals contributed significantly to the creation
of this document:
Alex Samonte, Amritam Putatunda, Aria Eslambolchizadeh, Chao Guo,
Chris Brown, Cory Ford, David DeSanto, Jurrie Van Den Breekel,
Michelle Rhines, Mike Jack, Ryan Liles, Samaresh Nair, Stephen
Goudreault, Tim Carlin, and Tim Otto.
Authors' Addresses
Balamuhunthan Balarajah
Berlin
Germany
Email: bm.balarajah@gmail.com
Carsten Rossenhoevel
EANTC AG
Salzufer 14
10587 Berlin
Germany
Email: cross@eantc.de
Brian Monkman
NetSecOPEN
417 Independence Court
Mechanicsburg, PA 17050
United States of America
Email: bmonkman@netsecopen.org