RFC 9499: DNS Terminology

RFC 9499	DNS Terminology	March 2024
Hoffman & Fujiwara	Best Current Practice	[Page]

Abstract

The Domain Name System (DNS) is defined in literally dozens of different RFCs. The terminology used by implementers and developers of DNS protocols, and by operators of DNS systems, has changed in the decades since the DNS was first defined. This document gives current definitions for many of the terms used in the DNS in a single document.¶

This document updates RFC 2308 by clarifying the definitions of "forwarder" and "QNAME". It obsoletes RFC 8499 by adding multiple terms and clarifications. Comprehensive lists of changed and new definitions can be found in Appendices A and B.¶

1. Introduction

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a simple query-response protocol whose messages in both directions have the same format. (Section 2 gives a definition of "global DNS", which is often what people mean when they say "the DNS".) The protocol and message format are defined in [RFC1034] and [RFC1035]. These RFCs defined some terms, and later documents defined others. Some of the terms from [RFC1034] and [RFC1035] have somewhat different meanings now than they did in 1987.¶

This document contains a collection of a wide variety of DNS-related terms, organized loosely by topic. Some of them have been precisely defined in earlier RFCs, some have been loosely defined in earlier RFCs, and some are not defined in an earlier RFC at all.¶

Other organizations sometimes define DNS-related terms in their own way. For example, the WHATWG defines "domain" at <https://url.spec.whatwg.org/>. The Root Server System Advisory Committee (RSSAC) has a good lexicon [RSSAC026].¶

Most of the definitions listed here represent the consensus definition of the DNS community -- both protocol developers and operators. Some of the definitions differ from earlier RFCs, and those differences are noted. In this document, where the consensus definition is the same as the one in an RFC, that RFC is quoted. Where the consensus definition has changed somewhat, the RFC is mentioned but the new stand-alone definition is given. See Appendix A for a list of the definitions that this document updates.¶

It is important to note that, during the development of this document, it became clear that some DNS-related terms are interpreted quite differently by different DNS experts. Further, some terms that are defined in early DNS RFCs now have definitions that are generally agreed to, but that are different from the original definitions. This document is a small revision to [RFC8499]; that document was a substantial revision to [RFC7719].¶

Note that there is no single consistent definition of "the DNS". It can be considered to be some combination of the following: a commonly used naming scheme for objects on the Internet; a distributed database representing the names and certain properties of these objects; an architecture providing distributed maintenance, resilience, and loose coherency for this database; and a simple query-response protocol (as mentioned below) implementing this architecture. Section 2 defines "global DNS" and "private DNS" as a way to deal with these differing definitions.¶

Capitalization in DNS terms is often inconsistent among RFCs and various DNS practitioners. The capitalization used in this document is a best guess at current practices, and is not meant to indicate that other capitalization styles are wrong or archaic. In some cases, multiple styles of capitalization are used for the same term due to quoting from different RFCs.¶

In this document, the words "byte" and "octet" are used interchangeably. They appear here because they both appear in the earlier RFCs that defined terms in the DNS.¶

Readers should note that the terms in this document are grouped by topic. Someone who is not already familiar with the DNS probably cannot learn about the DNS from scratch by reading this document from front to back. Instead, skipping around may be the only way to get enough context to understand some of the definitions. This document has an index that might be useful for readers who are attempting to learn the DNS by reading this document.¶

2. Names

Naming system:

A naming system associates names with data. Naming systems have many significant facets that help differentiate them from each other. Some commonly identified facets include:¶

Composition of names¶
Format of names¶
Administration of names¶
Types of data that can be associated with names¶
Types of metadata for names¶
Protocol for getting data from a name¶
Context for resolving a name¶

Note that this list is a small subset of facets that people have identified over time for naming systems, and the IETF has yet to agree on a good set of facets that can be used to compare naming systems. For example, other facets might include "protocol to update data in a name", "privacy of names", and "privacy of data associated with names", but those are not as well defined as the ones listed above. The list here is chosen because it helps describe the DNS and naming systems similar to the DNS.¶

Domain name:

An ordered list of one or more labels.¶

Note that this is a definition independent of the DNS RFCs ([RFC1034] and [RFC1035]), and the definition here also applies to systems other than the DNS. [RFC1034] defines the "domain name space" using mathematical trees and their nodes in graph theory, and that definition has the same practical result as the definition here. Any path of a directed acyclic graph can be represented by a domain name consisting of the labels of its nodes, ordered by decreasing distance from the root(s) (which is the normal convention within the DNS, including this document). A domain name whose last label identifies a root of the graph is fully qualified; other domain names whose labels form a strict prefix of a fully qualified domain name are relative to its first omitted node.¶

Also note that different IETF and non-IETF documents have used the term "domain name" in many different ways. It is common for earlier documents to use "domain name" to mean "names that match the syntax in [RFC1035]", but possibly with additional rules such as "and are, or will be, resolvable in the global DNS" or "but only using the presentation format".¶

Label:

An ordered list of zero or more octets that makes up a portion of a domain name. Using graph theory, a label identifies one node in a portion of the graph of all possible domain names.¶

Global DNS:

Using the short set of facets listed in "Naming system", the global DNS can be defined as follows. Most of the rules here come from [RFC1034] and [RFC1035], although the term "global DNS" has not been defined before now.¶

Composition of names:

A name in the global DNS has one or more labels. The length of each label is between 0 and 63 octets inclusive. In a fully qualified domain name, the last label in the ordered list is 0 octets long; it is the only label whose length may be 0 octets, and it is called the "root" or "root label". A domain name in the global DNS has a maximum total length of 255 octets in the wire format; the root represents one octet for this calculation. (Multicast DNS [RFC6762] allows names up to 255 bytes plus a terminating zero byte based on a different interpretation of RFC 1035 and what is included in the 255 octets.)¶

Format of names:

Names in the global DNS are domain names. There are three formats: wire format, presentation format, and common display.¶

Wire format:: The basic wire format for names in the global DNS is a list of labels ordered by decreasing distance from the root, with the root label last. Each label is preceded by a length octet. [RFC1035] also defines a compression scheme that modifies this format.¶
Presentation format:: The presentation format for names in the global DNS is a list of labels ordered by decreasing distance from the root, encoded as ASCII, with a "." character between each label. In presentation format, a fully qualified domain name includes the root label and the associated separator dot. For example, in presentation format, a fully qualified domain name with two non-root labels is always shown as "example.tld." instead of "example.tld". [RFC1035] defines a method for showing octets that do not display in ASCII.¶
Common display format:: The common display format is used in applications and free text. It is the same as the presentation format, but showing the root label and the "." before it is optional and is rarely done. For example, in common display format, a fully qualified domain name with two non-root labels is usually shown as "example.tld" instead of "example.tld.". Names in the common display format are normally written such that the directionality of the writing system presents labels by decreasing distance from the root (so, in both English and the C programming language, the root or Top-Level Domain (TLD) label in the ordered list is rightmost; but in Arabic, it may be leftmost, depending on local conventions).¶

Administration of names:

Administration is specified by delegation (see the definition of "delegation" in Section 7). Policies for administration of the root zone in the global DNS are determined by the names operational community, which convenes itself in the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The names operational community selects the IANA Functions Operator for the global DNS root zone. The name servers that serve the root zone are provided by independent root operators. Other zones in the global DNS have their own policies for administration.¶

Types of data that can be associated with names:

A name can have zero or more resource records associated with it. There are numerous types of resource records with unique data structures defined in many different RFCs and in the IANA registry at [IANA_Resource_Registry].¶

Types of metadata for names:

Any name that is published in the DNS appears as a set of resource records (see the definition of "RRset" in Section 5). Some names do not, themselves, have data associated with them in the DNS, but they "appear" in the DNS anyway because they form part of a longer name that does have data associated with it (see the definition of "empty non-terminals" in Section 7).¶

Protocol for getting data from a name:

The protocol described in [RFC1035].¶

Context for resolving a name:

The global DNS root zone distributed by Public Technical Identifiers (PTI).¶

Private DNS:

Names that use the protocol described in [RFC1035] but do not rely on the global DNS root zone or names that are otherwise not generally available on the Internet but are using the protocol described in [RFC1035]. A system can use both the global DNS and one or more private DNS systems; for example, see "Split DNS" in Section 6.¶

Note that domain names that do not appear in the DNS and that are intended never to be looked up using the DNS protocol are not part of the global DNS or a private DNS, even though they are domain names.¶

Multicast DNS (mDNS):

"Multicast DNS (mDNS) provides the ability to perform DNS-like operations on the local link in the absence of any conventional Unicast DNS server. In addition, Multicast DNS designates a portion of the DNS namespace to be free for local use, without the need to pay any annual fee, and without the need to set up delegations or otherwise configure a conventional DNS server to answer for those names." (Quoted from [RFC6762], Abstract) Although it uses a compatible wire format, mDNS is, strictly speaking, a different protocol than DNS. Also, where the above quote says "a portion of the DNS namespace", it would be clearer to say "a portion of the domain name space". The names in mDNS are not intended to be looked up in the DNS.¶

Locally served DNS zone:

A locally served DNS zone is a special case of private DNS. Names are resolved using the DNS protocol in a local context. [RFC6303] defines subdomains of IN-ADDR.ARPA that are locally served zones. Resolution of names through locally served zones may result in ambiguous results. For example, the same name may resolve to different results in different locally served DNS zone contexts. The context for a locally served DNS zone may be explicit, such as those that are listed in [RFC6303] and [RFC7793], or implicit, such as those defined by local DNS administration and not known to the resolution client.¶

Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN):

This is often just a clear way of saying the same thing as "domain name of a node", as outlined above. However, the term is ambiguous. Strictly speaking, a fully qualified domain name would include every label, including the zero-length label of the root; such a name would be written "www.example.net." (note the terminating dot). But, because every name eventually shares the common root, names are often written relative to the root (such as "www.example.net") and are still called "fully qualified". This term first appeared in [RFC819]. In this document, names are often written relative to the root.¶

The need for the term "fully qualified domain name" comes from the existence of partially qualified domain names, which are names where one or more of the last labels in the ordered list are omitted (for example, a domain name of "www" relative to "example.net" identifies "www.example.net"). Such relative names are understood only by context.¶

Host name:

This term and its equivalent, "hostname", have been widely used but are not defined in [RFC1034], [RFC1035], [RFC1123], or [RFC2181]. The DNS was originally deployed into the Host Tables environment as outlined in [RFC952], and it is likely that the term followed informally from the definition there. Over time, the definition seems to have shifted. "Host name" is often meant to be a domain name that follows the rules in Section 3.5 of [RFC1034], which is also called the "preferred name syntax". (In that syntax, every character in each label is a letter, a digit, or a hyphen). Note that any label in a domain name can contain any octet value; hostnames are generally considered to be domain names where every label follows the rules in the "preferred name syntax", with the amendment that labels can start with ASCII digits (this amendment comes from Section 2.1 of [RFC1123]).¶

People also sometimes use the term "hostname" to refer to just the first label of an FQDN, such as "printer" in "printer.admin.example.com". (Sometimes this is formalized in configuration in operating systems.) In addition, people sometimes use this term to describe any name that refers to a machine, and those might include labels that do not conform to the "preferred name syntax".¶

Top-Level Domain (TLD):

A Top-Level Domain is a zone that is one layer below the root, such as "com" or "jp". There is nothing special, from the point of view of the DNS, about TLDs. Most of them are also delegation-centric zones (defined in Section 7), and there are significant policy issues around their operation. TLDs are often divided into sub-groups such as Country Code Top-Level Domains (ccTLDs), Generic Top-Level Domains (gTLDs), and others; the division is a matter of policy and beyond the scope of this document.¶

Internationalized Domain Name (IDN):

The Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA) protocol is the standard mechanism for handling domain names with non-ASCII characters in applications in the DNS. The current standard at the time of this writing, normally called "IDNA2008", is defined in [RFC5890], [RFC5891], [RFC5892], [RFC5893], and [RFC5894]. These documents define many IDN-specific terms such as "LDH label", "A-label", and "U-label". [RFC6365] defines more terms that relate to internationalization (some of which relate to IDNs); [RFC6055] has a much more extensive discussion of IDNs, including some new terminology.¶

Subdomain:

"A domain is a subdomain of another domain if it is contained within that domain. This relationship can be tested by seeing if the subdomain's name ends with the containing domain's name." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 3.1) For example, in the host name "nnn.mmm.example.com", both "mmm.example.com" and "nnn.mmm.example.com" are subdomains of "example.com". Note that the comparisons here are done on whole labels; that is, "ooo.example.com" is not a subdomain of "oo.example.com".¶

Alias:

The owner of a CNAME resource record, or a subdomain of the owner of a DNAME resource record (DNAME records are defined in [RFC6672]). See also "canonical name".¶

Canonical name:

A CNAME resource record "identifies its owner name as an alias, and specifies the corresponding canonical name in the RDATA section of the RR." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 3.6.2) This usage of the word "canonical" is related to the mathematical concept of "canonical form".¶

CNAME:

"It has been traditional to refer to the [owner] of a CNAME record as 'a CNAME'. This is unfortunate, as 'CNAME' is an abbreviation of 'canonical name', and the [owner] of a CNAME record is most certainly not a canonical name." (Quoted from [RFC2181], Section 10.1.1. The quoted text has been changed from "label" to "owner".)¶

4. DNS Transactions

The header of a DNS message is its first 12 octets. Many of the fields and flags in the diagrams in Sections 4.1.1 through 4.1.3 of [RFC1035] are referred to by their names in each diagram. For example, the response codes are called "RCODEs", the data for a record is called the "RDATA", and the authoritative answer bit is often called "the AA flag" or "the AA bit".¶

Class:

A class "identifies a protocol family or instance of a protocol". (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 3.6) "The DNS tags all data with a class as well as the type, so that we can allow parallel use of different formats for data of type address." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 2.2) In practice, the class for nearly every query is "IN" (the Internet). There are some queries for "CH" (the Chaos class), but they are usually for the purposes of information about the server itself rather than for a different type of address.¶

QNAME:

The most commonly used rough definition is that the QNAME is a field in the Question section of a query. "A standard query specifies a target domain name (QNAME), query type (QTYPE), and query class (QCLASS) and asks for RRs which match." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 3.7.1) Strictly speaking, the definition comes from [RFC1035], Section 4.1.2, where the QNAME is defined in respect of the Question section. This definition appears to be applied consistently, as the discussion of inverse queries in Section 6.4.1 of [RFC1035] refers to the "owner name of the query RR and its TTL" because inverse queries populate the Answer section and leave the Question section empty. (Inverse queries are deprecated in [RFC3425]; thus, relevant definitions do not appear in this document.)¶

However, [RFC2308] has an alternate definition that puts the QNAME in the answer (or series of answers) instead of the query. It defines QNAME as "...the name in the query section of an answer, or where this resolves to a CNAME, or CNAME chain, the data field of the last CNAME. The last CNAME in this sense is that which contains a value which does not resolve to another CNAME." This definition has a certain internal logic, because of the way CNAME substitution works and the definition of CNAME. If a name server does not find an RRset that matches a query, but does find the same name in the same class with a CNAME record, then the name server "includes the CNAME record in the response and restarts the query at the domain name specified in the data field of the CNAME record." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 3.6.2) This is made explicit in the resolution algorithm outlined in Section 4.3.2 of [RFC1034], which says to "change QNAME to the canonical name in the CNAME RR, and go back to step 1" in the case of a CNAME RR. Since a CNAME record explicitly declares that the owner name is canonically named what is in the RDATA, then there is a way to view the new name (i.e., the name that was in the RDATA of the CNAME RR) as also being the QNAME.¶

However, this creates confusion because the response to a query that results in CNAME processing contains in the echoed Question section one QNAME (the name in the original query) and a second QNAME that is in the data field of the last CNAME. The confusion comes from the iterative/recursive mode of resolution, which finally returns an answer that need not actually have the same owner name as the QNAME contained in the original query.¶

To address this potential confusion, it is helpful to distinguish between three meanings:¶

QNAME (original):: The name actually sent in the Question section in the original query, which is always echoed in the (final) reply in the Question section when the QR bit is set to 1.¶
QNAME (effective):: A name actually resolved, which is either the name originally queried or a name received in a CNAME chain response.¶
QNAME (final):: The name actually resolved, which is either the name actually queried or else the last name in a CNAME chain response.¶

Note that, because the definition in [RFC2308] is actually for a different concept than what was in [RFC1034], it would have been better if [RFC2308] had used a different name for that concept. In general use today, QNAME almost always means what is defined above as "QNAME (original)".¶

Referrals:

A type of response in which a server, signaling that it is not (completely) authoritative for an answer, provides the querying resolver with an alternative place to send its query. Referrals can be partial.¶

A referral arises when a server is not performing recursive service while answering a query. It appears in step 3(b) of the algorithm in [RFC1034], Section 4.3.2.¶

There are two types of referral response. The first is a downward referral (sometimes described as "delegation response"), where the server is authoritative for some portion of the QNAME. The Authority section RRset's RDATA contains the name servers specified at the referred-to zone cut. In normal DNS operation, this kind of response is required in order to find names beneath a delegation. The bare use of "referral" means this kind of referral, and many people believe that this is the only legitimate kind of referral in the DNS.¶

The second is an upward referral (sometimes described as "root referral"), where the server is not authoritative for any portion of the QNAME. When this happens, the referred-to zone in the Authority section is usually the root zone ("."). In normal DNS operation, this kind of response is not required for resolution or for correctly answering any query. There is no requirement that any server send upward referrals. Some people regard upward referrals as a sign of a misconfiguration or error. Upward referrals always need some sort of qualifier (such as "upward" or "root") and are never identified simply by the word "referral".¶

A response that has only a referral contains an empty Answer section. It contains the NS RRset for the referred-to zone in the Authority section. It may contain RRs that provide addresses in the Additional section. The AA bit is clear.¶

In the case where the query matches an alias, and the server is not authoritative for the target of the alias but is authoritative for some name above the target of the alias, the resolution algorithm will produce a response that contains both the authoritative answer for the alias and a referral. Such a partial answer and referral response has data in the Answer section. It has the NS RRset for the referred-to zone in the Authority section. It may contain RRs that provide addresses in the Additional section. The AA bit is set because the first name in the Answer section matches the QNAME and the server is authoritative for that answer (see [RFC1035], Section 4.1.1).¶

5. Resource Records

RR:

An acronym for resource record. (See [RFC1034], Section 3.6.)¶

RRset:

A set of resource records "with the same label, class and type, but with different data" (according to [RFC2181], Section 5). Also written as "RRSet" in some documents. As a clarification, "same label" in this definition means "same owner name". In addition, [RFC2181] states that "the TTLs of all RRs in an RRSet must be the same".¶

Note that RRSIG resource records do not match this definition. [RFC4035] says:¶

: "An RRset MAY have multiple RRSIG RRs associated with it. Note that as RRSIG RRs are closely tied to the RRsets whose signatures they contain, RRSIG RRs, unlike all other DNS RR types, do not form RRsets. In particular, the TTL values among RRSIG RRs with a common owner name do not follow the RRset rules described in [RFC2181]."¶

Master file:

"Master files are text files that contain RRs in text form. Since the contents of a zone can be expressed in the form of a list of RRs a master file is most often used to define a zone, though it can be used to list a cache's contents." (Quoted from [RFC1035], Section 5) Master files are sometimes called "zone files".¶

Presentation format:

The text format used in master files. This format is shown but not formally defined in [RFC1034] or [RFC1035]. The term "presentation format" first appears in [RFC4034].¶

EDNS:

The extension mechanisms for DNS, defined in [RFC6891]. Sometimes called "EDNS0" or "EDNS(0)" to indicate the version number. EDNS allows DNS clients and servers to specify message sizes larger than the original 512-octet limit, to expand the response code space, and to carry additional options that affect the handling of a DNS query.¶

OPT:

A pseudo-RR (sometimes called a "meta-RR") that is used only to contain control information pertaining to the question-and-answer sequence of a specific transaction. (Definition paraphrased from [RFC6891], Section 6.1.1.) It is used by EDNS.¶

Owner:

"The domain name where the RR is found." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 3.6) Often appears in the term "owner name".¶

SOA field names:

DNS documents, including the definitions here, often refer to the fields in the RDATA of an SOA resource record by field name. "SOA" stands for "start of a zone of authority". Those fields are defined in Section 3.3.13 of [RFC1035]. The names (in the order they appear in the SOA RDATA) are MNAME, RNAME, SERIAL, REFRESH, RETRY, EXPIRE, and MINIMUM. Note that the meaning of the MINIMUM field is updated in Section 4 of [RFC2308]; the new definition is that the MINIMUM field is only "the TTL to be used for negative responses". This document tends to use field names instead of terms that describe the fields.¶

TTL:

The maximum "time to live" of a resource record. "A TTL value is an unsigned number, with a minimum value of 0, and a maximum value of 2147483647. That is, a maximum of 2^31 - 1. When transmitted, this value shall be encoded in the less significant 31 bits of the 32 bit TTL field, with the most significant, or sign, bit set to zero." (Quoted from [RFC2181], Section 8) Note that [RFC1035] erroneously stated that this is a signed integer; that was fixed by [RFC2181].¶

The TTL "specifies the time interval that the resource record may be cached before the source of the information should again be consulted." (Quoted from [RFC1035], Section 3.2.1) Section 4.1.3 of [RFC1035] states "the time interval (in seconds) that the resource record may be cached before it should be discarded". Despite being defined for a resource record, the TTL of every resource record in an RRset is required to be the same ([RFC2181], Section 5.2).¶

The reason that the TTL is the maximum time to live is that a cache operator might decide to shorten the time to live for operational purposes, for example, if there is a policy to disallow TTL values over a certain number. Some servers are known to ignore the TTL on some RRsets (such as when the authoritative data has a very short TTL) even though this is against the advice in [RFC1035]. An RRset can be flushed from the cache before the end of the TTL interval, at which point, the value of the TTL becomes unknown because the RRset with which it was associated no longer exists.¶

There is also the concept of a "default TTL" for a zone, which can be a configuration parameter in the server software. This is often expressed by a default for the entire server, and a default for a zone using the $TTL directive in a zone file. The $TTL directive was added to the master file format by [RFC2308].¶

Class independent:

A resource record type whose syntax and semantics are the same for every DNS class. A resource record type that is not class independent has different meanings, depending on the DNS class of the record or if the meaning is undefined for some classes. Most resource record types are defined for class 1 (IN, the Internet), but many are undefined for other classes.¶

Address records:

Records whose type is either A or AAAA. [RFC2181] informally defines these as "(A, AAAA, etc)". Note that new types of address records could be defined in the future.¶

6. DNS Servers and Clients

This section defines the terms used for the systems that act as DNS clients, DNS servers, or both. In past RFCs, DNS servers are sometimes called "name servers", "nameservers", or just "servers". There is no formal definition of "DNS server", but RFCs generally assume that it is an Internet server that listens for queries and sends responses using the DNS protocol defined in [RFC1035] and its successors.¶

It is important to note that the terms "DNS server" and "name server" require context in order to understand the services being provided. Both authoritative servers and recursive resolvers are often called "DNS servers" and "name servers" even though they serve different roles (but may be part of the same software package).¶

For terminology specific to the global DNS root server system, see [RSSAC026]. That document defines terms such as "root server", "root server operator", and terms that are specific to the way that the root zone of the global DNS is served.¶

Resolver:

A program "that extract[s] information from name servers in response to client requests." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 2.4) A resolver performs queries for a name, type, and class, and receives responses. The logical function is called "resolution". In practice, the term is usually referring to some specific type of resolver (some of which are defined below), and understanding the use of the term depends on understanding the context.¶

A related term is "resolve", which is not formally defined in [RFC1034] or [RFC1035]. An imputed definition might be "asking a question that consists of a domain name, class, and type, and receiving some sort of response". Similarly, an imputed definition of "resolution" might be "the response received from resolving".¶

Stub resolver:

A resolver that cannot perform all resolution itself. Stub resolvers generally depend on a recursive resolver to undertake the actual resolution function. Stub resolvers are discussed but never fully defined in Section 5.3.1 of [RFC1034]. They are fully defined in Section 6.1.3.1 of [RFC1123].¶

Iterative mode:

A resolution mode of a server that receives DNS queries and responds with a referral to another server. Section 2.3 of [RFC1034] describes this as "The server refers the client to another server and lets the client pursue the query." A resolver that works in iterative mode is sometimes called an "iterative resolver". See also "iterative resolution" later in this section.¶

Recursive mode:

A resolution mode of a server that receives DNS queries and either responds to those queries from a local cache or sends queries to other servers in order to get the final answers to the original queries. Section 2.3 of [RFC1034] describes this as "the first server pursues the query for the client at another server". Section 4.3.1 of [RFC1034] says: "in [recursive] mode the name server acts in the role of a resolver and returns either an error or the answer, but never referrals." That same section also says:¶

: "The recursive mode occurs when a query with RD set arrives at a server which is willing to provide recursive service; the client can verify that recursive mode was used by checking that both RA and RD are set in the reply."¶

A server operating in recursive mode may be thought of as having a name server side (which is what answers the query) and a resolver side (which performs the resolution function). Systems operating in this mode are commonly called "recursive servers". Sometimes they are called "recursive resolvers". In practice, it is not possible to know in advance whether the server that one is querying will also perform recursion; both terms can be observed in use interchangeably.¶

Recursive resolver:

A resolver that acts in recursive mode. In general, a recursive resolver is expected to cache the answers it receives (which would make it a full-service resolver), but some recursive resolvers might not cache.¶

[RFC4697] tried to differentiate between a recursive resolver and an iterative resolver.¶

Recursive query:

A query with the Recursion Desired (RD) bit set to 1 in the header. (See Section 4.1.1 of [RFC1035].) If recursive service is available and is requested by the RD bit in the query, the server uses its resolver to answer the query. (See Section 4.3.2 of [RFC1034].)¶

Non-recursive query:

A query with the Recursion Desired (RD) bit set to 0 in the header. A server can answer non-recursive queries using only local information: the response contains either an error, the answer, or a referral to some other server "closer" to the answer. (See Section 4.3.1 of [RFC1034].)¶

Iterative resolution:

A name server may be presented with a query that can only be answered by some other server. The two general approaches to dealing with this problem are "recursive", in which the first server pursues the query on behalf of the client at another server, and "iterative", in which the server refers the client to another server and lets the client pursue the query there. (See Section 2.3 of [RFC1034].)¶

In iterative resolution, the client repeatedly makes non-recursive queries and follows referrals and/or aliases. The iterative resolution algorithm is described in Section 5.3.3 of [RFC1034].¶

Full resolver:

This term is used in [RFC1035], but it is not defined there. RFC 1123 defines a "full-service resolver" that may or may not be what was intended by "full resolver" in [RFC1035]. This term is not properly defined in any RFC, and there is no consensus on what the term means. The use of this term without proper context is discouraged.¶

Full-service resolver:

Section 6.1.3.1 of [RFC1123] defines this term as a resolver that acts in recursive mode with a cache (and meets other requirements).¶

Priming:

"The act of finding the list of root servers from a configuration that lists some or all of the purported IP addresses of some or all of those root servers." (Quoted from [RFC8109], Section 2) In order to operate in recursive mode, a resolver needs to know the address of at least one root server. Priming is most often done from a configuration setting that contains a list of authoritative servers for the root zone.¶

Root hints:

"Operators who manage a DNS recursive resolver typically need to configure a 'root hints file'. This file contains the names and IP addresses of the authoritative name servers for the root zone, so the software can bootstrap the DNS resolution process. For many pieces of software, this list comes built into the software." (Quoted from [IANA_RootFiles]) This file is often used in priming.¶

Negative caching:

"The storage of knowledge that something does not exist, cannot or does not give an answer." (Quoted from [RFC2308], Section 1)¶

Authoritative server:

"A server that knows the content of a DNS zone from local knowledge, and thus can answer queries about that zone without needing to query other servers." (Quoted from [RFC2182], Section 2) An authoritative server is named in the NS ("name server") record in a zone. It is a system that responds to DNS queries with information about zones for which it has been configured to answer with the AA flag in the response header set to 1. It is a server that has authority over one or more DNS zones. Note that it is possible for an authoritative server to respond to a query without the parent zone delegating authority to that server. Authoritative servers also provide "referrals", usually to child zones delegated from them; these referrals have the AA bit set to 0 and come with referral data in the Authority and (if needed) the Additional sections.¶

Authoritative-only server:

A name server that only serves authoritative data and ignores requests for recursion. It will "not normally generate any queries of its own. Instead it answers non-recursive queries from iterative resolvers looking for information in zones it serves." (Quoted from [RFC4697], Section 2.4) In this case, "ignores requests for recursion" means "responds to requests for recursion with responses indicating that recursion was not performed".¶

Zone transfer:

The act of a client requesting a copy of a zone and an authoritative server sending the needed information. (See Section 7 for a description of zones.) There are two common standard ways to do zone transfers: the AXFR ("Authoritative Transfer") mechanism to copy the full zone (described in [RFC5936], and the IXFR ("Incremental Transfer") mechanism to copy only parts of the zone that have changed (described in [RFC1995]). Many systems use non-standard methods for zone transfers outside the DNS protocol.¶

Slave server:

See "Secondary server".¶

Secondary server:

"An authoritative server which uses zone transfer to retrieve the zone." (Quoted from [RFC1996], Section 2.1) Secondary servers are also discussed in [RFC1034]. [RFC2182] describes secondary servers in more detail. Although early DNS RFCs such as [RFC1996] referred to this as a "slave", the current common usage has shifted to calling it a "secondary".¶

Master server:

See "Primary server".¶

Primary server:

"Any authoritative server configured to be the source of zone transfer for one or more [secondary] servers." (Quoted from [RFC1996], Section 2.1) Or, more specifically, [RFC2136] calls it "an authoritative server configured to be the source of AXFR or IXFR data for one or more [secondary] servers". Primary servers are also discussed in [RFC1034]. Although early DNS RFCs such as [RFC1996] referred to this as a "master", the current common usage has shifted to "primary".¶

Primary master:

"The primary master is named in the zone's SOA MNAME field and optionally by an NS RR." (Quoted from [RFC1996], Section 2.1) [RFC2136] defines "primary master" as "Master server at the root of the AXFR/IXFR dependency graph. The primary master is named in the zone's SOA MNAME field and optionally by an NS RR. There is by definition only one primary master server per zone."¶

The idea of a primary master is only used in [RFC1996] and [RFC2136]. A modern interpretation of the term "primary master" is a server that is both authoritative for a zone and that gets its updates to the zone from configuration (such as a master file) or from UPDATE transactions.¶

Stealth server:

This is "like a slave server except not listed in an NS RR for the zone." (Quoted from [RFC1996], Section 2.1)¶

Hidden master:

A stealth server that is a primary server for zone transfers. "In this arrangement, the master name server that processes the updates is unavailable to general hosts on the Internet; it is not listed in the NS RRset." (Quoted from [RFC6781], Section 3.4.3) [RFC4641] said that the hidden master's name "appears in the SOA RRs MNAME field"; however, the name does not appear at all in the global DNS in some setups. A hidden master can also be a secondary server for the zone itself.¶

Forwarding:

The process of one server sending a DNS query with the RD bit set to 1 to another server to resolve that query. Forwarding is a function of a DNS resolver; it is different than simply blindly relaying queries.¶

[RFC5625] does not give a specific definition for forwarding, but describes in detail what features a system that forwards needs to support. Systems that forward are sometimes called "DNS proxies", but that term has not yet been defined (even in [RFC5625]).¶

Forwarder:

Section 1 of [RFC2308] describes a forwarder as "a nameserver used to resolve queries instead of directly using the authoritative nameserver chain". [RFC2308] further says "The forwarder typically either has better access to the internet, or maintains a bigger cache which may be shared amongst many resolvers." That definition appears to suggest that forwarders normally only query authoritative servers. In current use, however, forwarders often stand between stub resolvers and recursive servers. [RFC2308] is silent on whether a forwarder is iterative-only or can be a full-service resolver.¶

Policy-implementing resolver:

A resolver acting in recursive mode that changes some of the answers that it returns based on policy criteria, such as to prevent access to malware sites or objectionable content. In general, a stub resolver has no idea whether upstream resolvers implement such policy or, if they do, the exact policy about what changes will be made. In some cases, the user of the stub resolver has selected the policy-implementing resolver with the explicit intention of using it to implement the policies. In other cases, policies are imposed without the user of the stub resolver being informed.¶

Open resolver:

A full-service resolver that accepts and processes queries from any (or nearly any) client. This is sometimes also called a "public resolver", although the term "public resolver" is used more with open resolvers that are meant to be open, as compared to the vast majority of open resolvers that are probably misconfigured to be open. Open resolvers are discussed in [RFC5358].¶

Split DNS:

The terms "split DNS" and "split-horizon DNS" have long been used in the DNS community without formal definition. In general, they refer to situations in which DNS servers that are authoritative for a particular set of domains provide partly or completely different answers in those domains depending on the source of the query. Nevertheless, the effect of this is that a domain name that is notionally globally unique has different meanings for different network users. This can sometimes be the result of a "view" configuration, as described below.¶

Section 3.8 of [RFC2775] gives a related definition that is too specific to be generally useful.¶

View:

A configuration for a DNS server that allows it to provide different responses depending on attributes of the query, such as for "split DNS". Typically, views differ by the source IP address of a query, but can also be based on the destination IP address, the type of query (such as AXFR), whether it is recursive, and so on. Views are often used to provide more names or different addresses to queries from "inside" a protected network than to those "outside" that network. Views are not a standardized part of the DNS, but they are widely implemented in server software.¶

Passive DNS:

A mechanism to collect DNS data by storing DNS responses from name servers. Some of these systems also collect the DNS queries associated with the responses, although doing so raises some privacy concerns. Passive DNS databases can be used to answer historical questions about DNS zones, such as which values were present at a given time in the past, or when a name was spotted first. Passive DNS databases allow searching of the stored records on keys other than just the name and type, such as "find all names which have A records of a particular value".¶

Anycast:

"The practice of making a particular service address available in multiple, discrete, autonomous locations, such that datagrams sent are routed to one of several available locations." (Quoted from [RFC4786], Section 2) See [RFC4786] for more detail on Anycast and other terms that are specific to its use.¶

Instance:

"When anycast routing is used to allow more than one server to have the same IP address, each one of those servers is commonly referred to as an 'instance'." It goes on to say: "An instance of a server, such as a root server, is often referred to as an 'Anycast instance'." (Quoted from [RSSAC026])¶

Privacy-enabling DNS server:

"A DNS server that implements DNS over TLS [RFC7858] and may optionally implement DNS over DTLS [RFC8094]." (Quoted from [RFC8310], Section 2) Other types of DNS servers might also be considered privacy-enabling, such as those running DNS-over-HTTPS [RFC8484] or DNS-over-QUIC [RFC9250].¶

DNS-over-TLS (DoT):

DNS over TLS as defined in [RFC7858] and its successors.¶

DNS-over-HTTPS (DoH):

DNS over HTTPS as defined in [RFC8484] and its successors.¶

DNS-over-QUIC (DoQ):

DNS over QUIC as defined in [RFC9250] and its successors. [RFC9250] specifically defines DoQ as general-purpose transport for DNS that can be used in stub to recursive, recursive to authoritative, and zone transfer scenarios.¶

Classic DNS:

DNS over UDP or DNS over TCP as defined in [RFC1035] and its successors. Classic DNS applies to DNS communication between stub resolvers and recursive resolvers, and between recursive resolvers and authoritative servers. This has sometimes been called "Do53". Classic DNS is not encrypted.¶

Recursive DoT (RDoT):

RDoT specifically means DNS-over-TLS for transport between a stub resolver and a recursive resolver, or between a recursive resolver and another recursive resolver. This term is necessary because it is expected that DNS-over-TLS will later be defined as a transport between recursive resolvers and authoritative servers.¶

Authoritative DoT (ADoT):

If DNS-over-TLS is later defined as a transport between recursive resolvers and authoritative servers, ADoT specifically means DNS-over-TLS for transport between recursive resolvers and authoritative servers.¶

XFR-over-TLS (XoT):

DNS zone transfer over TLS, as specified in [RFC9103]. This term applies to both AXFR over TLS (AXoT) and IXFR over TLS (IXoT).¶

7. Zones

This section defines terms that are used when discussing zones that are being served or retrieved.¶

Zone:

"Authoritative information is organized into units called ZONEs, and these zones can be automatically distributed to the name servers which provide redundant service for the data in a zone." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 2.4)¶

Child:

"The entity on record that has the delegation of the domain from the Parent." (Quoted from [RFC7344], Section 1.1)¶

Parent:

"The domain in which the Child is registered." (Quoted from [RFC7344], Section 1.1) Earlier, "parent name server" was defined in [RFC0882] as "the name server that has authority over the place in the domain name space that will hold the new domain". (Note that [RFC0882] was obsoleted by [RFC1034] and [RFC1035].) [RFC819] also has some description of the relationship between parents and children.¶

Origin:

There are two different uses for this term:¶

(a): "The domain name that appears at the top of a zone (just below the cut that separates the zone from its parent)... The name of the zone is the same as the name of the domain at the zone's origin." (Quoted from [RFC2181], Section 6) These days, this sense of "origin" and "apex" (defined below) are often used interchangeably.¶
(b): The domain name within which a given relative domain name appears in zone files. Generally seen in the context of "$ORIGIN", which is a control entry defined in [RFC1035], Section 5.1, as part of the master file format. For example, if the $ORIGIN is set to "example.org.", then a master file line for "www" is in fact an entry for "www.example.org.".¶

Apex:

The point in the tree at an owner of an SOA and corresponding authoritative NS RRset. This is also called the "zone apex". [RFC4033] defines it as "the name at the child's side of a zone cut". The "apex" can usefully be thought of as a data-theoretic description of a tree structure, and "origin" is the name of the same concept when it is implemented in zone files. The distinction is not always maintained in use, however, and one can find uses that conflict subtly with this definition. [RFC1034] uses the term "top node of the zone" as a synonym of "apex", but that term is not widely used. These days, the first sense of "origin" (above) and "apex" are often used interchangeably.¶

Zone cut:

The delimitation point between two zones where the origin of one of the zones is the child of the other zone.¶

"Zones are delimited by 'zone cuts'. Each zone cut separates a 'child' zone (below the cut) from a 'parent' zone (above the cut)." (Quoted from [RFC2181], Section 6; note that this is barely an ostensive definition.) Section 4.2 of [RFC1034] uses "cuts" instead of "zone cut".¶

Delegation:

The process by which a separate zone is created in the name space beneath the apex of a given domain. Delegation happens when an NS RRset is added in the parent zone for the child origin. Delegation inherently happens at a zone cut. The term is also commonly a noun: the new zone that is created by the act of delegating.¶

Authoritative data:

"All of the RRs attached to all of the nodes from the top node of the zone down to leaf nodes or nodes above cuts around the bottom edge of the zone." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 4.2.1) Note that this definition might inadvertently also cause any NS records that appear in the zone to be included, even those that might not truly be authoritative, because there are identical NS RRs below the zone cut. This reveals the ambiguity in the notion of authoritative data, because the parent-side NS records authoritatively indicate the delegation, even though they are not themselves authoritative data.¶

[RFC4033], Section 2, defines "Authoritative RRset", which is related to authoritative data but has a more precise definition.¶

Lame delegation:

"A lame delegations exists [sic] when a nameserver is delegated responsibility for providing nameservice for a zone (via NS records) but is not performing nameservice for that zone (usually because it is not set up as a primary or secondary for the zone)." (Quoted from [RFC1912], Section 2.8) Another definition is that a lame delegation "...happens when a name server is listed in the NS records for some domain and in fact it is not a server for that domain. Queries are thus sent to the wrong servers, who don't know nothing [sic] (at least not as expected) about the queried domain. Furthermore, sometimes these hosts (if they exist!) don't even run name servers." (Quoted from [RFC1713], Section 2.3)¶

These early definitions do not match the current use of the term "lame delegation", but there is no consensus on what a lame delegation is. The term is used not only for the specific case described above, but for a variety of other flaws in delegations that lead to non-authoritative answers or no answers at all, such as:¶

a nameserver with an NS record for a zone that does not answer DNS queries;¶
a nameserver with an IP address that is not reachable by the resolver; and¶
a nameserver that responds to a query for a specific name with an error or without the authoritative bit set.¶

Because the term in current usage has drifted from the original definition, and now is not specific or clear as to the intended meaning, it should be considered historic and avoided in favor of terms that are specific and clear.¶

Glue records:

"...[Resource records] which are not part of the authoritative data [of the zone], and are address RRs for the [name] servers [in subzones]. These RRs are only necessary if the name server's name is 'below' the cut, and are only used as part of a referral response." Without glue "we could be faced with the situation where the NS RRs tell us that in order to learn a name server's address, we should contact the server using the address we wish to learn." (Quoted from [RFC1034], Section 4.2.1)¶

A later definition is that glue "includes any record in a zone file that is not properly part of that zone, including nameserver records of delegated sub-zones (NS records), address records that accompany those NS records (A, AAAA, etc), and any other stray data that might appear." (Quoted from [RFC2181], Section 5.4.1) Although glue is sometimes used today with this wider definition in mind, the context surrounding the definition in [RFC2181] suggests it is intended to apply to the use of glue within the document itself and not necessarily beyond.¶

In an NS record, there are three types of relationships between the owner name of the record, the name in the NS RDATA, and the zone origin: unrelated, in-domain, and sibling domain. The application of these three types of relationships to glue records is defined in [RFC9471].¶

An unrelated relationship is one where the NS RDATA contains a name server that is not subordinate to the zone origin and therefore is not part of the same zone.¶

An in-domain relationship is one where the NS RDATA contains a name server whose name is either subordinate to or (rarely) the same as the owner name of the NS resource records. For example, a delegation for "child.example.com" might have an in-domain name server called "ns.child.example.com".¶

A sibling domain relationship is one where the NS RDATA contains a name server whose name is either subordinate to or (rarely) the same as the zone origin of the parent and not subordinate to or the same as the owner name of the NS resource records. For example, a delegation for "child.example.com" in "example.com" zone might have a sibling domain name server called "ns.another.example.com".¶

The following table shows examples of delegation types:¶

Table 1
Delegation	Parent	Name Server Name	Type
com	.	a.gtld-servers.net	sibling domain
net	.	a.gtld-servers.net	in-domain
example.org	org	ns.example.org	in-domain
example.org	org	ns.ietf.org	sibling domain
example.org	org	ns.example.com	unrelated
example.jp	jp	ns.example.jp	in-domain
example.jp	jp	ns.example.ne.jp	sibling domain
example.jp	jp	ns.example.com	unrelated

Bailiwick:

"In-bailiwick" and "Out-of-bailiwick" are modifiers used to describe the relationship between a zone and the name servers for that zone. The dictionary definition of bailiwick has been observed to cause more confusion than meaning for this use. These terms should be considered historic in nature.¶

Root zone:

The zone of a DNS-based tree whose apex is the zero-length label. Also sometimes called "the DNS root".¶

Empty non-terminals (ENTs):

"Domain names that own no resource records but have subdomains that do." (Quoted from [RFC4592], Section 2.2.2) A typical example is in SRV records: in the name "_sip._tcp.example.com", it is likely that "_tcp.example.com" has no RRsets, but that "_sip._tcp.example.com" has (at least) an SRV RRset.¶

Delegation-centric zone:

A zone that consists mostly of delegations to child zones. This term is used in contrast to a zone that might have some delegations to child zones but also has many data resource records for the zone itself and/or for child zones. The term is used in [RFC4956] and [RFC5155], but it is not defined in either document.¶

Occluded name:

"The addition of a delegation point via dynamic update will render all subordinate domain names to be in a limbo, still part of the zone but not available to the lookup process. The addition of a DNAME resource record has the same impact. The subordinate names are said to be 'occluded'." (Quoted from [RFC5936], Section 3.5)¶

Fast flux DNS:

This "occurs when a domain is [found] in DNS using A records to multiple IP addresses, each of which has a very short Time-to-Live (TTL) value associated with it. This means that the domain resolves to varying IP addresses over a short period of time." (Quoted from [RFC6561], Section 1.1.5, with a typo corrected) In addition to having legitimate uses, fast flux DNS can be used to deliver malware. Because the addresses change so rapidly, it is difficult to ascertain all the hosts. It should be noted that the technique also works with AAAA records, but such use is not frequently observed on the Internet as of this writing.¶

Reverse DNS, reverse lookup:

"The process of mapping an address to a name is generally known as a 'reverse lookup', and the IN-ADDR.ARPA and IP6.ARPA zones are said to support the 'reverse DNS'." (Quoted from [RFC5855], Section 1)¶

Forward lookup:

"Hostname-to-address translation". (Quoted from [RFC3493], Section 6)¶

arpa (Address and Routing Parameter Area Domain):

"The 'arpa' domain was originally established as part of the initial deployment of the DNS to provide a transition mechanism from the Host Tables that were common in the ARPANET, as well as a home for the IPv4 reverse mapping domain. During 2000, the abbreviation was redesignated to 'Address and Routing Parameter Area' in the hope of reducing confusion with the earlier network name." (Quoted from [RFC3172], Section 2) .arpa is an "infrastructure domain", a domain whose "role is to support the operating infrastructure of the Internet". (Quoted from [RFC3172], Section 2) See [RFC3172] for more history of this name.¶

Service name:

"Service names are the unique key in the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number registry. This unique symbolic name for a service may also be used for other purposes, such as in DNS SRV records." (Quoted from [RFC6335], Section 5)¶

9. Registration Model

Registry:: The administrative operation of a zone that allows registration of names within that zone. People often use this term to refer only to those organizations that perform registration in large delegation-centric zones (such as TLDs); but formally, whoever decides what data goes into a zone is the registry for that zone. This definition of "registry" is from a DNS point of view; for some zones, the policies that determine what can go in the zone are decided by zones that are superordinate and not the registry operator.¶
Registrant:: An individual or organization on whose behalf a name in a zone is registered by the registry. In many zones, the registry and the registrant may be the same entity, but in TLDs they often are not.¶
Registrar:: A service provider that acts as a go-between for registrants and registries. Not all registrations require a registrar, though it is common to have registrars involved in registrations in TLDs.¶
EPP:: The Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP), which is commonly used for communication of registration information between registries and registrars. EPP is defined in [RFC5730].¶
WHOIS:: A protocol specified in [RFC3912], often used for querying registry databases. WHOIS data is frequently used to associate registration data (such as zone management contacts) with domain names. The term "WHOIS data" is often used as a synonym for the registry database, even though that database may be served by different protocols, particularly RDAP. The WHOIS protocol is also used with IP address registry data.¶
RDAP:: The Registration Data Access Protocol, defined in [RFC7480], [RFC7481], [RFC7485], [RFC9082], [RFC9083], and [RFC9224]. The RDAP protocol and data format are meant as a replacement for WHOIS.¶
DNS operator:: An entity responsible for running DNS servers. For a zone's authoritative servers, the registrant may act as their own DNS operator, their registrar may do it on their behalf, or they may use a third-party operator. For some zones, the registry function is performed by the DNS operator plus other entities who decide about the allowed contents of the zone.¶
Public suffix:: "A domain that is controlled by a public registry." (Quoted from [RFC6265], Section 5.3) A common definition for this term is a domain under which subdomains can be registered by third parties and on which HTTP cookies (which are described in detail in [RFC6265]) should not be set. There is no indication in a domain name whether it is a public suffix; that can only be determined by outside means. In fact, both a domain and a subdomain of that domain can be public suffixes.¶
: There is nothing inherent in a domain name to indicate whether it is a public suffix. One resource for identifying public suffixes is the Public Suffix List (PSL) maintained by Mozilla <https://publicsuffix.org/>.¶
: For example, at the time this document is published, the "com.au" domain is listed as a public suffix in the PSL. (Note that this example might change in the future.)¶
: Note that the term "public suffix" is controversial in the DNS community for many reasons, and it may be significantly changed in the future. One example of the difficulty of calling a domain a public suffix is that designation can change over time as the registration policy for the zone changes, such as was the case with the "uk" TLD in 2014.¶
Subordinate and Superordinate:: These terms are introduced in [RFC5731] for use in the registration model, but not defined there. Instead, they are given in examples. "For example, domain name 'example.com' has a superordinate relationship to host name ns1.example.com'... For example, host ns1.example1.com is a subordinate host of domain example1.com, but it is a not a subordinate host of domain example2.com." (Quoted from [RFC5731], Section 1.1) These terms are strictly ways of referring to the relationship standing of two domains where one is a subdomain of the other.¶

10. General DNSSEC

Most DNSSEC terms are defined in [RFC4033], [RFC4034], [RFC4035], and [RFC5155]. The terms that have caused confusion in the DNS community are highlighted here.¶

DNSSEC-aware and DNSSEC-unaware:

These two terms, which are used in some RFCs, have not been formally defined. However, Section 2 of [RFC4033] defines many types of resolvers and validators, including "non-validating security-aware stub resolver", "non-validating stub resolver", "security-aware name server", "security-aware recursive name server", "security-aware resolver", "security-aware stub resolver", and "security-oblivious 'anything'". (Note that the term "validating resolver", which is used in some places in DNSSEC-related documents, is also not defined in those RFCs, but is defined below.)¶

Signed zone:

"A zone whose RRsets are signed and that contains properly constructed DNSKEY, Resource Record Signature (RRSIG), Next Secure (NSEC), and (optionally) DS records." (Quoted from [RFC4033], Section 2) It has been noted in other contexts that the zone itself is not really signed, but all the relevant RRsets in the zone are signed. Nevertheless, if a zone that should be signed contains any RRsets that are not signed (or opted out), those RRsets will be treated as bogus, so the whole zone needs to be handled in some way.¶

It should also be noted that, since the publication of [RFC6840], NSEC records are no longer required for signed zones: a signed zone might include NSEC3 records instead. [RFC7129] provides additional background commentary and some context for the NSEC and NSEC3 mechanisms used by DNSSEC to provide authenticated denial-of-existence responses. NSEC and NSEC3 are described below.¶

Online signing:

[RFC4470] defines "on-line signing" (note the hyphen) as "generating and signing these records on demand", where "these" was defined as NSEC records. The current definition expands that to generating and signing RRSIG, NSEC, and NSEC3 records on demand.¶

Unsigned zone:

Section 2 of [RFC4033] defines this as "a zone that is not signed". Section 2 of [RFC4035] defines this as a "zone that does not include these records [properly constructed DNSKEY, Resource Record Signature (RRSIG), Next Secure (NSEC), and (optionally) DS records] according to the rules in this section..." There is an important note at the end of Section 5.2 of [RFC4035] that defines an additional situation in which a zone is considered unsigned: "If the resolver does not support any of the algorithms listed in an authenticated DS RRset, then the resolver will not be able to verify the authentication path to the child zone. In this case, the resolver SHOULD treat the child zone as if it were unsigned."¶

NSEC:

"The NSEC record allows a security-aware resolver to authenticate a negative reply for either name or type non-existence with the same mechanisms used to authenticate other DNS replies." (Quoted from [RFC4033], Section 3.2) In short, an NSEC record provides authenticated denial of existence.¶

"The NSEC resource record lists two separate things: the next owner name (in the canonical ordering of the zone) that contains authoritative data or a delegation point NS RRset, and the set of RR types present at the NSEC RR's owner name." (Quoted from Section 4 of [RFC4034])¶

NSEC3:

Like the NSEC record, the NSEC3 record also provides authenticated denial of existence; however, NSEC3 records mitigate zone enumeration and support Opt-Out. NSEC3 resource records require associated NSEC3PARAM resource records. NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM resource records are defined in [RFC5155].¶

Note that [RFC6840] says that [RFC5155] "is now considered part of the DNS Security Document Family as described by Section 10 of [RFC4033]". This means that some of the definitions from earlier RFCs that only talk about NSEC records should probably be considered to be talking about both NSEC and NSEC3.¶

Opt-out:

"The Opt-Out Flag indicates whether this NSEC3 RR may cover unsigned delegations." (Quoted from [RFC5155], Section 3.1.2.1) Opt-out tackles the high costs of securing a delegation to an insecure zone. When using Opt-Out, names that are an insecure delegation (and empty non-terminals that are only derived from insecure delegations) don't require an NSEC3 record or its corresponding RRSIG records. Opt-Out NSEC3 records are not able to prove or deny the existence of the insecure delegations. (Adapted from [RFC7129], Section 5.1)¶

Insecure delegation:

"A signed name containing a delegation (NS RRset), but lacking a DS RRset, signifying a delegation to an unsigned subzone." (Quoted from [RFC4956], Section 2)¶

Zone enumeration:

"The practice of discovering the full content of a zone via successive queries." (Quoted from [RFC5155], Section 1.3) This is also sometimes called "zone walking". Zone enumeration is different from zone content guessing where the guesser uses a large dictionary of possible labels and sends successive queries for them, or matches the contents of NSEC3 records against such a dictionary.¶

Validation:

Validation, in the context of DNSSEC, refers to one of the following:¶

Checking the validity of DNSSEC signatures,¶
Checking the validity of DNS responses, such as those including authenticated denial of existence, or¶
Building an authentication chain from a trust anchor to a DNS response or individual DNS RRsets in a response.¶

The first two definitions above consider only the validity of individual DNSSEC components, such as the RRSIG validity or NSEC proof validity. The third definition considers the components of the entire DNSSEC authentication chain; thus, it requires "configured knowledge of at least one authenticated DNSKEY or DS RR" (as described in [RFC4035], Section 5).¶

[RFC4033], Section 2, says that a "Validating Security-Aware Stub Resolver... performs signature validation" and uses a trust anchor "as a starting point for building the authentication chain to a signed DNS response"; thus, it uses the first and third definitions above. The process of validating an RRSIG resource record is described in [RFC4035], Section 5.3.¶

[RFC5155] refers to validating responses throughout the document in the context of hashed authenticated denial of existence; this uses the second definition above.¶

The term "authentication" is used interchangeably with "validation", in the sense of the third definition above. [RFC4033], Section 2, describes the chain linking trust anchor to DNS data as the "authentication chain". A response is considered to be authentic if "all RRsets in the Answer and Authority sections of the response [are considered] to be authentic" (Quoted from [RFC4035]) DNS data or responses deemed to be authentic or validated have a security status of "secure" ([RFC4035], Section 4.3; [RFC4033], Section 5). "Authenticating both DNS keys and data is a matter of local policy, which may extend or even override the [DNSSEC] protocol extensions..." (Quoted from [RFC4033], Section 3.1)¶

The term "verification", when used, is usually a synonym for "validation".¶

Validating resolver:

A security-aware recursive name server, security-aware resolver, or security-aware stub resolver that is applying at least one of the definitions of validation (above) as appropriate to the resolution context. For the same reason that the generic term "resolver" is sometimes ambiguous and needs to be evaluated in context (see Section 6), "validating resolver" is a context-sensitive term.¶

Key signing key (KSK):

DNSSEC keys that "only sign the apex DNSKEY RRset in a zone." (Quoted from [RFC6781], Section 3.1)¶

Zone signing key (ZSK):

"DNSSEC keys that can be used to sign all the RRsets in a zone that require signatures, other than the apex DNSKEY RRset." (Quoted from [RFC6781], Section 3.1) Also note that a ZSK is sometimes used to sign the apex DNSKEY RRset.¶

Combined signing key (CSK):

"In cases where the differentiation between the KSK and ZSK is not made, i.e., where keys have the role of both KSK and ZSK, we talk about a Single-Type Signing Scheme." (Quoted from [RFC6781], Section 3.1) This is sometimes called a "combined signing key" or "CSK". It is operational practice, not protocol, that determines whether a particular key is a ZSK, a KSK, or a CSK.¶

Secure Entry Point (SEP):

A flag in the DNSKEY RDATA that "can be used to distinguish between keys that are intended to be used as the secure entry point into the zone when building chains of trust, i.e., they are (to be) pointed to by parental DS RRs or configured as a trust anchor.... Therefore, it is suggested that the SEP flag be set on keys that are used as KSKs and not on keys that are used as ZSKs, while in those cases where a distinction between a KSK and ZSK is not made (i.e., for a Single-Type Signing Scheme), it is suggested that the SEP flag be set on all keys." (Quoted from [RFC6781], Section 3.2.3) Note that the SEP flag is only a hint, and its presence or absence may not be used to disqualify a given DNSKEY RR from use as a KSK or ZSK during validation.¶

The original definition of SEPs was in [RFC3757]. That definition clearly indicated that the SEP was a key, not just a bit in the key. The abstract of [RFC3757] says: "With the Delegation Signer (DS) resource record (RR), the concept of a public key acting as a secure entry point (SEP) has been introduced. During exchanges of public keys with the parent there is a need to differentiate SEP keys from other public keys in the Domain Name System KEY (DNSKEY) resource record set. A flag bit in the DNSKEY RR is defined to indicate that DNSKEY is to be used as a SEP." That definition of the SEP as a key was made obsolete by [RFC4034], and the definition from [RFC6781] is consistent with [RFC4034].¶

Trust anchor:

"A configured DNSKEY RR or DS RR hash of a DNSKEY RR. A validating security-aware resolver uses this public key or hash as a starting point for building the authentication chain to a signed DNS response. In general, a validating resolver will have to obtain the initial values of its trust anchors via some secure or trusted means outside the DNS protocol." (Quoted from [RFC4033], Section 2)¶

DNSSEC Policy (DP):

A statement that "sets forth the security requirements and standards to be implemented for a DNSSEC-signed zone." (Quoted from [RFC6841], Section 2)¶

DNSSEC Practice Statement (DPS):

"A practices disclosure document that may support and be a supplemental document to the DNSSEC Policy (if such exists), and it states how the management of a given zone implements procedures and controls at a high level." (Quoted from [RFC6841], Section 2)¶

Hardware security module (HSM):

A specialized piece of hardware that is used to create keys for signatures and to sign messages without ever disclosing the private key. In DNSSEC, HSMs are often used to hold the private keys for KSKs and ZSKs and to create the signatures used in RRSIG records at periodic intervals.¶

Signing software:

Authoritative DNS servers that support DNSSEC often contain software that facilitates the creation and maintenance of DNSSEC signatures in zones. There is also stand-alone software that can be used to sign a zone regardless of whether the authoritative server itself supports signing. Sometimes signing software can support particular HSMs as part of the signing process.¶

14. References

14.1. Normative References

[IANA_RootFiles]: IANA, "Root Files", <https://www.iana.org/domains/root/files>.
[RFC0882]: Mockapetris, P., "Domain names: Concepts and facilities", RFC 882, DOI 10.17487/RFC0882, November 1983, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc882>.
[RFC1034]: Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD 13, RFC 1034, DOI 10.17487/RFC1034, November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1034>.
[RFC1035]: Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, DOI 10.17487/RFC1035, November 1987, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1035>.
[RFC1123]: Braden, R., Ed., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, DOI 10.17487/RFC1123, October 1989, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1123>.
[RFC1912]: Barr, D., "Common DNS Operational and Configuration Errors", RFC 1912, DOI 10.17487/RFC1912, February 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1912>.
[RFC1996]: Vixie, P., "A Mechanism for Prompt Notification of Zone Changes (DNS NOTIFY)", RFC 1996, DOI 10.17487/RFC1996, August 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1996>.
[RFC2136]: Vixie, P., Ed., Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., and J. Bound, "Dynamic Updates in the Domain Name System (DNS UPDATE)", RFC 2136, DOI 10.17487/RFC2136, April 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2136>.
[RFC2181]: Elz, R. and R. Bush, "Clarifications to the DNS Specification", RFC 2181, DOI 10.17487/RFC2181, July 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2181>.
[RFC2182]: Elz, R., Bush, R., Bradner, S., and M. Patton, "Selection and Operation of Secondary DNS Servers", BCP 16, RFC 2182, DOI 10.17487/RFC2182, July 1997, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2182>.
[RFC2308]: Andrews, M., "Negative Caching of DNS Queries (DNS NCACHE)", RFC 2308, DOI 10.17487/RFC2308, March 1998, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2308>.
[RFC4033]: Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "DNS Security Introduction and Requirements", RFC 4033, DOI 10.17487/RFC4033, March 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4033>.
[RFC4034]: Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Resource Records for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4034, DOI 10.17487/RFC4034, March 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4034>.
[RFC4035]: Arends, R., Austein, R., Larson, M., Massey, D., and S. Rose, "Protocol Modifications for the DNS Security Extensions", RFC 4035, DOI 10.17487/RFC4035, March 2005, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4035>.
[RFC4592]: Lewis, E., "The Role of Wildcards in the Domain Name System", RFC 4592, DOI 10.17487/RFC4592, July 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4592>.
[RFC5155]: Laurie, B., Sisson, G., Arends, R., and D. Blacka, "DNS Security (DNSSEC) Hashed Authenticated Denial of Existence", RFC 5155, DOI 10.17487/RFC5155, March 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5155>.
[RFC5358]: Damas, J. and F. Neves, "Preventing Use of Recursive Nameservers in Reflector Attacks", BCP 140, RFC 5358, DOI 10.17487/RFC5358, October 2008, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5358>.
[RFC5730]: Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP)", STD 69, RFC 5730, DOI 10.17487/RFC5730, August 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5730>.
[RFC5731]: Hollenbeck, S., "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP) Domain Name Mapping", STD 69, RFC 5731, DOI 10.17487/RFC5731, August 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5731>.
[RFC5855]: Abley, J. and T. Manderson, "Nameservers for IPv4 and IPv6 Reverse Zones", BCP 155, RFC 5855, DOI 10.17487/RFC5855, May 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5855>.
[RFC5936]: Lewis, E. and A. Hoenes, Ed., "DNS Zone Transfer Protocol (AXFR)", RFC 5936, DOI 10.17487/RFC5936, June 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5936>.
[RFC6561]: Livingood, J., Mody, N., and M. O'Reirdan, "Recommendations for the Remediation of Bots in ISP Networks", RFC 6561, DOI 10.17487/RFC6561, March 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6561>.
[RFC6781]: Kolkman, O., Mekking, W., and R. Gieben, "DNSSEC Operational Practices, Version 2", RFC 6781, DOI 10.17487/RFC6781, December 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6781>.
[RFC6840]: Weiler, S., Ed. and D. Blacka, Ed., "Clarifications and Implementation Notes for DNS Security (DNSSEC)", RFC 6840, DOI 10.17487/RFC6840, February 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6840>.
[RFC6841]: Ljunggren, F., Eklund Lowinder, AM., and T. Okubo, "A Framework for DNSSEC Policies and DNSSEC Practice Statements", RFC 6841, DOI 10.17487/RFC6841, January 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6841>.
[RFC6891]: Damas, J., Graff, M., and P. Vixie, "Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS(0))", STD 75, RFC 6891, DOI 10.17487/RFC6891, April 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6891>.
[RFC7344]: Kumari, W., Gudmundsson, O., and G. Barwood, "Automating DNSSEC Delegation Trust Maintenance", RFC 7344, DOI 10.17487/RFC7344, September 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7344>.
[RFC7719]: Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", RFC 7719, DOI 10.17487/RFC7719, December 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7719>.
[RFC8310]: Dickinson, S., Gillmor, D., and T. Reddy, "Usage Profiles for DNS over TLS and DNS over DTLS", RFC 8310, DOI 10.17487/RFC8310, March 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8310>.
[RFC8499]: Hoffman, P., Sullivan, A., and K. Fujiwara, "DNS Terminology", BCP 219, RFC 8499, DOI 10.17487/RFC8499, January 2019, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8499>.
[RFC9250]: Huitema, C., Dickinson, S., and A. Mankin, "DNS over Dedicated QUIC Connections", RFC 9250, DOI 10.17487/RFC9250, May 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9250>.
[RFC9471]: Andrews, M., Huque, S., Wouters, P., and D. Wessels, "DNS Glue Requirements in Referral Responses", RFC 9471, DOI 10.17487/RFC9471, September 2023, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9471>.

14.2. Informative References

[IANA_Resource_Registry]: IANA, "Resource Record (RR) TYPEs", <https://www.iana.org/assignments/dns-parameters/>.
[RFC20]: Cerf, V., "ASCII format for network interchange", STD 80, RFC 20, DOI 10.17487/RFC0020, October 1969, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc20>.
[RFC819]: Su, Z. and J. Postel, "The Domain Naming Convention for Internet User Applications", RFC 819, DOI 10.17487/RFC0819, August 1982, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc819>.
[RFC952]: Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M., and E. Feinler, "DoD Internet host table specification", RFC 952, DOI 10.17487/RFC0952, October 1985, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc952>.
[RFC1713]: Romao, A., "Tools for DNS debugging", FYI 27, RFC 1713, DOI 10.17487/RFC1713, November 1994, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1713>.
[RFC1995]: Ohta, M., "Incremental Zone Transfer in DNS", RFC 1995, DOI 10.17487/RFC1995, August 1996, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1995>.
[RFC2775]: Carpenter, B., "Internet Transparency", RFC 2775, DOI 10.17487/RFC2775, February 2000, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2775>.
[RFC3172]: Huston, G., Ed., "Management Guidelines & Operational Requirements for the Address and Routing Parameter Area Domain ("arpa")", BCP 52, RFC 3172, DOI 10.17487/RFC3172, September 2001, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3172>.
[RFC3425]: Lawrence, D., "Obsoleting IQUERY", RFC 3425, DOI 10.17487/RFC3425, November 2002, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3425>.
[RFC3493]: Gilligan, R., Thomson, S., Bound, J., McCann, J., and W. Stevens, "Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6", RFC 3493, DOI 10.17487/RFC3493, February 2003, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3493>.
[RFC3757]: Kolkman, O., Schlyter, J., and E. Lewis, "Domain Name System KEY (DNSKEY) Resource Record (RR) Secure Entry Point (SEP) Flag", RFC 3757, DOI 10.17487/RFC3757, April 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3757>.
[RFC3912]: Daigle, L., "WHOIS Protocol Specification", RFC 3912, DOI 10.17487/RFC3912, September 2004, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3912>.
[RFC4470]: Weiler, S. and J. Ihren, "Minimally Covering NSEC Records and DNSSEC On-line Signing", RFC 4470, DOI 10.17487/RFC4470, April 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4470>.
[RFC4641]: Kolkman, O. and R. Gieben, "DNSSEC Operational Practices", RFC 4641, DOI 10.17487/RFC4641, September 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4641>.
[RFC4697]: Larson, M. and P. Barber, "Observed DNS Resolution Misbehavior", BCP 123, RFC 4697, DOI 10.17487/RFC4697, October 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4697>.
[RFC4786]: Abley, J. and K. Lindqvist, "Operation of Anycast Services", BCP 126, RFC 4786, DOI 10.17487/RFC4786, December 2006, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4786>.
[RFC4956]: Arends, R., Kosters, M., and D. Blacka, "DNS Security (DNSSEC) Opt-In", RFC 4956, DOI 10.17487/RFC4956, July 2007, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4956>.
[RFC5625]: Bellis, R., "DNS Proxy Implementation Guidelines", BCP 152, RFC 5625, DOI 10.17487/RFC5625, August 2009, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5625>.
[RFC5890]: Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework", RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC5890, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5890>.
[RFC5891]: Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA): Protocol", RFC 5891, DOI 10.17487/RFC5891, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5891>.
[RFC5892]: Faltstrom, P., Ed., "The Unicode Code Points and Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5892, DOI 10.17487/RFC5892, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5892>.
[RFC5893]: Alvestrand, H., Ed. and C. Karp, "Right-to-Left Scripts for Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA)", RFC 5893, DOI 10.17487/RFC5893, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5893>.
[RFC5894]: Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Background, Explanation, and Rationale", RFC 5894, DOI 10.17487/RFC5894, August 2010, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5894>.
[RFC6055]: Thaler, D., Klensin, J., and S. Cheshire, "IAB Thoughts on Encodings for Internationalized Domain Names", RFC 6055, DOI 10.17487/RFC6055, February 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6055>.
[RFC6265]: Barth, A., "HTTP State Management Mechanism", RFC 6265, DOI 10.17487/RFC6265, April 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6265>.
[RFC6303]: Andrews, M., "Locally Served DNS Zones", BCP 163, RFC 6303, DOI 10.17487/RFC6303, July 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6303>.
[RFC6335]: Cotton, M., Eggert, L., Touch, J., Westerlund, M., and S. Cheshire, "Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) Procedures for the Management of the Service Name and Transport Protocol Port Number Registry", BCP 165, RFC 6335, DOI 10.17487/RFC6335, August 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6335>.
[RFC6365]: Hoffman, P. and J. Klensin, "Terminology Used in Internationalization in the IETF", BCP 166, RFC 6365, DOI 10.17487/RFC6365, September 2011, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6365>.
[RFC6672]: Rose, S. and W. Wijngaards, "DNAME Redirection in the DNS", RFC 6672, DOI 10.17487/RFC6672, June 2012, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6672>.
[RFC6762]: Cheshire, S. and M. Krochmal, "Multicast DNS", RFC 6762, DOI 10.17487/RFC6762, February 2013, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6762>.
[RFC7129]: Gieben, R. and W. Mekking, "Authenticated Denial of Existence in the DNS", RFC 7129, DOI 10.17487/RFC7129, February 2014, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7129>.
[RFC7480]: Newton, A., Ellacott, B., and N. Kong, "HTTP Usage in the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95, RFC 7480, DOI 10.17487/RFC7480, March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7480>.
[RFC7481]: Hollenbeck, S. and N. Kong, "Security Services for the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95, RFC 7481, DOI 10.17487/RFC7481, March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7481>.
[RFC9082]: Hollenbeck, S. and A. Newton, "Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) Query Format", STD 95, RFC 9082, DOI 10.17487/RFC9082, June 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9082>.
[RFC9083]: Hollenbeck, S. and A. Newton, "JSON Responses for the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)", STD 95, RFC 9083, DOI 10.17487/RFC9083, June 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9083>.
[RFC9224]: Blanchet, M., "Finding the Authoritative Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) Service", STD 95, RFC 9224, DOI 10.17487/RFC9224, March 2022, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9224>.
[RFC7485]: Zhou, L., Kong, N., Shen, S., Sheng, S., and A. Servin, "Inventory and Analysis of WHOIS Registration Objects", RFC 7485, DOI 10.17487/RFC7485, March 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7485>.
[RFC7793]: Andrews, M., "Adding 100.64.0.0/10 Prefixes to the IPv4 Locally-Served DNS Zones Registry", BCP 163, RFC 7793, DOI 10.17487/RFC7793, May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7793>.
[RFC7858]: Hu, Z., Zhu, L., Heidemann, J., Mankin, A., Wessels, D., and P. Hoffman, "Specification for DNS over Transport Layer Security (TLS)", RFC 7858, DOI 10.17487/RFC7858, May 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7858>.
[RFC8094]: Reddy, T., Wing, D., and P. Patil, "DNS over Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS)", RFC 8094, DOI 10.17487/RFC8094, February 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8094>.
[RFC8109]: Koch, P., Larson, M., and P. Hoffman, "Initializing a DNS Resolver with Priming Queries", BCP 209, RFC 8109, DOI 10.17487/RFC8109, March 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8109>.
[RFC8484]: Hoffman, P. and P. McManus, "DNS Queries over HTTPS (DoH)", RFC 8484, DOI 10.17487/RFC8484, October 2018, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8484>.
[RFC9103]: Toorop, W., Dickinson, S., Sahib, S., Aras, P., and A. Mankin, "DNS Zone Transfer over TLS", RFC 9103, DOI 10.17487/RFC9103, August 2021, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc9103>.
[RSSAC026]: Root Server System Advisory Committee (RSSAC), "RSSAC0226 RSSAC Lexicon", 2017, <https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/rssac-026-14mar17-en.pdf>.

Index

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z ¶

A ¶
- Address and Routing Parameter Area Domain (arpa)
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Address records
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  ADoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Alias
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Anycast
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Apex
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Asterisk label
  
  Section 8 ¶
  
  Authoritative data
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Authoritative server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Authoritative-only server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  AXoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
B ¶
- Bailiwick
  
  Section 7 ¶
C ¶
- Canonical name
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Child
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Class
  
  Section 4 ¶
  
  Class independent
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  Classic DNS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Closest encloser
  
  Section 8 ¶
  
  Closest provable encloser
  
  Section 8 ¶
  
  CNAME
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Combined signing key (CSK)
  
  Section 10 ¶
D ¶
- Delegation
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Delegation-centric zone
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  DNS operator
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  DNS-over-HTTPS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  DNS-over-QUIC
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  DNS-over-TLS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  DNSSEC Policy (DP)
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  DNSSEC Practice Statement (DPS)
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  DNSSEC-aware and DNSSEC-unaware
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  DoH
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Domain name
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  DoQ
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  DoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
E ¶
- EDNS
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  Empty non-terminals (ENTs)
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  EPP
  
  Section 9 ¶
F ¶
- Fast flux DNS
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  FORMERR
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  Forward lookup
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Forwarder
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Forwarding
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Full resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Full-service resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN)
  
  Section 2 ¶
G ¶
- Global DNS
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Glue records
  
  Section 7 ¶
H ¶
- Hardware security module (HSM)
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Hidden master
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Host name
  
  Section 2 ¶
I ¶
- IDN
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  In-bailiwick
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  In-domain
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Insecure delegation
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Instance
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Internationalized Domain Name
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Iterative mode
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Iterative resolution
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  IXoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
K ¶
- Key signing key (KSK)
  
  Section 10 ¶
L ¶
- Label
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Lame delegation
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Locally served DNS zone
  
  Section 2 ¶
M ¶
- Master file
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  Master server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  mDNS
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Multicast DNS
  
  Section 2 ¶
N ¶
- Naming system
  
  Section 2, Paragraph 1.2.1 ¶
  
  Negative caching
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Negative response
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  Next closer name
  
  Section 8 ¶
  
  NODATA
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  NOERROR
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  Non-recursive query
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  NOTIMP
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  NS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  NSEC
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  NSEC3
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  NXDOMAIN
  
  Section 3 ¶
O ¶
- Occluded name
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  on-line signing
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  online signing
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Open resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  OPT
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  Opt-out
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Origin
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Out-of-bailiwick
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Owner
  
  Section 5 ¶
P ¶
- Parent
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Passive DNS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Policy-implementing resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Presentation format
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  Primary master
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Primary server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Priming
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Privacy-enabling DNS server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Private DNS
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Public suffix
  
  Section 9 ¶
Q ¶
- QNAME
  
  Section 4 ¶
R ¶
- RDAP
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  RDoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Recursive DoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Recursive mode
  
  Section 6, Paragraph 4.10.1 ¶
  
  Recursive query
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Recursive resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Referrals
  
  Section 4 ¶
  
  REFUSED
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  Registrant
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  Registrar
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  Registry
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  Resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Reverse DNS, reverse lookup
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Root hints
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Root zone
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  RR
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  RRset
  
  Section 5 ¶
S ¶
- Secondary server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Secure Entry Point (SEP)
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  SERVFAIL
  
  Section 3 ¶
  
  Service name
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Sibling domain
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Signed zone
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Signing software
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Slave server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  SOA
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  SOA field names
  
  Section 5 ¶
  
  Source of Synthesis
  
  Section 8, Paragraph 1.14.1 ¶
  
  Split DNS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Split-horizon DNS
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Stealth server
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Stub resolver
  
  Section 6 ¶
  
  Subdomain
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Subordinate
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  Superordinate
  
  Section 9 ¶
T ¶
- TLD
  
  Section 2 ¶
  
  Trust anchor
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  TTL
  
  Section 5 ¶
U ¶
- Unsigned zone
  
  Section 10 ¶
V ¶
- Validating resolver
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Validation
  
  Section 10, Paragraph 2.26.1 ¶
  
  View
  
  Section 6 ¶
W ¶
- WHOIS
  
  Section 9 ¶
  
  Wildcard
  
  Section 8 ¶
  
  Wildcard domain name
  
  Section 8 ¶
X ¶
- XoT
  
  Section 6 ¶
Z ¶
- Zone
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Zone cut
  
  Section 7 ¶
  
  Zone enumeration
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Zone signing key (ZSK)
  
  Section 10 ¶
  
  Zone transfer
  
  Section 6 ¶

RFC 9499

DNS Terminology

Abstract

Status of This Memo

Copyright Notice

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Names

3. DNS Response Codes

4. DNS Transactions

5. Resource Records

6. DNS Servers and Clients

7. Zones

8. Wildcards

9. Registration Model

10. General DNSSEC

11. DNSSEC States

12. Security Considerations

13. IANA Considerations

14. References

14.1. Normative References

14.2. Informative References

Appendix A. Definitions Updated by This Document

Appendix B. Definitions First Defined in This Document

Acknowledgements

Index

Authors' Addresses