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/// @file managed_buffer_sequence.h
///
/// @brief Container class that provides a sequence of buffers to
/// the caller.

#ifndef MYSQL_BINLOG_EVENT_COMPRESSION_BUFFER_MANAGED_BUFFER_SEQUENCE_H
#define MYSQL_BINLOG_EVENT_COMPRESSION_BUFFER_MANAGED_BUFFER_SEQUENCE_H

#include <algorithm>  // std::min
#include <cassert>    // assert
#include <cstring>    // std::memcpy
#include <limits>     // std::numeric_limits
#include <vector>     // std::vector

#include "mysql/binlog/event/compression/buffer/buffer_view.h"  // buffer::Buffer_view
#include "mysql/binlog/event/compression/buffer/grow_calculator.h"  // buffer::Grow_calculator
#include "mysql/binlog/event/compression/buffer/grow_status.h"  // buffer::Grow_status
#include "mysql/binlog/event/compression/buffer/rw_buffer_sequence.h"  // buffer::Rw_buffer_sequence
#include "mysql/binlog/event/nodiscard.h"                 // NODISCARD
#include "mysql/binlog/event/resource/allocator.h"        // Allocator
#include "mysql/binlog/event/resource/memory_resource.h"  // Memory_resource

#include "mysql/binlog/event/wrapper_functions.h"  // BAPI_TRACE

/// @addtogroup GroupLibsMysqlBinlogEvent
/// @{

namespace mysql::binlog::event::compression::buffer {

// Forward declare Accessor so we can make it a friend
namespace managed_buffer_sequence::unittest {
template <class T>
class Accessor;
}  // namespace managed_buffer_sequence::unittest

/// Owned, non-contiguous, growable memory buffer.
///
/// This class never moves buffer data, but is non-contiguous.  It is
/// implemented as a container of Buffer objects.
///
/// Objects have a growable size, a movable position, and two
/// buffer_sequence_view objects called the read part and the write
/// part, which are accessible through the member functions @c
/// read_part and @c write_part.  The read part is everything
/// preceding the position, and the write part is everything following
/// the position.  API clients acting as producers should write to the
/// write part and then move the position forward as many bytes as it
/// wrote.  API clients acting as consumers should read the read part.
///
/// Generally, std::ostringstream or std::vector<char> are safer and
/// simpler interfaces for buffers and should be preferred when
/// possible.  However they do not fit all use cases:
///
/// - std::ostringstream is preferrable and more convenient when
///   appending existing data to the stream.  But it is not suitable
///   for interaction with C-like APIs that produce data in a char*
///   given by the caller.  The user would need to allocate a buffer
///   outside the ostringsteam and then append the buffer to the
///   ostringstream, which would imply unnecessary memory and cpu
///   overheads.
///
/// - When using a C-like API that produces data in a char* given by
///   the caller, std::vector is often good.  The user can reserve as
///   much memory as needed and then pass the underlying data array to
///   the API.  However, the following properties are sometimes
///   advantageous for Managed_buffer_sequence:
///
///   - Vector has no practical way to put an exact bound on the
///     memory usage.  Managed_buffer_sequence uses a Grow_calculator
///     which allows exact control over memory usage, including a
///     maximum size.
///
///   - Vector has to copy all existing data when it grows.
///     Managed_buffer_sequence never needs to copy data.  Since it
///     allows data to be non-contigous, it retains existing buffers
///     while allocating new ones.
///
/// The main drawbacks of Managed_buffer_sequence are that it is
/// non-standard, has a minimal feature set, and is non-contiguous.
///
/// This class never throws any exception.
///
/// @tparam Char_tp the type of elements stored in the buffer:
/// typically unsigned char.
///
/// @tparam Container_tp The type of container to hold the buffers.
/// This defaults to std::vector, but std::list is also possible.
template <class Char_tp = unsigned char,
          template <class Element_tp, class Allocator_tp> class Container_tp =
              std::vector>
class Managed_buffer_sequence
    : public Rw_buffer_sequence<Char_tp, Container_tp> {
 public:
  using Rw_buffer_sequence_t = Rw_buffer_sequence<Char_tp, Container_tp>;
  // Would prefer to use:
  // using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Buffer_sequence_t;
  // But that doesn't compile on Windows (maybe a compiler bug).
  using Buffer_sequence_view_t = Buffer_sequence_view<Char_tp, Container_tp>;
  using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Buffer_view_t;
  using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Char_t;
  using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Const_iterator_t;
  using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Container_t;
  using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Iterator_t;
  using typename Rw_buffer_sequence_t::Size_t;
  using Grow_calculator_t = Grow_calculator;
  using Buffer_allocator_t =
      typename Buffer_sequence_view_t::Buffer_allocator_t;
  using Char_allocator_t = mysql::binlog::event::resource::Allocator<Char_t>;
  using Memory_resource_t = mysql::binlog::event::resource::Memory_resource;

  /// Construct a new, empty object.
  ///
  /// @param grow_calculator the policy to determine how much memory to
  /// allocate, when new memory is needed
  ///
  /// @param memory_resource The memory_resource used to allocate new
  /// memory, both for the container and for the buffers.
  ///
  /// @param default_buffer_count The initial size of the container.
  /// This preallocates the container but not the buffers contained in
  /// it.
  explicit Managed_buffer_sequence(
      const Grow_calculator_t &grow_calculator = Grow_calculator_t(),
      const Memory_resource_t &memory_resource = Memory_resource_t(),
      const Size_t default_buffer_count = 16)
      : Managed_buffer_sequence(
            Container_t(std::max(default_buffer_count, Size_t(1)),
                        Buffer_allocator_t(memory_resource)),
            grow_calculator, memory_resource) {}

  // Disallow copy/move.  We can implement these in the future if we
  // need them.
  Managed_buffer_sequence(Managed_buffer_sequence &) = delete;
  Managed_buffer_sequence(Managed_buffer_sequence &&) = delete;
  Managed_buffer_sequence &operator=(Managed_buffer_sequence &) = delete;
  Managed_buffer_sequence &operator=(Managed_buffer_sequence &&) = delete;

  ~Managed_buffer_sequence() override { this->reset(0); }

  /// Ensure the write part has at least the given size.
  ///
  /// This is only a convenience wrapper around @c
  /// reserve_total_size.
  ///
  /// @param requested_write_size The requested size of the write
  /// part.
  ///
  /// @retval success The write part now has at least the requested
  /// size.  The object may have been resized, following the rules of
  /// the Grow_calculator.
  ///
  /// @retval exceeds_max_size Either size() or read_part.size() +
  /// requested_write_size exceeds the max size configured in the
  /// Grow_calculator.  The object is unchanged.
  ///
  /// @retval out_of_memory The request could only be fulfilled by
  /// allocating more memory, but memory allocation failed.  The
  /// object is unchanged.
  [[NODISCARD]] Grow_status reserve_write_size(Size_t requested_write_size) {
    auto read_size = this->read_part().size();
    if (requested_write_size > std::numeric_limits<Size_t>::max() - read_size)
      return Grow_status::exceeds_max_size;
    return reserve_total_size(read_size + requested_write_size);
  }

  /// Ensure the total capacity - the sum of sizes of read part and
  /// write part - is at least the given number.
  ///
  /// This may add a new buffer if needed.  When the previous size is
  /// less than the default size, this may even add two buffers: the
  /// default buffer and one more.  Therefore, the caller should not
  /// assume that all the added size resides within one buffer.
  ///
  /// Existing buffer data will not move.  The container of buffers
  /// may grow, which may move the Buffer objects which hold pointers
  /// to the data.  Therefore, all iterators are invalidated by this.
  ///
  /// @param requested_total_size The requested total size of all read
  /// and write buffers.
  ///
  /// @retval success The object now has at least the requested total
  /// size.  The object may have been resized.
  ///
  /// @retval exceeds_max_size The existing size or the requested size
  /// exceeds either the maximum size.  The object is unchanged.
  ///
  /// @retval out_of_memory The request could only be fulfilled by
  /// allocating more memory, but memory allocation failed.  The
  /// object is unchanged.
  [[NODISCARD]] Grow_status reserve_total_size(Size_t requested_total_size) {
    auto work = [&] {
      auto capacity = this->capacity();
      auto [error, new_capacity] =
          m_grow_calculator.compute_new_size(capacity, requested_total_size);
      if (error) return Grow_status::exceeds_max_size;
      if (new_capacity > capacity) {
        if (allocate_and_add_buffer(new_capacity - capacity))
          return Grow_status::out_of_memory;
      }
      return Grow_status::success;
    };
    auto ret = work();
    BAPI_LOG("info", BAPI_VAR(ret)
                         << " " << BAPI_VAR(requested_total_size) << " "
                         << BAPI_VAR(this->capacity()) << " "
                         << BAPI_VAR(m_grow_calculator.get_max_size()));
    return ret;
  }

  /// Reset the read part and the write part to size 0.
  ///
  /// This optionally keeps a given number of allocated buffers in the
  /// write part, as well as a given amount of container capacity.
  ///
  /// @param keep_buffer_count The number of existing buffers to keep.
  /// Using a nonzero value for this reduces container allocations
  /// when this object is reused.  If the container has fewer buffers,
  /// the existing buffers will be kept and no more will be allocated.
  /// If the container has more buffers, the excess buffers will be
  /// deallocated.
  ///
  /// @param keep_container_capacity The amount of container capacity
  /// to keep.  Using a small nonzero value for this reduces container
  /// allocations when this object is reused.  This must be at least
  /// the number of kept buffers plus two; otherwise it is modified to
  /// that number.  If the underlying container type is a vector, it
  /// will only shrink if it would reduce the number of elements by
  /// half.
  void reset(Size_t keep_buffer_count = 1,
             // NOLINTNEXTLINE(readability-magic-numbers)
             Size_t keep_container_capacity = 16) {
    BAPI_TRACE;
    // Move all buffers from read part to write part.
    this->set_position(0);

    // Skip over buffers we need to keep, and count them.
    auto it = this->write_part().begin();
    assert(std::distance(this->m_buffers.begin(), it) == 1);
    Size_t kept_buffer_count = 0;
    Size_t kept_size = 0;
    for (; it != this->write_part().end() &&
           kept_buffer_count < keep_buffer_count;
         ++it) {
      ++kept_buffer_count;
      kept_size += it->size();
    }

    // Deallocate buffers we don't need to keep.
    for (; it != this->write_part().end(); ++it) {
      m_char_allocator.deallocate(it->data(), it->size());
      *it = Buffer_view_t();
    }

    // Remove exceess container capacity.
    keep_container_capacity =
        std::max(keep_container_capacity, 2 + kept_buffer_count);
    reset_container(m_buffers, keep_container_capacity);

    // Reset Buffer_sequences
    it = m_buffers.begin();
    this->read_part() = Buffer_sequence_view_t(it, it, 0);
    ++it;
    this->write_part() =
        Buffer_sequence_view_t(it, std::next(it, kept_buffer_count), kept_size);
  }

  /// Return a const reference to the grow calculator.
  const Grow_calculator_t &get_grow_calculator() const {
    return m_grow_calculator;
  }

  /// Set the grow calculator.
  void set_grow_calculator(const Grow_calculator_t &grow_calculator) {
    m_grow_calculator = grow_calculator;
  }

  /// Append the given data.
  ///
  /// This will grow the buffer if needed. Then it writes the data to
  /// the write part, and moves the position so that the written
  /// becomes part of the read part instead of the write part.
  ///
  /// @param data The data to write
  ///
  /// @param size The number of bytes to write.
  ///
  /// @retval success The buffer already had enough capacity, or could
  /// be grown without error. The data has been appended and the
  /// position has been advanced `size` bytes.
  ///
  /// @retval out_of_memory An out of memory condition occurred when
  /// allocating memory for the buffer.  This object is unchanged.
  ///
  /// @retval exceeds_max_size The required size would exceed the
  /// maximum specified by the Grow_calculator.  This object is
  /// unchanged.
  [[NODISCARD]] Grow_status write(const Char_t *data, Size_t size) {
    auto grow_status = this->reserve_write_size(size);
    if (grow_status != Grow_status::success) return grow_status;
    const auto *remaining_data = data;
    auto remaining_size = size;
    auto buffer_it = this->write_part().begin();
    while (remaining_size != 0) {
      auto copy_size = std::min(buffer_it->size(), remaining_size);
      std::memcpy(buffer_it->begin(), remaining_data, copy_size);
      remaining_data += copy_size;
      remaining_size -= copy_size;
      ++buffer_it;
    }
    this->increase_position(size);
    return Grow_status::success;
  }

  /// In debug mode, return a string that describes the internal
  /// structure of this object, to use for debugging.
  ///
  /// @param show_contents If true, includes the buffer contents.
  /// Otherwise, just pointers and sizes.
  ///
  /// @param indent If 0, put all info on one line. Otherwise, put
  /// each field on its own line and indent the given number of
  /// two-space levels.
  std::string debug_string([[maybe_unused]] bool show_contents,
                           [[maybe_unused]] int indent) const override {
#ifdef NDEBUG
    return "";
#else
    std::string sep;
    if (indent != 0)
      sep = std::string(",\n") +
            std::string(static_cast<std::string::size_type>(indent * 2), ' ');
    else
      sep = ", ";
    int next_indent = (indent != 0) ? indent + 1 : 0;
    std::ostringstream ss;
    // clang-format off
    ss << "Managed_buffer_sequence(ptr=" << (const void *)this
       << sep << Rw_buffer_sequence_t::debug_string(show_contents, next_indent)
       << sep << m_grow_calculator.debug_string()
       << sep << "buffers.size=" << m_buffers.size()
       << ")";
    // clang-format on
    return ss.str();
#endif
  }

  /// In debug mode, return a string that describes the internal
  /// structure of this object, to use for debugging.
  ///
  /// @param show_contents If true, includes the buffer contents.
  /// Otherwise, just pointers and sizes.
  std::string debug_string([[maybe_unused]] bool show_contents = false) const {
    return debug_string(show_contents, 0);
  }

 protected:
  /// Construct a new object from a given container, where both the
  /// read part and the write part are size zero.
  ///
  /// The container will be moved.  All elements in the container must
  /// be null buffers.
  ///
  /// @param buffers Container of buffers. This must have at least one
  /// element.  All elements must be null buffers.
  ///
  /// @param grow_calculator determines how much memory to allocate
  /// when new memory is needed.
  ///
  /// @param memory_resource The memory_resource used to allocate new
  /// memory, both for the container and for the buffers.
  Managed_buffer_sequence(Container_t buffers,
                          const Grow_calculator_t &grow_calculator,
                          const Memory_resource_t &memory_resource)
      : Rw_buffer_sequence_t(buffers.begin(), std::next(buffers.begin())),
        m_grow_calculator(grow_calculator),
        m_char_allocator(memory_resource),
        m_buffers(std::move(buffers)) {
#ifndef NDEBUG
    assert(m_buffers.size() >= 1);
    for (auto &buffer : m_buffers) {
      assert(buffer.data() == nullptr);
      assert(buffer.size() == 0);
    }
#endif
  }

  /// Allocate and add a new buffer.
  ///
  /// @param size The size of the new buffer that should be allocated.
  ///
  /// @retval true An out of memory condition occurred, and the
  /// function did not produce any side effects.
  ///
  /// @retval false The operation succeeded, and the object now has at
  /// least the requested size.
  [[NODISCARD]] bool allocate_and_add_buffer(Size_t size) {
    // Allocate the data.
    auto data = m_char_allocator.allocate(size);
    if (data == nullptr) {
      BAPI_LOG("info", "error: out of memory allocating " << size << " bytes");
      return true;
    }
    // Add the buffer to the container.
    if (add_buffer(data, size)) {
      BAPI_LOG("info", "error: out of memory growing container of "
                           << m_buffers.size() << " elements");
      m_char_allocator.deallocate(data, size);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }

  /// Insert the given buffer in the container, appending it to the
  /// write part.
  ///
  /// @param buffer_data The buffer.
  ///
  /// @param buffer_size The buffer size.
  ///
  /// @retval false Success.
  ///
  /// @retval true An out of memory error occurred when growing the
  /// container.
  [[NODISCARD]] bool add_buffer(Char_t *buffer_data, Size_t buffer_size) {
    BAPI_TRACE;
    auto [write_begin, write_end, write_size] =
        this->get_boundaries(this->write_part());
    if (write_end == m_buffers.end()) {
      // Compute relative positions for all iterators.
      auto [read_begin, read_end, read_size] =
          this->get_boundaries(this->read_part());
      auto read_end_offset = std::distance(read_begin, read_end);
      auto write_begin_offset = std::distance(read_begin, write_begin);
      auto write_end_offset = std::distance(read_begin, write_end);
      // Insert in container, and handle the out-of-memory case.
      try {
        m_buffers.emplace_back(buffer_data, buffer_size);
      } catch (...) {
        BAPI_LOG("info", "error: out of memory growing container");
        return true;
      }
      // Compute new iterators based on relative position from new
      // beginning.
      read_begin = m_buffers.begin();
      read_end = std::next(read_begin, read_end_offset);
      write_begin = std::next(read_begin, write_begin_offset);
      write_end = std::next(read_begin, write_end_offset + 1);
      // Update Buffer_sequence objects with new iterators.
      this->read_part() =
          Buffer_sequence_view_t(read_begin, read_end, read_size);
    } else {
      *write_end = Buffer_view_t(buffer_data, buffer_size);
      ++write_end;
    }
    this->write_part() = Buffer_sequence_view_t(write_begin, write_end,
                                                write_size + buffer_size);
    return false;
  }

  using List_t = typename std::list<Buffer_view_t, Buffer_allocator_t>;
  using List_iterator_t = typename List_t::iterator;
  using Vector_t = typename std::vector<Buffer_view_t, Buffer_allocator_t>;
  using Vector_iterator_t = typename Vector_t::iterator;

  /// `std::vector`-specific function to reset the container.
  ///
  /// This shrinks the vector to keep_container_capacity if it is bigger
  /// than twice keep_container_capacity.
  ///
  /// @param[in,out] container Reference to the vector to be reset.
  ///
  /// @param keep_container_capacity Keep a number of elements in the
  /// vector, to save on future vector resize operations.  If the
  /// number of elements is at least twice this number, the vector
  /// size is reduced to this number.
  ///
  static void reset_container(Vector_t &container,
                              Size_t keep_container_capacity) {
    if (container.capacity() > 2 * keep_container_capacity) {
      container.resize(keep_container_capacity);
      container.shrink_to_fit();
    }
  }

  /// `std::list`-specific function to reset the container.
  ///
  /// This shrinks the list to @c keep_container_capacity if it is
  /// bigger than @c keep_container_capacity.
  ///
  /// @param[in,out] container Reference to the list to be reset.
  ///
  /// @param keep_container_capacity Keep this number of elements in
  /// the list, in order to save future allocations of list nodes.
  ///
  static void reset_container(List_t &container,
                              Size_t keep_container_capacity) {
    if (container.size() > keep_container_capacity)
      container.resize(keep_container_capacity);
  }

 private:
  /// Determines how much memory to allocate when new memory is
  /// needed.
  Grow_calculator_t m_grow_calculator;

  /// Allocator to allocate buffer data (characters).
  Char_allocator_t m_char_allocator;

  /// Container of buffers.
  Container_t m_buffers;

  /// Open the class internals to any class named Accessor<T>, for
  /// some T.
  ///
  /// This may be used by unit tests that need access to internals.
  ///
  /// For example, if unittest SomeTest needs access to member `int m`,
  /// define the helper class:
  /// @code
  /// namespace
  /// mysql::binlog::event::compression::buffer::managed_buffer_sequence::unittest
  /// { template<> class Accessor<SomeTest> {
  ///   static int &m(Managed_buffer_sequence &rbs) { return rbs.m; }
  /// };
  /// }
  /// @endcode
  template <class T>
  friend class managed_buffer_sequence::unittest::Accessor;
};

}  // namespace mysql::binlog::event::compression::buffer

/// @}

#endif  // MYSQL_BINLOG_EVENT_COMPRESSION_BUFFER_MANAGED_BUFFER_SEQUENCE_H
