// Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
// or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
// distributed with this work for additional information
// regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
// to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
// "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
// with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
// software distributed under the License is distributed on an
// "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
// KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
// specific language governing permissions and limitations
// under the License.

#include "parquet/column_writer.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cstdint>
#include <cstring>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <span>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "arrow/array.h"
#include "arrow/buffer_builder.h"
#include "arrow/compute/api.h"
#include "arrow/io/memory.h"
#include "arrow/status.h"
#include "arrow/type.h"
#include "arrow/type_traits.h"
#include "arrow/util/bit_stream_utils_internal.h"
#include "arrow/util/bit_util.h"
#include "arrow/util/bitmap_ops.h"
#include "arrow/util/checked_cast.h"
#include "arrow/util/compression.h"
#include "arrow/util/crc32.h"
#include "arrow/util/endian.h"
#include "arrow/util/float16.h"
#include "arrow/util/key_value_metadata.h"
#include "arrow/util/logging_internal.h"
#include "arrow/util/rle_encoding_internal.h"
#include "arrow/util/type_traits.h"
#include "arrow/util/unreachable.h"
#include "arrow/visit_array_inline.h"
#include "arrow/visit_data_inline.h"
#include "parquet/bloom_filter_writer.h"
#include "parquet/chunker_internal.h"
#include "parquet/column_page.h"
#include "parquet/encoding.h"
#include "parquet/encryption/encryption_internal.h"
#include "parquet/encryption/internal_file_encryptor.h"
#include "parquet/level_conversion.h"
#include "parquet/metadata.h"
#include "parquet/page_index.h"
#include "parquet/platform.h"
#include "parquet/properties.h"
#include "parquet/schema.h"
#include "parquet/size_statistics.h"
#include "parquet/statistics.h"
#include "parquet/thrift_internal.h"
#include "parquet/types.h"

using arrow::Array;
using arrow::ArrayData;
using arrow::Datum;
using arrow::Result;
using arrow::Status;
using arrow::bit_util::BitWriter;
using arrow::internal::checked_cast;
using arrow::internal::checked_pointer_cast;
using arrow::util::Float16;
using arrow::util::RleBitPackedEncoder;

namespace bit_util = arrow::bit_util;

namespace parquet {

namespace {

// Visitor that extracts the value buffer from a FlatArray at a given offset.
struct ValueBufferSlicer {
  template <typename T>
  ::arrow::enable_if_base_binary<typename T::TypeClass, Status> Visit(
      const T& array, std::shared_ptr<Buffer>* buffer) {
    auto data = array.data();
    *buffer =
        SliceBuffer(data->buffers[1], data->offset * sizeof(typename T::offset_type),
                    data->length * sizeof(typename T::offset_type));
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  ::arrow::enable_if_fixed_size_binary<typename T::TypeClass, Status> Visit(
      const T& array, std::shared_ptr<Buffer>* buffer) {
    auto data = array.data();
    *buffer = SliceBuffer(data->buffers[1], data->offset * array.byte_width(),
                          data->length * array.byte_width());
    return Status::OK();
  }

  template <typename T>
  ::arrow::enable_if_t<::arrow::has_c_type<typename T::TypeClass>::value &&
                           !std::is_same<BooleanType, typename T::TypeClass>::value,
                       Status>
  Visit(const T& array, std::shared_ptr<Buffer>* buffer) {
    auto data = array.data();
    *buffer = SliceBuffer(
        data->buffers[1],
        ::arrow::TypeTraits<typename T::TypeClass>::bytes_required(data->offset),
        ::arrow::TypeTraits<typename T::TypeClass>::bytes_required(data->length));
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status Visit(const ::arrow::BooleanArray& array, std::shared_ptr<Buffer>* buffer) {
    auto data = array.data();
    if (bit_util::IsMultipleOf8(data->offset)) {
      *buffer = SliceBuffer(data->buffers[1], bit_util::BytesForBits(data->offset),
                            bit_util::BytesForBits(data->length));
      return Status::OK();
    }
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(*buffer,
                            ::arrow::internal::CopyBitmap(pool_, data->buffers[1]->data(),
                                                          data->offset, data->length));
    return Status::OK();
  }
#define NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(ArrowTypePrefix)                                      \
  Status Visit(const ::arrow::ArrowTypePrefix##Array& array,                        \
               std::shared_ptr<Buffer>* buffer) {                                   \
    return Status::NotImplemented("Slicing not implemented for " #ArrowTypePrefix); \
  }

  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(Null);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(Union);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(List);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(LargeList);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(ListView);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(LargeListView);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(Struct);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(FixedSizeList);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(Dictionary);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(RunEndEncoded);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(Extension);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(BinaryView);
  NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT(StringView);

#undef NOT_IMPLEMENTED_VISIT

  MemoryPool* pool_;
};

template <class T>
inline const T* AddIfNotNull(const T* base, int64_t offset) {
  if (base != nullptr) {
    return base + offset;
  }
  return nullptr;
}

}  // namespace

LevelEncoder::LevelEncoder() {}
LevelEncoder::~LevelEncoder() {}

void LevelEncoder::Init(Encoding::type encoding, int16_t max_level,
                        int num_buffered_values, uint8_t* data, int data_size) {
  bit_width_ = bit_util::Log2(max_level + 1);
  encoding_ = encoding;
  switch (encoding) {
    case Encoding::RLE: {
      rle_encoder_ = std::make_unique<RleBitPackedEncoder>(data, data_size, bit_width_);
      break;
    }
    case Encoding::BIT_PACKED: {
      int num_bytes =
          static_cast<int>(bit_util::BytesForBits(num_buffered_values * bit_width_));
      bit_packed_encoder_ = std::make_unique<BitWriter>(data, num_bytes);
      break;
    }
    default:
      throw ParquetException("Unknown encoding type for levels.");
  }
}

int LevelEncoder::MaxBufferSize(Encoding::type encoding, int16_t max_level,
                                int num_buffered_values) {
  int bit_width = bit_util::Log2(max_level + 1);
  int64_t num_bytes = 0;
  switch (encoding) {
    case Encoding::RLE: {
      // TODO: Due to the way we currently check if the buffer is full enough,
      // we need to have MinBufferSize as head room.
      num_bytes = RleBitPackedEncoder::MaxBufferSize(bit_width, num_buffered_values) +
                  RleBitPackedEncoder::MinBufferSize(bit_width);
      break;
    }
    case Encoding::BIT_PACKED: {
      num_bytes = bit_util::BytesForBits(num_buffered_values * bit_width);
      break;
    }
    default:
      throw ParquetException("Unknown encoding type for levels.");
  }
  if (num_bytes > std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {
    std::stringstream ss;
    ss << "Maximum buffer size for LevelEncoder (" << num_bytes
       << ") is greater than the maximum int32 value";
    throw ParquetException(ss.str());
  }
  return static_cast<int>(num_bytes);
}

int LevelEncoder::Encode(int batch_size, const int16_t* levels) {
  int num_encoded = 0;
  if (!rle_encoder_ && !bit_packed_encoder_) {
    throw ParquetException("Level encoders are not initialized.");
  }

  if (encoding_ == Encoding::RLE) {
    for (int i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
      if (!rle_encoder_->Put(*(levels + i))) {
        break;
      }
      ++num_encoded;
    }
    rle_encoder_->Flush();
    rle_length_ = rle_encoder_->len();
  } else {
    for (int i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
      if (!bit_packed_encoder_->PutValue(*(levels + i), bit_width_)) {
        break;
      }
      ++num_encoded;
    }
    bit_packed_encoder_->Flush();
  }
  return num_encoded;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// PageWriter implementation

// This subclass delimits pages appearing in a serialized stream, each preceded
// by a serialized Thrift format::PageHeader indicating the type of each page
// and the page metadata.
class SerializedPageWriter : public PageWriter {
 public:
  SerializedPageWriter(std::shared_ptr<ArrowOutputStream> sink, Compression::type codec,
                       ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata, int16_t row_group_ordinal,
                       int16_t column_chunk_ordinal, bool use_page_checksum_verification,
                       MemoryPool* pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool(),
                       std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> meta_encryptor = nullptr,
                       std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> data_encryptor = nullptr,
                       ColumnIndexBuilder* column_index_builder = nullptr,
                       OffsetIndexBuilder* offset_index_builder = nullptr,
                       const CodecOptions& codec_options = CodecOptions{})
      : sink_(std::move(sink)),
        metadata_(metadata),
        pool_(pool),
        num_values_(0),
        dictionary_page_offset_(0),
        data_page_offset_(0),
        total_uncompressed_size_(0),
        total_compressed_size_(0),
        page_ordinal_(0),
        row_group_ordinal_(row_group_ordinal),
        column_ordinal_(column_chunk_ordinal),
        page_checksum_verification_(use_page_checksum_verification),
        meta_encryptor_(std::move(meta_encryptor)),
        data_encryptor_(std::move(data_encryptor)),
        encryption_buffer_(AllocateBuffer(pool, 0)),
        column_index_builder_(column_index_builder),
        offset_index_builder_(offset_index_builder) {
    if (data_encryptor_ != nullptr || meta_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
      InitEncryption();
    }
    compressor_ = GetCodec(codec, codec_options);
    thrift_serializer_ = std::make_unique<ThriftSerializer>();
  }

  int64_t WriteDictionaryPage(const DictionaryPage& page) override {
    int64_t uncompressed_size = page.buffer()->size();
    if (uncompressed_size > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
      throw ParquetException(
          "Uncompressed dictionary page size overflows INT32_MAX. Size:",
          uncompressed_size);
    }
    std::shared_ptr<Buffer> compressed_data;
    if (has_compressor()) {
      auto buffer = std::static_pointer_cast<ResizableBuffer>(
          AllocateBuffer(pool_, uncompressed_size));
      Compress(*(page.buffer().get()), buffer.get());
      compressed_data = std::static_pointer_cast<Buffer>(buffer);
    } else {
      compressed_data = page.buffer();
    }

    format::DictionaryPageHeader dict_page_header;
    dict_page_header.__set_num_values(page.num_values());
    dict_page_header.__set_encoding(ToThrift(page.encoding()));
    dict_page_header.__set_is_sorted(page.is_sorted());

    const uint8_t* output_data_buffer = compressed_data->data();
    if (compressed_data->size() > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
      throw ParquetException(
          "Compressed dictionary page size overflows INT32_MAX. Size: ",
          uncompressed_size);
    }
    int32_t output_data_len = static_cast<int32_t>(compressed_data->size());

    if (data_encryptor_.get()) {
      UpdateEncryption(encryption::kDictionaryPage);
      PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(encryption_buffer_->Resize(
          data_encryptor_->CiphertextLength(output_data_len), false));
      output_data_len =
          data_encryptor_->Encrypt(compressed_data->span_as<uint8_t>(),
                                   encryption_buffer_->mutable_span_as<uint8_t>());
      output_data_buffer = encryption_buffer_->data();
    }

    format::PageHeader page_header;
    page_header.__set_type(format::PageType::DICTIONARY_PAGE);
    page_header.__set_uncompressed_page_size(static_cast<int32_t>(uncompressed_size));
    page_header.__set_compressed_page_size(static_cast<int32_t>(output_data_len));
    page_header.__set_dictionary_page_header(dict_page_header);
    if (page_checksum_verification_) {
      uint32_t crc32 =
          ::arrow::internal::crc32(/* prev */ 0, output_data_buffer, output_data_len);
      page_header.__set_crc(static_cast<int32_t>(crc32));
    }

    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(int64_t start_pos, sink_->Tell());
    if (dictionary_page_offset_ == 0) {
      dictionary_page_offset_ = start_pos;
    }

    if (meta_encryptor_) {
      UpdateEncryption(encryption::kDictionaryPageHeader);
    }
    const int64_t header_size =
        thrift_serializer_->Serialize(&page_header, sink_.get(), meta_encryptor_.get());

    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(sink_->Write(output_data_buffer, output_data_len));

    total_uncompressed_size_ += uncompressed_size + header_size;
    total_compressed_size_ += output_data_len + header_size;
    ++dict_encoding_stats_[page.encoding()];
    return uncompressed_size + header_size;
  }

  void Close(bool has_dictionary, bool fallback) override {
    if (meta_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
      UpdateEncryption(encryption::kColumnMetaData);
    }

    // Serialized page writer does not need to adjust page offsets.
    FinishPageIndexes(/*final_position=*/0);

    // index_page_offset = -1 since they are not supported
    metadata_->Finish(num_values_, dictionary_page_offset_, -1, data_page_offset_,
                      total_compressed_size_, total_uncompressed_size_, has_dictionary,
                      fallback, dict_encoding_stats_, data_encoding_stats_,
                      meta_encryptor_);
  }

  /**
   * Compress a buffer.
   */
  void Compress(const Buffer& src_buffer, ResizableBuffer* dest_buffer) override {
    DCHECK(compressor_ != nullptr);

    // Compress the data
    int64_t max_compressed_size =
        compressor_->MaxCompressedLen(src_buffer.size(), src_buffer.data());

    // Use Arrow::Buffer::shrink_to_fit = false
    // underlying buffer only keeps growing. Resize to a smaller size does not reallocate.
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(dest_buffer->Resize(max_compressed_size, false));

    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(
        int64_t compressed_size,
        compressor_->Compress(src_buffer.size(), src_buffer.data(), max_compressed_size,
                              dest_buffer->mutable_data()));
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(dest_buffer->Resize(compressed_size, false));
  }

  int64_t WriteDataPage(const DataPage& page) override {
    const int64_t uncompressed_size = page.uncompressed_size();
    if (uncompressed_size > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
      throw ParquetException("Uncompressed data page size overflows INT32_MAX. Size:",
                             uncompressed_size);
    }

    std::shared_ptr<Buffer> compressed_data = page.buffer();
    const uint8_t* output_data_buffer = compressed_data->data();
    int64_t output_data_len = compressed_data->size();

    if (output_data_len > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
      throw ParquetException("Compressed data page size overflows INT32_MAX. Size:",
                             output_data_len);
    }

    if (data_encryptor_.get()) {
      PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(encryption_buffer_->Resize(
          data_encryptor_->CiphertextLength(output_data_len), false));
      UpdateEncryption(encryption::kDataPage);
      output_data_len =
          data_encryptor_->Encrypt(compressed_data->span_as<uint8_t>(),
                                   encryption_buffer_->mutable_span_as<uint8_t>());
      output_data_buffer = encryption_buffer_->data();
    }

    format::PageHeader page_header;
    page_header.__set_uncompressed_page_size(static_cast<int32_t>(uncompressed_size));
    page_header.__set_compressed_page_size(static_cast<int32_t>(output_data_len));

    if (page_checksum_verification_) {
      uint32_t crc32 =
          ::arrow::internal::crc32(/* prev */ 0, output_data_buffer, output_data_len);
      page_header.__set_crc(static_cast<int32_t>(crc32));
    }

    if (page.type() == PageType::DATA_PAGE) {
      const DataPageV1& v1_page = checked_cast<const DataPageV1&>(page);
      SetDataPageHeader(page_header, v1_page);
    } else if (page.type() == PageType::DATA_PAGE_V2) {
      const DataPageV2& v2_page = checked_cast<const DataPageV2&>(page);
      SetDataPageV2Header(page_header, v2_page);
    } else {
      throw ParquetException("Unexpected page type");
    }

    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(int64_t start_pos, sink_->Tell());
    if (page_ordinal_ == 0) {
      data_page_offset_ = start_pos;
    }

    if (meta_encryptor_) {
      UpdateEncryption(encryption::kDataPageHeader);
    }
    const int64_t header_size =
        thrift_serializer_->Serialize(&page_header, sink_.get(), meta_encryptor_.get());
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(sink_->Write(output_data_buffer, output_data_len));

    /// Collect page index
    if (column_index_builder_ != nullptr) {
      column_index_builder_->AddPage(page.statistics(), page.size_statistics());
    }
    if (offset_index_builder_ != nullptr) {
      const int64_t compressed_size = output_data_len + header_size;
      if (compressed_size > std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max()) {
        throw ParquetException("Compressed page size ", compressed_size,
                               " overflows INT32_MAX.");
      }
      if (!page.first_row_index().has_value()) {
        throw ParquetException("First row index is not set in data page.");
      }
      /// start_pos is a relative offset in the buffered mode. It should be
      /// adjusted via OffsetIndexBuilder::Finish() after BufferedPageWriter
      /// has flushed all data pages.
      offset_index_builder_->AddPage(
          start_pos, static_cast<int32_t>(compressed_size), *page.first_row_index(),
          page.size_statistics().unencoded_byte_array_data_bytes);
    }

    total_uncompressed_size_ += uncompressed_size + header_size;
    total_compressed_size_ += output_data_len + header_size;
    num_values_ += page.num_values();
    ++data_encoding_stats_[page.encoding()];
    ++page_ordinal_;
    return uncompressed_size + header_size;
  }

  void SetDataPageHeader(format::PageHeader& page_header, const DataPageV1& page) {
    format::DataPageHeader data_page_header;
    data_page_header.__set_num_values(page.num_values());
    data_page_header.__set_encoding(ToThrift(page.encoding()));
    data_page_header.__set_definition_level_encoding(
        ToThrift(page.definition_level_encoding()));
    data_page_header.__set_repetition_level_encoding(
        ToThrift(page.repetition_level_encoding()));

    // Write page statistics only when page index is not enabled.
    if (column_index_builder_ == nullptr) {
      data_page_header.__set_statistics(ToThrift(page.statistics()));
    }

    page_header.__set_type(format::PageType::DATA_PAGE);
    page_header.__set_data_page_header(data_page_header);
  }

  void SetDataPageV2Header(format::PageHeader& page_header, const DataPageV2& page) {
    format::DataPageHeaderV2 data_page_header;
    data_page_header.__set_num_values(page.num_values());
    data_page_header.__set_num_nulls(page.num_nulls());
    data_page_header.__set_num_rows(page.num_rows());
    data_page_header.__set_encoding(ToThrift(page.encoding()));

    data_page_header.__set_definition_levels_byte_length(
        page.definition_levels_byte_length());
    data_page_header.__set_repetition_levels_byte_length(
        page.repetition_levels_byte_length());

    data_page_header.__set_is_compressed(page.is_compressed());

    // Write page statistics only when page index is not enabled.
    if (column_index_builder_ == nullptr) {
      data_page_header.__set_statistics(ToThrift(page.statistics()));
    }

    page_header.__set_type(format::PageType::DATA_PAGE_V2);
    page_header.__set_data_page_header_v2(data_page_header);
  }

  /// \brief Finish page index builders and update the stream offset to adjust
  /// page offsets.
  void FinishPageIndexes(int64_t final_position) {
    if (column_index_builder_ != nullptr) {
      column_index_builder_->Finish();
    }
    if (offset_index_builder_ != nullptr) {
      offset_index_builder_->Finish(final_position);
    }
  }

  bool has_compressor() override { return (compressor_ != nullptr); }

  int64_t num_values() { return num_values_; }

  int64_t dictionary_page_offset() { return dictionary_page_offset_; }

  int64_t data_page_offset() { return data_page_offset_; }

  int64_t total_compressed_size() { return total_compressed_size_; }

  int64_t total_uncompressed_size() { return total_uncompressed_size_; }

  int64_t total_compressed_bytes_written() const override {
    return total_compressed_size_;
  }

  bool page_checksum_verification() { return page_checksum_verification_; }

 private:
  // To allow UpdateEncryption on Close
  friend class BufferedPageWriter;

  void InitEncryption() {
    // Prepare the AAD for quick update later.
    if (data_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
      data_page_aad_ = encryption::CreateModuleAad(
          data_encryptor_->file_aad(), encryption::kDataPage, row_group_ordinal_,
          column_ordinal_, kNonPageOrdinal);
    }
    if (meta_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
      data_page_header_aad_ = encryption::CreateModuleAad(
          meta_encryptor_->file_aad(), encryption::kDataPageHeader, row_group_ordinal_,
          column_ordinal_, kNonPageOrdinal);
    }
  }

  void UpdateEncryption(int8_t module_type) {
    switch (module_type) {
      case encryption::kColumnMetaData: {
        meta_encryptor_->UpdateAad(encryption::CreateModuleAad(
            meta_encryptor_->file_aad(), module_type, row_group_ordinal_, column_ordinal_,
            kNonPageOrdinal));
        break;
      }
      case encryption::kDataPage: {
        encryption::QuickUpdatePageAad(page_ordinal_, &data_page_aad_);
        data_encryptor_->UpdateAad(data_page_aad_);
        break;
      }
      case encryption::kDataPageHeader: {
        encryption::QuickUpdatePageAad(page_ordinal_, &data_page_header_aad_);
        meta_encryptor_->UpdateAad(data_page_header_aad_);
        break;
      }
      case encryption::kDictionaryPageHeader: {
        meta_encryptor_->UpdateAad(encryption::CreateModuleAad(
            meta_encryptor_->file_aad(), module_type, row_group_ordinal_, column_ordinal_,
            kNonPageOrdinal));
        break;
      }
      case encryption::kDictionaryPage: {
        data_encryptor_->UpdateAad(encryption::CreateModuleAad(
            data_encryptor_->file_aad(), module_type, row_group_ordinal_, column_ordinal_,
            kNonPageOrdinal));
        break;
      }
      default:
        throw ParquetException("Unknown module type in UpdateEncryption");
    }
  }

  std::shared_ptr<ArrowOutputStream> sink_;
  ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata_;
  MemoryPool* pool_;
  int64_t num_values_;
  int64_t dictionary_page_offset_;
  int64_t data_page_offset_;
  // The uncompressed page size the page writer has already
  //  written.
  int64_t total_uncompressed_size_;
  // The compressed page size the page writer has already
  //  written.
  // If the column is UNCOMPRESSED, the size would be
  //  equal to `total_uncompressed_size_`.
  int64_t total_compressed_size_;
  int32_t page_ordinal_;
  int16_t row_group_ordinal_;
  int16_t column_ordinal_;
  bool page_checksum_verification_;

  std::unique_ptr<ThriftSerializer> thrift_serializer_;

  // Compression codec to use.
  std::unique_ptr<::arrow::util::Codec> compressor_;

  std::string data_page_aad_;
  std::string data_page_header_aad_;

  std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> meta_encryptor_;
  std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> data_encryptor_;

  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> encryption_buffer_;

  std::map<Encoding::type, int32_t> dict_encoding_stats_;
  std::map<Encoding::type, int32_t> data_encoding_stats_;

  ColumnIndexBuilder* column_index_builder_;
  OffsetIndexBuilder* offset_index_builder_;
};

// This implementation of the PageWriter writes to the final sink on Close .
class BufferedPageWriter : public PageWriter {
 public:
  BufferedPageWriter(std::shared_ptr<ArrowOutputStream> sink, Compression::type codec,
                     ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata, int16_t row_group_ordinal,
                     int16_t current_column_ordinal, bool use_page_checksum_verification,
                     MemoryPool* pool = ::arrow::default_memory_pool(),
                     std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> meta_encryptor = nullptr,
                     std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> data_encryptor = nullptr,
                     ColumnIndexBuilder* column_index_builder = nullptr,
                     OffsetIndexBuilder* offset_index_builder = nullptr,
                     const CodecOptions& codec_options = CodecOptions{})
      : final_sink_(std::move(sink)), metadata_(metadata), has_dictionary_pages_(false) {
    in_memory_sink_ = CreateOutputStream(pool);
    pager_ = std::make_unique<SerializedPageWriter>(
        in_memory_sink_, codec, metadata, row_group_ordinal, current_column_ordinal,
        use_page_checksum_verification, pool, std::move(meta_encryptor),
        std::move(data_encryptor), column_index_builder, offset_index_builder,
        codec_options);
  }

  int64_t WriteDictionaryPage(const DictionaryPage& page) override {
    has_dictionary_pages_ = true;
    return pager_->WriteDictionaryPage(page);
  }

  void Close(bool has_dictionary, bool fallback) override {
    if (pager_->meta_encryptor_ != nullptr) {
      pager_->UpdateEncryption(encryption::kColumnMetaData);
    }
    // index_page_offset = -1 since they are not supported
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(int64_t final_position, final_sink_->Tell());
    // dictionary page offset should be 0 iff there are no dictionary pages
    auto dictionary_page_offset =
        has_dictionary_pages_ ? pager_->dictionary_page_offset() + final_position : 0;
    metadata_->Finish(pager_->num_values(), dictionary_page_offset, -1,
                      pager_->data_page_offset() + final_position,
                      pager_->total_compressed_size(), pager_->total_uncompressed_size(),
                      has_dictionary, fallback, pager_->dict_encoding_stats_,
                      pager_->data_encoding_stats_, pager_->meta_encryptor_);

    // Buffered page writer needs to adjust page offsets.
    pager_->FinishPageIndexes(final_position);

    // flush everything to the serialized sink
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(auto buffer, in_memory_sink_->Finish());
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(final_sink_->Write(buffer));
  }

  int64_t WriteDataPage(const DataPage& page) override {
    return pager_->WriteDataPage(page);
  }

  void Compress(const Buffer& src_buffer, ResizableBuffer* dest_buffer) override {
    pager_->Compress(src_buffer, dest_buffer);
  }

  bool has_compressor() override { return pager_->has_compressor(); }

  int64_t total_compressed_bytes_written() const override {
    return pager_->total_compressed_bytes_written();
  }

 private:
  std::shared_ptr<ArrowOutputStream> final_sink_;
  ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata_;
  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::io::BufferOutputStream> in_memory_sink_;
  std::unique_ptr<SerializedPageWriter> pager_;
  bool has_dictionary_pages_;
};

std::unique_ptr<PageWriter> PageWriter::Open(
    std::shared_ptr<ArrowOutputStream> sink, Compression::type codec,
    ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata, int16_t row_group_ordinal,
    int16_t column_chunk_ordinal, MemoryPool* pool, bool buffered_row_group,
    std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> meta_encryptor, std::shared_ptr<Encryptor> data_encryptor,
    bool page_write_checksum_enabled, ColumnIndexBuilder* column_index_builder,
    OffsetIndexBuilder* offset_index_builder, const CodecOptions& codec_options) {
  if (buffered_row_group) {
    return std::unique_ptr<PageWriter>(new BufferedPageWriter(
        std::move(sink), codec, metadata, row_group_ordinal, column_chunk_ordinal,
        page_write_checksum_enabled, pool, std::move(meta_encryptor),
        std::move(data_encryptor), column_index_builder, offset_index_builder,
        codec_options));
  } else {
    return std::unique_ptr<PageWriter>(new SerializedPageWriter(
        std::move(sink), codec, metadata, row_group_ordinal, column_chunk_ordinal,
        page_write_checksum_enabled, pool, std::move(meta_encryptor),
        std::move(data_encryptor), column_index_builder, offset_index_builder,
        codec_options));
  }
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// ColumnWriter

const std::shared_ptr<WriterProperties>& default_writer_properties() {
  static std::shared_ptr<WriterProperties> default_writer_properties =
      WriterProperties::Builder().build();
  return default_writer_properties;
}

class ColumnWriterImpl {
 public:
  ColumnWriterImpl(ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata,
                   std::unique_ptr<PageWriter> pager, const bool use_dictionary,
                   Encoding::type encoding, const WriterProperties* properties)
      : metadata_(metadata),
        descr_(metadata->descr()),
        level_info_(internal::LevelInfo::ComputeLevelInfo(metadata->descr())),
        pager_(std::move(pager)),
        has_dictionary_(use_dictionary),
        encoding_(encoding),
        properties_(properties),
        allocator_(properties->memory_pool()),
        num_buffered_values_(0),
        num_buffered_encoded_values_(0),
        num_buffered_nulls_(0),
        num_buffered_rows_(0),
        rows_written_(0),
        total_bytes_written_(0),
        total_compressed_bytes_(0),
        closed_(false),
        fallback_(false),
        definition_levels_sink_(allocator_),
        repetition_levels_sink_(allocator_) {
    definition_levels_rle_ =
        std::static_pointer_cast<ResizableBuffer>(AllocateBuffer(allocator_, 0));
    repetition_levels_rle_ =
        std::static_pointer_cast<ResizableBuffer>(AllocateBuffer(allocator_, 0));
    uncompressed_data_ =
        std::static_pointer_cast<ResizableBuffer>(AllocateBuffer(allocator_, 0));

    if (pager_->has_compressor()) {
      compressor_temp_buffer_ =
          std::static_pointer_cast<ResizableBuffer>(AllocateBuffer(allocator_, 0));
    }
    if (properties_->content_defined_chunking_enabled()) {
      auto cdc_options = properties_->content_defined_chunking_options();
      content_defined_chunker_.emplace(level_info_, cdc_options.min_chunk_size,
                                       cdc_options.max_chunk_size,
                                       cdc_options.norm_level);
    }
  }

  virtual ~ColumnWriterImpl() = default;

  int64_t Close();

 protected:
  virtual std::shared_ptr<Buffer> GetValuesBuffer() = 0;

  // Serializes Dictionary Page if enabled
  virtual void WriteDictionaryPage() = 0;

  // A convenience struct to combine the encoded statistics and size statistics
  struct StatisticsPair {
    EncodedStatistics encoded_stats;
    SizeStatistics size_stats;
  };

  // Plain-encoded statistics of the current page
  virtual StatisticsPair GetPageStatistics() = 0;

  // Plain-encoded statistics of the whole chunk
  virtual StatisticsPair GetChunkStatistics() = 0;

  // Geospatial statistics of the whole chunk
  virtual std::optional<geospatial::EncodedGeoStatistics> GetChunkGeoStatistics() = 0;

  // Merges page statistics into chunk statistics, then resets the values
  virtual void ResetPageStatistics() = 0;

  // Adds Data Pages to an in memory buffer in dictionary encoding mode
  // Serializes the Data Pages in other encoding modes
  void AddDataPage();

  void BuildDataPageV1(int64_t definition_levels_rle_size,
                       int64_t repetition_levels_rle_size, int64_t uncompressed_size,
                       const std::shared_ptr<Buffer>& values);
  void BuildDataPageV2(int64_t definition_levels_rle_size,
                       int64_t repetition_levels_rle_size, int64_t uncompressed_size,
                       const std::shared_ptr<Buffer>& values);

  // Serializes Data Pages
  void WriteDataPage(const DataPage& page) {
    total_bytes_written_ += pager_->WriteDataPage(page);
  }

  // Write multiple definition levels
  void WriteDefinitionLevels(int64_t num_levels, const int16_t* levels) {
    DCHECK(!closed_);
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(
        definition_levels_sink_.Append(levels, sizeof(int16_t) * num_levels));
  }

  // Write multiple repetition levels
  void WriteRepetitionLevels(int64_t num_levels, const int16_t* levels) {
    DCHECK(!closed_);
    PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(
        repetition_levels_sink_.Append(levels, sizeof(int16_t) * num_levels));
  }

  // RLE encode the src_buffer into dest_buffer and return the encoded size
  int64_t RleEncodeLevels(const void* src_buffer, ResizableBuffer* dest_buffer,
                          int16_t max_level, bool include_length_prefix = true);

  // Serialize the buffered Data Pages
  void FlushBufferedDataPages();

  ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata_;
  // key_value_metadata_ for the column chunk
  // It would be nullptr if there is no KeyValueMetadata set.
  std::shared_ptr<const KeyValueMetadata> key_value_metadata_;
  const ColumnDescriptor* descr_;
  // scratch buffer if validity bits need to be recalculated.
  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> bits_buffer_;
  const internal::LevelInfo level_info_;

  std::unique_ptr<PageWriter> pager_;

  bool has_dictionary_;
  Encoding::type encoding_;
  const WriterProperties* properties_;

  LevelEncoder level_encoder_;

  MemoryPool* allocator_;

  // The total number of values stored in the data page. This is the maximum of
  // the number of encoded definition levels or encoded values. For
  // non-repeated, required columns, this is equal to the number of encoded
  // values. For repeated or optional values, there may be fewer data values
  // than levels, and this tells you how many encoded levels there are in that
  // case.
  int64_t num_buffered_values_;

  // The total number of stored values in the data page. For repeated or optional
  // values, this number may be lower than num_buffered_values_.
  int64_t num_buffered_encoded_values_;

  // The total number of nulls stored in the data page.
  int64_t num_buffered_nulls_;

  // Total number of rows buffered in the data page.
  int64_t num_buffered_rows_;

  // Total number of rows written with this ColumnWriter
  int64_t rows_written_;

  // Records the total number of uncompressed bytes written by the serializer
  int64_t total_bytes_written_;

  // Records the current number of compressed bytes in a column
  // These bytes are unwritten to `pager_` yet
  int64_t total_compressed_bytes_;

  // Flag to check if the Writer has been closed
  bool closed_;

  // Flag to infer if dictionary encoding has fallen back to PLAIN
  bool fallback_;

  ::arrow::BufferBuilder definition_levels_sink_;
  ::arrow::BufferBuilder repetition_levels_sink_;

  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> definition_levels_rle_;
  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> repetition_levels_rle_;

  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> uncompressed_data_;
  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> compressor_temp_buffer_;

  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<DataPage>> data_pages_;

  std::optional<internal::ContentDefinedChunker> content_defined_chunker_;

 private:
  void InitSinks() {
    definition_levels_sink_.Rewind(0);
    repetition_levels_sink_.Rewind(0);
  }

  // Concatenate the encoded levels and values into one buffer
  void ConcatenateBuffers(int64_t definition_levels_rle_size,
                          int64_t repetition_levels_rle_size,
                          const std::shared_ptr<Buffer>& values, uint8_t* combined) {
    memcpy(combined, repetition_levels_rle_->data(),
           static_cast<size_t>(repetition_levels_rle_size));
    combined += repetition_levels_rle_size;
    memcpy(combined, definition_levels_rle_->data(),
           static_cast<size_t>(definition_levels_rle_size));
    combined += definition_levels_rle_size;
    memcpy(combined, values->data(), static_cast<size_t>(values->size()));
  }
};

// return the size of the encoded buffer
int64_t ColumnWriterImpl::RleEncodeLevels(const void* src_buffer,
                                          ResizableBuffer* dest_buffer, int16_t max_level,
                                          bool include_length_prefix) {
  // V1 DataPage includes the length of the RLE level as a prefix.
  int32_t prefix_size = include_length_prefix ? sizeof(int32_t) : 0;

  // TODO: This only works with due to some RLE specifics
  int64_t rle_size = LevelEncoder::MaxBufferSize(Encoding::RLE, max_level,
                                                 static_cast<int>(num_buffered_values_)) +
                     prefix_size;

  // Use Arrow::Buffer::shrink_to_fit = false
  // underlying buffer only keeps growing. Resize to a smaller size does not reallocate.
  PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(dest_buffer->Resize(rle_size, false));

  level_encoder_.Init(Encoding::RLE, max_level, static_cast<int>(num_buffered_values_),
                      dest_buffer->mutable_data() + prefix_size,
                      static_cast<int>(dest_buffer->size() - prefix_size));
  int encoded = level_encoder_.Encode(static_cast<int>(num_buffered_values_),
                                      reinterpret_cast<const int16_t*>(src_buffer));
  DCHECK_EQ(encoded, num_buffered_values_);

  if (include_length_prefix) {
    reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(dest_buffer->mutable_data())[0] = level_encoder_.len();
  }

  return level_encoder_.len() + prefix_size;
}

void ColumnWriterImpl::AddDataPage() {
  int64_t definition_levels_rle_size = 0;
  int64_t repetition_levels_rle_size = 0;

  std::shared_ptr<Buffer> values = GetValuesBuffer();
  bool is_v1_data_page = properties_->data_page_version() == ParquetDataPageVersion::V1;

  if (descr_->max_definition_level() > 0) {
    definition_levels_rle_size = RleEncodeLevels(
        definition_levels_sink_.data(), definition_levels_rle_.get(),
        descr_->max_definition_level(), /*include_length_prefix=*/is_v1_data_page);
  }

  if (descr_->max_repetition_level() > 0) {
    repetition_levels_rle_size = RleEncodeLevels(
        repetition_levels_sink_.data(), repetition_levels_rle_.get(),
        descr_->max_repetition_level(), /*include_length_prefix=*/is_v1_data_page);
  }

  int64_t uncompressed_size =
      definition_levels_rle_size + repetition_levels_rle_size + values->size();

  if (is_v1_data_page) {
    BuildDataPageV1(definition_levels_rle_size, repetition_levels_rle_size,
                    uncompressed_size, values);
  } else {
    BuildDataPageV2(definition_levels_rle_size, repetition_levels_rle_size,
                    uncompressed_size, values);
  }

  // Re-initialize the sinks for next Page.
  InitSinks();
  num_buffered_values_ = 0;
  num_buffered_encoded_values_ = 0;
  num_buffered_rows_ = 0;
  num_buffered_nulls_ = 0;
}

void ColumnWriterImpl::BuildDataPageV1(int64_t definition_levels_rle_size,
                                       int64_t repetition_levels_rle_size,
                                       int64_t uncompressed_size,
                                       const std::shared_ptr<Buffer>& values) {
  // Use Arrow::Buffer::shrink_to_fit = false
  // underlying buffer only keeps growing. Resize to a smaller size does not reallocate.
  PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(uncompressed_data_->Resize(uncompressed_size, false));
  ConcatenateBuffers(definition_levels_rle_size, repetition_levels_rle_size, values,
                     uncompressed_data_->mutable_data());
  auto [page_stats, page_size_stats] = GetPageStatistics();
  page_stats.ApplyStatSizeLimits(properties_->max_statistics_size(descr_->path()));
  page_stats.set_is_signed(SortOrder::SIGNED == descr_->sort_order());
  ResetPageStatistics();

  std::shared_ptr<Buffer> compressed_data;
  if (pager_->has_compressor()) {
    pager_->Compress(*(uncompressed_data_.get()), compressor_temp_buffer_.get());
    compressed_data = compressor_temp_buffer_;
  } else {
    compressed_data = uncompressed_data_;
  }

  int32_t num_values = static_cast<int32_t>(num_buffered_values_);
  int64_t first_row_index = rows_written_ - num_buffered_rows_;

  // Write the page to OutputStream eagerly if there is no dictionary or
  // if dictionary encoding has fallen back to PLAIN
  if (has_dictionary_ && !fallback_) {  // Save pages until end of dictionary encoding
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(
        auto compressed_data_copy,
        compressed_data->CopySlice(0, compressed_data->size(), allocator_));
    std::unique_ptr<DataPage> page_ptr = std::make_unique<DataPageV1>(
        compressed_data_copy, num_values, encoding_, Encoding::RLE, Encoding::RLE,
        uncompressed_size, std::move(page_stats), first_row_index,
        std::move(page_size_stats));
    total_compressed_bytes_ += page_ptr->size() + sizeof(format::PageHeader);

    data_pages_.push_back(std::move(page_ptr));
  } else {  // Eagerly write pages
    DataPageV1 page(compressed_data, num_values, encoding_, Encoding::RLE, Encoding::RLE,
                    uncompressed_size, std::move(page_stats), first_row_index,
                    std::move(page_size_stats));
    WriteDataPage(page);
  }
}

void ColumnWriterImpl::BuildDataPageV2(int64_t definition_levels_rle_size,
                                       int64_t repetition_levels_rle_size,
                                       int64_t uncompressed_size,
                                       const std::shared_ptr<Buffer>& values) {
  // Compress the values if needed. Repetition and definition levels are uncompressed in
  // V2.
  bool page_is_compressed = false;
  if (pager_->has_compressor() && values->size() > 0) {
    pager_->Compress(*values, compressor_temp_buffer_.get());
    if (compressor_temp_buffer_->size() < values->size()) {
      page_is_compressed = true;
    }
  }
  std::shared_ptr<Buffer> compressed_values =
      (page_is_compressed ? compressor_temp_buffer_ : values);

  // Concatenate uncompressed levels and the possibly compressed values
  int64_t combined_size =
      definition_levels_rle_size + repetition_levels_rle_size + compressed_values->size();
  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> combined = AllocateBuffer(allocator_, combined_size);

  ConcatenateBuffers(definition_levels_rle_size, repetition_levels_rle_size,
                     compressed_values, combined->mutable_data());

  auto [page_stats, page_size_stats] = GetPageStatistics();
  page_stats.ApplyStatSizeLimits(properties_->max_statistics_size(descr_->path()));
  page_stats.set_is_signed(SortOrder::SIGNED == descr_->sort_order());
  ResetPageStatistics();

  int32_t num_values = static_cast<int32_t>(num_buffered_values_);
  int32_t null_count = static_cast<int32_t>(num_buffered_nulls_);
  int32_t num_rows = static_cast<int32_t>(num_buffered_rows_);
  int32_t def_levels_byte_length = static_cast<int32_t>(definition_levels_rle_size);
  int32_t rep_levels_byte_length = static_cast<int32_t>(repetition_levels_rle_size);
  int64_t first_row_index = rows_written_ - num_buffered_rows_;

  // page_stats.null_count is not set when page_statistics_ is nullptr. It is only used
  // here for safety check.
  DCHECK(!page_stats.has_null_count || page_stats.null_count == null_count);

  // Write the page to OutputStream eagerly if there is no dictionary or
  // if dictionary encoding has fallen back to PLAIN
  if (has_dictionary_ && !fallback_) {  // Save pages until end of dictionary encoding
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(auto data_copy,
                            combined->CopySlice(0, combined->size(), allocator_));
    std::unique_ptr<DataPage> page_ptr = std::make_unique<DataPageV2>(
        combined, num_values, null_count, num_rows, encoding_, def_levels_byte_length,
        rep_levels_byte_length, uncompressed_size, page_is_compressed,
        std::move(page_stats), first_row_index, std::move(page_size_stats));
    total_compressed_bytes_ += page_ptr->size() + sizeof(format::PageHeader);
    data_pages_.push_back(std::move(page_ptr));
  } else {
    DataPageV2 page(combined, num_values, null_count, num_rows, encoding_,
                    def_levels_byte_length, rep_levels_byte_length, uncompressed_size,
                    page_is_compressed, std::move(page_stats), first_row_index,
                    std::move(page_size_stats));
    WriteDataPage(page);
  }
}

int64_t ColumnWriterImpl::Close() {
  if (!closed_) {
    closed_ = true;
    if (has_dictionary_ && !fallback_) {
      WriteDictionaryPage();
    }

    FlushBufferedDataPages();

    auto [chunk_statistics, chunk_size_statistics] = GetChunkStatistics();
    chunk_statistics.ApplyStatSizeLimits(
        properties_->max_statistics_size(descr_->path()));
    chunk_statistics.set_is_signed(SortOrder::SIGNED == descr_->sort_order());

    // Write stats only if the column has at least one row written
    if (rows_written_ > 0 && chunk_statistics.is_set()) {
      metadata_->SetStatistics(chunk_statistics);
    }

    if (rows_written_ > 0 && chunk_size_statistics.is_set()) {
      metadata_->SetSizeStatistics(chunk_size_statistics);
    }

    if (descr_->logical_type() != nullptr && descr_->logical_type()->is_geometry()) {
      std::optional<geospatial::EncodedGeoStatistics> geo_stats = GetChunkGeoStatistics();
      if (geo_stats) {
        metadata_->SetGeoStatistics(std::move(*geo_stats));
      }
    }

    metadata_->SetKeyValueMetadata(key_value_metadata_);
    pager_->Close(has_dictionary_, fallback_);
  }

  return total_bytes_written_;
}

void ColumnWriterImpl::FlushBufferedDataPages() {
  // Write all outstanding data to a new page
  if (num_buffered_values_ > 0) {
    AddDataPage();
  }
  for (const auto& page_ptr : data_pages_) {
    WriteDataPage(*page_ptr);
  }
  data_pages_.clear();
  total_compressed_bytes_ = 0;
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// TypedColumnWriter

// DoInBatches for non-repeated columns
template <typename Action, typename GetBufferedRows>
inline void DoInBatchesNonRepeated(int64_t num_levels, int64_t batch_size,
                                   int64_t max_rows_per_page, Action&& action,
                                   GetBufferedRows&& curr_page_buffered_rows) {
  int64_t offset = 0;
  while (offset < num_levels) {
    int64_t page_buffered_rows = curr_page_buffered_rows();
    ARROW_DCHECK_LE(page_buffered_rows, max_rows_per_page);

    // Every record contains only one level.
    int64_t max_batch_size = std::min(batch_size, num_levels - offset);
    max_batch_size = std::min(max_batch_size, max_rows_per_page - page_buffered_rows);
    int64_t end_offset = offset + max_batch_size;

    ARROW_DCHECK_LE(offset, end_offset);
    ARROW_DCHECK_LE(end_offset, num_levels);

    // Always check page limit for non-repeated columns.
    action(offset, end_offset - offset, /*check_page_limit=*/true);

    offset = end_offset;
  }
}

// DoInBatches for repeated columns
template <typename Action, typename GetBufferedRows>
inline void DoInBatchesRepeated(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                                int64_t num_levels, int64_t batch_size,
                                int64_t max_rows_per_page,
                                bool pages_change_on_record_boundaries, Action&& action,
                                GetBufferedRows&& curr_page_buffered_rows) {
  int64_t offset = 0;
  while (offset < num_levels) {
    int64_t max_batch_size = std::min(batch_size, num_levels - offset);
    int64_t end_offset = num_levels;           // end offset of the current batch
    int64_t check_page_limit_end_offset = -1;  // offset to check page limit (if not -1)

    int64_t page_buffered_rows = curr_page_buffered_rows();
    ARROW_DCHECK_LE(page_buffered_rows, max_rows_per_page);

    // Iterate rep_levels to find the shortest sequence that ends before a record
    // boundary (i.e. rep_levels == 0) with a size no less than max_batch_size
    for (int64_t i = offset; i < num_levels; ++i) {
      if (rep_levels[i] == 0) {
        // Use the beginning of last record to check page limit.
        check_page_limit_end_offset = i;
        if (i - offset >= max_batch_size || page_buffered_rows >= max_rows_per_page) {
          end_offset = i;
          break;
        }
        page_buffered_rows += 1;
      }
    }

    ARROW_DCHECK_LE(offset, end_offset);
    ARROW_DCHECK_LE(check_page_limit_end_offset, end_offset);

    if (check_page_limit_end_offset >= 0) {
      // At least one record boundary is included in this batch.
      // It is a good chance to check the page limit.
      action(offset, check_page_limit_end_offset - offset, /*check_page_limit=*/true);
      offset = check_page_limit_end_offset;
    }
    if (end_offset > offset) {
      // The is the last chunk of batch, and we do not know whether end_offset is a
      // record boundary so we cannot check page limit if pages cannot change on
      // record boundaries.
      ARROW_DCHECK_EQ(end_offset, num_levels);
      action(offset, end_offset - offset,
             /*check_page_limit=*/!pages_change_on_record_boundaries);
    }

    offset = end_offset;
  }
}

template <typename Action, typename GetBufferedRows>
inline void DoInBatches(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                        int64_t num_levels, int64_t batch_size, int64_t max_rows_per_page,
                        bool pages_change_on_record_boundaries, Action&& action,
                        GetBufferedRows&& curr_page_buffered_rows) {
  if (!rep_levels) {
    DoInBatchesNonRepeated(num_levels, batch_size, max_rows_per_page,
                           std::forward<Action>(action),
                           std::forward<GetBufferedRows>(curr_page_buffered_rows));
  } else {
    DoInBatchesRepeated(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, batch_size, max_rows_per_page,
                        pages_change_on_record_boundaries, std::forward<Action>(action),
                        std::forward<GetBufferedRows>(curr_page_buffered_rows));
  }
}

namespace {

bool DictionaryDirectWriteSupported(const ::arrow::Array& array) {
  DCHECK_EQ(array.type_id(), ::arrow::Type::DICTIONARY);
  const ::arrow::DictionaryType& dict_type =
      static_cast<const ::arrow::DictionaryType&>(*array.type());
  return ::arrow::is_base_binary_like(dict_type.value_type()->id());
}

Status ConvertDictionaryToDense(const ::arrow::Array& array, MemoryPool* pool,
                                std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array>* out) {
  const ::arrow::DictionaryType& dict_type =
      static_cast<const ::arrow::DictionaryType&>(*array.type());

  ::arrow::compute::ExecContext ctx(pool);
  ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(Datum cast_output,
                        ::arrow::compute::Cast(array.data(), dict_type.value_type(),
                                               ::arrow::compute::CastOptions(), &ctx));
  *out = cast_output.make_array();
  return Status::OK();
}

}  // namespace

template <typename ParquetType>
class TypedColumnWriterImpl : public ColumnWriterImpl,
                              public TypedColumnWriter<ParquetType> {
 public:
  using T = typename ParquetType::c_type;

  TypedColumnWriterImpl(ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata,
                        std::unique_ptr<PageWriter> pager, const bool use_dictionary,
                        Encoding::type encoding, const WriterProperties* properties,
                        BloomFilter* bloom_filter)
      : ColumnWriterImpl(metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding,
                         properties) {
    current_encoder_ = MakeEncoder(ParquetType::type_num, encoding, use_dictionary,
                                   descr_, properties->memory_pool());
    // We have to dynamic_cast as some compilers don't want to static_cast
    // through virtual inheritance.
    current_value_encoder_ =
        dynamic_cast<TypedEncoder<ParquetType>*>(current_encoder_.get());
    // Will be null if not using dictionary, but that's ok
    current_dict_encoder_ =
        dynamic_cast<DictEncoder<ParquetType>*>(current_encoder_.get());

    if (bloom_filter != nullptr) {
      bloom_filter_writer_ = std::make_unique<BloomFilterWriter>(descr_, bloom_filter);
    }

    // GH-46205: Geometry/Geography are the first non-nested logical types to have a
    // SortOrder::UNKNOWN. Currently, the presence of statistics is tied to
    // having a known sort order and so null counts will be missing.
    if (properties->statistics_enabled(descr_->path())) {
      if (SortOrder::UNKNOWN != descr_->sort_order()) {
        page_statistics_ = MakeStatistics<ParquetType>(descr_, allocator_);
        chunk_statistics_ = MakeStatistics<ParquetType>(descr_, allocator_);
      }
      if (descr_->logical_type() != nullptr && descr_->logical_type()->is_geometry()) {
        chunk_geospatial_statistics_ = std::make_shared<geospatial::GeoStatistics>();
      }
    }

    if (properties->size_statistics_level() == SizeStatisticsLevel::ColumnChunk ||
        properties->size_statistics_level() == SizeStatisticsLevel::PageAndColumnChunk) {
      page_size_statistics_ = SizeStatistics::Make(descr_);
      chunk_size_statistics_ = SizeStatistics::Make(descr_);
    }
    pages_change_on_record_boundaries_ =
        properties->data_page_version() == ParquetDataPageVersion::V2 ||
        properties->page_index_enabled(descr_->path());
  }

  int64_t Close() override { return ColumnWriterImpl::Close(); }

  int64_t WriteBatch(int64_t num_values, const int16_t* def_levels,
                     const int16_t* rep_levels, const T* values) override {
    if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(properties_->content_defined_chunking_enabled())) {
      throw ParquetException(
          "Content-defined chunking is not supported in WriteBatch() or "
          "WriteBatchSpaced(), use WriteArrow() instead.");
    }
    return WriteBatchInternal(num_values, def_levels, rep_levels, values);
  }

  int64_t WriteBatchInternal(int64_t num_values, const int16_t* def_levels,
                             const int16_t* rep_levels, const T* values) {
    // We check for DataPage limits only after we have inserted the values. If a user
    // writes a large number of values, the DataPage size can be much above the limit.
    // The purpose of this chunking is to bound this. Even if a user writes large number
    // of values, the chunking will ensure the AddDataPage() is called at a reasonable
    // pagesize limit
    int64_t value_offset = 0;

    auto WriteChunk = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t batch_size, bool check_page) {
      int64_t values_to_write = WriteLevels(batch_size, AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset),
                                            AddIfNotNull(rep_levels, offset));

      // PARQUET-780
      if (values_to_write > 0) {
        DCHECK_NE(nullptr, values);
      }
      const int64_t num_nulls = batch_size - values_to_write;
      WriteValues(AddIfNotNull(values, value_offset), values_to_write, num_nulls);
      CommitWriteAndCheckPageLimit(batch_size, values_to_write, num_nulls, check_page);
      value_offset += values_to_write;

      // Dictionary size checked separately from data page size since we
      // circumvent this check when writing ::arrow::DictionaryArray directly
      CheckDictionarySizeLimit();
    };
    DoInBatches(def_levels, rep_levels, num_values, properties_->write_batch_size(),
                properties_->max_rows_per_page(), pages_change_on_record_boundaries(),
                WriteChunk, [this]() { return num_buffered_rows_; });
    return value_offset;
  }

  void WriteBatchSpaced(int64_t num_values, const int16_t* def_levels,
                        const int16_t* rep_levels, const uint8_t* valid_bits,
                        int64_t valid_bits_offset, const T* values) override {
    if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(properties_->content_defined_chunking_enabled())) {
      throw ParquetException(
          "Content-defined chunking is not supported in WriteBatch() or "
          "WriteBatchSpaced(), use WriteArrow() instead.");
    }
    return WriteBatchSpacedInternal(num_values, def_levels, rep_levels, valid_bits,
                                    valid_bits_offset, values);
  }

  void WriteBatchSpacedInternal(int64_t num_values, const int16_t* def_levels,
                                const int16_t* rep_levels, const uint8_t* valid_bits,
                                int64_t valid_bits_offset, const T* values) {
    // Like WriteBatch, but for spaced values
    int64_t value_offset = 0;
    auto WriteChunk = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t batch_size, bool check_page) {
      int64_t batch_num_values = 0;
      int64_t batch_num_spaced_values = 0;
      int64_t null_count;
      MaybeCalculateValidityBits(AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset), batch_size,
                                 &batch_num_values, &batch_num_spaced_values,
                                 &null_count);

      WriteLevelsSpaced(batch_size, AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset),
                        AddIfNotNull(rep_levels, offset));
      if (bits_buffer_ != nullptr) {
        WriteValuesSpaced(AddIfNotNull(values, value_offset), batch_num_values,
                          batch_num_spaced_values, bits_buffer_->data(), /*offset=*/0,
                          /*num_levels=*/batch_size, null_count);
      } else {
        WriteValuesSpaced(AddIfNotNull(values, value_offset), batch_num_values,
                          batch_num_spaced_values, valid_bits,
                          valid_bits_offset + value_offset, /*num_levels=*/batch_size,
                          null_count);
      }
      CommitWriteAndCheckPageLimit(batch_size, batch_num_spaced_values, null_count,
                                   check_page);
      value_offset += batch_num_spaced_values;

      // Dictionary size checked separately from data page size since we
      // circumvent this check when writing ::arrow::DictionaryArray directly
      CheckDictionarySizeLimit();
    };
    DoInBatches(def_levels, rep_levels, num_values, properties_->write_batch_size(),
                properties_->max_rows_per_page(), pages_change_on_record_boundaries(),
                WriteChunk, [this]() { return num_buffered_rows_; });
  }

  Status WriteArrow(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                    int64_t num_levels, const ::arrow::Array& leaf_array,
                    ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool leaf_field_nullable) override {
    BEGIN_PARQUET_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS
    // Leaf nulls are canonical when there is only a single null element after a list
    // and it is at the leaf.
    bool single_nullable_element =
        (level_info_.def_level == level_info_.repeated_ancestor_def_level + 1) &&
        leaf_field_nullable;
    if (!leaf_field_nullable && leaf_array.null_count() != 0) {
      return Status::Invalid("Column '", descr_->name(),
                             "' is declared non-nullable but contains nulls");
    }
    bool maybe_parent_nulls = level_info_.HasNullableValues() && !single_nullable_element;
    if (maybe_parent_nulls) {
      ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE(
          bits_buffer_,
          ::arrow::AllocateResizableBuffer(
              bit_util::BytesForBits(properties_->write_batch_size()), ctx->memory_pool));
      bits_buffer_->ZeroPadding();
    }

    if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(properties_->content_defined_chunking_enabled())) {
      DCHECK(content_defined_chunker_.has_value());
      auto chunks = content_defined_chunker_->GetChunks(def_levels, rep_levels,
                                                        num_levels, leaf_array);
      for (size_t i = 0; i < chunks.size(); i++) {
        auto chunk = chunks[i];
        auto chunk_array = leaf_array.Slice(chunk.value_offset);
        auto chunk_def_levels = AddIfNotNull(def_levels, chunk.level_offset);
        auto chunk_rep_levels = AddIfNotNull(rep_levels, chunk.level_offset);
        if (leaf_array.type()->id() == ::arrow::Type::DICTIONARY) {
          ARROW_CHECK_OK(WriteArrowDictionary(chunk_def_levels, chunk_rep_levels,
                                              chunk.levels_to_write, *chunk_array, ctx,
                                              maybe_parent_nulls));
        } else {
          ARROW_CHECK_OK(WriteArrowDense(chunk_def_levels, chunk_rep_levels,
                                         chunk.levels_to_write, *chunk_array, ctx,
                                         maybe_parent_nulls));
        }
        bool is_last_chunk = i == (chunks.size() - 1);
        if (num_buffered_values_ > 0 && !is_last_chunk) {
          // Explicitly add a new data page according to the content-defined chunk
          // boundaries. This way the same chunks will have the same byte-sequence
          // in the resulting file, which can be identified by content addressible
          // storage.
          // Note that the last chunk doesn't trigger a new data page in order to
          // allow subsequent WriteArrow() calls to continue writing to the same
          // data page, the chunker's state is not being reset after the last chunk.
          AddDataPage();
        }
      }
      return Status::OK();
    } else {
      if (leaf_array.type()->id() == ::arrow::Type::DICTIONARY) {
        return WriteArrowDictionary(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, leaf_array, ctx,
                                    maybe_parent_nulls);
      } else {
        return WriteArrowDense(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, leaf_array, ctx,
                               maybe_parent_nulls);
      }
    }

    END_PARQUET_CATCH_EXCEPTIONS
  }

  int64_t estimated_buffered_value_bytes() const override {
    return current_encoder_->EstimatedDataEncodedSize();
  }

  int64_t estimated_buffered_def_level_bytes() const override {
    return definition_levels_sink_.length();
  }

  int64_t estimated_buffered_rep_level_bytes() const override {
    return repetition_levels_sink_.length();
  }

  int64_t estimated_buffered_dict_bytes() const override {
    if (current_dict_encoder_) {
      return current_dict_encoder_->dict_encoded_size();
    }
    return 0;
  }

 protected:
  std::shared_ptr<Buffer> GetValuesBuffer() override {
    return current_encoder_->FlushValues();
  }

  // Internal function to handle direct writing of ::arrow::DictionaryArray,
  // since the standard logic concerning dictionary size limits and fallback to
  // plain encoding is circumvented
  Status WriteArrowDictionary(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                              int64_t num_levels, const ::arrow::Array& array,
                              ArrowWriteContext* context, bool maybe_parent_nulls);

  Status WriteArrowDense(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                         int64_t num_levels, const ::arrow::Array& array,
                         ArrowWriteContext* context, bool maybe_parent_nulls);

  template <typename ArrowType>
  Status WriteArrowSerialize(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                             int64_t num_levels, const ::arrow::Array& array,
                             ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls);

  Status WriteArrowZeroCopy(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                            int64_t num_levels, const ::arrow::Array& array,
                            ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
    const auto& data = checked_cast<const ::arrow::PrimitiveArray&>(array);
    const T* values = data.data()->GetValues<T>(1);
    bool no_nulls =
        this->descr()->schema_node()->is_required() || (array.null_count() == 0);

    if (!maybe_parent_nulls && no_nulls) {
      PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(
          WriteBatchInternal(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels, values));
    } else {
      PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(WriteBatchSpacedInternal(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels,
                                                    data.null_bitmap_data(),
                                                    data.offset(), values));
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

  Status WriteArrowTimestamps(const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels,
                              int64_t num_levels, const ::arrow::Array& values,
                              ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
    return Status::NotImplemented("Timestamps writing is only implemented for Int64Type");
  }

  void WriteDictionaryPage() override {
    DCHECK(current_dict_encoder_);
    std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> buffer = AllocateBuffer(
        properties_->memory_pool(), current_dict_encoder_->dict_encoded_size());
    current_dict_encoder_->WriteDict(buffer->mutable_data());

    DictionaryPage page(buffer, current_dict_encoder_->num_entries(),
                        properties_->dictionary_page_encoding());
    total_bytes_written_ += pager_->WriteDictionaryPage(page);
  }

  StatisticsPair GetPageStatistics() override {
    StatisticsPair result;
    if (page_statistics_) {
      result.encoded_stats = page_statistics_->Encode();
    }
    if (properties_->size_statistics_level() == SizeStatisticsLevel::PageAndColumnChunk) {
      ARROW_DCHECK(page_size_statistics_ != nullptr);
      result.size_stats = *page_size_statistics_;
    }
    return result;
  }

  StatisticsPair GetChunkStatistics() override {
    StatisticsPair result;
    if (chunk_statistics_) {
      result.encoded_stats = chunk_statistics_->Encode();
    }
    if (chunk_size_statistics_) {
      result.size_stats = *chunk_size_statistics_;
    }
    return result;
  }

  std::optional<geospatial::EncodedGeoStatistics> GetChunkGeoStatistics() override {
    if (chunk_geospatial_statistics_) {
      return chunk_geospatial_statistics_->Encode();
    } else {
      return std::nullopt;
    }
  }

  void ResetPageStatistics() override {
    if (chunk_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      chunk_statistics_->Merge(*page_statistics_);
      page_statistics_->Reset();
    }
    if (page_size_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      chunk_size_statistics_->Merge(*page_size_statistics_);
      page_size_statistics_->Reset();
    }
  }

  Type::type type() const override { return descr_->physical_type(); }

  const ColumnDescriptor* descr() const override { return descr_; }

  int64_t rows_written() const override { return rows_written_; }

  int64_t total_compressed_bytes() const override { return total_compressed_bytes_; }

  int64_t total_bytes_written() const override { return total_bytes_written_; }

  int64_t total_compressed_bytes_written() const override {
    return pager_->total_compressed_bytes_written();
  }

  const WriterProperties* properties() override { return properties_; }

  bool pages_change_on_record_boundaries() const {
    return pages_change_on_record_boundaries_;
  }

  void AddKeyValueMetadata(
      const std::shared_ptr<const KeyValueMetadata>& key_value_metadata) override {
    if (closed_) {
      throw ParquetException("Cannot add key-value metadata to closed column");
    }
    if (key_value_metadata_ == nullptr) {
      key_value_metadata_ = key_value_metadata;
    } else if (key_value_metadata != nullptr) {
      key_value_metadata_ = key_value_metadata_->Merge(*key_value_metadata);
    }
  }

  void ResetKeyValueMetadata() override {
    if (closed_) {
      throw ParquetException("Cannot add key-value metadata to closed column");
    }
    key_value_metadata_ = nullptr;
  }

 private:
  using ValueEncoderType = typename EncodingTraits<ParquetType>::Encoder;
  using TypedStats = TypedStatistics<ParquetType>;
  using BloomFilterWriter = TypedBloomFilterWriter<ParquetType>;
  std::unique_ptr<Encoder> current_encoder_;
  // Downcasted observers of current_encoder_.
  // The downcast is performed once as opposed to at every use since
  // dynamic_cast is so expensive, and static_cast is not available due
  // to virtual inheritance.
  ValueEncoderType* current_value_encoder_;
  DictEncoder<ParquetType>* current_dict_encoder_;
  std::shared_ptr<TypedStats> page_statistics_;
  std::shared_ptr<TypedStats> chunk_statistics_;
  std::unique_ptr<SizeStatistics> page_size_statistics_;
  std::shared_ptr<SizeStatistics> chunk_size_statistics_;
  std::shared_ptr<geospatial::GeoStatistics> chunk_geospatial_statistics_;
  std::unique_ptr<BloomFilterWriter> bloom_filter_writer_;
  bool pages_change_on_record_boundaries_;

  // If writing a sequence of ::arrow::DictionaryArray to the writer, we keep the
  // dictionary passed to DictEncoder<T>::PutDictionary so we can check
  // subsequent array chunks to see either if materialization is required (in
  // which case we call back to the dense write path)
  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> preserved_dictionary_;

  int64_t WriteLevels(int64_t num_levels, const int16_t* def_levels,
                      const int16_t* rep_levels) {
    // Update histograms now, to maximize cache efficiency.
    UpdateLevelHistogram(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels);

    int64_t values_to_write = 0;
    // If the field is required and non-repeated, there are no definition levels
    if (descr_->max_definition_level() > 0) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < num_levels; ++i) {
        if (def_levels[i] == descr_->max_definition_level()) {
          ++values_to_write;
        }
      }

      WriteDefinitionLevels(num_levels, def_levels);
    } else {
      // Required field, write all values
      values_to_write = num_levels;
    }

    // Not present for non-repeated fields
    if (descr_->max_repetition_level() > 0) {
      // A row could include more than one value
      // Count the occasions where we start a new row
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < num_levels; ++i) {
        if (rep_levels[i] == 0) {
          rows_written_++;
          num_buffered_rows_++;
        }
      }

      WriteRepetitionLevels(num_levels, rep_levels);
    } else {
      // Each value is exactly one row
      rows_written_ += num_levels;
      num_buffered_rows_ += num_levels;
    }
    return values_to_write;
  }

  // This method will always update the three output parameters,
  // out_values_to_write, out_spaced_values_to_write and null_count.  Additionally
  // it will update the validity bitmap if required (i.e. if at least one level
  // of nullable structs directly precede the leaf node).
  void MaybeCalculateValidityBits(const int16_t* def_levels, int64_t batch_size,
                                  int64_t* out_values_to_write,
                                  int64_t* out_spaced_values_to_write,
                                  int64_t* null_count) {
    if (bits_buffer_ == nullptr) {
      if (level_info_.def_level == 0) {
        // In this case def levels should be null and we only
        // need to output counts which will always be equal to
        // the batch size passed in (max def_level == 0 indicates
        // there cannot be repeated or null fields).
        DCHECK_EQ(def_levels, nullptr);
        *out_values_to_write = batch_size;
        *out_spaced_values_to_write = batch_size;
        *null_count = 0;
      } else {
        for (int x = 0; x < batch_size; x++) {
          *out_values_to_write += def_levels[x] == level_info_.def_level ? 1 : 0;
          *out_spaced_values_to_write +=
              def_levels[x] >= level_info_.repeated_ancestor_def_level ? 1 : 0;
        }
        *null_count = batch_size - *out_values_to_write;
      }
      return;
    }
    // Shrink to fit possible causes another allocation, and would only be necessary
    // on the last batch.
    int64_t new_bitmap_size = bit_util::BytesForBits(batch_size);
    if (new_bitmap_size != bits_buffer_->size()) {
      PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(
          bits_buffer_->Resize(new_bitmap_size, /*shrink_to_fit=*/false));
      bits_buffer_->ZeroPadding();
    }
    internal::ValidityBitmapInputOutput io;
    io.valid_bits = bits_buffer_->mutable_data();
    io.values_read_upper_bound = batch_size;
    internal::DefLevelsToBitmap(def_levels, batch_size, level_info_, &io);
    *out_values_to_write = io.values_read - io.null_count;
    *out_spaced_values_to_write = io.values_read;
    *null_count = io.null_count;
  }

  Result<std::shared_ptr<Array>> MaybeReplaceValidity(std::shared_ptr<Array> array,
                                                      int64_t new_null_count,
                                                      ::arrow::MemoryPool* memory_pool) {
    if (bits_buffer_ == nullptr) {
      return array;
    }
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<Buffer>> buffers = array->data()->buffers;
    if (buffers.empty()) {
      return array;
    }
    buffers[0] = bits_buffer_;
    // Should be a leaf array.
    DCHECK_GT(buffers.size(), 1);
    ValueBufferSlicer slicer{memory_pool};
    if (array->data()->offset > 0) {
      RETURN_NOT_OK(::arrow::VisitArrayInline(*array, &slicer, &buffers[1]));
    }
    return ::arrow::MakeArray(std::make_shared<ArrayData>(
        array->type(), array->length(), std::move(buffers), new_null_count));
  }

  void WriteLevelsSpaced(int64_t num_levels, const int16_t* def_levels,
                         const int16_t* rep_levels) {
    // Update histograms now, to maximize cache efficiency.
    UpdateLevelHistogram(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels);

    // If the field is required and non-repeated, there are no definition levels
    if (descr_->max_definition_level() > 0) {
      WriteDefinitionLevels(num_levels, def_levels);
    }
    // Not present for non-repeated fields
    if (descr_->max_repetition_level() > 0) {
      // A row could include more than one value
      // Count the occasions where we start a new row
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < num_levels; ++i) {
        if (rep_levels[i] == 0) {
          rows_written_++;
          num_buffered_rows_++;
        }
      }
      WriteRepetitionLevels(num_levels, rep_levels);
    } else {
      // Each value is exactly one row
      rows_written_ += num_levels;
      num_buffered_rows_ += num_levels;
    }
  }

  void UpdateLevelHistogram(int64_t num_levels, const int16_t* def_levels,
                            const int16_t* rep_levels) const {
    if (page_size_statistics_ == nullptr) {
      return;
    }

    auto add_levels = [](std::vector<int64_t>& level_histogram,
                         std::span<const int16_t> levels, int16_t max_level) {
      if (max_level == 0) {
        return;
      }
      ARROW_DCHECK_EQ(static_cast<size_t>(max_level) + 1, level_histogram.size());
      ::parquet::UpdateLevelHistogram(levels, level_histogram);
    };

    add_levels(page_size_statistics_->definition_level_histogram,
               {def_levels, static_cast<size_t>(num_levels)},
               descr_->max_definition_level());
    add_levels(page_size_statistics_->repetition_level_histogram,
               {rep_levels, static_cast<size_t>(num_levels)},
               descr_->max_repetition_level());
  }

  // Update the unencoded data bytes for ByteArray only per the specification.
  void UpdateUnencodedDataBytes() const {
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, ByteArray>) {
      if (page_size_statistics_ != nullptr) {
        page_size_statistics_->IncrementUnencodedByteArrayDataBytes(
            current_encoder_->ReportUnencodedDataBytes());
      }
    }
  }

  void CommitWriteAndCheckPageLimit(int64_t num_levels, int64_t num_values,
                                    int64_t num_nulls, bool check_page_limit) {
    num_buffered_values_ += num_levels;
    num_buffered_encoded_values_ += num_values;
    num_buffered_nulls_ += num_nulls;

    if (check_page_limit &&
        (current_encoder_->EstimatedDataEncodedSize() >= properties_->data_pagesize() ||
         num_buffered_rows_ >= properties_->max_rows_per_page())) {
      AddDataPage();
    }
  }

  void FallbackToPlainEncoding() {
    if (IsDictionaryIndexEncoding(current_encoder_->encoding())) {
      WriteDictionaryPage();
      // Serialize the buffered Dictionary Indices
      FlushBufferedDataPages();
      fallback_ = true;
      // Only PLAIN encoding is supported for fallback
      current_encoder_ = MakeEncoder(ParquetType::type_num, Encoding::PLAIN, false,
                                     descr_, properties_->memory_pool());
      current_value_encoder_ = dynamic_cast<ValueEncoderType*>(current_encoder_.get());
      current_dict_encoder_ = nullptr;  // not using dict
      encoding_ = Encoding::PLAIN;
    }
  }

  // Checks if the Dictionary Page size limit is reached
  // If the limit is reached, the Dictionary and Data Pages are serialized
  // The encoding is switched to PLAIN
  //
  // Only one Dictionary Page is written.
  // Fallback to PLAIN if dictionary page limit is reached.
  void CheckDictionarySizeLimit() {
    if (!has_dictionary_ || fallback_) {
      // Either not using dictionary encoding, or we have already fallen back
      // to PLAIN encoding because the size threshold was reached
      return;
    }

    if (current_dict_encoder_->dict_encoded_size() >=
        properties_->dictionary_pagesize_limit()) {
      FallbackToPlainEncoding();
    }
  }

  void WriteValues(const T* values, int64_t num_values, int64_t num_nulls) {
    current_value_encoder_->Put(values, static_cast<int>(num_values));
    if (page_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      page_statistics_->Update(values, num_values, num_nulls);
    }

    UpdateUnencodedDataBytes();

    if constexpr (std::is_same<T, ByteArray>::value) {
      if (chunk_geospatial_statistics_ != nullptr) {
        chunk_geospatial_statistics_->Update(values, num_values);
      }
    }
    if (bloom_filter_writer_ != nullptr) {
      bloom_filter_writer_->Update(values, num_values);
    }
  }

  /// \brief Write values with spaces and update page statistics accordingly.
  ///
  /// \param values input buffer of values to write, including spaces.
  /// \param num_values number of non-null values in the values buffer.
  /// \param num_spaced_values length of values buffer, including spaces and does not
  ///   count some nulls from ancestor (e.g. empty lists).
  /// \param valid_bits validity bitmap of values buffer, which does not include some
  ///   nulls from ancestor (e.g. empty lists).
  /// \param valid_bits_offset offset to valid_bits bitmap.
  /// \param num_levels number of levels to write, including nulls from values buffer
  ///   and nulls from ancestor (e.g. empty lists).
  /// \param num_nulls number of nulls in the values buffer as well as nulls from the
  ///   ancestor (e.g. empty lists).
  void WriteValuesSpaced(const T* values, int64_t num_values, int64_t num_spaced_values,
                         const uint8_t* valid_bits, int64_t valid_bits_offset,
                         int64_t num_levels, int64_t num_nulls) {
    if (num_values != num_spaced_values) {
      current_value_encoder_->PutSpaced(values, static_cast<int>(num_spaced_values),
                                        valid_bits, valid_bits_offset);
      if (bloom_filter_writer_ != nullptr) {
        bloom_filter_writer_->UpdateSpaced(values, num_spaced_values, valid_bits,
                                           valid_bits_offset);
      }
    } else {
      current_value_encoder_->Put(values, static_cast<int>(num_values));
      if (bloom_filter_writer_ != nullptr) {
        bloom_filter_writer_->Update(values, num_values);
      }
    }
    if (page_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      page_statistics_->UpdateSpaced(values, valid_bits, valid_bits_offset,
                                     num_spaced_values, num_values, num_nulls);
    }

    UpdateUnencodedDataBytes();

    if constexpr (std::is_same<T, ByteArray>::value) {
      if (chunk_geospatial_statistics_ != nullptr) {
        chunk_geospatial_statistics_->UpdateSpaced(values, valid_bits, valid_bits_offset,
                                                   num_spaced_values, num_values);
      }
    }
  }
};

template <typename ParquetType>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<ParquetType>::WriteArrowDictionary(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  // If this is the first time writing a DictionaryArray, then there's
  // a few possible paths to take:
  //
  // - If dictionary encoding is not enabled, convert to densely
  //   encoded and call WriteArrow
  // - Dictionary encoding enabled
  //   - If this is the first time this is called, then we call
  //     PutDictionary into the encoder and then PutIndices on each
  //     chunk. We store the dictionary that was written in
  //     preserved_dictionary_ so that subsequent calls to this method
  //     can make sure the dictionary has not changed
  //   - On subsequent calls, we have to check whether the dictionary
  //     has changed. If it has, then we trigger the varying
  //     dictionary path and materialize each chunk and then call
  //     WriteArrow with that
  auto WriteDense = [&] {
    std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> dense_array;
    RETURN_NOT_OK(
        ConvertDictionaryToDense(array, properties_->memory_pool(), &dense_array));
    return WriteArrowDense(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, *dense_array, ctx,
                           maybe_parent_nulls);
  };

  if (!IsDictionaryIndexEncoding(current_encoder_->encoding()) ||
      !DictionaryDirectWriteSupported(array)) {
    // No longer dictionary-encoding for whatever reason, maybe we never were
    // or we decided to stop. Note that WriteArrow can be invoked multiple
    // times with both dense and dictionary-encoded versions of the same data
    // without a problem. Any dense data will be hashed to indices until the
    // dictionary page limit is reached, at which everything (dictionary and
    // dense) will fall back to plain encoding
    return WriteDense();
  }

  auto dict_encoder = dynamic_cast<DictEncoder<ParquetType>*>(current_encoder_.get());
  const auto& data = checked_cast<const ::arrow::DictionaryArray&>(array);
  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> dictionary = data.dictionary();
  std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> indices = data.indices();

  auto update_stats = [&](int64_t num_chunk_levels,
                          const std::shared_ptr<Array>& chunk_indices) {
    // TODO(PARQUET-2068) This approach may make two copies.  First, a copy of the
    // indices array to a (hopefully smaller) referenced indices array.  Second, a copy
    // of the values array to a (probably not smaller) referenced values array.
    //
    // Once the MinMax kernel supports all data types we should use that kernel instead
    // as it does not make any copies.
    ::arrow::compute::ExecContext exec_ctx(ctx->memory_pool);
    exec_ctx.set_use_threads(false);

    std::shared_ptr<::arrow::Array> referenced_dictionary;
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(::arrow::Datum referenced_indices,
                            ::arrow::compute::Unique(*chunk_indices, &exec_ctx));

    // On first run, we might be able to re-use the existing dictionary
    if (referenced_indices.length() == dictionary->length()) {
      referenced_dictionary = dictionary;
    } else {
      PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(
          ::arrow::Datum referenced_dictionary_datum,
          ::arrow::compute::Take(dictionary, referenced_indices,
                                 ::arrow::compute::TakeOptions(/*boundscheck=*/false),
                                 &exec_ctx));
      referenced_dictionary = referenced_dictionary_datum.make_array();
    }
    if (page_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      int64_t non_null_count = chunk_indices->length() - chunk_indices->null_count();
      page_statistics_->IncrementNullCount(num_chunk_levels - non_null_count);
      page_statistics_->IncrementNumValues(non_null_count);
      page_statistics_->Update(*referenced_dictionary, /*update_counts=*/false);
    }
    if (chunk_geospatial_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      throw ParquetException(
          "Writing dictionary-encoded GEOMETRY or GEOGRAPHY with statistics is not "
          "supported");
    }
    if (bloom_filter_writer_ != nullptr) {
      bloom_filter_writer_->Update(*referenced_dictionary);
    }
  };

  int64_t value_offset = 0;
  auto WriteIndicesChunk = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t batch_size, bool check_page) {
    int64_t batch_num_values = 0;
    int64_t batch_num_spaced_values = 0;
    int64_t null_count = ::arrow::kUnknownNullCount;
    // Bits is not null for nullable values.  At this point in the code we can't
    // determine if the leaf array has the same null values as any parents it might have
    // had so we need to recompute it from def levels.
    MaybeCalculateValidityBits(AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset), batch_size,
                               &batch_num_values, &batch_num_spaced_values, &null_count);
    WriteLevelsSpaced(batch_size, AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset),
                      AddIfNotNull(rep_levels, offset));
    std::shared_ptr<Array> writeable_indices =
        indices->Slice(value_offset, batch_num_spaced_values);
    if (page_statistics_ || bloom_filter_writer_) {
      update_stats(/*num_chunk_levels=*/batch_size, writeable_indices);
    }
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(
        writeable_indices,
        MaybeReplaceValidity(writeable_indices, null_count, ctx->memory_pool));
    dict_encoder->PutIndices(*writeable_indices);
    // Update unencoded byte array data size to size statistics
    UpdateUnencodedDataBytes();
    CommitWriteAndCheckPageLimit(batch_size, batch_num_values, null_count, check_page);
    value_offset += batch_num_spaced_values;
  };

  // Handle seeing dictionary for the first time
  if (!preserved_dictionary_) {
    // It's a new dictionary. Call PutDictionary and keep track of it
    PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(dict_encoder->PutDictionary(*dictionary));

    // If there were duplicate value in the dictionary, the encoder's memo table
    // will be out of sync with the indices in the Arrow array.
    // The easiest solution for this uncommon case is to fallback to plain encoding.
    if (dict_encoder->num_entries() != dictionary->length()) {
      PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(FallbackToPlainEncoding());
      return WriteDense();
    }

    preserved_dictionary_ = dictionary;
  } else if (!dictionary->Equals(*preserved_dictionary_)) {
    // Dictionary has changed
    PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(FallbackToPlainEncoding());
    return WriteDense();
  }

  PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(
      DoInBatches(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, properties_->write_batch_size(),
                  properties_->max_rows_per_page(), pages_change_on_record_boundaries(),
                  WriteIndicesChunk, [this]() { return num_buffered_rows_; }));
  return Status::OK();
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Direct Arrow write path

template <typename ParquetType, typename ArrowType, typename Enable = void>
struct SerializeFunctor {
  using ArrowCType = typename ArrowType::c_type;
  using ArrayType = typename ::arrow::TypeTraits<ArrowType>::ArrayType;
  using ParquetCType = typename ParquetType::c_type;
  Status Serialize(const ArrayType& array, ArrowWriteContext*, ParquetCType* out) {
    const ArrowCType* input = array.raw_values();
    if (array.null_count() > 0) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = static_cast<ParquetCType>(input[i]);
      }
    } else {
      std::copy(input, input + array.length(), out);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

template <typename ParquetType>
template <typename ArrowType>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<ParquetType>::WriteArrowSerialize(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  using ArrayType = typename ::arrow::TypeTraits<ArrowType>::ArrayType;
  using ParquetCType = typename ParquetType::c_type;

  ParquetCType* buffer = nullptr;
  PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(ctx->GetScratchData<ParquetCType>(array.length(), &buffer));

  SerializeFunctor<ParquetType, ArrowType> functor;
  // The value buffer could be empty if all values are nulls.
  // The output buffer will then remain uninitialized, but that's ok since
  // null value slots are not written in Parquet.
  if (array.null_count() != array.length()) {
    RETURN_NOT_OK(functor.Serialize(checked_cast<const ArrayType&>(array), ctx, buffer));
  }
  bool no_nulls =
      this->descr()->schema_node()->is_required() || (array.null_count() == 0);
  if (!maybe_parent_nulls && no_nulls) {
    PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(WriteBatchInternal(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels, buffer));
  } else {
    PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(WriteBatchSpacedInternal(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels,
                                                  array.null_bitmap_data(),
                                                  array.offset(), buffer));
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

#define WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(ArrowEnum)                                               \
  case ::arrow::Type::ArrowEnum: {                                                    \
    using ArrowType = typename ::arrow::TypeIdTraits<::arrow::Type::ArrowEnum>::Type; \
    return WriteArrowSerialize<ArrowType>(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, array,  \
                                          ctx, maybe_parent_nulls);                   \
  }

#define WRITE_ZERO_COPY_CASE(ArrowEnum)                                       \
  case ::arrow::Type::ArrowEnum:                                              \
    return WriteArrowZeroCopy(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, array, ctx, \
                              maybe_parent_nulls);

#define ARROW_UNSUPPORTED()                                          \
  std::stringstream ss;                                              \
  ss << "Arrow type " << array.type()->ToString()                    \
     << " cannot be written to Parquet type " << descr_->ToString(); \
  return Status::Invalid(ss.str());

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow to BooleanType

template <>
struct SerializeFunctor<BooleanType, ::arrow::BooleanType> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::BooleanArray& data, ArrowWriteContext*, bool* out) {
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < data.length(); i++) {
      *out++ = data.Value(i);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<BooleanType>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  if (array.type_id() != ::arrow::Type::BOOL) {
    ARROW_UNSUPPORTED();
  }
  return WriteArrowSerialize<::arrow::BooleanType>(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels,
                                                   array, ctx, maybe_parent_nulls);
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow types to INT32

template <>
struct SerializeFunctor<Int32Type, ::arrow::Date64Type> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::Date64Array& array, ArrowWriteContext*, int32_t* out) {
    const int64_t* input = array.raw_values();
    for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
      *out++ = static_cast<int32_t>(*input++ / 86400000);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

template <typename ParquetType, typename ArrowType>
struct SerializeFunctor<
    ParquetType, ArrowType,
    ::arrow::enable_if_t<::arrow::is_decimal_type<ArrowType>::value&& ::arrow::internal::
                             IsOneOf<ParquetType, Int32Type, Int64Type>::value>> {
  using value_type = typename ParquetType::c_type;

  Status Serialize(const typename ::arrow::TypeTraits<ArrowType>::ArrayType& array,
                   ArrowWriteContext* ctx, value_type* out) {
    if (array.null_count() == 0) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = TransferValue(array.Value(i));
      }
    } else {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = array.IsValid(i) ? TransferValue(array.Value(i)) : 0;
      }
    }

    return Status::OK();
  }

 private:
  value_type TransferValue(const uint8_t* in) const {
    using DecimalValue = typename ::arrow::TypeTraits<ArrowType>::CType;
    DecimalValue decimal_value(in);
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ArrowType, ::arrow::Decimal256Type>) {
      // Decimal256 does not provide ToInteger, but we are sure it fits in the target
      // integer type.
      return static_cast<value_type>(decimal_value.low_bits());
    } else {
      value_type value = 0;
      PARQUET_THROW_NOT_OK(decimal_value.ToInteger(&value));
      return value;
    }
  }
};

template <>
struct SerializeFunctor<Int32Type, ::arrow::Time32Type> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::Time32Array& array, ArrowWriteContext*, int32_t* out) {
    const int32_t* input = array.raw_values();
    const auto& type = static_cast<const ::arrow::Time32Type&>(*array.type());
    if (type.unit() == ::arrow::TimeUnit::SECOND) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = input[i] * 1000;
      }
    } else {
      std::copy(input, input + array.length(), out);
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int32Type>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  switch (array.type()->id()) {
    case ::arrow::Type::NA: {
      PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(
          WriteBatchInternal(num_levels, def_levels, rep_levels, nullptr));
    } break;
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(INT8)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(UINT8)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(INT16)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(UINT16)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(UINT32)
      WRITE_ZERO_COPY_CASE(INT32)
      WRITE_ZERO_COPY_CASE(DATE32)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DATE64)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(TIME32)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL32)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL64)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL128)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL256)
    default:
      ARROW_UNSUPPORTED()
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow to Int64 and Int96

#define INT96_CONVERT_LOOP(ConversionFunction) \
  for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) ConversionFunction(input[i], &out[i]);

template <>
struct SerializeFunctor<Int96Type, ::arrow::TimestampType> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::TimestampArray& array, ArrowWriteContext*, Int96* out) {
    const int64_t* input = array.raw_values();
    const auto& type = static_cast<const ::arrow::TimestampType&>(*array.type());
    switch (type.unit()) {
      case ::arrow::TimeUnit::NANO:
        INT96_CONVERT_LOOP(internal::NanosecondsToImpalaTimestamp);
        break;
      case ::arrow::TimeUnit::MICRO:
        INT96_CONVERT_LOOP(internal::MicrosecondsToImpalaTimestamp);
        break;
      case ::arrow::TimeUnit::MILLI:
        INT96_CONVERT_LOOP(internal::MillisecondsToImpalaTimestamp);
        break;
      case ::arrow::TimeUnit::SECOND:
        INT96_CONVERT_LOOP(internal::SecondsToImpalaTimestamp);
        break;
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

#define COERCE_DIVIDE -1
#define COERCE_INVALID 0
#define COERCE_MULTIPLY +1

static std::pair<int, int64_t> kTimestampCoercionFactors[4][4] = {
    // from seconds ...
    {{COERCE_INVALID, 0},                      // ... to seconds
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1000},                  // ... to millis
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1000000},               // ... to micros
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, INT64_C(1000000000)}},  // ... to nanos
    // from millis ...
    {{COERCE_INVALID, 0},
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1},
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1000},
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1000000}},
    // from micros ...
    {{COERCE_INVALID, 0},
     {COERCE_DIVIDE, 1000},
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1},
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1000}},
    // from nanos ...
    {{COERCE_INVALID, 0},
     {COERCE_DIVIDE, 1000000},
     {COERCE_DIVIDE, 1000},
     {COERCE_MULTIPLY, 1}}};

template <>
struct SerializeFunctor<Int64Type, ::arrow::TimestampType> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::TimestampArray& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx,
                   int64_t* out) {
    const auto& source_type = static_cast<const ::arrow::TimestampType&>(*array.type());
    auto source_unit = source_type.unit();
    const int64_t* values = array.raw_values();

    ::arrow::TimeUnit::type target_unit = ctx->properties->coerce_timestamps_unit();
    auto target_type = ::arrow::timestamp(target_unit);
    bool truncation_allowed = ctx->properties->truncated_timestamps_allowed();

    auto DivideBy = [&](const int64_t factor) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        if (!truncation_allowed && array.IsValid(i) && (values[i] % factor != 0)) {
          return Status::Invalid("Casting from ", source_type.ToString(), " to ",
                                 target_type->ToString(),
                                 " would lose data: ", values[i]);
        }
        out[i] = values[i] / factor;
      }
      return Status::OK();
    };

    auto MultiplyBy = [&](const int64_t factor) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = values[i] * factor;
      }
      return Status::OK();
    };

    const auto& coercion = kTimestampCoercionFactors[static_cast<int>(source_unit)]
                                                    [static_cast<int>(target_unit)];

    // .first -> coercion operation; .second -> scale factor
    DCHECK_NE(coercion.first, COERCE_INVALID);
    return coercion.first == COERCE_DIVIDE ? DivideBy(coercion.second)
                                           : MultiplyBy(coercion.second);
  }
};

#undef COERCE_DIVIDE
#undef COERCE_INVALID
#undef COERCE_MULTIPLY

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int64Type>::WriteArrowTimestamps(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& values, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  const auto& source_type = static_cast<const ::arrow::TimestampType&>(*values.type());

  auto WriteCoerce = [&](const ArrowWriterProperties* properties) {
    ArrowWriteContext temp_ctx = *ctx;
    temp_ctx.properties = properties;
    return WriteArrowSerialize<::arrow::TimestampType>(
        def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, values, &temp_ctx, maybe_parent_nulls);
  };

  const ParquetVersion::type version = this->properties()->version();

  if (ctx->properties->coerce_timestamps_enabled()) {
    // User explicitly requested coercion to specific unit
    if (source_type.unit() == ctx->properties->coerce_timestamps_unit()) {
      // No data conversion necessary
      return WriteArrowZeroCopy(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, values, ctx,
                                maybe_parent_nulls);
    } else {
      return WriteCoerce(ctx->properties);
    }
  } else if ((version == ParquetVersion::PARQUET_1_0 ||
              version == ParquetVersion::PARQUET_2_4) &&
             source_type.unit() == ::arrow::TimeUnit::NANO) {
    // Absent superseding user instructions, when writing Parquet version <= 2.4 files,
    // timestamps in nanoseconds are coerced to microseconds
    std::shared_ptr<ArrowWriterProperties> properties =
        (ArrowWriterProperties::Builder())
            .coerce_timestamps(::arrow::TimeUnit::MICRO)
            ->disallow_truncated_timestamps()
            ->build();
    return WriteCoerce(properties.get());
  } else if (source_type.unit() == ::arrow::TimeUnit::SECOND) {
    // Absent superseding user instructions, timestamps in seconds are coerced to
    // milliseconds
    std::shared_ptr<ArrowWriterProperties> properties =
        (ArrowWriterProperties::Builder())
            .coerce_timestamps(::arrow::TimeUnit::MILLI)
            ->build();
    return WriteCoerce(properties.get());
  } else {
    // No data conversion necessary
    return WriteArrowZeroCopy(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, values, ctx,
                              maybe_parent_nulls);
  }
}

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int64Type>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  switch (array.type()->id()) {
    case ::arrow::Type::TIMESTAMP:
      return WriteArrowTimestamps(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, array, ctx,
                                  maybe_parent_nulls);
      WRITE_ZERO_COPY_CASE(INT64)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(UINT32)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(UINT64)
      WRITE_ZERO_COPY_CASE(TIME64)
      WRITE_ZERO_COPY_CASE(DURATION)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL32)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL64)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL128)
      WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL256)
    default:
      ARROW_UNSUPPORTED();
  }
}

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int96Type>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  if (array.type_id() != ::arrow::Type::TIMESTAMP) {
    ARROW_UNSUPPORTED();
  }
  return WriteArrowSerialize<::arrow::TimestampType>(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels,
                                                     array, ctx, maybe_parent_nulls);
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Floating point types

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<FloatType>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  if (array.type_id() != ::arrow::Type::FLOAT) {
    ARROW_UNSUPPORTED();
  }
  return WriteArrowZeroCopy(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, array, ctx,
                            maybe_parent_nulls);
}

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<DoubleType>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  if (array.type_id() != ::arrow::Type::DOUBLE) {
    ARROW_UNSUPPORTED();
  }
  return WriteArrowZeroCopy(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, array, ctx,
                            maybe_parent_nulls);
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow to BYTE_ARRAY

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<ByteArrayType>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  if (!::arrow::is_base_binary_like(array.type()->id()) &&
      !::arrow::is_binary_view_like(array.type()->id())) {
    ARROW_UNSUPPORTED();
  }

  int64_t value_offset = 0;
  auto WriteChunk = [&](int64_t offset, int64_t batch_size, bool check_page) {
    int64_t batch_num_values = 0;
    int64_t batch_num_spaced_values = 0;
    int64_t null_count = 0;

    MaybeCalculateValidityBits(AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset), batch_size,
                               &batch_num_values, &batch_num_spaced_values, &null_count);
    WriteLevelsSpaced(batch_size, AddIfNotNull(def_levels, offset),
                      AddIfNotNull(rep_levels, offset));
    std::shared_ptr<Array> data_slice =
        array.Slice(value_offset, batch_num_spaced_values);
    PARQUET_ASSIGN_OR_THROW(
        data_slice, MaybeReplaceValidity(data_slice, null_count, ctx->memory_pool));

    current_encoder_->Put(*data_slice);
    // Null values in ancestors count as nulls.
    const int64_t non_null = data_slice->length() - data_slice->null_count();
    if (page_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      page_statistics_->Update(*data_slice, /*update_counts=*/false);
      page_statistics_->IncrementNullCount(batch_size - non_null);
      page_statistics_->IncrementNumValues(non_null);
    }

    UpdateUnencodedDataBytes();

    if (chunk_geospatial_statistics_ != nullptr) {
      chunk_geospatial_statistics_->Update(*data_slice);
    }

    if (bloom_filter_writer_ != nullptr) {
      bloom_filter_writer_->Update(*data_slice);
    }

    CommitWriteAndCheckPageLimit(batch_size, batch_num_values, batch_size - non_null,
                                 check_page);
    CheckDictionarySizeLimit();
    value_offset += batch_num_spaced_values;
  };

  PARQUET_CATCH_NOT_OK(
      DoInBatches(def_levels, rep_levels, num_levels, properties_->write_batch_size(),
                  properties_->max_rows_per_page(), pages_change_on_record_boundaries(),
                  WriteChunk, [this]() { return num_buffered_rows_; }));
  return Status::OK();
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow to FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY

template <typename ParquetType, typename ArrowType>
struct SerializeFunctor<
    ParquetType, ArrowType,
    ::arrow::enable_if_t<::arrow::is_fixed_size_binary_type<ArrowType>::value &&
                         !::arrow::is_decimal_type<ArrowType>::value>> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::FixedSizeBinaryArray& array, ArrowWriteContext*,
                   FLBA* out) {
    if (array.null_count() == 0) {
      // no nulls, just dump the data
      // todo(advancedxy): use a writeBatch to avoid this step
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = FixedLenByteArray(array.GetValue(i));
      }
    } else {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        if (array.IsValid(i)) {
          out[i] = FixedLenByteArray(array.GetValue(i));
        }
      }
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }
};

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow to Decimal128

// Requires a custom serializer because decimal in parquet are in big-endian
// format. Thus, a temporary local buffer is required.
template <typename ParquetType, typename ArrowType>
struct SerializeFunctor<
    ParquetType, ArrowType,
    ::arrow::enable_if_t<
        ::arrow::is_decimal_type<ArrowType>::value &&
        !::arrow::internal::IsOneOf<ParquetType, Int32Type, Int64Type>::value>> {
  Status Serialize(const typename ::arrow::TypeTraits<ArrowType>::ArrayType& array,
                   ArrowWriteContext* ctx, FLBA* out) {
    AllocateScratch(array, ctx);
    auto offset = Offset(array);

    if (array.null_count() == 0) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = FixDecimalEndianness(array.GetValue(i), offset);
      }
    } else {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); i++) {
        out[i] = array.IsValid(i) ? FixDecimalEndianness(array.GetValue(i), offset)
                                  : FixedLenByteArray();
      }
    }

    return Status::OK();
  }

 private:
  // Parquet's Decimal are stored with FixedLength values where the length is
  // proportional to the precision. Arrow's Decimal are always stored with 4/8/16/32
  // bytes. Thus the internal FLBA pointer must be adjusted by the offset calculated
  // here.
  int32_t Offset(const Array& array) {
    auto decimal_type = checked_pointer_cast<::arrow::DecimalType>(array.type());
    return decimal_type->byte_width() -
           ::arrow::DecimalType::DecimalSize(decimal_type->precision());
  }

  void AllocateScratch(const typename ::arrow::TypeTraits<ArrowType>::ArrayType& array,
                       ArrowWriteContext* ctx) {
    int64_t non_null_count = array.length() - array.null_count();
    int64_t size = non_null_count * ArrowType::kByteWidth;
    scratch_buffer = AllocateBuffer(ctx->memory_pool, size);
    scratch = scratch_buffer->mutable_data();
  }

  FixedLenByteArray FixDecimalEndianness(const uint8_t* in, int64_t offset) {
    auto out = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(scratch) + offset;
    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ArrowType, ::arrow::Decimal32Type>) {
      const auto* u32_in = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(in);
      auto p = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(scratch);
      *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u32_in[0]);
      scratch = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(p);
    } else {
      const auto* u64_in = reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(in);
      auto p = reinterpret_cast<uint64_t*>(scratch);
      if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ArrowType, ::arrow::Decimal64Type>) {
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[0]);
      } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ArrowType, ::arrow::Decimal128Type>) {
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[1]);
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[0]);
      } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<ArrowType, ::arrow::Decimal256Type>) {
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[3]);
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[2]);
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[1]);
        *p++ = ::arrow::bit_util::ToBigEndian(u64_in[0]);
      }
      scratch = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(p);
    }
    return FixedLenByteArray(out);
  }

  std::shared_ptr<ResizableBuffer> scratch_buffer;
  uint8_t* scratch;
};

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Write Arrow to Float16

// Requires a custom serializer because Float16s in Parquet are stored as a 2-byte
// (little-endian) FLBA, whereas in Arrow they're a native `uint16_t`.
template <>
struct SerializeFunctor<::parquet::FLBAType, ::arrow::HalfFloatType> {
  Status Serialize(const ::arrow::HalfFloatArray& array, ArrowWriteContext*, FLBA* out) {
    const uint16_t* values = array.raw_values();
    if (array.null_count() == 0) {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); ++i) {
        out[i] = ToFLBA(&values[i]);
      }
    } else {
      for (int64_t i = 0; i < array.length(); ++i) {
        out[i] = array.IsValid(i) ? ToFLBA(&values[i]) : FLBA{};
      }
    }
    return Status::OK();
  }

 private:
  FLBA ToFLBA(const uint16_t* value_ptr) const {
    return FLBA{reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(value_ptr)};
  }
};

template <>
Status TypedColumnWriterImpl<FLBAType>::WriteArrowDense(
    const int16_t* def_levels, const int16_t* rep_levels, int64_t num_levels,
    const ::arrow::Array& array, ArrowWriteContext* ctx, bool maybe_parent_nulls) {
  switch (array.type()->id()) {
    WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(FIXED_SIZE_BINARY)
    WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL32)
    WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL64)
    WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL128)
    WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(DECIMAL256)
    WRITE_SERIALIZE_CASE(HALF_FLOAT)
    default:
      break;
  }
  return Status::OK();
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------
// Dynamic column writer constructor

std::shared_ptr<ColumnWriter> ColumnWriter::Make(ColumnChunkMetaDataBuilder* metadata,
                                                 std::unique_ptr<PageWriter> pager,
                                                 const WriterProperties* properties,
                                                 BloomFilter* bloom_filter) {
  const ColumnDescriptor* descr = metadata->descr();
  const bool use_dictionary = properties->dictionary_enabled(descr->path()) &&
                              descr->physical_type() != Type::BOOLEAN;
  Encoding::type encoding = properties->encoding(descr->path());
  if (encoding == Encoding::UNKNOWN) {
    encoding = (descr->physical_type() == Type::BOOLEAN &&
                properties->version() != ParquetVersion::PARQUET_1_0 &&
                properties->data_page_version() == ParquetDataPageVersion::V2)
                   ? Encoding::RLE
                   : Encoding::PLAIN;
  }
  if (use_dictionary) {
    encoding = properties->dictionary_index_encoding();
  }
  switch (descr->physical_type()) {
    case Type::BOOLEAN: {
      if (bloom_filter != nullptr) {
        throw ParquetException("Bloom filter is not supported for boolean type");
      }
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<BooleanType>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties,
          /*bloom_filter=*/nullptr);
    }
    case Type::INT32:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int32Type>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    case Type::INT64:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int64Type>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    case Type::INT96:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<Int96Type>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    case Type::FLOAT:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<FloatType>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    case Type::DOUBLE:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<DoubleType>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    case Type::BYTE_ARRAY:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<ByteArrayType>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    case Type::FIXED_LEN_BYTE_ARRAY:
      return std::make_shared<TypedColumnWriterImpl<FLBAType>>(
          metadata, std::move(pager), use_dictionary, encoding, properties, bloom_filter);
    default:
      ParquetException::NYI("Column writer not implemented for type: " +
                            TypeToString(descr->physical_type()));
  }
  // Unreachable code, but suppress compiler warning
  return std::shared_ptr<ColumnWriter>(nullptr);
}

}  // namespace parquet
